Wikipedia bswiki https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Mediji Posebno Razgovor Korisnik Razgovor s korisnikom Wikipedia Razgovor o Wikipediji Datoteka Razgovor o datoteci MediaWiki Razgovor o MediaWikiju Šablon Razgovor o šablonu Pomoć Razgovor o pomoći Kategorija Razgovor o kategoriji Portal Razgovor o portalu TimedText TimedText talk Modul Razgovor o modulu Event Event talk Topic 0 1447 3839608 3684750 2026-05-05T08:09:32Z Panasko 146730 3839608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija organizacija | ime = World Wide Web Consortium | slika = W3C_Icon.svg | skraćenica = W3C | uzrečica = Leading the Web to Its Full Potential | datum_osnivanja = oktobar 1994. | vrsta = [[Organizacija za standarde]] | cilj = Razvoj [[Internet protokol|protokola]] i uputa koje osiguravaju rast [[World Wide Web|Weba]] na duže staze. | glavno_sjedište = [[Masačusetski institut za tehnologiju]] | područje_uticaja = Svijet | članstvo = 408 članica | lider_vrsta1 = [[Direktor]] | lider_ime1 = [[Tim Berners-Lee]] | broj_zaposlenih = 62 | web_stranica = {{URL|w3.org}} }} '''World Wide Web Consortium''' ('''W3C''') glavna je međunarodna organizacija za standarde za [[World Wide Web]] (skr. WWW ili W3). Osnovao ju je i trenutno vodi [[Tim Berners-Lee]],{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/|title=World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) About the Consortium|access-date=8. 9. 2009|last=W3C|date=septembar 2009}} a čine je organizacije članice koje održavaju zaposlenici punog radnog vremena radi zajedničkog rada na razvoju standarda za [[World Wide Web]]. Od 4. novembra 2015, W3C ima 408 članova.{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Member/List|title=World Wide Web Consortium – current Members|access-date=24. 5. 2014|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=29. 3. 2012}} W3C se također bavi [[Edukacija|obrazovanjem]] i radom na terenu, razvija [[softver]] i služi kao otvoreni [[Internetski forum|forum]] za raspravu o [[Internet]]u. == Historija == World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) osnovao je [[Tim Berners-Lee]] nakon što je napustio [[Evropska organizacija za nuklearna istraživanja|CERN]] u oktobru 1994. Osnovao ga je na [[Masačusetski institut za tehnologiju|Masačusetskom institutu za tehnologiju]] ([[Masačusetski institut za tehnologiju|MIT]]) u [[Laboratorij za računarstvo|Laboratoriju za računarstvo]] (MIT/LCS) uz podršku [[Evropska komisija|Evropske komisije]] i [[Agencija za napredne istraživačke projekte|DARPA-e]], koji su izumili [[Internet]] i njegovog prethodnika [[ARPANET]]. Organizacija nastoji da gaji kompatibilnost i dogovor među industrijskim članovima u usvajanju novih [[web standard]]a koje definira W3C. Nekompatibilne verzije [[HTML]]-a nude različiti proizvođači, što uzrokuje nesukladnost u prikazu web-stranica. Konzorcij pokušava natjerati sve proizvođače da primijene skup ključnih principa i komponenata koje bira W3C. U početku se planiralo da [[CERN]] ugosti evropske grane W3C-a; ipak, CERN je odlučio fokusirati se na [[fizika čestica|fiziku čestica]], a ne na informacione tehnologije. U aprilu 1995, [[Francuski institut za istraživanje računarstva i automatike]] ([[INRIA]]) postao je evropski domaćin W3C-a, dok je [[Univerzitet Keio]] postao japanska grana u septembru 1996. Od 1997, W3C je počeo otvarati regionalne urede širom svijeta. Do septembra 2009, imao je 18 svjetskih ureda koji su pokrivali regije poput [[Australija|Australije]], [[Beneluks|zemalja Beneluksa]] ([[Nizozemska]], [[Luksemburg]] i [[Belgija]]), [[Brazil]]a, [[Kina|Kine]], [[Njemačka|Njemačke]], [[Indija|Indije]], [[Južna Koreja|Južne Koreje]], [[Španija|Španije]], [[Švedska|Švedske]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva]] i mnogih drugih.{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/org#offices|title=W3C Offices|access-date=14. 9. 2009|last=Jacobs|first=Ian|date=juni 2009}} U oktobru 2012, W3C je sazvao zajednicu velikih web igrača i izdavača da uspostavi [[MediaWiki]] wiki koja teži dokumentiranju otvorenih [[web standard]]a pod nazivom ''[[WebPlatform]]'' i ''WebPlatform Docs''. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|W3C}} [http://www.w3.org Službena stranica World Wide Web Konzorcija] {{en simbol}} [[Kategorija:Internet]] [[Kategorija:World Wide Web Consortium]] [[Kategorija:World Wide Web]] [[Kategorija:Osnivanja u 1994.]] lm2xif2r33jzmohsmte40bap8h7gh03 0 3808 3839458 3731116 2026-05-04T14:13:36Z Astrameri 151645 /* Rođeni */ 3839458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{godina}} {{Godina u drugim kalendarima}} == Događaji == * [[2. decembar]] - [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] i [[Jozefina de Beauharnais]] u [[Paris|Parizu]] okrunjeni za cara i caricu [[Francuska|Francuske]]. == 1804. u temama == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Rođeni == * [[14. mart]] - [[Johann Strauss stariji]], [[Austrija|austrijski]] kompozitor i dirigent * [[1. juli]] - [[George Sand]], francuska književnica i feministkinja * [[23. novembar]] - [[Franklin Pierce]], američki političar, 14. predsjednik SAD-a == Umrli == * [[12. februar]] - [[Immanuel Kant]], njemački filozof * [[11. april]] - [[Mikloš Küzmič]] slovenski pisac, prevoditelj i svećenik u [[Mađarska|Mađarskoj]] (*[[1737]]) {{Commonscat|1804|1804.}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Normativna kontrola}} 0s93sjly5fh8c5hfy0tje5l0qll4s0o 0 4841 3839464 3776910 2026-05-04T14:16:03Z Astrameri 151645 /* Umrli */ 3839464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JuniKalendar}} '''8. juni / lipanj (8. 6)''' jest 159. dan godine po [[gregorijanski kalendar|gregorijanskom kalendaru]] (160. u [[prestupna godina|prestupnoj godini]]). Do kraja godine ima još 206 dana. == Događaji == * [[1992]] – Vođena [[bitka za Žuč]], za vrijeme [[opsada Sarajeva|opsade Sarajeva]]. == Rođeni == * [[1671]] – [[Tomaso Albinoni]], italijanski [[barok]]ni kompozitor * [[1810]] – [[Robert Schumann]], njemački kompozitor * [[1867]] – [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], američki arhitekt * [[1886]] ** [[Abdurezak Hifzi Bjelevac]], bosanski književnik i novinar ** [[Vera Nikolić Podrinska]], hrvatska slikarica i baronica * [[1908]] – [[Margherita Carosio]], italijanska sopranistica * [[1925]] – [[Barbara Bush]], bivša prva dama SAD-a * [[1940]] – [[Nancy Sinatra]], američka pjevačica * [[1943]] – [[Ferid Muhić]], predsjednik [[Bošnjačka akademija nauka i umjetnosti|Bošnjačke akademije nauka i umjetnosti]] * [[1953]] – [[Ivo Sanader]], hrvatski političar i državnik * [[1955]] – [[Tim Berners-Lee]], izumitelj [[WWW|World Wide Web]]-a * [[1960]] – [[Mick Hucknall]], britanski kantautor (''Simply Red'') * [[1961]] – [[Alka Vuica]], hrvatska muzičarka * [[1967]] – [[Jasmin Tabatabai]], njemačka glumica * [[1973]] – [[Lexa Doig]], kanadska glumica * [[1974]] – [[Vanessa Glođo]], bosanskohercegovačka glumica * [[1975]] – [[Shilpa Shetty]], indijska glumica * [[1984]] – [[Andrea Casiraghi]], najstariji sin princeze Caroline od Monaka i Stefana Casiraghija * [[1984]] – [[Javier Mascherano]], argentinski nogometaš i trener == Umrli == * [[1492]] – [[Elizabeth Woodville]], engleska kraljica * [[1845]] – [[Andrew Jackson]], američki vojskovođa, političar i državnik * [[1876]] – [[George Sand]], francuska književnica i feministkinja * [[2008]] – [[Šaban Bajramović]], srbijanski i romski pjevač * [[2018]] – [[Maria Bueno]], brazilska teniserka * [[2025]] – [[Matija Dedić]], hrvatski [[džez]]-[[pijanist]] i [[kompozitor]] == Praznici == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|8 June}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/8/ Na današnji dan (8. juni), ''BBC.co.uk''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/8/ |date=26. 12. 2022}} {{en simbol}} * [http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/june-8/ Na današnji dan (8. juni), ''nytimes.com''] {{en simbol}} {{Mjeseci}} [[Kategorija:Dani u godini|juni008]] mfy9rxzxu5c7cb6k4yadto6ep6qddv3 0 4866 3839461 3817714 2026-05-04T14:14:04Z Astrameri 151645 /* 19. vijek */ 3839461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JuliKalendar}} '''1. juli / srpanj (1. 7)''' jest 182. dan godine po [[gregorijanski kalendar|gregorijanskom kalendaru]] (183. u [[prestupna godina|prestupnoj godini]]). Do kraja godine još su 183 dana. == Događaji == * [[1966]] – [[Brionski plenum]]. Nakon afere prisluškivanja [[Josip Broz Tito|Tita]] smijenjen [[Aleksandar Ranković]] i reorganizovana [[UDBA]]. * [[1997]] – Nakon 99 godina vladavine Velike Britanije [[Hong Kong]] vraćen Kini. * [[2002]] – 72 osobe poginule su u sudaru putničkog i teretnog aviona iznad južne Njemačke. * [[2014]] – Početak objavljivanja konačnih rezultata [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013.|Popisa stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013.]] == Rođeni == === 15. vijek === * [[1481]] – [[Kristijan II Danski|Kristijan II]], danski kralj === 16. vijek === * [[1534]] – [[Fridrik II Danski|Fridrik II]], danski i norveški kralj === 17. vijek === * [[1646]] – [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], njemački filozof i mislilac === 18. vijek === * [[1780]] – [[Carl von Clausewitz]], pruski general === 19. vijek === * [[1804]] – [[George Sand]], francuska književnica i feministkinja * [[1894]] – [[Isaak Babel]], ruski novinar === 20. vijek === * [[1916]] – [[Olivia de Havilland]], britansko-američko-francuska glumica * [[1925]] – [[Franca Magnani]], italijanska novinarka * [[1934]] – [[Sydney Pollack]], američki glumac i režiser * [[1935]] – [[Rashied Ali]], američki bubnjar * [[1937]] – [[Galja Novenc]], armenska glumica * [[1952]] – [[Ueng Ming-Yih]], [[tajvan]]ski [[biatlon]]ac i [[Skijaško trčanje|skijaš-trkač]] * [[1953]] – [[Jadranka Kosor]], hrvatska političarka i novinarka * [[1960]] – [[Marjan Vidmar]], [[SFRJ|jugoslavenski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[1961]]. ** [[Carl Lewis]], američki atletičar ** [[Diana Spencer]], princeza od Velsa * [[1962]] – [[Andre Braugher]], američki glumac * [[1963]] – [[Walter Hörl]], [[Austrija|austrijski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[1967]] – [[Pamela Anderson]], kanadska glumica * [[1970]]. ** [[Päivi Kallio]], finska [[biatlon]]ka ** [[Tajči]], hrvatska pjevačica * [[1977]] – [[Liv Tyler]], američka glumica * [[1995]] – [[Lena Häcki-Groß]], švicarska [[biatlon]]ka == Umrli == === 18. vijek === * [[1736]] – [[Ahmed III]], sultan Osmanskog Carstva * [[1784]] – [[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]], [[Njemačka|njemački]] kompozitor i [[Orgulje|orguljaš]] === 19. vijek === * [[1896]] – [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], američka spisateljica i abolicionistica (''[[Čiča Tomina koliba]]'') === 20. vijek === * [[1971]] – [[William Lawrence Bragg]], engleski fizičar * [[1974]] – [[Juan Perón]], argentinski general i predsjednik * [[1976]] – [[Anneliese Michel]], žrtva egzorcizma * [[1983]] – [[Buckminster Fuller]], američki arhitekt, dizajner, filozof i pisac === 21. vijek === * [[2004]]. ** [[Marlon Brando]], američki glumac ** [[Jasper Ridley]], britanski književnik * [[2011]] – [[Paul Romand]], [[Francuska|francuski]] [[biatlon]]ac i [[Skijaško trčanje|skijaš-trkač]] * [[2013]] – [[Mara Naceva]], makedonska komunistkinja i partizanka * [[2024]] – [[Ismail Kadare]], [[Albanija|albanski]] [[pisac]] == Praznici == * Dan nezavisnosti [[Burundi]]ja == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|1 July}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/1/ Na današnji dan (1. juli), ''BBC.co.uk''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702112231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/1/ |date=2. 7. 2006}} {{en simbol}} * [http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/july-1/ Na današnji dan (1. juli), ''nytimes.com''] {{en simbol}} {{Mjeseci}} [[Kategorija:Dani u godini|juli001]] 6c35pdzeqiye80ssh8kbnwznwabbzc9 0 4914 3839462 3777296 2026-05-04T14:15:27Z Astrameri 151645 /* Umrli */ 3839462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{godina}} {{Godina u drugim kalendarima}} '''1876.''' (MDCCCLXXVI) bila je prijestupna godina koja je počela u subotu po gregorijanskom kalendaru i prijestupna godina koja je počela u četvrtak po julijanskom kalendaru, 1876. godina naše ere (CE) i godine nove ere (AD), 876. godina drugog milenijuma, 76. godina 19. vijeka i sedma godina 1870-ih. Početkom 1876. gregorijanski kalendar bio je 12 dana ispred julijanskog kalendara, koji je ostao u lokalnoj upotrebi do 1923. == Događaji == * [[7. mart]] – [[Alexander Graham Bell]] patentirao [[telefon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-telephone-invention|title=Research Guides: Invention of the Telephone: Topics in Chronicling America: Introduction|last=Saelee|first=Mike|website=guides.loc.gov|language=en|access-date=25. 5. 2025}}</ref> == 1876. u temama == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Rođeni == * Datum nepoznat – [[Ahmed Burek]], bosanskohercegovački prosvjetni, kulturni i javni radnik, potpisnik [[Sarajevska rezolucija|Sarajevske rezolucije]] *[[5. januar]] – [[Konrad Adenauer]], njemački političar i državnik *[[12. januar]] – [[Jack London]], pravo ime ''John Griffith London'', američki književnik *[[10. mart]] – [[Alexander Graham Bell]] napravi prvi uspješni telefon. *[[4. april]] – [[Maurice de Vlaminck]], francuski slikar i grafičar *[[10. maj]] – [[Ivan Cankar]], slovenski književnik *[[30. maj]] – [[Vladimir Nazor]], hrvatski pjesnik *[[11. juni]] – [[Alfred Kroeber]], američki arheolog i antropolog *[[15. august]] – [[Aleksandar Belić]], srpski lingvist *[[6. septembar]] – [[John James Richard Macleod]], škotski [[Biohemija|biohemičar]] i [[Fiziologija|fiziolog]], dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu 1923. *[[25. decembar]] – [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] (Mohamed Ali Džina), [[pakistan]]ski državnik, osnivač i prvi predsjednik Pakistana. Sa [[Gandi]]jem i [[Nehru]]om borio se za nezavisnost [[Južna Azija|indijskog potkontinenta]] od [[Velika Britanija|Velike Britanije]]. Kasnije se s njima sukobio, tražeći posebnu [[musliman]]sku [[država|državu]]. == Umrli == * [[4. juni]] – [[Abdul Aziz]], osmanlijski sultan * [[8. juni]] – [[George Sand]], francuska književnica i feministkinja * [[15. juli]] – [[Aleksander Fredro]], poljski dramski pisac * [[27. septembar]] – [[Braxton Bragg]], američki vojskovođa i general == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|1876}} {{Normativna kontrola}} 28mu2ruu0smvcpiykjt4iazcddwgr7x 0 9633 3839615 3799170 2026-05-05T08:22:09Z Panasko 146730 u člancima na enciklopediji "zaključak" je nepotreban 3839615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija programski jezik | ime = C | logo = | paradigma = Strukturalno programiranje | godina = između 1969. i 1973. | dizajner = [[Dennis Ritchie]] i [[Brian Kernighan]], [[AT&T Bell Labs]] | typing = Statični, slabi | implementacije = Razne | dijalekti = Mnogi | utjecali = [[B programski jezik]] | utjecao_na = [[C++]], [[Java programski jezik|Java]], [[C šarp|C#]] }} '''C programski jezik''' spada u proceduralne [[Programski jezik|programske jezike]] koji je razvijen u ranim 70-im godinama 20. vijeka. Autor ovog programskog jezika je [[Dennis Ritchie]], no značajan doprinos nastanku C-a dali su [[Ken Thompson]] kao autor programskog jezika B i [[Martin Richards]], autor programskog jezika [[BCPL]]. Dennis Ritchie je stvorio ovaj programski jezik za rješavanje praktičnih problema kodiranja sistemskih programa i jezgre [[operativni sistem|operativnog sistema]] [[UNIX]], koji je praktički u cijelosti napisan u '''C'''-u. Programski jezik '''C''' dosta se mijenjao tokom godina te je u više navrata neformalno i formalno standardiziran. Prva važnija verzija poznata je pod nazivom "K&R C", što je eng. kratica prezimena dvaju autora najpoznatijeg C priručnika "The C Programming Language" – [[Brian Kernighan]] i Dennis Ritchie. Prvo izdanje te vrlo sažeto i precizno pisane knjige iz 1978. ujedno je de facto standardiziralo jezik u 70-ima. Drugo izdanje iz 1988. opisuje "ANSI C", standard kojeg je 1983. definirao američki nacionalni institut za standardizaciju, a koji je i danas najbolje podržan. Aktualni ISO/IEC standard, skraćeno poznat kao "C99", podržava u cijelosti samo manji dio komercijalnih proizvođača softvera. == Historija razvoja i verzije == Prvobitni razvoj '''C''' programskog jezika započinje između 1969. i 1973. u AT&T Bell Labs, a po riječima [[Dennis Ritchie|Dennisa Ritchieja]] najkreativniji period bio je tokom 1972. Nazvan je '''C''' jer su mnoge od njegovih karakteristika potekle od ranijeg programskog jezika zvanog '''B'''. Tokom 1980-ih, [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] zajedno s drugim istraživačima u Bell Labs proširuje '''C''' dodajući mogućnosti objektno orijentisanog programiranja, a naziv novog jezika postaje [[C++]]. Nažalost, ta 100%-na kompatibilnost naslijedila je i neke probleme koje programiranje u '''C'''-u nosi sa sobom. == Standardizacija == Svaki program napisan u C-u obično sadrži sljedeće elemente: * '''Preprocesorski dio''' (npr. <code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;</code>) – Uključuje zaglavlja neophodna za osnovne funkcionalnosti ulaza i izlaza. * '''Definisanje varijabli''' – Određivanje tipova i polja definisanosti varijabli koje se koriste u funkcijama. * '''Glavna funkcija main()''' – Mora postojati u svakom C programu. * '''Ostale funkcije''' – Definišu se prema vrsti ulaznih i izlaznih parametara. == Programski primjer == <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, c; scanf("%d %d", &a, &b); c = a + b; printf("%d\n", c); return 0; } </syntaxhighlight> == Napredne tehnike programiranja u C-u == C omogućava nekoliko naprednih tehnika koje se često koriste u optimizaciji i sistemskom programiranju. === Rad sa pokazivačima === <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> #include <stdio.h> void swap(int *x, int *y) { int temp = *x; *x = *y; *y = temp; } int main() { int a = 5, b = 10; swap(&a, &b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; } </syntaxhighlight> === Korištenje struktura i unija === <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> #include <stdio.h> struct Student { char ime[50]; int godine; float prosjek; }; int main() { struct Student s1 = {"Marko", 22, 8.5}; printf("Ime: %s, Godine: %d, Prosjek: %.2f\n", s1.ime, s1.godine, s1.prosjek); return 0; } </syntaxhighlight> == Naučna istraživanja i uticaj C jezika == C programski jezik je temelj mnogih istraživanja u oblasti računarskih nauka. Naučnici su proučavali njegovu efikasnost, sigurnosne aspekte i uticaj na razvoj drugih jezika. Ključna istraživanja uključuju: * '''Efikasnost C jezika''' – Mnoge studije su pokazale da C omogućava visoke performanse zahvaljujući niskonivou kontroli memorije i direktnom pristupu hardveru. * '''Sigurnosni izazovi''' – Naučni radovi analiziraju kako ručno upravljanje memorijom može dovesti do sigurnosnih ranjivosti (poput buffer overflow napada). * '''Uticaj na moderne jezike''' – Istraživanja potvrđuju da su mnogi moderni jezici (Java, C#, Rust) inspirisani C-om, ali uvode poboljšanja u sigurnosti i upravljanju memorijom. Danas se C koristi za razvoj operativnih sistema, kompajlera, ugrađenih sistema, te za programske aplikacije koje zahtevaju visoke performanse. {{Commonscat|C (programming language)}} [[Kategorija:Programski jezici]] [[Kategorija:Američki izumi]] 1f6420am57uilo77cu9courh37p48nf 0 11235 3839509 3833702 2026-05-04T16:56:40Z ~2026-27063-56 180991 /* Druge reakcije */ 3839509 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Salze Natriumchloridgitter Kugeln.svg|thumb|Kuglasta rešetka: struktura natrij-hlorida; ioni [[natrij]]a prikazani su zeleno, a ioni [[hlor]]a u plavoj boji]] [[Datoteka:Sulphat.png|thumb|Struktura aniona sulfata (SO₄²⁻)]] Pojmom '''soli''' označavaju se [[hemijski spoj]]evi, koji su građeni iz pozitivno (kation) i negativno naelektrisanih iona (anion).<ref name="goldbook" /> Između tih iona stvaraju se [[ionska veza|ionske veze]].<ref name="LdC" /> Kod ''neorganskih soli'' kationi se najčešće grade od [[metal (hemija)|metala]], dok se anioni grade od nemetala ili njihovih oksida. Kao čvrsta supstanca, oni zajedno grade ionsku rešetku. Pojam ''organskih soli'' označava sve spojeve kod kojih je najmanje jedan anion ili kation neki organski spoj. == Neorganske soli == U najužem smislu, pod pojmom so misli se na [[natrij-hlorid]] (NaCl, odnosno [[kuhinjska so]]). U mnogo širem smislu, soli su svi oni spojevi, koji su poput NaCl načinjeni od aniona i kationa. Kao primjer takvih soli je [[kalcij-hlorid]] (CaCl₂). Natrij-hlorid sastavljen je iz kationa Na⁺ i aniona Cl⁻. Slično tome, kalcij-hlorid se izgrađen iz iona Ca²⁺ i Cl⁻ Formule NaCl i CaCl₂ su sadržajne (sumarne) formule spojeva (omjer Na:Cl=1:1, odnosno Ca:Cl=1:2). Ioni mogu biti jednovalentni ili polivalentni, tj. nositi jedno ili više pozitivnih odnosno negativnih naelektrisanja. Sumarna formula neke soli određena je brojem naelektrisanja iona, jer se pozitivna i negativna naelektrisanja moraju međusobno kompenzirati (poništiti). Sumarne formule soli su u jasnoj suprotnosti s formulama spojeva poput [[voda|vode]] (H₂O) ili [[metan]]a (CH₄), koji su [[molekula]]rni spojevi. Kod neorganskih soli između iona djeluju ionske veze. Slijedeći omjer sumarne formule, veliki broj iona gradi ionsku rešetku određene [[kristalna struktura|kristalne strukture]]. Prva slika desno prikazuje mali isječak građe kristalne rešetke natrij-hlorida. Pošto postoji veliki broj različitih kationa i aniona, poznato je i veoma veliki broj različitih soli. U donjoj tabeli prikazani su neki od iona. U solima, ioni se mogu sastojati i iz više od jednog atoma. Takvi ioni se nazivaju kompleksi ioni. Primjeri kompleksnih aniona su [[nitrat]]ni (NO₃⁻) i sulfatni anion (SO₄²⁻). Kod takvih kompleksa, jedan atom predstavlja centralni, na koji su spojevi drugi atomi (i atomske grupe), jednim imenom nazvani [[ligand]]i. U ovim primjerima, atomi [[dušik|N]] odnosno [[Sumpor|S]] su centralni atomi, dok su u oba slučaja ligandi atomi [[kisik]]a (oksokompleksi). Centralni atomi i njihovi ligandi su povezani jedan s drugim [[kovalentna veza|kovalentnom vezom]]. Ionske veze nalaze se samo između aniona i kationa. Među nitratima poznate soli su, naprimjer, [[natrij-nitrat]] (NaNO₃), a među sulfatima [[natrij-sulfat]] (Na₂SO₄). Katione uglavnom grade metali a njihove soli nazivaju se ''soli metala'' ("metalne soli"). Od nemetala sastoji se kompleksni kation amonij (NH₄⁺) sa dušikom kao centralnim ionim i [[vodik]]om kao ligandom. Amonij ioni grade so poput [[amonij-sulfat]]a ((NH₄)₂SO₄). Pored amonijevih spojeva, postoje i njihovi analogi organski spojevi (kvartarni amonijevi spojevi). Kod viševalentnih oksokompleksa mogu se javiti i OH-grupe kao ligandi, kao što je npr. kod soli [[natrij-hidrogensulfat]]a (NaHSO₄). Analoge soli su poznate i među fosfatima: pored [[natrij-fosfat]]a postoje i soli [[dinatrij-hidrogenfosfat]] i [[natrij-dihidrogenfosfat]]. Iz uobičajenog formalnog načina pisanja (formulskih jedinica) za ove spojeve ne mogu se odmah prepoznati OH-grupe kao ligandi. Formulske jedinice takvih soli se izvode iz tradicionalnog načina pisanja za [[kiseline]] poput [[sumporna kiselina|sumporne]] (H₂SO₄) i [[Fosforna kiselina|fosfatne kiseline]] (H₃PO₄). [[Datoteka:Hexacyanidoferrat(II).svg|thumb|Struktura heksacijanoferatnog(II) aniona]] [[Prelazni metal]]i ne grade samo katione, nego i anione u vidu oksokompleksa. Tako naprimjer [[hrom]] može graditi [[hromat]]e ([CrO₄]²⁻), koji je anion u [[kalij-hromat]]u K₂[CrO₄]), a [[mangan]] [[permanganat]]e ([MnO₄]⁻), koji je anion u [[kalij-permanganat]]u (K[MnO₄]). Kompleksni anioni mogu imati i metale kao centralni atom. Kod kalijheksacijanoferata(II) (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]), ion željeza Fe²⁺ gradi stabilni anion sa četiri negativna naboja zajedno sa šest [[cijanid]]nih grupa (CN⁻). U solima, ionske veze se nalaze između kationa kalija i aniona heksacijanoferata(II). Slično tome, ion željeza Fe³⁺ gradi kalijheksacijanoferat(III) (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]), također jednu kompleksnu so. Kod K₃[Fe(CN)₆], ion željeza Fe³⁺ gradi stabilni anion sa tri negativna naboja zajedno sa šest cijanidnih grupa (CN⁻). === Primjeri kationa i aniona === {| style="font-size:100%" |- valign="top" | {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |- | colspan="3" | [[Kation]]i |- | jednovalentni || dvovalentni|| trovalentni |- | [[Kalij]], K⁺ || [[Kalcij]], Ca²⁺ || [[Željezo|Željezo(III)]], Fe³⁺ |- | [[Natrij]], Na⁺ || [[Magnezij]], Mg²⁺ || [[Aluminij]], Al³⁺ |- | [[Amonij]], NH₄⁺ || [[Željezo|Željezo(II)]], Fe²⁺ || |- |} | {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |- | colspan="4" | [[Anion]]i |- | jednovalentni || dvovalentni || oksidni kompleksi<br />(jedno- ili viševalentni) || metalni kompleksi<br />(jedno- ili viševalentni) |- | [[Fluorid]], F⁻ | [[Oksid]], O²⁻ | [[Karbonat]], CO₃²⁻ | [[Hromat]], CrO₄²⁻ |- | [[Hlorid]], Cl⁻ | [[Sulfid]], S²⁻ | [[Sulfat]], SO₄²⁻ | [[Permanganat]], MnO₄⁻ |- | [[Bromid]], Br⁻ | | [[Fosfat]], PO₄³⁻ | [[Cijanid|Heksacijanoferat(II)]], [Fe^II(CN)₆]⁴⁻ |- | [[Jodid]], I⁻ | | [[Nitrat]], NO₃⁻ | |- |} |} === Osobine soli === [[Datoteka:Salze Natriumchloridgitter Loesen.svg|thumb|Rastvor natrij-hlorida u vodi: desno su prikazani ioni okruženi (hidratizirani) molekulama vode]] * Mnoge soli su na sobnoj temperaturi u čvrstom stanju sa relativno visokom [[talište|tačkom topljenja]]. Nagrizajuće soli su vrlo tvrde i krte te imaju glatke ivice pri lomu tokom mehaničke obrade. Ove osobine su uglavnom tipične za čvrste supstance, koje su izgrađene u vidu ionske rešetke te stoga grade [[kristal]]e. Međutim, svaka kristalna supstance nije ujedno i so. Tako naprimjer [[šećer]] ([[saharoza]]) također gradi kristale, ali nema ionsku rešetku i ne ubraja se u soli. * Brojne soli su [[rastvorljivost|rastvorljive]] u vodi a nisu rastvorljive u većini organskih [[otapalo|otapala]]. Kod soli rastvorljivih u vodi, [[voda]] prevazilazi energiju ionske rešetke pomoću hidratacije. Ako je energija hidratacije približno velika ili veća od energije rešetke, so je relativno dobro ili vrlo dobro rastvorljiva. U rastvorima su pojedinačni ioni vrlo čvrsto i intenzivno okruženi molekulama vode. U vidu reakcije, ovo se u hemiji predstavlja na sljedeći način:<br /> <math>\mathrm{ NaCl_{(s)}\ \longrightarrow\ Na^+_{(aq)}\ +\ Cl^{-}_{(aq)} }</math><br />Slovo (s) označava čvrstu supstancu dok (aq) označava, da se ion nalazi u hidratiziranom stanju. * Suhi kristali soli su električni [[izolator]]i. Istopljene soli i vodene otopine provode električnu struju zbog svojih slobodno pokretnih iona kao nosilaca električnog naboja. Stoga su oni [[elektrolit]]i. * Rastvaranje soli u vodi može promijeniti [[pH|pH vrijednost]] tog rastvora. Ako se rastvaranjem određene soli ne promijeni ta vrijednost, onda se kaže da je ta so ''neutralna''. Među neutralne soli se ubraja i natrij-hlorid. Osim ovih, postoje i [[baza (hemija)|bazične]] i [[kiseline|kisele]] soli. Iz sastava soli vrlo teško se može procijeniti kako će određena so reagirati. Međutim, vrijedi opće pravilo: anioni (kiselinski ostaci) jakih kiselina uglavnom reagiraju neutralno. Kiselinski ostaci slabih kiselina uglavnom reagiraju bazično. Primjer osobina soli, nastalih od višeprotonskih kiselina, jeste ponašanje fosfata. Rastvaranje soli u vodenim otopinama organskih molekula, kao npr. biomolekula, može dovesti do denaturiziranja tih biomolekula ali i djelovati na taloženje makromolekula. Ovakvo djelovanje soli karakterizirano je takozvanom [[Hofmeisterova serija|Hofmeisterovom serijom]]. === Drugi kationi i anioni === * Metalni oksidi u velikom postotku čine Zemljinu koru, ali se oni mogu posmatrati i kao soli. Anion O²⁻ (oksidni ion) se javlja kao takav samo u čvrstom ili istopljenom stanju, dok u vodenim rastvorima on nije poznat. [[Kisik]] u oksidnom ionu ima [[Oksidacijsko stanje|oksidacijski broj]] −2. Stoga, oksidacijski broj metala određuje sumarnu formulu određene soli odnosno spoja: M^I₂O, M^IIO, M^III₂O₃. Ako je oksid rastvorljiv u vodi, dešava se specifična hemijska reakcija, naprimjer:<br /> <math>\mathrm{ Na_2O_{(s)} + H_2O \longrightarrow 2\ Na^+_{(aq)} + 2\ OH^-_{(aq)} }</math><br /> <small>[[Natrij-oksid]] reagira s vodom dajući hidroksidne ione i sodu (ione natrija).</small> Slično reagira i kalcij-oksid (CaO), poznat i kao ''živi kreč'', dajući ''ugašeni kreč'' odnosno [[kalcij-hidroksid]] (Ca(OH)₂). Međutim, postoji veliki broj oksida koji ne reagiraju s vodom. Naprimjer, spoj željezo(III)-oksid (Fe₂O₃) nije rastvorljiv u vodi. * Sulfidi: minerali se u prirodi često mogu naći u obliku [[sulfid]]a (S²⁻), naprimjer [[Pirit (mineral)|pirit]] i [[halkozin]]. I sulfidi se mogu smatrati solima. [[Natrij-sulfid]] (Na₂S) je rastvorljiva so, koja je u vodi gotovo nerastvorljiva, slično kao i većina sulfida poput [[cink-sulfid]]a (ZnS) i [[bakar(II) sulfid]]a (CuS). U [[analitička hemija|analitičkoj hemiji]] se različita (slaba) rastvorljivost raznih metalnih sulfida koristi za razdvajanje sličnih hemijskih elemenata (u fazi razdvajanja sumporovodične funkcionalne grupe) === Kristalna voda === Mnoge soli, pored iona, sadržavaju i određene količine molekula [[voda|vode]], takozvanu ''[[Kristalna voda|kristalnu vodu]]''.<ref name="webst" /> Ona se obično navodi u sumarnoj formuli, kao naprimjer u [[natrij-sulfat]] dekahidratu: Na₂SO₄ · 10 H₂O. === Dvostruke soli === Pored soli sa samo jednom vrstom kationa (M) poznate su i soli sa dva različita kationa. Takve soli nazivaju se [[dvostruke soli]], kao što su alauni sa općenitom sumarnom formulom M^IM^III(SO₄)₂. Primjer takve soli je aluminijkalijsulfat-dodekahidrat (KAl(SO₄)₂ · 12 H₂O). === Obuhvat pojma ''soli'' === * Supstance su soli, samo ako su hemijske veze između njihovih dijelova ionske. Da je zaista u nekom spoju prisutna ova vrsta veze, nije lahko zaključiti. Dok je kod kalcij-oksida (CaO) prisutna ionska veza, dok [[hrom(IV) oksida]] (CrO₃) radi se o [[kovalentna veza|kovalentnoj vezi]] između atoma [[hrom]]a i [[kisik]]a, pa ovaj spoj nije so. U ovakvim slučajevima je zbog toga bolje govoriti o ''metalnim oksidima'' umjesto solima. * Historijski, soli su po pravilu obuhvatali [[hemijski spoj|hemijske spojeve]], koji imaju definirani sastav od različitih hemijskih elemenata. Međutim, poznati su i miješani kristali sastavljeni iz dvije soli, a koji nisu stehiometrijski građeni: tako naprimjer [[kalij-permanganat]] (K[MnO₄]) sa [[barij-sulfat]]om sačinjava miješane kristale u gotovo proizvoljnim odnosima smjese (čak i kada se stavi i određena najveća količina barij-sulfata), tako da komponente u miješanim kristalima i dalje zadržavaju slične kristalne strukture i udaljenosti unutar mreže. Za dobijanje miješanih kristala nije neophodna hemijska sličnost uključenih spojeva niti njihova identična [[valencija (hemija)|valencija]]. == Organske soli == Osim gore opisanih neorganskih soli, također postoje i brojne soli [[organska hemija|organskih spojeva]]. Anioni ovih soli nastali su od [[organska kiselina|organskih kiselina]]. Među ostalim, jedne od važnijih su soli karboksilnih kiselina, kao što je [[Sirćetna kiselina|acetatna kiselina]] od koje nastaju brojne soli, poznati kao ''acetati'' (CH₃COO⁻). Tako naprimjer acetatna kiselina sa Na⁺ daje so [[natrij-acetat]] dok sa Cu²⁺ gradi bakar-acetat. Sirćetna kiselina je monougljična kiselina (ima samo jednu -COOH grupu) pa daje samo jednovalentne anione. Limunska kiselina (citratna kiselina) je trougljična kiselina (ima tri -COOH grupe) i može davati trovalentne anione; njene soli nazivaju se citrati. Među poznatijim solima citratima su [[natrij-citrat]] i [[kalcij-citrat]]. Mnogi acetati i citrati grade kristale, ali to nije pravi razlog za njihovo uvrštavanje u soli. Jedini pravi razlog i osnova leži u postojanju ionskih veza između aniona i kationa. Unutar iona organskih spojeva nalaze se [[kovalentna veza|kovalentne veze]]. Praktični značaj imaju soli [[Karboksilna kiselina|karboksilnih kiselina]], koje se ubrajaju u [[masne kiseline]]. Natrijeve i kalijeve soli masnih kiselina nazivaju se [[sapun]]i. U komercijalnim sapunima nalazi se mješavina različitih soli masnih kiselina. Praktičan značaj imaju pri proizvodnji raznih tvrdih (natrijevih) i mehkih (kalijevih) sapuna. Konkretni primjer čine soli [[palmitinska kiselina|palmitinske kiseline]] koji se nazivaju ''palmitati''. Soli, koji se zasnivaju na tako velikim organskim molekulama, po pravilu nisu kristalizirane. Analogno neorganskim sulfatima (SO₄²⁻) postoje i organski sulfati (R-O-SO₃⁻), poput [[natrij-laurilsulfat]]a, koji su svoju upotrebnu vrijednost pronašli kao tenzidi u komercijalnim šamponima i gelovima za tuširanje. Poznati su čak i soli [[alkohol]]a koji se nazivaju alkoholati.<ref name="chemie" /> Alkoholi su izrazito slabe kiseline, ali se gotovo nikad ne nazivaju tako. Pod agresivnim uslovima reakcije mogu se dobiti spojevi oblika R-O⁻M⁺ (gdje je ''M'' = metal). Po analogiji s brojnim neorganskim oksidima (MO) alkoholati reagiraju pri kontaktu s vodom ([[hidroliza]]) dajući odgovarajuće alkohole. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; align:center" |+ |- ! colspan="2" align="center"| Hidroliza oksidnih soli |- | [[Natrij-metanolat]] | align="center" |<math>\mathrm {C_2H_5ONa + H_2O \longrightarrow \ C_2H_5OH + Na^+ + OH^-}</math> |- | [[Natrij-oksid]] | align="center" |<math>\mathrm {Na_2O + H_2O \longrightarrow \ 2 \ Na^+ + 2 \ OH^-} </math> |- |} Među organskim kationima, spojevi analogni amonij-kationima (NH₄⁺) imaju veliki značaj. Općenito se nazivaju kvartarni amonijski spojevi. Kod ovih spojeva, atom [[dušik]]a obično nosi četiri alkil grupe (R-) i pozitivno naelektrisanje. Alkilamonijski spoj cetiltrimetilamonijbromid, naprimjer, je organski spoj amonija, kod kojeg se atom [[brom]]a nalazi kao anion. Praktični značaj imaju spojevi amonija sa tri kratke i jednom dugom alkil grupom, jer takvi kationi u vodenim rastvorima pokazuju osobine [[surfaktant|tenzida]]. Spojevi ove vrste također igraju veoma važnu ulogu u [[metabolizam|metabolizmu]] živih bića, kao što je npr. [[holin]]. U principu, gotovo svaki organski [[amin]] putem primanja jednog [[proton]]a (H⁺) može preći u kation. Slično kao i reakcija sa [[amonijak]]om (NH₃) koji prelazi u amonij ion (NH₄⁺), reagira naprimjer i primarni amin (R-NH₂; gdje je ''R'' = organski ostatak) prelazeći u kation R-NH₃⁺. Pošto su takvi spojevi uglavnom [[polarnost|polarni]] i zbog toga lahko rastvorljivi u vodi, oni su i početne supstance koje prevode neke [[lijek]]ove na bazi dušika putem njihovog razlaganja sa [[Hlorovodična kiselina|hlorovodičnom kiselinom]] u soli, takozvane hidrohloride. Ovaj postupak olakšava njihovu apsorpciju u organizmu. Nasuprot amina, hidrohloridi se mogu mnogo lakše čistiti pomoći [[prekristalizacija|prekristalizacije]]. S bromovodikom amini grade hidrobromide a sa [[fluorovodik]]om hidrofluoride. Osim molekula, koji mogu nositi neko pozitivno ''ili'' negativno naelektrisanje, postoje također i molekule, koje posjeduju negativno ''i'' pozitivno naelektrisanje. One se nazivaju ''unutrašnje soli'' ili ''cviterioni''. Grupa spojeva betaina se ubraja u takve soli, među kojima je najjednostavniji spoj [[betain]]. [[Aminokiselina|Aminokiseline]] posjeduju jednu karboksilnu (-COOH) i jedno amino grupu (-NH₂) pa zbog toga mogu reagirati i kiselo i bazno. Pri unutrašnjoj neutralizaciji stvaraju se anionske (-COO⁻) i kationske (-NH₃⁺) odnosno jedan cviterion. Jedna od najjednostavnijih aminokiselina je [[glicin]], koji je vrlo dobro rastvorljiv u vodi. Nasuprot drugih iona koji su dobro rastvorljivi u vodi, cviterioni pokazuju vrlo slabu (gotovo nikakvu) [[Električna provodljivost|električnu provodljivost]] (amfoliti). === Primjeri organskih kationa i aniona === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; align:center" |- ! colspan="3"| Anioni organskih spojeva |- ! grupa spojeva !! primjer !! struktura |- | rowspan="3" | Ugljične kiseline | [[acetat]]i | [[Datoteka:Acetat-Ion.svg|center|75px]] |- | [[Palmitinska kiselina|palmitati]] | [[Datoteka:Palmitat-Ion.svg|center|370px]] |- | [[citrat]]i | [[Datoteka:Citrat-Ion.svg|center|150px]] |- | organski [[sulfat]]i | [[Natrij-laurilsulfat|laurilsulfati]] | [[Datoteka:Laurylsulfat-Ion.svg|center|340px]] |- | [[alkoholat]]i | [[etanolat]] | [[Datoteka:Ethanolat-Ion.svg|center|75px]] |- ! colspan="3"| Kationi organskih spojeva |- ! grupa spojeva !! primjer !! struktura |- | rowspan="2" | [[Kvartarni amonijski spojevi|kvartarni<br /> amonijski<br /> spojevi]] | [[Cetiltrimetilamonijbromid|Cetiltrimetilamonij]] | [[Datoteka:Cetyltrimethylammonium-Ion.svg|center|400px]] |- | [[holin]] | [[Datoteka:Cholin.svg|center|125px]] |- | [[Amin (hemija)|organski<br />amonijski<br />spojevi]] | soli [[anilin]]a,<br /> <small>npr. anilin-hidrohlorid</small> | [[Datoteka:Anilin-Ion.svg|center|52px]] |- ! colspan="3"| Unutrašnje soli: kationi i anioni u jednoj molekuli |- ! grupa spojeva !! primjer !! struktura |- | [[betaini]] | [[betain]] | [[Datoteka:Betain2.svg|center|120px]] |- | [[Aminokiselina|aminokiseline]] | [[alanin]] | [[Datoteka:Alanin-Zwitterion.svg|center|100px]] |} == Dobijanje neorganskih soli == === Reakcije kiselina i baza === Soli nastaju pri reakciji kiselina sa [[baza (hemija)|bazama]] ([[grčki jezik|grč.]] ''basis''; prema [[Svante August Arrhenius|Arrheniusu]]: baze su osnovice ("baze") za soli). Pri tome se stvaraju oksonij-ioni kiselina koji sa ionima hidroksida iz baza daju [[voda|vodu]] ([[neutralizacija (hemija)|neutraliziraju se]]). Neke soli su vrlo teško rastvorljive u vodi te odmah pri nastanku stvaraju čvrsti talog. Obično se soli nalaze otopljene u rastvoru te se kristaliziraju (prelaze u čvrsto stanje) isparavanjem vode. {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |+ |- ! kiselina + baza → so + voda |- | <math>\mathrm {\ HCl_{(aq)} + NaOH _{(aq)} \longrightarrow \ NaCl_{(aq)} + H_2O_{(l)}}</math><br />[[Hlorovodonična kiselina|hlorovodična kiselina]] + [[natrij-hidroksid|soda]] → [[natrij-hlorid]] + voda |- | <math>\mathrm {\ H_2SO_{4(aq)} + Ba(OH)_{2(aq)} \longrightarrow \ BaSO_{4(s)} + 2 \ H_2O_{(l)}}</math><br /> [[sumporna kiselina]] + [[barij-hidroksid]] → [[barij-sulfat]] + voda |} === Iz drugih soli === Neke soli se mogu dobiti iz druge dvije soli. Ako se pomiješaju vodeni rastvori dviju soli, iz rastvora se može izdvojiti treća so u čvrstom obliku. Ovo vrijedi samo ako je treća so, nasuprot druge dvije, mnogo teže rastvorljiva. {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |+ |- ! rastvor soli A + rastvor soli B → so C + rastvor soli D |- | <math>\mathrm {\ NaCl_{(aq)} + AgNO_{3(aq)} \longrightarrow AgCl_{(s)} + NaNO_{3(aq)}}</math><br />[[natrij-hlorid]] + [[srebro-nitrat]] → [[srebro-hlorid]] + [[natrij-nitrat]] |- | <math>\mathrm {CaCl_{2(aq)} + Na_2CO_{3(aq)} \longrightarrow \ CaCO_{3(s)} + 2\ NaCl_{(aq)}}</math><br /> [[kalcij-hlorid]] + [[natrij-karbonat]] → [[kalcij-karbonat]] + [[natrij-hlorid]] |} === Reakcije oksida === Kako je gore opisano, mnogi oksidi metala imaju afinitet da sa vodom grade hidrokside. U kiselim uslovima, također reagiraju i mnogi oksidi metala, a koji su u čistoj vodi ''nerastvorljivi'' (stabilni). Na ovaj način mogu se dobiti mnoge soli, kao što je naprimjer bakar-sulfat. {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |+ |- ! oksid metala + kiselina → so + voda |- | <math>\mathrm {CuO_{(s)} + H_2SO_{4(aq)} \longrightarrow \ CuSO_{4(aq)} + H_2O}</math><br />[[bakar(II)-oksid]] + [[sumporna kiselina]] → [[bakar-sulfat]] + voda |} === Ostale reakcije === Oni ioni koji ne nastaju u gore opisanim reakcijama, postoje već i prije nastanka nekih novih soli. Ako se pri reakcijama dobijanja neke novi soli ne nalaze nikako ioni sa potrebnom valencijom ili se ne nalaze svi potrebni, onda se odvijaju [[redoks reakcija|redoks reakcije]]. Tako se naprimjer iz elementarnih metala i [[nemetal]]e dobijaju soli. == Reference == {{Commonscat|Salt}} {{refspisak|1|refs= <ref name="goldbook">IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the “Gold Book”). {{doi|10.1351/goldbook.S05447}} verzija: 2.2.</ref> <ref name="LdC">Hans-Dieter Jakubke, Ruth Karcher (izd.): ''Lexikon der Chemie.'', 1. izd.; Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2001.; {{ISBN|978-3827405524}}</ref> <ref name="webst">[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-28343538.html water of crystallization,] Webster's NewWorld Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1988. Pristupljeno 28. april 2015.</ref> <ref name="chemie">[http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Alkoholate.html Alkoholate], na stranici chemie.de, pristupljeno 29. aprila 2015. {{Simboli jezika|de|njemački}}</ref> }} == Literatura == * Mark Kurlansky (2002). ''Salt: A World History''. Walker Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-14-200161-9}}. * Giričev G. V. (1999). ''[http://www.pereplet.ru/nauka/Soros/pdf/9911_040.pdf Структура молекул солей кислородсодержащих кислот]'', Sorovskij obrazovateljnij žurnal, br. 11, str. 40-44. * Ivan Ljudvigovič Knunjanc; Nikolaj Serafimovič Zefirov (1995). ''Химическая энциклопедия'' (4. tom), ''Pol'' - ''Tri'', "Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija" {{ISBN|5-85270-092-4}} * P. Wasserscheid, W. Keim (2000). ''Ionic Liquids—New “Solutions” for Transition Metal Catalysis'', Angewandte Chemie, volume 39, izd. 21, str. 3772–3789 {{doi|10.1002/1521-3773(20001103)39:21<3772::AID-ANIE3772>3.0.CO;2-5}}, {{cite pmid|11091453}} [[Kategorija:Soli| ]] [[Kategorija:Hemijski spojevi|Soli]] rysdf8bj11p3fju3btesxr1vsmydlm2 3839510 3839509 2026-05-04T16:58:05Z ~2026-27063-56 180991 /* Ostale reakcije */ 3839510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Salze Natriumchloridgitter Kugeln.svg|thumb|Kuglasta rešetka: struktura natrij-hlorida; ioni [[natrij]]a prikazani su zeleno, a ioni [[hlor]]a u plavoj boji]] [[Datoteka:Sulphat.png|thumb|Struktura aniona sulfata (SO₄²⁻)]] Pojmom '''soli''' označavaju se [[hemijski spoj]]evi, koji su građeni iz pozitivno (kation) i negativno naelektrisanih iona (anion).<ref name="goldbook" /> Između tih iona stvaraju se [[ionska veza|ionske veze]].<ref name="LdC" /> Kod ''neorganskih soli'' kationi se najčešće grade od [[metal (hemija)|metala]], dok se anioni grade od nemetala ili njihovih oksida. Kao čvrsta supstanca, oni zajedno grade ionsku rešetku. Pojam ''organskih soli'' označava sve spojeve kod kojih je najmanje jedan anion ili kation neki organski spoj. == Neorganske soli == U najužem smislu, pod pojmom so misli se na [[natrij-hlorid]] (NaCl, odnosno [[kuhinjska so]]). U mnogo širem smislu, soli su svi oni spojevi, koji su poput NaCl načinjeni od aniona i kationa. Kao primjer takvih soli je [[kalcij-hlorid]] (CaCl₂). Natrij-hlorid sastavljen je iz kationa Na⁺ i aniona Cl⁻. Slično tome, kalcij-hlorid se izgrađen iz iona Ca²⁺ i Cl⁻ Formule NaCl i CaCl₂ su sadržajne (sumarne) formule spojeva (omjer Na:Cl=1:1, odnosno Ca:Cl=1:2). Ioni mogu biti jednovalentni ili polivalentni, tj. nositi jedno ili više pozitivnih odnosno negativnih naelektrisanja. Sumarna formula neke soli određena je brojem naelektrisanja iona, jer se pozitivna i negativna naelektrisanja moraju međusobno kompenzirati (poništiti). Sumarne formule soli su u jasnoj suprotnosti s formulama spojeva poput [[voda|vode]] (H₂O) ili [[metan]]a (CH₄), koji su [[molekula]]rni spojevi. Kod neorganskih soli između iona djeluju ionske veze. Slijedeći omjer sumarne formule, veliki broj iona gradi ionsku rešetku određene [[kristalna struktura|kristalne strukture]]. Prva slika desno prikazuje mali isječak građe kristalne rešetke natrij-hlorida. Pošto postoji veliki broj različitih kationa i aniona, poznato je i veoma veliki broj različitih soli. U donjoj tabeli prikazani su neki od iona. U solima, ioni se mogu sastojati i iz više od jednog atoma. Takvi ioni se nazivaju kompleksi ioni. Primjeri kompleksnih aniona su [[nitrat]]ni (NO₃⁻) i sulfatni anion (SO₄²⁻). Kod takvih kompleksa, jedan atom predstavlja centralni, na koji su spojevi drugi atomi (i atomske grupe), jednim imenom nazvani [[ligand]]i. U ovim primjerima, atomi [[dušik|N]] odnosno [[Sumpor|S]] su centralni atomi, dok su u oba slučaja ligandi atomi [[kisik]]a (oksokompleksi). Centralni atomi i njihovi ligandi su povezani jedan s drugim [[kovalentna veza|kovalentnom vezom]]. Ionske veze nalaze se samo između aniona i kationa. Među nitratima poznate soli su, naprimjer, [[natrij-nitrat]] (NaNO₃), a među sulfatima [[natrij-sulfat]] (Na₂SO₄). Katione uglavnom grade metali a njihove soli nazivaju se ''soli metala'' ("metalne soli"). Od nemetala sastoji se kompleksni kation amonij (NH₄⁺) sa dušikom kao centralnim ionim i [[vodik]]om kao ligandom. Amonij ioni grade so poput [[amonij-sulfat]]a ((NH₄)₂SO₄). Pored amonijevih spojeva, postoje i njihovi analogi organski spojevi (kvartarni amonijevi spojevi). Kod viševalentnih oksokompleksa mogu se javiti i OH-grupe kao ligandi, kao što je npr. kod soli [[natrij-hidrogensulfat]]a (NaHSO₄). Analoge soli su poznate i među fosfatima: pored [[natrij-fosfat]]a postoje i soli [[dinatrij-hidrogenfosfat]] i [[natrij-dihidrogenfosfat]]. Iz uobičajenog formalnog načina pisanja (formulskih jedinica) za ove spojeve ne mogu se odmah prepoznati OH-grupe kao ligandi. Formulske jedinice takvih soli se izvode iz tradicionalnog načina pisanja za [[kiseline]] poput [[sumporna kiselina|sumporne]] (H₂SO₄) i [[Fosforna kiselina|fosfatne kiseline]] (H₃PO₄). [[Datoteka:Hexacyanidoferrat(II).svg|thumb|Struktura heksacijanoferatnog(II) aniona]] [[Prelazni metal]]i ne grade samo katione, nego i anione u vidu oksokompleksa. Tako naprimjer [[hrom]] može graditi [[hromat]]e ([CrO₄]²⁻), koji je anion u [[kalij-hromat]]u K₂[CrO₄]), a [[mangan]] [[permanganat]]e ([MnO₄]⁻), koji je anion u [[kalij-permanganat]]u (K[MnO₄]). Kompleksni anioni mogu imati i metale kao centralni atom. Kod kalijheksacijanoferata(II) (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]), ion željeza Fe²⁺ gradi stabilni anion sa četiri negativna naboja zajedno sa šest [[cijanid]]nih grupa (CN⁻). U solima, ionske veze se nalaze između kationa kalija i aniona heksacijanoferata(II). Slično tome, ion željeza Fe³⁺ gradi kalijheksacijanoferat(III) (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]), također jednu kompleksnu so. Kod K₃[Fe(CN)₆], ion željeza Fe³⁺ gradi stabilni anion sa tri negativna naboja zajedno sa šest cijanidnih grupa (CN⁻). === Primjeri kationa i aniona === {| style="font-size:100%" |- valign="top" | {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |- | colspan="3" | [[Kation]]i |- | jednovalentni || dvovalentni|| trovalentni |- | [[Kalij]], K⁺ || [[Kalcij]], Ca²⁺ || [[Željezo|Željezo(III)]], Fe³⁺ |- | [[Natrij]], Na⁺ || [[Magnezij]], Mg²⁺ || [[Aluminij]], Al³⁺ |- | [[Amonij]], NH₄⁺ || [[Željezo|Željezo(II)]], Fe²⁺ || |- |} | {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |- | colspan="4" | [[Anion]]i |- | jednovalentni || dvovalentni || oksidni kompleksi<br />(jedno- ili viševalentni) || metalni kompleksi<br />(jedno- ili viševalentni) |- | [[Fluorid]], F⁻ | [[Oksid]], O²⁻ | [[Karbonat]], CO₃²⁻ | [[Hromat]], CrO₄²⁻ |- | [[Hlorid]], Cl⁻ | [[Sulfid]], S²⁻ | [[Sulfat]], SO₄²⁻ | [[Permanganat]], MnO₄⁻ |- | [[Bromid]], Br⁻ | | [[Fosfat]], PO₄³⁻ | [[Cijanid|Heksacijanoferat(II)]], [Fe^II(CN)₆]⁴⁻ |- | [[Jodid]], I⁻ | | [[Nitrat]], NO₃⁻ | |- |} |} === Osobine soli === [[Datoteka:Salze Natriumchloridgitter Loesen.svg|thumb|Rastvor natrij-hlorida u vodi: desno su prikazani ioni okruženi (hidratizirani) molekulama vode]] * Mnoge soli su na sobnoj temperaturi u čvrstom stanju sa relativno visokom [[talište|tačkom topljenja]]. Nagrizajuće soli su vrlo tvrde i krte te imaju glatke ivice pri lomu tokom mehaničke obrade. Ove osobine su uglavnom tipične za čvrste supstance, koje su izgrađene u vidu ionske rešetke te stoga grade [[kristal]]e. Međutim, svaka kristalna supstance nije ujedno i so. Tako naprimjer [[šećer]] ([[saharoza]]) također gradi kristale, ali nema ionsku rešetku i ne ubraja se u soli. * Brojne soli su [[rastvorljivost|rastvorljive]] u vodi a nisu rastvorljive u većini organskih [[otapalo|otapala]]. Kod soli rastvorljivih u vodi, [[voda]] prevazilazi energiju ionske rešetke pomoću hidratacije. Ako je energija hidratacije približno velika ili veća od energije rešetke, so je relativno dobro ili vrlo dobro rastvorljiva. U rastvorima su pojedinačni ioni vrlo čvrsto i intenzivno okruženi molekulama vode. U vidu reakcije, ovo se u hemiji predstavlja na sljedeći način:<br /> <math>\mathrm{ NaCl_{(s)}\ \longrightarrow\ Na^+_{(aq)}\ +\ Cl^{-}_{(aq)} }</math><br />Slovo (s) označava čvrstu supstancu dok (aq) označava, da se ion nalazi u hidratiziranom stanju. * Suhi kristali soli su električni [[izolator]]i. Istopljene soli i vodene otopine provode električnu struju zbog svojih slobodno pokretnih iona kao nosilaca električnog naboja. Stoga su oni [[elektrolit]]i. * Rastvaranje soli u vodi može promijeniti [[pH|pH vrijednost]] tog rastvora. Ako se rastvaranjem određene soli ne promijeni ta vrijednost, onda se kaže da je ta so ''neutralna''. Među neutralne soli se ubraja i natrij-hlorid. Osim ovih, postoje i [[baza (hemija)|bazične]] i [[kiseline|kisele]] soli. Iz sastava soli vrlo teško se može procijeniti kako će određena so reagirati. Međutim, vrijedi opće pravilo: anioni (kiselinski ostaci) jakih kiselina uglavnom reagiraju neutralno. Kiselinski ostaci slabih kiselina uglavnom reagiraju bazično. Primjer osobina soli, nastalih od višeprotonskih kiselina, jeste ponašanje fosfata. Rastvaranje soli u vodenim otopinama organskih molekula, kao npr. biomolekula, može dovesti do denaturiziranja tih biomolekula ali i djelovati na taloženje makromolekula. Ovakvo djelovanje soli karakterizirano je takozvanom [[Hofmeisterova serija|Hofmeisterovom serijom]]. === Drugi kationi i anioni === * Metalni oksidi u velikom postotku čine Zemljinu koru, ali se oni mogu posmatrati i kao soli. Anion O²⁻ (oksidni ion) se javlja kao takav samo u čvrstom ili istopljenom stanju, dok u vodenim rastvorima on nije poznat. [[Kisik]] u oksidnom ionu ima [[Oksidacijsko stanje|oksidacijski broj]] −2. Stoga, oksidacijski broj metala određuje sumarnu formulu određene soli odnosno spoja: M^I₂O, M^IIO, M^III₂O₃. Ako je oksid rastvorljiv u vodi, dešava se specifična hemijska reakcija, naprimjer:<br /> <math>\mathrm{ Na_2O_{(s)} + H_2O \longrightarrow 2\ Na^+_{(aq)} + 2\ OH^-_{(aq)} }</math><br /> <small>[[Natrij-oksid]] reagira s vodom dajući hidroksidne ione i sodu (ione natrija).</small> Slično reagira i kalcij-oksid (CaO), poznat i kao ''živi kreč'', dajući ''ugašeni kreč'' odnosno [[kalcij-hidroksid]] (Ca(OH)₂). Međutim, postoji veliki broj oksida koji ne reagiraju s vodom. Naprimjer, spoj željezo(III)-oksid (Fe₂O₃) nije rastvorljiv u vodi. * Sulfidi: minerali se u prirodi često mogu naći u obliku [[sulfid]]a (S²⁻), naprimjer [[Pirit (mineral)|pirit]] i [[halkozin]]. I sulfidi se mogu smatrati solima. [[Natrij-sulfid]] (Na₂S) je rastvorljiva so, koja je u vodi gotovo nerastvorljiva, slično kao i većina sulfida poput [[cink-sulfid]]a (ZnS) i [[bakar(II) sulfid]]a (CuS). U [[analitička hemija|analitičkoj hemiji]] se različita (slaba) rastvorljivost raznih metalnih sulfida koristi za razdvajanje sličnih hemijskih elemenata (u fazi razdvajanja sumporovodične funkcionalne grupe) === Kristalna voda === Mnoge soli, pored iona, sadržavaju i određene količine molekula [[voda|vode]], takozvanu ''[[Kristalna voda|kristalnu vodu]]''.<ref name="webst" /> Ona se obično navodi u sumarnoj formuli, kao naprimjer u [[natrij-sulfat]] dekahidratu: Na₂SO₄ · 10 H₂O. === Dvostruke soli === Pored soli sa samo jednom vrstom kationa (M) poznate su i soli sa dva različita kationa. Takve soli nazivaju se [[dvostruke soli]], kao što su alauni sa općenitom sumarnom formulom M^IM^III(SO₄)₂. Primjer takve soli je aluminijkalijsulfat-dodekahidrat (KAl(SO₄)₂ · 12 H₂O). === Obuhvat pojma ''soli'' === * Supstance su soli, samo ako su hemijske veze između njihovih dijelova ionske. Da je zaista u nekom spoju prisutna ova vrsta veze, nije lahko zaključiti. Dok je kod kalcij-oksida (CaO) prisutna ionska veza, dok [[hrom(IV) oksida]] (CrO₃) radi se o [[kovalentna veza|kovalentnoj vezi]] između atoma [[hrom]]a i [[kisik]]a, pa ovaj spoj nije so. U ovakvim slučajevima je zbog toga bolje govoriti o ''metalnim oksidima'' umjesto solima. * Historijski, soli su po pravilu obuhvatali [[hemijski spoj|hemijske spojeve]], koji imaju definirani sastav od različitih hemijskih elemenata. Međutim, poznati su i miješani kristali sastavljeni iz dvije soli, a koji nisu stehiometrijski građeni: tako naprimjer [[kalij-permanganat]] (K[MnO₄]) sa [[barij-sulfat]]om sačinjava miješane kristale u gotovo proizvoljnim odnosima smjese (čak i kada se stavi i određena najveća količina barij-sulfata), tako da komponente u miješanim kristalima i dalje zadržavaju slične kristalne strukture i udaljenosti unutar mreže. Za dobijanje miješanih kristala nije neophodna hemijska sličnost uključenih spojeva niti njihova identična [[valencija (hemija)|valencija]]. == Organske soli == Osim gore opisanih neorganskih soli, također postoje i brojne soli [[organska hemija|organskih spojeva]]. Anioni ovih soli nastali su od [[organska kiselina|organskih kiselina]]. Među ostalim, jedne od važnijih su soli karboksilnih kiselina, kao što je [[Sirćetna kiselina|acetatna kiselina]] od koje nastaju brojne soli, poznati kao ''acetati'' (CH₃COO⁻). Tako naprimjer acetatna kiselina sa Na⁺ daje so [[natrij-acetat]] dok sa Cu²⁺ gradi bakar-acetat. Sirćetna kiselina je monougljična kiselina (ima samo jednu -COOH grupu) pa daje samo jednovalentne anione. Limunska kiselina (citratna kiselina) je trougljična kiselina (ima tri -COOH grupe) i može davati trovalentne anione; njene soli nazivaju se citrati. Među poznatijim solima citratima su [[natrij-citrat]] i [[kalcij-citrat]]. Mnogi acetati i citrati grade kristale, ali to nije pravi razlog za njihovo uvrštavanje u soli. Jedini pravi razlog i osnova leži u postojanju ionskih veza između aniona i kationa. Unutar iona organskih spojeva nalaze se [[kovalentna veza|kovalentne veze]]. Praktični značaj imaju soli [[Karboksilna kiselina|karboksilnih kiselina]], koje se ubrajaju u [[masne kiseline]]. Natrijeve i kalijeve soli masnih kiselina nazivaju se [[sapun]]i. U komercijalnim sapunima nalazi se mješavina različitih soli masnih kiselina. Praktičan značaj imaju pri proizvodnji raznih tvrdih (natrijevih) i mehkih (kalijevih) sapuna. Konkretni primjer čine soli [[palmitinska kiselina|palmitinske kiseline]] koji se nazivaju ''palmitati''. Soli, koji se zasnivaju na tako velikim organskim molekulama, po pravilu nisu kristalizirane. Analogno neorganskim sulfatima (SO₄²⁻) postoje i organski sulfati (R-O-SO₃⁻), poput [[natrij-laurilsulfat]]a, koji su svoju upotrebnu vrijednost pronašli kao tenzidi u komercijalnim šamponima i gelovima za tuširanje. Poznati su čak i soli [[alkohol]]a koji se nazivaju alkoholati.<ref name="chemie" /> Alkoholi su izrazito slabe kiseline, ali se gotovo nikad ne nazivaju tako. Pod agresivnim uslovima reakcije mogu se dobiti spojevi oblika R-O⁻M⁺ (gdje je ''M'' = metal). Po analogiji s brojnim neorganskim oksidima (MO) alkoholati reagiraju pri kontaktu s vodom ([[hidroliza]]) dajući odgovarajuće alkohole. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; align:center" |+ |- ! colspan="2" align="center"| Hidroliza oksidnih soli |- | [[Natrij-metanolat]] | align="center" |<math>\mathrm {C_2H_5ONa + H_2O \longrightarrow \ C_2H_5OH + Na^+ + OH^-}</math> |- | [[Natrij-oksid]] | align="center" |<math>\mathrm {Na_2O + H_2O \longrightarrow \ 2 \ Na^+ + 2 \ OH^-} </math> |- |} Među organskim kationima, spojevi analogni amonij-kationima (NH₄⁺) imaju veliki značaj. Općenito se nazivaju kvartarni amonijski spojevi. Kod ovih spojeva, atom [[dušik]]a obično nosi četiri alkil grupe (R-) i pozitivno naelektrisanje. Alkilamonijski spoj cetiltrimetilamonijbromid, naprimjer, je organski spoj amonija, kod kojeg se atom [[brom]]a nalazi kao anion. Praktični značaj imaju spojevi amonija sa tri kratke i jednom dugom alkil grupom, jer takvi kationi u vodenim rastvorima pokazuju osobine [[surfaktant|tenzida]]. Spojevi ove vrste također igraju veoma važnu ulogu u [[metabolizam|metabolizmu]] živih bića, kao što je npr. [[holin]]. U principu, gotovo svaki organski [[amin]] putem primanja jednog [[proton]]a (H⁺) može preći u kation. Slično kao i reakcija sa [[amonijak]]om (NH₃) koji prelazi u amonij ion (NH₄⁺), reagira naprimjer i primarni amin (R-NH₂; gdje je ''R'' = organski ostatak) prelazeći u kation R-NH₃⁺. Pošto su takvi spojevi uglavnom [[polarnost|polarni]] i zbog toga lahko rastvorljivi u vodi, oni su i početne supstance koje prevode neke [[lijek]]ove na bazi dušika putem njihovog razlaganja sa [[Hlorovodična kiselina|hlorovodičnom kiselinom]] u soli, takozvane hidrohloride. Ovaj postupak olakšava njihovu apsorpciju u organizmu. Nasuprot amina, hidrohloridi se mogu mnogo lakše čistiti pomoći [[prekristalizacija|prekristalizacije]]. S bromovodikom amini grade hidrobromide a sa [[fluorovodik]]om hidrofluoride. Osim molekula, koji mogu nositi neko pozitivno ''ili'' negativno naelektrisanje, postoje također i molekule, koje posjeduju negativno ''i'' pozitivno naelektrisanje. One se nazivaju ''unutrašnje soli'' ili ''cviterioni''. Grupa spojeva betaina se ubraja u takve soli, među kojima je najjednostavniji spoj [[betain]]. [[Aminokiselina|Aminokiseline]] posjeduju jednu karboksilnu (-COOH) i jedno amino grupu (-NH₂) pa zbog toga mogu reagirati i kiselo i bazno. Pri unutrašnjoj neutralizaciji stvaraju se anionske (-COO⁻) i kationske (-NH₃⁺) odnosno jedan cviterion. Jedna od najjednostavnijih aminokiselina je [[glicin]], koji je vrlo dobro rastvorljiv u vodi. Nasuprot drugih iona koji su dobro rastvorljivi u vodi, cviterioni pokazuju vrlo slabu (gotovo nikakvu) [[Električna provodljivost|električnu provodljivost]] (amfoliti). === Primjeri organskih kationa i aniona === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; align:center" |- ! colspan="3"| Anioni organskih spojeva |- ! grupa spojeva !! primjer !! struktura |- | rowspan="3" | Ugljične kiseline | [[acetat]]i | [[Datoteka:Acetat-Ion.svg|center|75px]] |- | [[Palmitinska kiselina|palmitati]] | [[Datoteka:Palmitat-Ion.svg|center|370px]] |- | [[citrat]]i | [[Datoteka:Citrat-Ion.svg|center|150px]] |- | organski [[sulfat]]i | [[Natrij-laurilsulfat|laurilsulfati]] | [[Datoteka:Laurylsulfat-Ion.svg|center|340px]] |- | [[alkoholat]]i | [[etanolat]] | [[Datoteka:Ethanolat-Ion.svg|center|75px]] |- ! colspan="3"| Kationi organskih spojeva |- ! grupa spojeva !! primjer !! struktura |- | rowspan="2" | [[Kvartarni amonijski spojevi|kvartarni<br /> amonijski<br /> spojevi]] | [[Cetiltrimetilamonijbromid|Cetiltrimetilamonij]] | [[Datoteka:Cetyltrimethylammonium-Ion.svg|center|400px]] |- | [[holin]] | [[Datoteka:Cholin.svg|center|125px]] |- | [[Amin (hemija)|organski<br />amonijski<br />spojevi]] | soli [[anilin]]a,<br /> <small>npr. anilin-hidrohlorid</small> | [[Datoteka:Anilin-Ion.svg|center|52px]] |- ! colspan="3"| Unutrašnje soli: kationi i anioni u jednoj molekuli |- ! grupa spojeva !! primjer !! struktura |- | [[betaini]] | [[betain]] | [[Datoteka:Betain2.svg|center|120px]] |- | [[Aminokiselina|aminokiseline]] | [[alanin]] | [[Datoteka:Alanin-Zwitterion.svg|center|100px]] |} == Dobijanje neorganskih soli == === Reakcije kiselina i baza === Soli nastaju pri reakciji kiselina sa [[baza (hemija)|bazama]] ([[grčki jezik|grč.]] ''basis''; prema [[Svante August Arrhenius|Arrheniusu]]: baze su osnovice ("baze") za soli). Pri tome se stvaraju oksonij-ioni kiselina koji sa ionima hidroksida iz baza daju [[voda|vodu]] ([[neutralizacija (hemija)|neutraliziraju se]]). Neke soli su vrlo teško rastvorljive u vodi te odmah pri nastanku stvaraju čvrsti talog. Obično se soli nalaze otopljene u rastvoru te se kristaliziraju (prelaze u čvrsto stanje) isparavanjem vode. {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |+ |- ! kiselina + baza → so + voda |- | <math>\mathrm {\ HCl_{(aq)} + NaOH _{(aq)} \longrightarrow \ NaCl_{(aq)} + H_2O_{(l)}}</math><br />[[Hlorovodonična kiselina|hlorovodična kiselina]] + [[natrij-hidroksid|soda]] → [[natrij-hlorid]] + voda |- | <math>\mathrm {\ H_2SO_{4(aq)} + Ba(OH)_{2(aq)} \longrightarrow \ BaSO_{4(s)} + 2 \ H_2O_{(l)}}</math><br /> [[sumporna kiselina]] + [[barij-hidroksid]] → [[barij-sulfat]] + voda |} === Iz drugih soli === Neke soli se mogu dobiti iz druge dvije soli. Ako se pomiješaju vodeni rastvori dviju soli, iz rastvora se može izdvojiti treća so u čvrstom obliku. Ovo vrijedi samo ako je treća so, nasuprot druge dvije, mnogo teže rastvorljiva. {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |+ |- ! rastvor soli A + rastvor soli B → so C + rastvor soli D |- | <math>\mathrm {\ NaCl_{(aq)} + AgNO_{3(aq)} \longrightarrow AgCl_{(s)} + NaNO_{3(aq)}}</math><br />[[natrij-hlorid]] + [[srebro-nitrat]] → [[srebro-hlorid]] + [[natrij-nitrat]] |- | <math>\mathrm {CaCl_{2(aq)} + Na_2CO_{3(aq)} \longrightarrow \ CaCO_{3(s)} + 2\ NaCl_{(aq)}}</math><br /> [[kalcij-hlorid]] + [[natrij-karbonat]] → [[kalcij-karbonat]] + [[natrij-hlorid]] |} === Reakcije oksida === Kako je gore opisano, mnogi oksidi metala imaju afinitet da sa vodom grade hidrokside. U kiselim uslovima, također reagiraju i mnogi oksidi metala, a koji su u čistoj vodi ''nerastvorljivi'' (stabilni). Na ovaj način mogu se dobiti mnoge soli, kao što je naprimjer bakar-sulfat. {| class="prettytable centered" style="text-align:center" |+ |- ! oksid metala + kiselina → so + voda |- | <math>\mathrm {CuO_{(s)} + H_2SO_{4(aq)} \longrightarrow \ CuSO_{4(aq)} + H_2O}</math><br />[[bakar(II)-oksid]] + [[sumporna kiselina]] → [[bakar-sulfat]] + voda |} === Ostale reakcije === Oni ioni koji ne nastaju u gore opisanim reakcijama, postoje već i prije nastanka nekih novih soli. Ako se pri reakcijama dobijanja neke novi soli ne nalaze nikako ioni sa potrebnom valencijom ili se ne nalaze svi potrebni, onda se odvijaju [[redoks reakcija|redoks reakcije]]. Tako se naprimjer iz elementarnih metala i [[nemetal]]e dobijaju soli. ==Također pogledajte== *[[Desalinizacija]] == Reference == {{Commonscat|Salt}} {{refspisak|1|refs= <ref name="goldbook">IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the “Gold Book”). {{doi|10.1351/goldbook.S05447}} verzija: 2.2.</ref> <ref name="LdC">Hans-Dieter Jakubke, Ruth Karcher (izd.): ''Lexikon der Chemie.'', 1. izd.; Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2001.; {{ISBN|978-3827405524}}</ref> <ref name="webst">[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-28343538.html water of crystallization,] Webster's NewWorld Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1988. Pristupljeno 28. april 2015.</ref> <ref name="chemie">[http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Alkoholate.html Alkoholate], na stranici chemie.de, pristupljeno 29. aprila 2015. {{Simboli jezika|de|njemački}}</ref> }} == Literatura == * Mark Kurlansky (2002). ''Salt: A World History''. Walker Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-14-200161-9}}. * Giričev G. V. (1999). ''[http://www.pereplet.ru/nauka/Soros/pdf/9911_040.pdf Структура молекул солей кислородсодержащих кислот]'', Sorovskij obrazovateljnij žurnal, br. 11, str. 40-44. * Ivan Ljudvigovič Knunjanc; Nikolaj Serafimovič Zefirov (1995). ''Химическая энциклопедия'' (4. tom), ''Pol'' - ''Tri'', "Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija" {{ISBN|5-85270-092-4}} * P. Wasserscheid, W. Keim (2000). ''Ionic Liquids—New “Solutions” for Transition Metal Catalysis'', Angewandte Chemie, volume 39, izd. 21, str. 3772–3789 {{doi|10.1002/1521-3773(20001103)39:21<3772::AID-ANIE3772>3.0.CO;2-5}}, {{cite pmid|11091453}} [[Kategorija:Soli| ]] [[Kategorija:Hemijski spojevi|Soli]] e2ihvktqiw9kxg368ciuq5myv9lf8i3 0 13724 3839478 3837796 2026-05-04T15:46:03Z Z1KA 87045 [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jugonostalgija''' je pojam nastao sjedinjavanjem riječi '''Jugoslavija '''i '''nostalgija''', a označava društveni fenomen u zemljama nastalim raspadom bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]]. Sociološki je pojam novijeg datuma i označava prvenstveno stav koji idealizira ukupnu ekonomsku, kulturnu i sigurnosnu situaciju u socijalističkoj [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviji]] u vremenu od [[1945]]. do [[1991]]. Pojam se prvi put pojavio po raspadu zemlje, početkom [[1990te|1990ih]] godina. Iako njeni [[Antropologija|antropološki]] i [[Sociologija|sociološki]] aspekti nisu jasno prepoznati, naziv i odgovarajući epitet "jugonostalgičar" obično koriste ljudi sa područja bivše Jugoslavije na dva različita načina: kao pozitivni lični opis ili kao derogirajuću (pogrdnu) etiketu. == Jugonostalgija u pozitivnom smislu == [[Datoteka:Junos1.JPG|thumb|250px|lijevo|Neki od predmeta sa likom Josipa Broza Tita u njegovom rodnom mjestu Kumrovec, Hrvatska, 2012. godine.]] Kao posljedica većega broja društvenih promjena, koje su zadesile [[Jugoistočna Evropa|jugoistok Evrope]], jugonostalgija je u porastu na područjima bivše Jugoslavije. To se posebno odnosi na pojedince ili manje grupe, koji su proveli najveći dio svog života u SFRJ, te ga kao takvog smatraju pozitivnim i sretnim u odnosu na vrijeme rata i ekonomske nesigurnosti, koje je došlo poslije [[1991]]. Neki od primjera jugonostalgičarskog ponašanja su: proslave [[Josip Broz Tito|Titovog]] rođendana i [[Dan mladosti|Dana mladosti]] [[25. maj]]a, posjete [[Titova rodna kuća (Kumrovec)|Titovoj rodnoj kući]] u [[Kumrovec|Kumrovcu]] ili [[Kuća cvijeća|Kući cvijeća]] u [[Beograd|Beogardu]], osnivanje [[Društvo "Josip Broz Tito"|Društava "Josip Broz Tito]]", koji njeguju uspomenu na jugoslavenskog maršala, te njegovo vođstvo tokom [[Narodnooslobodilački rat|Narodnooslobodilačkog rata]] i ostvarenih tekovina antifašističke Revolucije. [[Datoteka:Yugoslavian flag in Mostar.jpg|thumb|200px|desno|Jugoslavenska zastava na ulici u Mostaru, 2009. godine.]] Iako uključuje žudnju za ekonomskom sigurnošću koju je nudilo socijalistički sistem, jugonostalgija također uključuje i sentimentalnu vezu sa: osećajem solidarnosti, [[Multikulturalizam|multikulturalizmom]], [[Internacionalizam|internacionalizmom]] i [[Pokret nesvrstanih|nesvrstanosti]] u odnosu na [[NATO]] i [[Varšavski pakt]]. Jugonostalgija je društveni fenomen, koji je danas posebno izražen u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]], ali i u susjednim zemljama regiona, bivšim republikama [[Jugoslavija|socijalističke Jugoslavije]]: [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]], [[Srbija|Srbiji]], [[Crna Gora|Crnoj Gori]] i [[Makedonija|Makedoniji]], koje su za Titove vladavine doživjeli kako opći ekonomski procvat, tako i kulturnu emancipaciju. Jugonostalgičari posebno ukazuju na: [[provincijalizam]] (oblik [[Parohijalizam|parohijalizma]]), ekstremne oblike [[Nacionalizam|nacionalističkog]] [[Šovinizam|šovinizma]] ([[džingoizam]]), [[Korupcija|korupciju]] u [[Politika|politici]] i poslu, nestajanje socijalne sigurnosti, ekonomsku krizu, nejednakosti u prihodima, povećanu stopa [[kriminal]]a, kao i opšta neslaganja u upravnim i drugim državnim institucijama u novonastalim državama nakon raspada Jugoslavije. Današnji jugonostalgičari su ljudi koji su, ili su im roditelji, bili vezani za domovinu Jugoslaviju. Iako je tadašnja država bila dosta razvijenija i uređenija u odnosu na današnje članice,{{Izvor}} vlada mišljenje da riječi hvale dolaze iz razloga što je većina stanovništva preživjela svoju mladost u Jugoslaviji. == Jugonostalgija u negativnom smislu == U negativnom smislu, epitet jugonostalgičar koriste pristalice novih režima nastalih nakon [[Raspad SFRJ|raspada Jugoslavije]] kako bi predstavili svoje kritičare kao [[Anahronizam|anahroničare]], nerealistične, [[Patriotizam|nepatriotske]] i potencijalne izdajnike. Naročito tokom i nakon jugoslavenskih ratova, ovaj pridjev su koristili državni zvaničnici i mediji nekih zemalja nasljednica Jugoslavije da odbiju kritike i diskredituju političke rasprave o rezultatima njihove vladavine. Najvjerovatnije da je namjena termina jugonostalgija izvorno usredsređena upravo u tu svrhu, koji se pojavio kao politički motivisana pežorativna (pogrdna) etiketa u medijima pod kontrolom vlade, kao na primjer u Hrvatskoj ubrzo nakon raspada SFRJ. == Josip Broz Tito == {{Glavni|Josip Broz Tito}} [[Datoteka:Titov spomenik.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|Titov spomenik u rodnom Kumrovecu.]] Još idealističniji aspekti jugoslavenske prošlosti posebno su povezani s Titom, harizmatičnim vođom Jugoslavije, o kome mnogi u državama sljedbenicama još uvijek imaju pozitivno mišljenje.{{Izvor}} Majice sa likom Tita mogu se naći na mnogim prodajnim mjestima širom država bivše Jugoslavije. Izvan Beograda nalazi se muzej i kompleks mauzoleja, koji vlada Srbije zadržava po cijeni od preko 400.000 [[Euro|eura]] godišnje. Ova vrsta troškova na kompleksu koji je posvećen historiji Jugoslavije iz [[20. vijek]]a i njenom vođi pokazuje da, uprkos tendencijama ka nacionalizmu, ipak značajan dio stanovništva i političke klase imaju svijest i pozitivnu sliku o jugoslavenskoj prošlosti. Osim što je povezan sa jugoslavenskim zlatnim dobom, Tito je bio i partizanski vođa tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Organizacija koja zastupa bivše partizane podnijela je peticiju srpskoj vladi da obnovi statuu Josipa Broza Tita na svom nekadašnjem mjestu na središnjem trgu u [[Užice|Užicu]], jednom od osam gradova koji su nosili Titovo ime za vrijeme Jugoslavije. Svakog 25. maja hiljade ljudi okupi se kod njegovog groba u Beogradu. Napolju stariji Srbijanci pjevaju komunističke pjesme i ode Titu. U unutrašnjosti njegovog mauzoleja, procesija ožalošćenih se poklanja ispred njegovog groba i ostavlja cvijeće. Sve češće, mladi ljudi koji nikad nisu živjeli pod Titovom ujedinjenom Jugoslavijom, ali su pretrpjeli ratne i ekonomske probleme u godinama nakon raspada Jugoslavije, također se osvrću na jugoslavensku prošlost. Za njih jugonostalgija je ne samo Tito, nego i privredna stabilnost i mir za sve narode bivše Jugoslavije. Neke od mnogih stvari na koje ukazuju jugonostalgičari jeste i to da je Tito istovremeno uspješno održavao nezavisnost Jugoslavije u odnosima sa [[Kapitalizam|kapitalističkim]] Zapadom i komunističkim istočnim blokom. Bio je jedini komunistički vođa koji se usudio da se suprotstavi Staljinu. Prihvatio je američku ekonomsku pomoć, ali istovremeno odbijajući da poklekne pod pritiskom Zapada. Ovakvim mudrim vođenjem politike obezbijedio je za svoju zemlju, Socijalisticku Federativnu Republiku Jugoslaviju, istaknuto mjesto na svjetskoj sceni. Na njegovoj sahrani u maju 1980. okupila su se 122 vodeća svjetska državnika da oda posljednju počast komunisti i bivšem gerilskom borcu. == Jugoslavenstvo nakon Jugoslavije == Raspadom Jugoslavije ideja jugoslavenstva izgubila je popularnost. [[Srbija]] i [[Crna Gora]] su od aprila 1992. do februara 2003. nastavile južnoslavensku uniju kao [[Savezna republika Jugoslavija|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija]], a zatim su preimenovale zemlju sa pojedinačnim imenima saveznih republika - [[Srbija i Crna Gora]]. Broj samoproglašenih [[Jugoslaveni|Jugoslavena]] (u etničkom smislu) u regionu dostigao je najnižu brojku nakon raspada Jugoslavije. Glavni jezik bivše države, [[Srpskohrvatski jezik]], više nije zvanični jezik bilo koje republike iz bivše države. Objavljeno je malo radova o jeziku, a više ne postoji tijelo za njegovu standardizaciju. Ime [[internet]] domena ".yu", koja je bila popularna među jugonostalgičnim sajtovima, a ukinuta je 2010. godine. Popularnost jugonostalgije je u porastu u bivšim jugoslavenskim državama. U [[Vojvodina|Vojvodini]] (sjevernoj pokrajini Srbije) jedan čovjek je osnovao ''Jugoland'', mjesto posvećeno Titu i Jugoslaviji. Građani iz bivše Jugoslavije su čak iz udaljenih krajeva dolazili da proslavljaju život Tita i zemlje Jugoslavije. U Hrvatskoj je udruženje Savez Jugoslavena osnovano 2010. godine u Zagrebu, sa ciljem ujedinjenja jugoslavenskih Hrvata, bez obzira na religiju, pol, političke i druge stavove. Njihov glavni cilj je zvanično priznanje jugoslavenskog naroda u svakoj jugoslavenskoj državi nasljednici: Hrvatskoj, Sloveniji, Srbiji, Makedoniji, Bosni i Hercegovini i Crnoj Gori. Druga organizacija koja zastupa jugoslavenstvo je udruženje "Naša Jugoslavija" osnovano 30. jula 2009. sa sjedištem u [[Pula|Puli]], koje je zvanično registrovana organizacija u Hrvatskoj. Udruženje ima većinu članova u gradovima [[Rijeka]], Zagreb i Pula. Njihov glavni cilj je stabilizacija odnosa između jugoslavenskih država nasljednica. Aktivna je i u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]], međutim, zvanična prijava ovog udrużenja je odbijena od strane državnih organa Bosne i Hercegovine. Vjerovatno najpoznatija jugoslovenska organizacija u Crnoj Gori je generalni konzul SFRJ sa sjedištem u primorskom gradu [[Tivat|Tivtu]]. Prije popisa stanovništva 2011. godine, Marko Perković je kao predsjednik te organizacije, pozvao Jugoslavene Crne Gore da slobodno proglase svoj jugoslavenski identitet na predstojećem popisu stanovništva. == Jugonostalgija u kulturi == Generacija savremenih umjetnika, svojim praksama iskazuju politički stav i aktualnu političko-društvenu angažiranost, koji se, manje u Zagrebu a više u Beogradu, izražavaju u obliku Jugoslavije/jugonostalgije kao narativa prisutnog u savremenoj umjetnosti. Unatoč nastojanjima službenih postjugoslavenskih državnih narativa o brisanju tragova bivše savezne republike, sve je više izložbi i umjetničkih djela koja tematiziraju bivšu državu. Prema riječima prof. [[Zoran Milutinović|Zorana Milutinovića]]: {{Citat|Tokom čitavog [[20. stoljeće|20. stoljeća]], od stvaranja [[Prva Jugoslavija|prve Jugoslavije]], uspješno je kreiran zajednički kulturni prostor. Jugoslavija je uspjela da kreira supra-nacionalni, zajednički kulturni sloj u kome su svi Jugoslaveni imali učešća. Zajedničko kulturno naslijeđe je ostalo kao „fil rouge“ ([[Bosanski jezik|bos.]] crvena linija) jugoslavenskog identiteta.}} Među razlozima jugonostalgije su i međunarodni interes za obnovu i izlaganje kulture i umjetnosti druge polovine 20. vijeka kako na zapadu tako i na istoku Evrope, kliše sjećanja na dobra stara vremena. Među posjetiocima jugonostalgičnih manifestacija primjetno je prisustvo svih generacija, ali upravo mladima izložbe, knjige i filmovi pomažu da razbiju stereotipe o "mračnom dobu komunizma." Sociolog kulture dr. Ratko Božović smatra da je jugonostalgija u kulturi pogrešno pročitana. {{Citat|Stvara se privid da se vraćamo jugonostalgičnosti, a vraćamo se onom što je kulturi najprirodnije, da komuniciramo sa drugima, da se upoređujemo sa drugima.}} Radovi u savremenoj umjetnosti na temu Jugoslavije i jugonostalgije mogu se podijeliti na one koji spadaju u sferu „institucionalnog ili institucionaliziranog“ sjećanja. Tu podrazumijevamo skupne izložbe na kojima uz historičare umjetnosti rade i historičari kao što su izložbe: Socijalizam i modernost (MSU, Zagreb, 2011./2012.), Refleksije vremena (Galerija Klovićevi dvori, Zagreb, 2012./2013.), Jugoslavija: od početka do kraja (MIJ, Beograd, 2012./2013.), Živeo Život (više lokacija, Beograd, 2013./2014.). Tu je i niz radova pojedinačnih autora čiji iskazi svjedoče o osobnom i intimnom odnosu s prošlošću: filmovi [[Cinema Komunisto (film)|Cinema Komunisto]], (Srbija, 2010.) i "''Jugoslavija, kako je ideologija pokretala naše kolektivno tijelo''" (u koprodukciji Srbija/Francuska/Njemačka, 2013.). Tu spada i serija skulptura "''NEO N.O.B''" (Hrvatska, 2012.). == Također pogledajte == * [[Jugoslaveni]] * [[Jugoslavija (višeznačnica)]] * [[Titoizam]] == Literatura == * Breda Luthar; Maruša Pušnik (2010). Remembering Utopia: The Culture of Everyday Life in Socialist Yugoslavia. New Academia Publishing, LLC. {{ISBN|978-0-9844062-3-4}}. * Petrungaro Stefano (2009), Jugostalgia. Ripensamenti al cospetto della Jugoslavia defunta, in Rolf Petri (ed.), Nostalgia. Memoria e passaggi tra le sponde dell’Adriatico. Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, Rome, pp.&nbsp;255–274. {{ISBN|9788863721133}}. * Velikonja Mitja (2009), Titostalgija: študija nostalgije po Josipu Brozu, Mirovni inštitut, Ljubljana. ISBN/EAN: 9789616455534 * Trovesi, Andrea (2006), L'enciclopedia della Jugonostalgija. In Banchelli, Eva: Taste the East: Linguaggi e forme dell'Ostalgie, Sestante Edizioni, Bergamo. {{ISBN|88-87445-92-3}}. * Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-85065-663-0}}. == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/world/europe/30yugo.html?_r=0/ Oh, Yugoslavia! How They Long for Your Firm Embrace na nytimes.com] * [https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/u-zagrebu-osnovan-savez-jugoslavena/2237396/ U Zagrebu osnovan Savez Jugoslavena na jutarnji.hr] * [https://danubeonthames.wordpress.com/serbia/summer-school-2015/yugo-nostalgia/ Jugonostalgija na danubeonthames.wordpress.com] * [https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-06-02/when-we-were-yugoslavs-rise-yugonostalgia/ When we were Yugoslavs: The rise of Yugonostalgia, na pri.org] * [https://www.opendemocracy.net/heather-mcrobie-anes-makul/yugoslavs-in-twenty-first-century-%e2%80%98erased%e2%80%99-people/ Yugoslavs in the twenty-first century: ‘erased’ people na opendemocracy.net] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171207133312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7417328.stm Ex-Yugoslavs pine for unity and dignity na news.bbc.co.uk] * [https://vesti-online.com/Vesti/Ex-YU/70339/Nasa-Jugoslavija-siri-se-Hrvatskom/ "Naša Jugoslavija" širi se Hrvatskom na vesti-online.com] * [https://www.b92.net/kultura/vesti.php?nav_category=1087&yyyy=2013&mm=06&dd=24&nav_id=725846/ Koliko je jaka jugonostalgija? na b92.net] * [http://www.academia.edu/7861705/Jugonostalgija_Jugoslavija_kao_metaprostor_u_suvremenim_umjetni%C4%8Dkim_praksama/ Jugonostalgija: Jugoslavija kao metaprostor u suvremenim umjetničkim praksama, na academia.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222024538/https://www.academia.edu/7861705/Jugonostalgija_Jugoslavija_kao_metaprostor_u_suvremenim_umjetni%C4%8Dkim_praksama |date=22. 2. 2021 }} [[Kategorija:Kultura]] [[Kategorija:Jugoslavenska kultura]] [[Kategorija:Panslavizam]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] lctxak9d8j9qwybf7enscdve4xgxt34 0 20486 3839653 3752934 2026-05-05T11:07:24Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija pisac |ime = Nafija Sarajlić |slika = nafija.jpg |opis_slike = |rođen_kao = Nafija Hadžikarić |datum_rođenja = {{datum rođenja|1893|10|3}} |mjesto_rođenja = [[Sarajevo]], [[Osmanlijsko Carstvo]] |datum_smrti = {{datum smrti i godine|1970|01|15|1893|10|3}} |mjesto_smrti = Sarajevo, [[SR Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[SFRJ]] |zanimanje = Književnica |supružnik= {{brak |Šemsudin Sarajlić |1910|1960|kraj=s.}} |djeca= 5 }} '''Nafija Sarajlić''' (djevojačko prezime Hadžikarić; [[Sarajevo]], 3. oktobar 1893 – Sarajevo, 15. januar 1970) bila je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] književnica. Rođena je u Sarajevu, gdje je pohađala žensku osnovnu školu Hermanovice ruždije.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://arhiva.tacno.net/knjizevnost/izlozba-o-nafiji-sarajlic/|title=Izložba o Nafiji Sarajlić|website=Tacno.net|language=hr-HR|access-date=20. 8. 2025}}</ref> Zatim, završila je učiteljsku školu i radila kao učiteljica u Sarajevu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hawkesworth|first1=Celia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGSqi3EKxL4C|title=Voices in the Shadows: Women and Verbal Art in Serbia and Bosnia|year=2000|isbn=9789639116627|access-date=31. 3. 2016}}</ref> Nafija Sarajlić je jedna od prvih proznih književnica iz Bosne i Hercegovine koja je pisala prosvjetiteljski angažiranu književnost.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Šehabović|first=Šejla|url=https://fondacijacure.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Omaz-BiH-zenama-od-znacaja_C5_bos-FINAL.pdf|title=Omaž BiH ženama od značaja i njihovim dostignućima|publisher=Fondacija CURE|year=2019}}</ref> Umrla je 1970..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb0MAQAAMAAJ&q=Nafija+Sarajli%C4%87|title=Glasnik Vrhovnog islamskog starješinstva u SFRJ|year=1970|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117112935/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb0MAQAAMAAJ&q=Nafija+Sarajli%C4%87|archive-date=17. 11. 2023|url-status=live|access-date=31. 3. 2016}}</ref> == Književni opus == Prve prozne priče objavila je u "Zemanu" 1912. i "[[Biser (časopis)|Biseru]]" 1913-1915, i 1918.. Izdavanje njene zbirke ''Teme'' u izdanju Bekira Kalajdžića u [[Mostar]]u<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywDXAAAAMAAJ&q=Nafija+Sarajli%C4%87|title=Islamske teme|year=1990|access-date=31. 3. 2016|last1=Čengić|first1=Hasan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB5pAAAAMAAJ&q=Nafija+Sarajli%C4%87|title=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove bibliotheke|year=2001|access-date=31. 3. 2016}}</ref> omeo je [[Prvi svjetski rat]]. Knjiga je objavljena 1986. u izdanju "[[Zadrugar (časopis)|Zadrugar]]", Sarajevo. Ranije je bila objavljena i od strane izdavačke kuće Muhameda Bekira Kalajdžića već 1922.,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Delić|first=Zlatan|date=2021|title=Nafija Sarajlić als kanonisierte Autorin: Zur ethnonationalen und patriarchalen Organisation von Literatur|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/92232563/Reflexionen_20des_20Gesellschaftlichen_Band_209_Close_20Reading_20_E2_80_93_20Distant_20Reading-libre.pdf?1665392943=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DClose_Reading_Distant_Reading_Spannungsf.pdf&Expires=1755691892&Signature=MKWwpsTZmG8uVDGP7RWGTQzTeSinDP-OQQEKshRgo7jEPQ9KH0Sk1TKKQr9eBDsym9yiQr-NUaA-ceUAsCp03Ib44BHtfS6~yzYKA2CwSG5ET7nEGH0YM4JJ0QQGHYb3pzASOyVsBIPuuYphgJJM~8~nYMxkKZ0TtSHXGjtD0WwqhvYm4XMq-15jAhhpcJPhugXBSh1UyZfBAisUr5~Wr8ZN1MuXNnQbF4u4kPKJxe0t3tUHp~vpU32VFeN1C6LXoRXzo-hOgvuGlq4YQtysJT2No6NuhQ1TCFeJrLbTgx6W~D-P6Dv2ozm6qWaN2PKbDfCaiSNUHjQMCPjOEqdDZg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|journal=Reflexionen des Gesellschaftlichen in Sprache und Literatur. Hallesche Beiträge. Band 9|doi=10.25673/36970}}</ref> u "improviziranom izdanju."<ref name=":1" /> Rad Nafije Sarajlić je nastao u vrijeme između dva svjetska rata i bio u velikoj mjeri posvećen temi emancipacije žena u društvu. Prvu pripovijetku "Rastanak" je napisala s 19 godina, o iskustvu žene koja napušta svoju poziciju učiteljice nakon ukora uprave škole zbog podučavanja djevojčica o etici i čitanju.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mujić|first=Medina|date=2018|title=Political Participation of Women in BiH: The 2018 General Election|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/gray-literature-detail?id=844618|journal=CEEOL|doi=https://www.ceeol.com/search/gray-literature-detail?id=844618}}</ref> Kroz pripovijetku "Teme" Sarajlić opisuje fiktivno iskustvo junakinje čija se književna dostignuća obezvrijeđuju jer je žena.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selimović|first=Ema|date=2024|title=Mansplaining: Mala studija slučaja na primjeru nekoliko bosanskohercegovačkih pripovijetki|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/120576962/Rod_i_umjetnost_Zbornik-libre.pdf?1735826346=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DUpotreba_dnevnicke_forme_u_artikulaciji.pdf&Expires=1755686050&Signature=MhvTBoqH0UEO9WMt6~dW7cfEjtJhDo9X-3hB9tKC9ytfSpyigI23IxetTDXyRHaKYNDtSfuWasLL9n8VSU8PJFADNRd~V5qPBsb8eJeezzPY1MKfAwHQMe6f~ljbOeyp8FZQUNwiduqkHwAZagjxHYNhyXRaQ~w9iM7oHD1Z42-Y4eK5Dr0WfhPJTjxQEPg7I9zrPPNQyCTAJJDFqkEo7aa4pN9EaM-MQonI04fXugokJog5j00KpuH3OMnQBMRXOW3WbRjjMzOE2gjOkK7gKTtYjdYssLNHqARCne~vQGiC5-ifAXXLUfE-r5-v17d9xBjWxL6h2n9S~dV2NaSPkQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=72|journal=Rod i umjetnost|doi=}}</ref> Priča "Nekoliko stranica tebi", prvi put objavljena u književnom časopisu Biser iz Mostara, poziva muškarce i žene da "barem napišu jednu stranicu, izražavajući potrebu da i žene budu spomenute i upamćene, uprkos svim javnim i privatnim preprekama."<ref name=":2" /> Sarajlić se zalagala za obrazovnu i društvenu emancipaciju muslimanskih žena u ovom periodu. Bila je aktivna u radu društveno-političkih organizacija u Sarajevu, između ostalog kao članica udruženja [[Osvitanje]], koje je također imalo ovaj cilj.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kujraković|first=Nusret|date=2009|title=Osvitanje - Prvo udruženje muslimanki u Bosni i Hercegovini|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=247550|journal=Prilozi|language=Bosnian|issue=38|pages=145–164|issn=0350-1159}}</ref> Njen književni rad bio je kratak, a sastoji od ukupno deset kratkih priča i jedne pjesme "Ustaj ženo!," objavljene 1920. u časopisu Gajret:<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>"Ustaj ženo, / iz zakutka, iz zavitka / čuješ onaj zvučni glas / gdje te zove svjetska žena / da se dižeš, da se boriš / za slobodu ljudskog roda i za spas / […] Tvoja ruka nek je jaka, / ne daj naprijed dušmaninu / da ti bombom zemlju ruši / iz ognjišta vatru gasi / da ti djecu ratom hara / i tvoj narod uništava."</blockquote> == Privatni život == Nafija Sarajlić potiče iz sarajevske porodice krojača.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spahić|first=Aida|url=https://soc.ba/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Zabiljezene_final-drugo-izdanje_web_0909.pdf|title=Zabilježene - Žene i javni život Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. vijeku|last2=Ždralović|first2=Amila|last3=Aganović|first3=Arijana|last4=Đokanović|first4=Bojana|publisher=Sarajevski Otvoreni Centar|year=2015|isbn=978-9958-536-36-6}}</ref> Njeni roditelji, majka Dževhira i otac Avdaga su imali šest kćerki i tri sina.<ref name=":1" /> Sa svojih pet sestara, Sarajlić je bila jedna od rijetkih školovanih žena svoga vremena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bosanskasumejja.com/nafija-sarajlic-prva-bosnjakinja-prozni-pisac/|title=Nafija Sarajlić-prva Bošnjakinja prozni pisac|last=Amina|date=18. 10. 2020|website=Bosanska Sumejja|language=bs-BA|access-date=20. 8. 2025}}</ref> S 18 godina se udala za supruga književnika [[Šemsudin Sarajlić|Šemsudina Sarajlića]]. Povukla se iz književnosti, a njena kćerka Nedreta Sarajlić je kasnije objasnila kako je razlog njenog povlačenja iz javnog života bila smrt kćerke Halide.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Drugi svjetski rat provodi u Sarajevu i Knežini. Kuća joj biva bombardovana 1941. prilikom čega je uništena bogata porodična biblioteka. Posljednje dvije godine života provodi u Semizovcu baveći se voćarstvom i pčelarstvom.<ref name=":0" /> ==Bibliografija== *''Rastanak'' (1912) *''Nekoliko stranica tebi'' (1918) *''Kokošija pamet'' *''Kamen na cesti'' *''Jedan čas'' *''Ustaj ženo (pjesma)[https://osnsarajlic.edu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/USTAJ-ZENO.pdf]{{Mrtav link}}'' == Zanimljivosti == Po Nafiji Sarajlić su nazvane jedna osnovna škola, ulica u Sarajevu i ulica u [[Bihać]]u.<ref name=":1" /> U [[Muzeju književnosti i pozorišne umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Muzeju književnosti i pozorišne]] [[Muzeju književnosti i pozorišne umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]] u zbirci "Nafija Sarajlić“ nalazi se svjedočanstvo na arapskom jeziku, potpisano autoričinom rukom. To je jedno od rijetkih svjedočanstava o njenoj pedagoškoj karijeri, koji je muzej dobio od jedne of njenih učenica.<ref name=":1" /> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarajlić, Nafija}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1893.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1970.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Sarajevo]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] e32b2mrsb5q1w4rvnksdt4cy44odcwm 0 24545 3839506 3839096 2026-05-04T16:23:32Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Crnomorski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Egejski sliv]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Vardar Veles Macedonia.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Vardar protječe kroz [[Veles]]]] '''Vardar''' ({{jez-mk|Вардар}}; {{jez-el|Αξιός}} – ''Axios''; {{jez-la|Axius}}) najveća je [[rijeka]] u [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] i jedna od većih na [[Balkan]]u. Dužina iznosi 388&nbsp;km, a njegov [[sliv]] pokriva površinu približno 20.500&nbsp;km². Vardar izvire u Vrutoku, nekoliko kilometara sjeverno od [[Gostivar]]a u Sjevernoj Makedoniji, prolazi kroz [[Skoplje]], [[Grčka|Grčku]] i ulijeva se u [[Egejsko more]]. Prolazi kroz [[Tikveška kotlina|Tikvešku kotlinu]], gdje se u njega ulivaju njene najveće pritoke [[Crna reka]] s lijeve i [[Bregalnica]] s desne strane. Sjevernoj Makedoniji pripada 80% toka (301&nbsp;km), zbog čega je i nosila ime [[Vardarska banovina]] u vrijeme [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]]. {{Riječni protok | jedinica = m³/s | stanica = [[Skoplje]] | datum = 1991–1999 | izvor = <ref name="vardar">{{cite web|url=http://www.kuke.com.pl/download.php?id=9|title=Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant Project, Skopje, Environmental Assessment Report|publisher=TE-TO AD Skoplje|date=2006|access-date=6. 10. 2012|format=[[PDF]]|archive-date=29. 11. 1998|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/19981130000000/http://www.kuke.com.pl/download.php?id=9|url-status=dead}}</ref> | max protok = 100 | glavna razmjera = 50 | sekundarna razmjera = 25 | jan1 = 54.4 | feb1 = 11.3 | mar1 = 50 | apr1 = 90.6 | maj1 = 99.6 | jun1 = 42.9 | jul1 = 18.7 | aug1 = 24.8 | sep1 = 38.7 | okt1 = 32.6 | nov1 = 37.9 | dec1 = 76.8 }} == Također pogledajte == * [[Velika Morava]] == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{Commonscat-inline}} {{Hidrografija Sjeverne Makedonije}} [[Kategorija:Egejski sliv]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Grčkoj]] [[Kategorija:Međunarodne evropske rijeke]] ow85c4yrgmm6xa26llmp3iqzisq1kk6 0 27238 3839432 3729570 2026-05-04T12:26:25Z ~2026-27033-21 180986 Novi naziv 3839432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Standardi}}{{Čišćenje}}{{Wiki}} [[Datoteka:Red Army Mostar.png|mini|180px|Grb Red Army Mostar]] [[Datoteka:Red Army Mostar 5.jpg|mini|Red Army "graffiti" na zidu]] '''Red Army Mostar (Rahmetlije)''' ili pod punim nazivom '''"Klub navijača Red Army Mostar"''', organizirana je navijačka grupa navijača [[FK Velež Mostar|Fudbalskog kluba Velež]] iz [[Mostar]]a. Ova navijačka grupa prvi put se organizirano javlja 1981. pod nazivom ''Crveni šejtani'' (da bi uskoro nakon toga promijenila ime u ''Red Army''). Red Army je prva navijačka grupa u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviji]] koja je službeno registrovala svoje postojanje kao udruženje građana 1981. godine. Moto grupe je ''Mostar u srcu, Velež do groba!'' a slogan koji se koristi nakon masovnog gašenja od strane grupe [[Ultras Zrinjski]] ''Prestati nećemo nikada.'' Red Army se danas nalazi na istočnoj tribini (Red Army tribini) stadiona [[Stadion "Rođeni"|"Rođeni"]]. == Historija == [[FK Velež Mostar|Fudbalski klub Velež]] je od svog nastanka 1922. godine, imao svoje vjerne navijače. Prva organizovana navijačka grupa nastala je 1981. godine pod imenom ''Crveni šejtani''. Povod za njeno osnivanje bilo je učestvovanje i pobjeda Veleža u [[Kup Jugoslavije u nogometu|Kupu Maršala Tita]] protiv sarajevskog [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničara]]. Za tifoze Veleža prelomna godina bila je 1986. Povod je bio, [[Kup Jugoslavije u nogometu|finale Kupa]], ovog puta sa zagrebačkim [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamom]]. U [[Beograd]] je stiglo desetak hiljada Mostaraca. Poslije tog finala odlučeno je da grupa ponese naziv ''Red Army''. U okviru Red Army-a djelovao je priličan broj malih grupa, a najbitnije među njima su bile: Zealots, Eagles, Chicago, Furia i Carina. Čvrsto jezgro Crvene armije sastojalo se od stotinjak ljudi, a računajući na sve, bilo je oko 1000 stalnih članova. Svoju podgrupu Red Army su imali i u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] (Red Platoon - Crveni Vod), a u početku je bilo navijača koji su dolazili iz [[Konjic]]a, [[Čapljina|Čapljine]], [[Travnik]]a, [[Doboj]]a, [[Tuzla|Tuzle]], [[Dubrovnik]]a. Kasnije se sve svelo uglavnom na [[Mostar]]. Red Army su oduvijek najveće rivalstvo imali sa splitskom [[Torcida|Torcidom]]. U sezoni ’86 iz Mostara, na prvenstvenu utakmicu u [[Split]] otišlo 8000 Veležovih navijača. U istoj sezoni, u Mostaru, demolirano je 40-tak splitskih auta. Jedan od prvih incidenata na stadionima, koji je u medijima dobio veliki publicitet nazivan Jugo-Hejselom, vezan je za Red Army i dogodio se 1987. godine u [[Tuzla|Tuzli]], na utakmici [[FK Sloboda Tuzla|FK Sloboda]] - FK Velež u zadnjem kolu. Veležu je pobjeda trebala za Slobodi za opstanak u prvoj ligi. 3-4000 pripadnika Red Army je otišlo u Tuzlu. Kada je na utakmici Velež poveo, sudija je dosudio dva penala za FK Slobodu i ona je povela sa 2:1. Tada su navijači Veleža počeli gađati pomoćnog sudiju, a uprava Slobode je pozvala policiju. Počeli su preskakati ogradu i udarati. [[Gradski stadion Tušanj|Stadion u Tuzli]] je imao vrlo usku kapiju. Tri hiljade navijača je tada krenulo kroz nju. Počela je opšta tuča i Red Army su bili izbačeni sa stadiona. Veležovi huligani su tada rušili sve pred sobom. Razvalili su robnu kuću i usput sve lomili, a stradali su i obični građani. Bilo je puno povrijeđenih. Ovi događaji imali su i dugoročne posljedice na uspon i kvalitet Red Army. Svoju renesansu Red Army doživljava u sezoni 1998/1999. Napravljeno je mnoštvo novih transparenata, većih i manjih zastava, izrađene su nove majice i šalovi, te izgrađena tribina za Red Army. Prateći Velež, Red Army su obišli sve prvoligaške i premijerligaške stadione u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|BiH]]. == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.redarmy-mostar.ba/ KN Red Army Mostar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810053940/http://www.redarmy-mostar.ba/ |date=10. 8. 2008 }} * [http://www.mostarskirodjeni.ba/ UG Mostarski Rođeni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116014748/http://mostarskirodjeni.ba/ |date=16. 1. 2020 }} * [http://www.rodjeni.com Rođeni.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128020944/http://www.rodjeni.com/ |date=28. 1. 2012 }} * [http://www.fkvelez.ba/ FK Velež Mostar] {{FK Velež}} [[Kategorija:Navijačke grupe u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Sport u Mostaru]] [[Kategorija:FK Velež]] 4qhduaistfnyzzi51lu0j7to9vk1kdu 3839436 3839432 2026-05-04T12:55:44Z Panasko 146730 Poništena izmjena [[Special:Diff/3839432|3839432]] korisnika/-ce [[Special:Contributions/~2026-27033-21|~2026-27033-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-27033-21|razgovor]]) 3839436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Standardi}}{{Čišćenje}}{{Wiki}} [[Datoteka:Red Army Mostar.png|mini|180px|Grb Red Army Mostar]] [[Datoteka:Red Army Mostar 5.jpg|mini|Red Army "graffiti" na zidu]] '''Red Army Mostar''' ili pod punim nazivom '''"Klub navijača Red Army Mostar"''', organizirana je navijačka grupa navijača [[FK Velež Mostar|Fudbalskog kluba Velež]] iz [[Mostar]]a. Ova navijačka grupa prvi put se organizirano javlja 1981. pod nazivom ''Crveni šejtani'' (da bi uskoro nakon toga promijenila ime u ''Red Army''). Red Army je prva navijačka grupa u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviji]] koja je službeno registrovala svoje postojanje kao udruženje građana 1981. godine. Moto grupe je ''Mostar u srcu, Velež do groba!'' a slogan koji se koristi nakon masovnog gašenja od strane grupe [[Ultras Zrinjski]] ''Prestati nećemo nikada.'' Red Army se danas nalazi na istočnoj tribini (Red Army tribini) stadiona [[Stadion "Rođeni"|"Rođeni"]]. == Historija == [[FK Velež Mostar|Fudbalski klub Velež]] je od svog nastanka 1922. godine, imao svoje vjerne navijače. Prva organizovana navijačka grupa nastala je 1981. godine pod imenom ''Crveni šejtani''. Povod za njeno osnivanje bilo je učestvovanje i pobjeda Veleža u [[Kup Jugoslavije u nogometu|Kupu Maršala Tita]] protiv sarajevskog [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničara]]. Za tifoze Veleža prelomna godina bila je 1986. Povod je bio, [[Kup Jugoslavije u nogometu|finale Kupa]], ovog puta sa zagrebačkim [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamom]]. U [[Beograd]] je stiglo desetak hiljada Mostaraca. Poslije tog finala odlučeno je da grupa ponese naziv ''Red Army''. U okviru Red Army-a djelovao je priličan broj malih grupa, a najbitnije među njima su bile: Zealots, Eagles, Chicago, Furia i Carina. Čvrsto jezgro Crvene armije sastojalo se od stotinjak ljudi, a računajući na sve, bilo je oko 1000 stalnih članova. Svoju podgrupu Red Army su imali i u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] (Red Platoon - Crveni Vod), a u početku je bilo navijača koji su dolazili iz [[Konjic]]a, [[Čapljina|Čapljine]], [[Travnik]]a, [[Doboj]]a, [[Tuzla|Tuzle]], [[Dubrovnik]]a. Kasnije se sve svelo uglavnom na [[Mostar]]. Red Army su oduvijek najveće rivalstvo imali sa splitskom [[Torcida|Torcidom]]. U sezoni ’86 iz Mostara, na prvenstvenu utakmicu u [[Split]] otišlo 8000 Veležovih navijača. U istoj sezoni, u Mostaru, demolirano je 40-tak splitskih auta. Jedan od prvih incidenata na stadionima, koji je u medijima dobio veliki publicitet nazivan Jugo-Hejselom, vezan je za Red Army i dogodio se 1987. godine u [[Tuzla|Tuzli]], na utakmici [[FK Sloboda Tuzla|FK Sloboda]] - FK Velež u zadnjem kolu. Veležu je pobjeda trebala za Slobodi za opstanak u prvoj ligi. 3-4000 pripadnika Red Army je otišlo u Tuzlu. Kada je na utakmici Velež poveo, sudija je dosudio dva penala za FK Slobodu i ona je povela sa 2:1. Tada su navijači Veleža počeli gađati pomoćnog sudiju, a uprava Slobode je pozvala policiju. Počeli su preskakati ogradu i udarati. [[Gradski stadion Tušanj|Stadion u Tuzli]] je imao vrlo usku kapiju. Tri hiljade navijača je tada krenulo kroz nju. Počela je opšta tuča i Red Army su bili izbačeni sa stadiona. Veležovi huligani su tada rušili sve pred sobom. Razvalili su robnu kuću i usput sve lomili, a stradali su i obični građani. Bilo je puno povrijeđenih. Ovi događaji imali su i dugoročne posljedice na uspon i kvalitet Red Army. Svoju renesansu Red Army doživljava u sezoni 1998/1999. Napravljeno je mnoštvo novih transparenata, većih i manjih zastava, izrađene su nove majice i šalovi, te izgrađena tribina za Red Army. Prateći Velež, Red Army su obišli sve prvoligaške i premijerligaške stadione u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|BiH]]. == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.redarmy-mostar.ba/ KN Red Army Mostar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810053940/http://www.redarmy-mostar.ba/ |date=10. 8. 2008 }} * [http://www.mostarskirodjeni.ba/ UG Mostarski Rođeni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116014748/http://mostarskirodjeni.ba/ |date=16. 1. 2020 }} * [http://www.rodjeni.com Rođeni.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128020944/http://www.rodjeni.com/ |date=28. 1. 2012 }} * [http://www.fkvelez.ba/ FK Velež Mostar] {{FK Velež}} [[Kategorija:Navijačke grupe u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Sport u Mostaru]] [[Kategorija:FK Velež]] 31t8e0rq607h0mdhmtdgt78zm177dga 0 52241 3839508 3765679 2026-05-04T16:47:00Z Bakir123 110053 3839508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} [[Datoteka:Milomir Odović (cropped).png|mini|Milomir Odović 2018.]] '''Milomir Odović''' (26. mart 1955 – 15. decembar 2020) bio je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[nogomet]]ni menadžer. Rođen je u [[Ilijaš]]u ([[FNRJ]]). Karijeru je započeo kao nogometaš u rodnom gradu. Kao mladi talenat prelazi u [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|FK Željezničar]] 1974. Odigrao je 230 ligaških utakmica i postigao 22 gola za klub u kojem je igrao 11 godina. Poslje profesionalne karijere postaje trener. Najprije je bio trener NK Ozren Semizovac 1999 godine . Radio je kao trener FK Željezničar do sezone 2003/2004. Nakon odlaska iz Željezničara radi kao trener u FK Slavija sa kojom ostvaruje najveći uspjeh u historiji kluba osvajanjem trećeg mjesta u [[Premijer liga BiH|Premijer ligi]] u sezoni 2006/07 i plasmanom u [[UEFA Intertoto kup|Intertoto kup]]. Međutim nakon lošeg starta u sezoni 2007/08. daje otkaz, a ubrzo postaje trener Borca iz Banje Luke sa kojim je izborio plasman u Premijer ligu BiH. == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/milomir-odovic/ Milomir Odović] na ''worldfootball.net'' {{Treneri FK Željezničar Sarajevo}} {{treneri Čelika}} {{Treneri Veleža}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odović, Milomir}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1955.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2020.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Ilijaš]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački nogometaši]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački nogometni treneri]] [[Kategorija:Treneri Čelika]] [[Kategorija:Treneri Veleža]] [[Kategorija:Nogometaši Željezničara]] 8szepwwcwcd5773ds2obmzz2xthj3tr 0 55223 3839455 3556119 2026-05-04T14:12:27Z Astrameri 151645 proširena biografija 3839455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = George Sand | slika =George_Sand_by_Nadar,_1864.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis = [[francuska]] književnica | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1804|7|1}} | mjesto_rođenja = Pariz, Francuska | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1876|6|8|1804|7|1}} | mjesto_smrti = Nohant, Francuska | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''George Sand''' (Rođena kao ''Aurore Dupin Dudevant''; [[Pariz]], [[1. juli]] [[1804]]. - Nohant, [[8. juni]] [[1876]].) je bila istaknuta [[francuska]] književnica i jedna od najranijih feministkinja koja je pisala pod muškim pseudonimom. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|title=George Sand {{!}} History {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|website=EBSCO|language=en|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/feminism-french-women-history/famous/george-sand|title=Research Guides: French Women & Feminists in History: A Resource Guide: George Sand|last=Spencer|first=Erika Hope|website=guides.loc.gov|language=en|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/j/jack-sand.html|title=George Sand|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Biografija == Sand je poznata po svojim književnim doprinosima i nekonvencionalnom načinu života. Njen otac je umro dok je bila još mlada, a njen život oblikovala je aristokratska baka i skromno porijeklo njene majke. Sandine rane godine obilježio je buran brak sa Casimirom Dudevantom, od kojeg se na kraju razvela, što je navelo da se posveti književnoj karijeri koja je trajala više od četiri decenije. Njen prvi poznati roman "Indiana", objavljen 1832. godine, bio je kritički uspjeh koji je obilježio Sand kao značajnu književnu figuru. Sandina djela često su istraživala teme ljubavi, klasnih razlika i borbi žena, odražavajući njena lična iskustva i sociopolitičku situaciju njenog vremena. Također je bila uključena u politički aktivizam, zalažući se za prava običnih ljudi i baveći se socijalističkim idejama.<ref name=":0" /> Bila je nesretna u braku, a nakon razvoda odlazi u [[Pariz]] i živi nezavisno. Pokazuje interes za društvene doktrine, simpatizira sa socijal-utopistima, u Lammenaisu vidi proroka nove religije. Sa [[Jules Sandeau|Julesom Sandeauom]] objavljuje svoj prvi roman "''Rose i Blanche''" pod zajedničkim pseudonimom George Sand. Ljubavna veza sa Sandeauom prva je u nizu njenih sentimentalnih avantura ([[Alfred de Musset]], P. Leroux, [[Frédéric Chopin]]). Romani su joj podijeljeni na ljubavne, socijalne i rustične, a najbliži su realizmu "''Markiz de Villemer''". Pisala je pozorišne komade ("''Claudie''", "''Marcelle''"), te objavila autobiografiju "''Historija mog života''". Ljubav s Mussetom u Veneciji opisala je u "''Pismima jednog putnika''", intimni "''Dnevnik''" objavljen je [[1926]]. godine, a ostavila je golemu korespondenciju. Ljubav je za nju sinonim života, magični ključić koji rješava sve probleme.<ref>Salmon, Bernita. “The works of George Sand as an interpretation of her life and personality: a thesis.” ''University of the Pacific'', 1931. <nowiki>https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1921&context=uop_etds</nowiki> </ref> == Reference == <references /> {{Commonscat}} == Vanjski linkovi == * https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Sand {{DEFAULTSORT:Sand, George}} [[Kategorija:Francuski pisci|Sand, George]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Pariz]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1804.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1876.]] ja6ox3upyy6pswsjmjsgso4lf6orts6 0 57804 3839447 3788193 2026-05-04T13:47:23Z Z1KA 87045 3839447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija događaj | naziv = Antiratni protesti u Sarajevu 1992. | slika = Antiratni protesti Sarajevo.jpg | opis_slike = | lokacija = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] (ispred zgrade Skupštine BiH i hotela Holiday Inn) | datum = [[5. april]] – [[6. april]] [[1992]]. | uzrok = Reakcija na postavljanje barikada i agresivne poteze JNA nakon referenduma o nezavisnosti | cilj = Očuvanje mira i cjelovitosti Bosne i Hercegovine | metode = Mirne demonstracije, zauzimanje zgrade Skupštine | ishod = Nasilno razbijanje demonstracija snajperskom vatrom; početak [[Opsada Sarajeva|opsade Sarajeva]] | žrtve = 2 poginule ([[Suada Dilberović]], [[Olga Sučić]]), više ranjenih | počinioci = Snajperisti [[Srpska demokratska stranka (BiH)|Srpske demokratske stranke]] (SDS) }} '''Antiratni protesti u Sarajevu 1992.''' predstavljaju seriju masovnih mirovnih skupova održanih u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]], glavnom gradu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], početkom aprila [[1992]]. Protesti su kulminirali 5. i 6. aprila, kada se više desetina hiljada građana svih nacionalnosti okupilo ispred zgrade Skupštine Republike Bosne i Hercegovine tražeći mir i ostavku nacionalističkih lidera, neposredno nakon [[Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|referenduma o nezavisnosti]]. Demonstracije su nasilno prekinute kada su pripadnici paravojnih formacija [[Srpska demokratska stranka|Srpske demokratske stranke]] (SDS) otvorili snajpersku vatru na okupljenu masu iz hotela "Holiday Inn", usmrtivši studenticu [[Suada Dilberović|Suadu Dilberović]] i službenicu [[Olga Sučić|Olgu Sučić]]. Ovaj događaj se često smatra formalnim početkom [[Opsada Sarajeva|opsade Sarajeva]] i rata u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Donia">{{Cite book |last=Donia |first=Robert J. |title=Sarajevo: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/sarajevobiograph0000doni |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-472-11557-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sarajevobiograph0000doni/page/284 284]}}</ref> == Pozadina == Politička situacija u Bosni i Hercegovini drastično se pogoršala nakon raspada [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|Saveza komunista Jugoslavije]] i prvih višestranačkih izbora 1990. Nakon što su [[Slovenija]] i [[Hrvatska]] proglasile nezavisnost, u BiH je 29. februara i 1. marta 1992. održan referendum o nezavisnosti, na kojem je 99,7% izašlih glasača glasalo za suverenu i nezavisnu Bosnu i Hercegovinu. === Martovske barikade === Odmah nakon objavljivanja rezultata referenduma, u jutarnjim satima 2. marta 1992., paravojne jedinice SDS-a postavile su barikade na ključnim saobraćajnicama u Sarajevu, blokirajući grad. Kao odgovor na to, hiljade građana Sarajeva spontano su izašle na ulice i krenule u mirnu šetnju, uklanjajući neke od barikada golim rukama. Iako je postignut privremeni dogovor i barikade uklonjene, tenzije su nastavile rasti tokom marta, uz sporadične sukobe i sve veće prisustvo [[Jugoslovenska narodna armija|Jugoslovenske narodne armije]] (JNA) oko grada. == Hronologija događaja (April 1992) == === Mobilizacija građana === Početkom aprila, sukobi su već izbili u [[Bijeljina|Bijeljini]] i [[Kupres]]u. Kao reakcija na ratnu opasnost, sindikati, studentske organizacije i mediji, posebno televizija [[YUTEL]], pozvali su građane na masovno okupljanje za mir. Dana [[5. april]]a 1992., kolone građana iz sarajevskih naselja [[Dobrinja]] i [[Alipašino Polje]] krenule su prema centru grada. Njima su se pridružili i rudari iz [[Tuzla|Tuzle]] i građani iz drugih dijelova zemlje ("Rudarski marš"). Procjenjuje se da se na Trgu Bosne i Hercegovine (danas Trg Bosne i Hercegovine) ispred zgrade Skupštine okupilo između 40.000 i 100.000 ljudi.<ref name="BBC_Anniversary">{{Cite news |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1912953.stm |title=Sarajevo's decade of war and peace |date=5. 4. 2002 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=25. 11. 2025}}</ref> Demonstranti su nosili slike [[Josip Broz Tito|Josipa Broza Tita]] i jugoslavenske zastave, uzvikujući parole "Hoćemo mir" i "Bosna, Bosna". === Narodni parlament === Demonstranti su provalili u zgradu Skupštine RBiH, gdje su u velikoj sali proglasili "Narodni parlament". Osnovan je ''ad hoc'' "Odbor narodnog spasa" s ciljem da preuzme kontrolu i spriječi rat. Predsjednik Predsjedništva RBiH [[Alija Izetbegović]] obratio se okupljenima, ali je dočekan s pomiješanim reakcijama. Atmosfera je dosegla vrhunac kada se u Skupštini pojavio komandant Specijalne jedinice [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|MUP-a RBiH]], [[Dragan Vikić]]. On je s govornice pozvao građane na razum, ali i spremnost na odbranu, rekavši: ''"To što se dešava, to je agresija... Naoružajmo se protiv agresije!"''.<ref name="Historija_Vikic">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historija.ba/d/502-roden-dragan-vikic-/ |title=Rođen Dragan Vikić |publisher=Historija.ba |access-date=25. 11. 2025}}</ref> Njegov govor je propraćen ovacijama, a Vikić je postao simbol otpora grada. === Snajperski napad i žrtve === Dok su demonstranti ispunjavali plato ispred Skupštine, oko 14:00 sati, snajperisti su otvorili vatru sa gornjih spratova hotela "Holiday Inn", koji je tada služio kao sjedište SDS-a i u kojem je boravio [[Radovan Karadžić]]. U napadu su smrtno stradale: '''[[Suada Dilberović]]''' (24), studentica medicine iz [[Dubrovnik]]a; '''[[Olga Sučić]]''' (34), službenica Skupštine i majka dvoje djece. Obje su pogođene na mostu Vrbanja. Pripadnici Specijalne jedinice MUP-a, predvođeni Vikićem, te naoružani građani, uzvratili su vatru i upali u hotel. Uhapšeno je nekoliko snajperista za koje se ispostavilo da su pripadnici obezbjeđenja Radovana Karadžića, ali su oni kasnije razmijenjeni za zarobljenog komandanta Policijske akademije na Vracama.<ref name="O'Shea">{{Cite book |author=Brendan O'Shea |title=The Modern Yugoslav Conflict 1991-1995: Perception, Deception and Dishonesty |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-35705-0 |page=35}}</ref> == Posljedice == Napad na mirne demonstrante označio je kraj nada da se rat može izbjeći mirnim putem. Istog dana, 6. aprila, [[Evropska zajednica]] priznala je nezavisnost Bosne i Hercegovine, a dan kasnije to su učinile i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. JNA je započela granatiranje grada, a snage lojalne SDS-u su uspostavile potpunu blokadu, čime je započela [[Opsada Sarajeva]] koja će trajati 1.425 dana. == Naslijeđe == Most na kojem su ubijene prve žrtve opsade preimenovan je u [[Most Suade i Olge]] (prvobitno "Most Suade Dilberović", a kasnije dodano i ime Olge Sučić). Na mostu je postavljena spomen-ploča sa stihom: ''"Kap moje krvi poteče i Bosna ne presuši."'' U javnom diskursu u BiH postoje različita tumačenja o "prvoj žrtvi rata". Dok se u Federaciji BiH to smatraju Suada i Olga, u Republici Srpskoj se kao prva žrtva često navodi [[Nikola Gardović]], ubijen na Baščaršiji 1. marta 1992. tokom svatovskog slavlja. Međutim, ubistvo Suade i Olge se razlikuje po tome što je riječ o sistemskom napadu na masovni antiratni skup. == Također pogledajte == *[[Opsada Sarajeva]] *[[Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]] *[[Most Suade i Olge]] *[[Dragan Vikić]] == Reference == {{Reflist}} [[Kategorija:Opsada Sarajeva]] [[Kategorija:Historija Bosne i Hercegovine (1992–1995)]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:1992. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] c12jyppvp5dy0mp11e3xsctii76k1pg 3839448 3839447 2026-05-04T13:49:51Z Z1KA 87045 +[[Kategorija:Događaji u Sarajevu]]; +[[Kategorija:Raspad Jugoslavije]]; +[[Kategorija:Antiratni protesti]]; +[[Kategorija:Protesti u 1992.]] (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija događaj | naziv = Antiratni protesti u Sarajevu 1992. | slika = Antiratni protesti Sarajevo.jpg | opis_slike = | lokacija = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] (ispred zgrade Skupštine BiH i hotela Holiday Inn) | datum = [[5. april]] – [[6. april]] [[1992]]. | uzrok = Reakcija na postavljanje barikada i agresivne poteze JNA nakon referenduma o nezavisnosti | cilj = Očuvanje mira i cjelovitosti Bosne i Hercegovine | metode = Mirne demonstracije, zauzimanje zgrade Skupštine | ishod = Nasilno razbijanje demonstracija snajperskom vatrom; početak [[Opsada Sarajeva|opsade Sarajeva]] | žrtve = 2 poginule ([[Suada Dilberović]], [[Olga Sučić]]), više ranjenih | počinioci = Snajperisti [[Srpska demokratska stranka (BiH)|Srpske demokratske stranke]] (SDS) }} '''Antiratni protesti u Sarajevu 1992.''' predstavljaju seriju masovnih mirovnih skupova održanih u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]], glavnom gradu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], početkom aprila [[1992]]. Protesti su kulminirali 5. i 6. aprila, kada se više desetina hiljada građana svih nacionalnosti okupilo ispred zgrade Skupštine Republike Bosne i Hercegovine tražeći mir i ostavku nacionalističkih lidera, neposredno nakon [[Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|referenduma o nezavisnosti]]. Demonstracije su nasilno prekinute kada su pripadnici paravojnih formacija [[Srpska demokratska stranka|Srpske demokratske stranke]] (SDS) otvorili snajpersku vatru na okupljenu masu iz hotela "Holiday Inn", usmrtivši studenticu [[Suada Dilberović|Suadu Dilberović]] i službenicu [[Olga Sučić|Olgu Sučić]]. Ovaj događaj se često smatra formalnim početkom [[Opsada Sarajeva|opsade Sarajeva]] i rata u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Donia">{{Cite book |last=Donia |first=Robert J. |title=Sarajevo: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/sarajevobiograph0000doni |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-472-11557-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sarajevobiograph0000doni/page/284 284]}}</ref> == Pozadina == Politička situacija u Bosni i Hercegovini drastično se pogoršala nakon raspada [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|Saveza komunista Jugoslavije]] i prvih višestranačkih izbora 1990. Nakon što su [[Slovenija]] i [[Hrvatska]] proglasile nezavisnost, u BiH je 29. februara i 1. marta 1992. održan referendum o nezavisnosti, na kojem je 99,7% izašlih glasača glasalo za suverenu i nezavisnu Bosnu i Hercegovinu. === Martovske barikade === Odmah nakon objavljivanja rezultata referenduma, u jutarnjim satima 2. marta 1992., paravojne jedinice SDS-a postavile su barikade na ključnim saobraćajnicama u Sarajevu, blokirajući grad. Kao odgovor na to, hiljade građana Sarajeva spontano su izašle na ulice i krenule u mirnu šetnju, uklanjajući neke od barikada golim rukama. Iako je postignut privremeni dogovor i barikade uklonjene, tenzije su nastavile rasti tokom marta, uz sporadične sukobe i sve veće prisustvo [[Jugoslovenska narodna armija|Jugoslovenske narodne armije]] (JNA) oko grada. == Hronologija događaja (April 1992) == === Mobilizacija građana === Početkom aprila, sukobi su već izbili u [[Bijeljina|Bijeljini]] i [[Kupres]]u. Kao reakcija na ratnu opasnost, sindikati, studentske organizacije i mediji, posebno televizija [[YUTEL]], pozvali su građane na masovno okupljanje za mir. Dana [[5. april]]a 1992., kolone građana iz sarajevskih naselja [[Dobrinja]] i [[Alipašino Polje]] krenule su prema centru grada. Njima su se pridružili i rudari iz [[Tuzla|Tuzle]] i građani iz drugih dijelova zemlje ("Rudarski marš"). Procjenjuje se da se na Trgu Bosne i Hercegovine (danas Trg Bosne i Hercegovine) ispred zgrade Skupštine okupilo između 40.000 i 100.000 ljudi.<ref name="BBC_Anniversary">{{Cite news |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1912953.stm |title=Sarajevo's decade of war and peace |date=5. 4. 2002 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=25. 11. 2025}}</ref> Demonstranti su nosili slike [[Josip Broz Tito|Josipa Broza Tita]] i jugoslavenske zastave, uzvikujući parole "Hoćemo mir" i "Bosna, Bosna". === Narodni parlament === Demonstranti su provalili u zgradu Skupštine RBiH, gdje su u velikoj sali proglasili "Narodni parlament". Osnovan je ''ad hoc'' "Odbor narodnog spasa" s ciljem da preuzme kontrolu i spriječi rat. Predsjednik Predsjedništva RBiH [[Alija Izetbegović]] obratio se okupljenima, ali je dočekan s pomiješanim reakcijama. Atmosfera je dosegla vrhunac kada se u Skupštini pojavio komandant Specijalne jedinice [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|MUP-a RBiH]], [[Dragan Vikić]]. On je s govornice pozvao građane na razum, ali i spremnost na odbranu, rekavši: ''"To što se dešava, to je agresija... Naoružajmo se protiv agresije!"''.<ref name="Historija_Vikic">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historija.ba/d/502-roden-dragan-vikic-/ |title=Rođen Dragan Vikić |publisher=Historija.ba |access-date=25. 11. 2025}}</ref> Njegov govor je propraćen ovacijama, a Vikić je postao simbol otpora grada. === Snajperski napad i žrtve === Dok su demonstranti ispunjavali plato ispred Skupštine, oko 14:00 sati, snajperisti su otvorili vatru sa gornjih spratova hotela "Holiday Inn", koji je tada služio kao sjedište SDS-a i u kojem je boravio [[Radovan Karadžić]]. U napadu su smrtno stradale: '''[[Suada Dilberović]]''' (24), studentica medicine iz [[Dubrovnik]]a; '''[[Olga Sučić]]''' (34), službenica Skupštine i majka dvoje djece. Obje su pogođene na mostu Vrbanja. Pripadnici Specijalne jedinice MUP-a, predvođeni Vikićem, te naoružani građani, uzvratili su vatru i upali u hotel. Uhapšeno je nekoliko snajperista za koje se ispostavilo da su pripadnici obezbjeđenja Radovana Karadžića, ali su oni kasnije razmijenjeni za zarobljenog komandanta Policijske akademije na Vracama.<ref name="O'Shea">{{Cite book |author=Brendan O'Shea |title=The Modern Yugoslav Conflict 1991-1995: Perception, Deception and Dishonesty |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-35705-0 |page=35}}</ref> == Posljedice == Napad na mirne demonstrante označio je kraj nada da se rat može izbjeći mirnim putem. Istog dana, 6. aprila, [[Evropska zajednica]] priznala je nezavisnost Bosne i Hercegovine, a dan kasnije to su učinile i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. JNA je započela granatiranje grada, a snage lojalne SDS-u su uspostavile potpunu blokadu, čime je započela [[Opsada Sarajeva]] koja će trajati 1.425 dana. == Naslijeđe == Most na kojem su ubijene prve žrtve opsade preimenovan je u [[Most Suade i Olge]] (prvobitno "Most Suade Dilberović", a kasnije dodano i ime Olge Sučić). Na mostu je postavljena spomen-ploča sa stihom: ''"Kap moje krvi poteče i Bosna ne presuši."'' U javnom diskursu u BiH postoje različita tumačenja o "prvoj žrtvi rata". Dok se u Federaciji BiH to smatraju Suada i Olga, u Republici Srpskoj se kao prva žrtva često navodi [[Nikola Gardović]], ubijen na Baščaršiji 1. marta 1992. tokom svatovskog slavlja. Međutim, ubistvo Suade i Olge se razlikuje po tome što je riječ o sistemskom napadu na masovni antiratni skup. == Također pogledajte == *[[Opsada Sarajeva]] *[[Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]] *[[Most Suade i Olge]] *[[Dragan Vikić]] == Reference == {{Reflist}} {{Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini}} [[Kategorija:Antiratni protesti|Sarajevo]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u 1992.]] [[Kategorija:1992. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Opsada Sarajeva]] [[Kategorija:Događaji u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Raspad Jugoslavije]] fzakntaora9s7kvrp91hvyvmtjc6rzr 0 88073 3839538 3681557 2026-05-04T19:49:18Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija album | | Ime = The Fame | Tip izdanja = Album | Artist = [[Lady Gaga]] | Cover = | Background = orange | Izdat = [[19. august]] [[2008]]. | Produciran = [[2008]]. | Žanr = Dance-pop | Dužina = | Kuća = Streamline • Kon Live Distribution • Cherrytree Records • Interscope Records | Producent(i) = RedOne • Space Cowboy • Rob Fusari • Martin Kierszenbaum • Brian Kierulf and Joshua M. Schwartz (KNS production) | Kritike = | Prošli album = | Ovaj album = '''The Fame''' <br /> (2008) | Sljedeći album = [[The Cherrytree Sessions]] <br /> (2009) }} '''''The Fame''''' je studijski album američke r&b pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]] izdat [[2008]]. godine. == Spisak pjesama == # „[[Just Dance]]” <small>(featuring Colby O'Donis) (RedOne, Akon)</small> – 4:04 # „[[LoveGame]]” <small>(RedOne)</small> – 3:33 # „Paparazzi” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 3:30 # „Beautiful Dirty Rich” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 2:54 # „[[Eh Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)]]” <small>(M. Kierszenbaum)</small> – 2:57 # „[[Poker Face]]” <small>(RedOne)</small> – 3:59 # „The Fame” <small>(M. Kierszenbaum)</small> – 3:44 # „Vanity” <small>(T. Braun)</small> – 2:56 # „Again Again” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 3:06 # „Boys Boys Boys” <small>(RedOne)</small> – 3:22 # „Brown Eyes” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 4:05 # „Summerboy” <small>(Brian & Josh)</small> – 4:16 # „I Like It Rough” – 3:22 == Singles == {| width=100% border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 89%;" |- bgcolor="orange" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black;" ! width="20" |# ! Cover ! ! Izdat ! ! ! 2 cover |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 1. |align="center"| | '''„[[Just Dance]]”''' featuring Colby O'Donis | {{ZD|SAD}} [[8. april]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|AUS}} [[19. juli]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|EU}} [[15. august]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|UK}} [[22. decembar]] [[2008]]r. | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] <small>(United World Chart)</small> - '''1''' <ref>http://www.mediatraffic.de/previous.htm '''United World Chart'''</ref> * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - 10 <ref>http://www.apcchart.com/ '''Euro 200'''</ref> * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - 7 <ref>http://euro200.net/Polish-Top50.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616093525/http://euro200.net/Polish-Top50.htm |date=16. 6. 2016 }} '''Polish National Top 50'''</ref> * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - '''1''' <ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=gGrsJZjRLjfmcFz0tJqpD1WydhF3HpGs2tJDztJll3L15WLBYWbx!-467228989&g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026031822/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=gGrsJZjRLjfmcFz0tJqpD1WydhF3HpGs2tJDztJll3L15WLBYWbx!-467228989&g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 |date=26. 10. 2012 }} '''Billboard 200'''</ref> * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| [[The Cherrytree Sessions]] |align="center"| |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 2. |align="center"| | '''„[[Poker Face]]”''' | {{ZD|AUS}} [[23. septembar]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|KAN}} [[30. oktobar]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|FRA}} [[22. decembar]] [[2008]]. <br /> | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] <small>(United World Chart)</small> - * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - '''1''' * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 3. |align="center"| | '''„[[Eh Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)]]”''' | {{ZD|AUS}} [[13. decembar]] [[2008]]. <small>(Radio)</small> <br /> {{ZD|AUS}} [[31. januar]] [[2009]]. <small>(CD single)</small> <br /> {{ZD|NZL}} [[8. januar]] [[2009]]. <small>(Radio)</small> <br /> {{ZD|NZL}} [[2. februar]] [[2009]]. <small>(CD single)</small> | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] <small>(United World Chart)</small> - * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| [[The Cherrytree Sessions]] |align="center"| |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 4. |align="center"| | '''„[[LoveGame]]”''' | [[24. mart]] [[2009]]. | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]]<small>(United World Chart)</small> - * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |} == Reference == {{reference}} {{Grammy - najbolji album plesne / elektronske muzike}} {{Lady Gaga}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2008.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] plg9ykbeajv0sjjx5zvlewu0ao8uwhb 3839539 3839538 2026-05-04T19:49:37Z Felipeofpo 169769 /* Reference */ 3839539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija album | | Ime = The Fame | Tip izdanja = Album | Artist = [[Lady Gaga]] | Cover = | Background = orange | Izdat = [[19. august]] [[2008]]. | Produciran = [[2008]]. | Žanr = Dance-pop | Dužina = | Kuća = Streamline • Kon Live Distribution • Cherrytree Records • Interscope Records | Producent(i) = RedOne • Space Cowboy • Rob Fusari • Martin Kierszenbaum • Brian Kierulf and Joshua M. Schwartz (KNS production) | Kritike = | Prošli album = | Ovaj album = '''The Fame''' <br /> (2008) | Sljedeći album = [[The Cherrytree Sessions]] <br /> (2009) }} '''''The Fame''''' je studijski album američke r&b pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]] izdat [[2008]]. godine. == Spisak pjesama == # „[[Just Dance]]” <small>(featuring Colby O'Donis) (RedOne, Akon)</small> – 4:04 # „[[LoveGame]]” <small>(RedOne)</small> – 3:33 # „Paparazzi” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 3:30 # „Beautiful Dirty Rich” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 2:54 # „[[Eh Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)]]” <small>(M. Kierszenbaum)</small> – 2:57 # „[[Poker Face]]” <small>(RedOne)</small> – 3:59 # „The Fame” <small>(M. Kierszenbaum)</small> – 3:44 # „Vanity” <small>(T. Braun)</small> – 2:56 # „Again Again” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 3:06 # „Boys Boys Boys” <small>(RedOne)</small> – 3:22 # „Brown Eyes” <small>(R. Fusari)</small> – 4:05 # „Summerboy” <small>(Brian & Josh)</small> – 4:16 # „I Like It Rough” – 3:22 == Singles == {| width=100% border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 89%;" |- bgcolor="orange" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black;" ! width="20" |# ! Cover ! ! Izdat ! ! ! 2 cover |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 1. |align="center"| | '''„[[Just Dance]]”''' featuring Colby O'Donis | {{ZD|SAD}} [[8. april]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|AUS}} [[19. juli]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|EU}} [[15. august]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|UK}} [[22. decembar]] [[2008]]r. | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] <small>(United World Chart)</small> - '''1''' <ref>http://www.mediatraffic.de/previous.htm '''United World Chart'''</ref> * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - 10 <ref>http://www.apcchart.com/ '''Euro 200'''</ref> * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - 7 <ref>http://euro200.net/Polish-Top50.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616093525/http://euro200.net/Polish-Top50.htm |date=16. 6. 2016 }} '''Polish National Top 50'''</ref> * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - '''1''' <ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=gGrsJZjRLjfmcFz0tJqpD1WydhF3HpGs2tJDztJll3L15WLBYWbx!-467228989&g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026031822/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=gGrsJZjRLjfmcFz0tJqpD1WydhF3HpGs2tJDztJll3L15WLBYWbx!-467228989&g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 |date=26. 10. 2012 }} '''Billboard 200'''</ref> * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| [[The Cherrytree Sessions]] |align="center"| |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 2. |align="center"| | '''„[[Poker Face]]”''' | {{ZD|AUS}} [[23. septembar]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|KAN}} [[30. oktobar]] [[2008]]. <br /> {{ZD|FRA}} [[22. decembar]] [[2008]]. <br /> | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] <small>(United World Chart)</small> - * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - '''1''' * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 3. |align="center"| | '''„[[Eh Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)]]”''' | {{ZD|AUS}} [[13. decembar]] [[2008]]. <small>(Radio)</small> <br /> {{ZD|AUS}} [[31. januar]] [[2009]]. <small>(CD single)</small> <br /> {{ZD|NZL}} [[8. januar]] [[2009]]. <small>(Radio)</small> <br /> {{ZD|NZL}} [[2. februar]] [[2009]]. <small>(CD single)</small> | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] <small>(United World Chart)</small> - * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| [[The Cherrytree Sessions]] |align="center"| |- |align="center" bgcolor="orange"| 4. |align="center"| | '''„[[LoveGame]]”''' | [[24. mart]] [[2009]]. | * [[Datoteka:Newworldmap.svg|20px]]<small>(United World Chart)</small> - * {{ZD|EU}} <small>(Euro 200)</small> - * {{ZD|POLJ}} <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - * {{ZD|SAD}} <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - * [[Datoteka:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] - |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |} == Reference == {{reference}} {{Lady Gaga}} {{Grammy - najbolji album plesne / elektronske muzike}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2008.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] e228a561s6e4lg9cbj7fvw2thbzah27 0 93582 3839477 3538438 2026-05-04T15:46:00Z ElPo94 168680 3839477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Taksokvir | boja= lightgreen | naziv = Kopar | slika = Illustration Anethum graveolens0.jpg | slika_širina = 240px | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Apiales]] | familia = [[Apiaceae]] | genus = '''''[[Anethum]]''''' | species = '''''A. graveolens''''' | dvoimeno = ''Anethum graveolens'' | dvoimeno_autorstvo = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] }} '''Kopar''' (lat. ''Anethum graveolens'') je začinska i ljekovita biljka iz porodice [[Apiaceae]]. ==Rasprostranjenost== Biljka je porijeklom iz centralne [[Azija|Azije]]. Još u 1. vijeku širi se po srednjoj i sjevernoj [[Evropa|Evropi]]. U vrijeme [[Karlo Veliki|Karla Velikog]] već je dio svakog carskog vrta. Najveći proizvođač ulja kopra danas je [[Mađarska]]. ==Karakteristike== Kopar je jednogodišnja biljka. Naraste od 30 do 120 cm visine. Cijela biljka je glatka i mirisna. Listovi su končasti. Cvjetovi su žuti i narastu na 6 do 10mm dugim drškama, radijalno simetrični i petodijelni. Cvjeta od maja do augusta. Plodovi su jajoliki, smeđi, 3 do 5mm dugi i 2 do 2,5mm široki. Plod zrije od jula do septembra. Sije se sa prvim mrazevima u humusom bogato, osunčano tlo. Aroma biljke je najsnažnija prije cvjetanja. Sjeme biljke je zrelo kad počne da tamni i tada se može brati. ==Upotreba== Sa [[anis]]om i [[kim]]om upotrebljava se u evropskoj kuhinji kao dodatak salatama, umacima, jelima od ribe i kiselim marinadama. Koristi se i kao ljekovita biljka čija ulja pospješuju apetit, olakšavaju probavu i umiruju nerve. Jača [[imuni sistem]] i djeluje protiv [[infekcija]]. Čaj kopera umiruje i pomaže kod nesanice. ==Hemijski sastav== Biljka sadrži prvenstveno [[eterično ulje|eterična ulja]]. ==Narodno vjerovanje== Kopar je poznat još u starom [[Egipat|Egiptu]] kao ljekovita biljka. [[Antički Rim|Rimski]] [[gladijatori]] mazali su tijelo koprovim uljem i jeli hranu začinjenu koprom, jer se vjerovalo da daje snagu. [[Grci]] su ga cijenili zbog umirujućeg svojstva. U [[Biblija|Bibliji]] se pominje sa [[Metvica|metvicom]] i kimom. Buketić kopera na vratima štiti ukućane od „zlih“ gostiju. Ako mladenka u cipelama na vjenčanju ima zrna kopra i senfa, njena riječ će biti posljednja u kući. Novorođenu djecu se štiti od „zla“ time što ih se pospe koprom i solju, a zrna kopra u džepu štite od „crne magije“. == Također pogledajte == *[[Lista začina]] == Reference == {{Začini}} {{Commonscat|Anethum graveolens}} [[Kategorija:Začini]] q26p9rwa24f1z7gysnklnwmg1t417jj 14 94782 3839443 3764888 2026-05-04T13:19:53Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Ecoregions}} [[Kategorija:Biogeografija]] [[Kategorija:Regije]] [[Kategorija:Ekologija|Ekoregije]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] pdpsdo72cyb7y8almj65nlkylks8u2p 0 144149 3839537 2842011 2026-05-04T19:48:51Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija singl | ime = Telephone | omot = Lady Gaga & Beyoncé - Telephone.jpg | okvir = | alt = | opis = | muzičar_gen = [[Lady Gaga|Lady Gage]] i [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] | album = | A-strana = | B-strana = | objavljen = 26. 1. 2010. | format = | snimljen = | žanr = {{hlist|Electropop|dance-pop}} | trajanje = 3:41 | izdavač = {{hlist|Streamline|Kon Live Distribution|Cherrytree Records|Interscope Records}} | pisac = | producent = Darkchild | certifikacija = | ISWC = | hronologija = | prethodni_singl = "[[Bad Romance]]"<br />(2009) | ovaj_singl = "'''Telephone'''"<br />(2010) | sljedeći_singl = "[[Alejandro (Lady Gaga)|Alejandro]]"<br />(2010) | dodatno = }} "'''Telephone'''" je singl američke pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]] objavljen [[2010.]] s albuma ''[[The Fame Monster]]'' (2009). Autor: LaShawn Daniels, Lazonate Franklin, [[Lady Gaga]], Rodney Jerkins, [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. == Spisak pjesama == *'''UK/European CD Single''' #"Telephone (feat. [[Beyoncé Knowles]])" – 3:40 #"Telephone (Alphabeat Radio Edit) [feat. [[Beyoncé Knowles]]]" – 4:51 *'''UK iTunes digital single''' #"Telephone (feat. [[Beyoncé Knowles]])" – 3:40 #"Telephone (feat. [[Beyoncé Knowles]]) [Music Video]" – 9:27 *'''UK/France/Italy digital downloads''' **"Telephone (Alphabeat Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 6:41 **"Telephone (Crookers Vocal Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:49 **"Telephone (DJ Dan Vocal Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:59 <small>(UK only)</small> **"Telephone (Electrolightz Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:26 **"Telephone (Kaskade Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:24 **"Telephone (Ming Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:31 **"Telephone (Passion Pit Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:12 **"Telephone (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Radio Edit) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:17 *'''7 inch Vinyl''' #"Telephone (feat. Beyoncé)" – 3:40 #"Telephone (Passion Pit Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:13 *'''AUS/US remix EP''' #"Telephone (Alphabeat Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 6:41 #"Telephone (Crookers Vocal Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:50 #"Telephone (DJ Dan Vocal Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:59 #"Telephone (DJ Dan Vocal Radio Edit) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 3:28 #*''Only included on the digital release'' #"Telephone (Doctor Rosen Rosen Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 6:25 #"Telephone (Electrolightz Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:26 #"Telephone (Kaskade Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:24 #"Telephone (Ming Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:31 #"Telephone (Passion Pit Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:13 #"Telephone (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Club Remix) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 7:14 *'''"The DJ Remixes" digital EP''' #"Telephone (Alphabeat Radio Edit) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:49 #"Telephone (Crookers Dub) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 5:08 #"Telephone (DJ Dan Dub) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 6:22 #"Telephone (Kaskade Dub) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:40 #"Telephone (Kaskade Radio Edit) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 3:43 #"Telephone (Ming Dub) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:03 #"Telephone (Ming Radio Edit) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 3:12 #"Telephone (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Radio Edit) [feat. Beyoncé]" – 4:18 #"[[Bad Romance]] (DJ Paulo's GaGa Oo-La La Remix)" – 9:41 {{Lady Gaga}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} [[Kategorija:Singlovi iz 2010.]] [[Kategorija:Pjesme Lady Gage]] [[Kategorija:Pjesme Beyoncé Knowles]] s9k0wi8qjn2lj1dal6zmkmf90bj5iaa 0 146204 3839541 3518898 2026-05-04T19:50:05Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija album | | naziv = Born This Way | vrsta =Album | izvođač_gen = [[Lady Gaga]] | slika = | pozadina = studio | objavljen = [[23. maj]] [[2011]]. | Produciran = [[2010]]. | žanr = Dance-pop, pop, electronic music | trajanje = | izdavač =Streamline, Kon Live Distribution, Interscope Records | producent = DJ Snake, DJ White Shadow, Fernando Garibay, Lady Gaga, Robert John "Mutt" Lange, Jeppe Laursen, RedOne, Clinton Sparks | Kritike = | prethodni_album = '''[[The Fame]]''' <br /> (2008) | ovaj_album = '''Born This Way''' <br /> (2011) | sljedeći_album = }} '''''Born This Way''''' je studijski album američke pop pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]] izdat [[2011]]. godine. == Spisak pjesama == # „Marry the Night“ # „Born This Way“ # „Government Hooker“ # „Judas“ # „Americano“ # „Hair“ # „Scheiße“ # „Bloody Mary“ # „Bad Kids“ # „Highway Unicorn (Road to Love)“ # „Heavy Metal Lover“ # „Electric Chapel“ # „Yoü and I“ # „The Edge of Glory“ {{Lady Gaga}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2011.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] pmfytgk76picwq6le83lg7chvjck5gr 0 148267 3839540 3571906 2026-05-04T19:49:51Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija album | | Ime = The Fame Monster | Tip izdanja = EP | Artist = [[Lady Gaga]] | Cover = FameMonsterLogo.png | Background = red | Izdat = [[18. novembar]] [[2009]]. | Produciran = [[2009]]. | Žanr = Pop, electropop, dance | Dužina = | Kuća = Streamline, Kon Live Distribution, Interscope Records, Cherrytree | Producent(i) = Darkchild, Fernando Garibay, RedOne, Ron Fair, Space Cowboy, Teddy Riley | Kritike = | Prošli album = '''[[The Fame]]''' <br /> (2008) | Ovaj album = '''The Fame Monster''' <br /> (2011) | Sljedeći album = '''[[Born This Way]]''' <br /> (2011) }} '''''The Fame Monster''''' je EP album američke pop pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]] izdat [[2009]]. godine. == Spisak pjesama == # „Bad Romance“ # „Alejandro“ # „Monster“ # „Speechless“ # „Dance in the Dark“ # „Telephone“ # „So Happy I Could Die“ # „Teeth“ {{Lady Gaga}} {{Grammy - najbolji vokalni pop-album}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2009.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] dwdb2kf1xph3dg2prcoyb9ov9uou6gc 10 148579 3839427 3830837 2026-05-04T12:05:09Z KWiki 9400 3839427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = ATP brojevi 1 | naslov = ATP brojevi 1 | osnovastil = background-color: #465945; color: white; | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * {{nowrap|'''1.''' {{ZD|RUM|veličina=18px}} [[Ilie Năstase]] {{small|(1973 / 1974 – 40 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''2.''' {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[John Newcombe]] {{small|(1974 – 8 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''3.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Jimmy Connors]] {{small|(1974 / 1983 – 268 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''4.''' {{ZD|ŠVE|veličina=18px}} [[Björn Borg]] {{small|(1977 / 1981 – 109 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''5.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[John McEnroe]] {{small|(1980 / 1985 – 170 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''6.''' {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}} {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Ivan Lendl]] {{small|(1983 / 1990 – 270 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''7.''' {{ZD|ŠVE|veličina=18px}} [[Mats Wilander]] {{small|(1988 / 1989 – 20 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''8.''' {{ZD|ŠVE|veličina=18px}} [[Stefan Edberg]] {{small|(1990 / 1992 – 72 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''9.''' {{ZD|NJE|veličina=18px}} [[Boris Becker]] {{small|(1991 – 12 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''10.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Jim Courier]] {{small|(1992 / 1993 – 58 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''11.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Pete Sampras]] {{small|(1993 / 2000 – 286 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''12.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Andre Agassi]] {{small|(1995 / 2003 – 101 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''13.''' {{ZD|AUT|veličina=18px}} [[Thomas Muster]] {{small|(1996 – 6 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''14.''' {{ZD|ČIL|veličina=18px}} [[Marcelo Ríos]] {{small|(1998 – 6 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''15.''' {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}} [[Carlos Moyá]] {{small|(1999 – 2 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''16.''' {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}} [[Jevgenij Kafeljnikov]] {{small|(1999 – 6 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''17.''' {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[Patrick Rafter]] {{small|(1999 – 1 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''18.''' {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}} [[Marat Safin]] {{small|(2000 / 2001 – 9 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''19.''' {{ZD|BRA|veličina=18px}} [[Gustavo Kuerten]] {{small|(2000 / 2001 – 43 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''20.''' {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[Lleyton Hewitt]] {{small|(2001 / 2003 – 80 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''21.''' {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}} [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]] {{small|(2003 – 8 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''22.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Andy Roddick]] {{small|(2003 / 2004 – 13 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''23.''' {{ZD|ŠVI|veličina=15px}} [[Roger Federer]] {{small|(2004 / 2018 – 310 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''24.''' {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}} [[Rafael Nadal]] {{small|(2008 / 2020 – 209 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''25.''' {{ZD|SRB|veličina=18px}} [[Novak Đoković]] {{small|(2011 / 2024 – 429 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''26.''' {{ZD|VB|veličina=18px}} [[Andy Murray]] {{small|(2016 / 2017 – 41 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''27.''' {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}} [[Danil Medvedev]] {{small|(2022 – 16 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''28.''' {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] {{small|(2022 / 2026 – 66 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|'''29.''' {{ZD|ITA|veličina=18px}} '''[[Jannik Sinner]] {{small|(2024 / 2025 – 70 s)'''}}}} | ispod = * ATP-lista vodi se od 3. 11. 1975 * (Prvi put na br. 1 / Posljednji put na br. 1 – broj sedmica na br. 1 /s/) * Trenutni br. 1 podebljan (do 4. 5. 2026)<noinclude><ref>https://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles</ref></noinclude> }}[[Kategorija:ATP brojevi 1]]<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Teniski šabloni]] </noinclude> p0idp5uz5wc2nqf89c74144i79uaiyy 10 148623 3839430 3812083 2026-05-04T12:08:56Z KWiki 9400 3839430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = WTA brojevi 1 | naslov = WTA brojevi 1 | osnovastil = background-color: #465945; color: white; | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * '''1.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Chris Evert]] {{small|(1975 / 1985 – 260 s)}} * '''2.''' {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Evonne Goolagong]] {{small|(1976 – 2 s)}} * '''3.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Martina Navratilova]] {{small|(1978 / 1987 – 331 s)}} * '''4.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Tracy Austin]] {{small|(1980 – 22 s)}} * '''5.''' {{ZD|NJE|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Steffi Graf]] {{small|(1987 / 1997 – 377 s)}} * '''6.''' {{ZD|JUG|veličina=18px}} {{ZD|SRJ|veličina=18px}} {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Monika Seleš]] {{small|(1991 / 1996 – 178 s)}} * '''7.''' {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]] {{small|(1995 – 12 s)}} * '''8.''' {{ZD|ŠVI|veličina=15px}}&nbsp;[[Martina Hingis]] {{small|(1997 / 2001 – 209 s)}} * '''9.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Lindsay Davenport]] {{small|(1998 / 2006 – 98 s)}} * '''10.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Jennifer Capriati]] {{small|(2001 / 2002 – 17 s)}} * '''11.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Venus Williams]] {{small|(2002 – 11 s)}} * '''12.''' {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Serena Williams]] {{small|(2002 / 2017 – 319 s)}} * '''13.''' {{ZD|BEL|veličina=15px}}&nbsp;[[Kim Clijsters]] {{small|(2003 / 2011 – 20 s)}} * '''14.''' {{ZD|BEL|veličina=15px}}&nbsp;[[Justine Henin]] {{small|(2003 / 2008 – 117 s)}} * '''15.''' {{ZD|FRA|veličina=15px}}&nbsp;[[Amélie Mauresmo]] {{small|(2004 / 2006 – 39 s)}} * '''16.''' {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Marija Šarapova]] {{small|(2005 / 2012 – 21 s)}} * '''17.''' {{ZD|SRB|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ana Ivanović]] {{small|(2008 – 12 s)}} * '''18.''' {{ZD|SRB|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Jelena Janković]] {{small|(2008 / 2009 – 18 s)}} * '''19.''' {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Dinara Safina]] {{small|(2009 – 26 s)}} * '''20.''' {{ZD|DAN|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Caroline Wozniacki]] {{small|(2010 / 2018 – 71 s)}} * '''21.''' {{ZD|BJE|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Viktorija Azarenka]] {{small|(2012 / 2013 – 51 s)}} * '''22.''' {{ZD|NJE|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Angelique Kerber]] {{small|(2016 / 2017 – 34 s)}} * '''23.''' {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Karolína Plíšková]] {{small|(2017 – 8 s)}} * '''24.''' {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Garbiñe Muguruza]] {{small|(2017 – 4 s)}} * '''25.''' {{ZD|RUM|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Simona Halep]] {{small|(2017 / 2019 – 64 s)}} * '''26.''' {{ZD|JPN|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Naomi Osaka]] {{small|(2019 – 25 s)}} * '''27.''' {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ashleigh Barty]] {{small|(2019 / 2022 – 121 s)}} * '''28.''' {{ZD|POLJ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Iga Świątek]] {{small|(2022 / 2024 – 125 s)}} * '''29.''' {{ZD|BJE|veličina=18px}} '''[[Arina Sabaljenka]] {{small|(2023 / 2026 – 89 s)'''}} | ispod = * WTA-lista vodi se od 3. 11. 1975 * (Prvi put na br. 1 / Posljednji put na br. 1 - broj sedmica na br. 1 /s/) * Trenutni br. 1 podebljan (do 4. 5. 2026)<noinclude><ref>https://www.wtatennis.com/rankings/singles</ref></noinclude> }}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Teniski šabloni]] </noinclude> q8freei849m2iht1hn4va2znn22ucuo 10 149543 3839553 3706064 2026-05-04T21:33:33Z KWiki 9400 3839553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = Svjetski prvaci u snukeru | naslov = [[Spisak svjetskih prvaka u snukeru|Svjetski prvaci u snukeru]] | podaciklasa = hlist | grupa1 = Rane godine | podaci1 = * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Joe Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1927.|1927]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1940.|1940]]) | grupa2 = Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|2. svjetskog rata]] <br/> do pada popularnosti | podaci2 = * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Joe Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1946.|1946]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Walter Donaldson (snuker)|Walter Donaldson]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1947.|1947]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Fred Davis (snuker)|Fred Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1948.|1948]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1949.|1949]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Walter Donaldson (snuker)|Walter Donaldson]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1950.|1950]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Fred Davis (snuker)|Fred Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1951.|1951]]) * {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Horace Lindrum]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1952.|1952]]) | grupa3 = [[World Matchplay (snuker)|Profesionalno <br/> ''matchplay'' prvenstvo]] | podaci3 = * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Fred Davis (snuker)|Fred Davis]] ([[Professional Matchplay Championship 1952.|1952]]–[[Professional Matchplay Championship 1956.|1956]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Pulman]] ([[Professional Matchplay Championship 1957.|1957]]) | grupa4 = Izazivački mečevi | podaci4 = * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Pulman]] ([[Svjetska prvenstva u snukeru 1964-1968.|1964–1968]]) | grupa5 = Moderna era <br/>(prije ''Cruciblea'') | podaci5 = * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Spencer (snuker)|John Spencer]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1969.|1969]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ray Reardon]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1970.|1970]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Spencer (snuker)|John Spencer]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1971.|1971]]) * {{ZD|SJI|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Alex Higgins]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1972.|1972]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ray Reardon]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1973.|1973]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1976.|1976]]) | grupa6 = ''[[Crucible Theatre|The Crucible Theatre]]'' | podaci6 = * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Spencer (snuker)|John Spencer]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1977.|1977]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ray Reardon]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1978.|1978]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Terry Griffiths]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1979.|1979]]) * {{ZD|KAN|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Cliff Thorburn]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1980.|1980]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Steve Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1981.|1981]]) * {{ZD|SJI|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Alex Higgins]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1982.|1982]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Steve Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1983.|1983]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1984.|1984]]) * {{ZD|SJI|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Dennis Taylor]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1985.|1985]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Joe Johnson (snuker)|Joe Johnson]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1986.|1986]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Steve Davis]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1987.|1987]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1989.|1989]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Stephen Hendry]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1990.|1990]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Parrott]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1991.|1991]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Stephen Hendry]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1992.|1992]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1996.|1996]]) * {{ZD|IRS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ken Doherty]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1997.|1997]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Higgins (snuker)|John Higgins]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1998.|1998]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Stephen Hendry]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 1999.|1999]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Mark Williams (snuker)|Mark Williams]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2000.|2000]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2001.|2001]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Peter Ebdon]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2002.|2002]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Mark Williams (snuker)|Mark Williams]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2003.|2003]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2004.|2004]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Shaun Murphy]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2005.|2005]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Graeme Dott]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2006.|2006]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Higgins (snuker)|John Higgins]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2007.|2007]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2008.|2008]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Higgins (snuker)|John Higgins]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2009.|2009]]) * {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Neil Robertson (snuker)|Neil Robertson]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2010.|2010]]) * {{ZD|ŠKO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[John Higgins (snuker)|John Higgins]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2011.|2011]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2012.|2012]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2013.|2013]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Mark Selby]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2014.|2014]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Stuart Bingham]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2015.|2015]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Mark Selby]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2016.|2016]]–[[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2017.|2017]]) * {{ZD|WAL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Mark Williams (snuker)|Mark Williams]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2018.|2018]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Judd Trump]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2019.|2019]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2020.|2020]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Mark Selby]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2021.|2021]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2022.|2022]]) * {{ZD|BEL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Luca Brecel]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2023.|2023]]) * {{ZD|ENG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Kyren Wilson]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2024.|2024]]) * {{ZD|KIN|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Zhao Xintong]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2025.|2025]]) * {{ZD|KIN|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Wu Yize]] ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2026.|2026]]) }}<includeonly>[[Kategorija:Svjetski prvaci u snukeru]]</includeonly><noinclude> [[Kategorija:Snukerski šabloni]] </noinclude> 9jeuhgu2f2ggedl7t6zl9wj97c51ahu 4 152320 3839467 3838765 2026-05-04T14:39:10Z Srđan 73336 /* Filozofija jezika */ 3839467 wikitext text/x-wiki __BEZSADRŽAJA__ __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{/Opis}} <big>'''Napomena''': za glasanje za dobre članke postoji [[Wikipedia:Dobri članci/Glasanje|ova stranica]].</big> = Glasanje = ('''Nominiranje nekog članka podrazumijeva se kao nominatorov glas "za".''') == ''[[Life Is Strange]]'' == ''Nominirao [[Korisnik:Imjusttherediting|Imjusttherediting]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Imjusttherediting|razgovor]]) 17:14, 22 januar 2020 (CET)'' === Za === === Protiv === === Komentari === * Kada bi se proširio, mogao bi ići? Trenutno je malo kratak za odabrani. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 12:10, 23 januar 2020 (CET) ** Kad bi se proširio (npr. s en.wiki) prije bi bio za dobar po mom mišljenju. – [[Korisnik:Srdjan m|Srdjan m]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Srdjan m|razgovor]]) 12:18, 23 januar 2020 (CET) == [[Noćna kretanja]] == ''Nominirao [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]_{([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])} 19:18, 9 decembar 2021 (CET)'' === Za === * {{Za}} --[[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 11:01, 6 januar 2022 (CET) * {{Za}} [[Korisnik:Nerko65|Nerko65]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Nerko65|razgovor]]) 20:47, 24 april 2023 (CEST) === Protiv === === Komentari === * produžiti [[Korisnik:Palapa|palapabosnia]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Palapa|razgovor]]) 19:22, 9 decembar 2021 (CET) == [[Zabranjeno pušenje]] == ''Nominirao [[Korisnik:Arnel|Arnel ]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Arnel|razgovor]]) 22:54, 5 januar 2022 (CET)'' === Za === * {{Za}} Čim ga Arnel sredi, postavljamo. --[[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 11:02, 6 januar 2022 (CET) === Protiv === * {{protiv}}--[[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]_{([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])} 09:37, 6 januar 2022 (CET) === Komentari === * Loše napisan članak, stilski i pravopisno, kao i enciklopedijski nesređen.--[[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]_{([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])} 09:38, 6 januar 2022 (CET) :Sredit ćemo. Uglavnom, ima potencijal. [[Korisnik:Arnel|Arnel]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Arnel|razgovor]]) 09:59, 6 januar 2022 (CET) == [[Međunarodne sankcije protiv SR Jugoslavije]] == Nominovao [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] === Za === === Protiv === === Komentari === * [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 10:22, 9 juni 2025 (CEST) * Možda je ipak malo kratak za odabrani (iako dužina ne mora uvijek biti presudna). U svakom slučaju mogao bi među dobre. – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 09:01, 5 oktobar 2025 (CEST) == [[Filozofija jezika]] == ''Nominirao [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 09:02, 5 oktobar 2025 (CEST)'' === Za === * {{za}} – [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 20:25, 1 maj 2026 (CEST) * {{za}} – [[Korisnik:Arnel|Arnel]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Arnel|razgovor]]) 21:32, 1 maj 2026 (CEST) * {{za}} – [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 22:52, 1 maj 2026 (CEST) * {{za}} – [[Korisnik:Srđan|Srđan]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Srđan|razgovor]]) 16:38, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) === Protiv === === Komentari === Ako ranije nije spomenuta procedura za članke mjeseca po novom "rotirajućem" sistemu članaka, kad se izabere novi članak, kao što će ovdje biti slučaj, pauzira se rotacija za čitav naredni mjesec i izabrani članak biće čitav taj mjesec na početnoj. Zatim se vraća rotacija, a novi članak stavljamo u rotaciju gdje je moguće. – [[Korisnik:Srđan|Srđan]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Srđan|razgovor]]) 16:38, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) 4uiw2hp235hofn4mux4frw9g61rbw0q 14 152861 3839499 3646615 2026-05-04T16:14:11Z Z1KA 87045 3839499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Law of Croatia}} {{Pravo po državama|Hrvatske}} msjjrz1oc1xm55xkb2yy8qspv8mpm3j 0 172890 3839660 3820407 2026-05-05T11:26:04Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nagrada | ime = Nagrada "Isidora Sekulić" | podnaslov = | trenutne_nagrade = | slika = | veličina_slike = | alt = | opis = | deskripcija = za najbolju knjigu u protekloj godini | sponzor = | datum = | lokacija = | država = [[Srbija]] | organizator = [[Savski venac (općina)|Općina Savski venac]] | voditelj = | preshow_voditelj = | nastupi = | nagrada = Plaketa, povelja i novčani iznos | godina = {{Početni datum i godine|1967|1|1}} | godina2 = | nosilac = [[Aleksandar Jerkov]] (2023) | veb-sajt = | mreža = | dužina_trajanja = | ocjene = | producent = | režiser = | najbolji_film = | najbolji_režiser = | najviše_nagrada = | najviše_nominacija = | slika2 = | slika2veličina = | alt2 = | opis2 = | prethodno = | glavno = | sljedeće = }} '''Nagrada "Isidora Sekulić"''' jugoslavenska je i srbijanska književna nagrada koju dodjeljuje [[beograd]]ska općina [[Savski venac]]. Nagrada se sastoji od plakete, povelje i novčanog iznosa. == Historija == Dobila je ime po književnici [[Isidora Sekulić|Isidori Sekulić]], a dodjeljuje se svakog juna od 1968. za najbolju knjigu objavljenu prethodne godine i ima veliki značaj u srpskoj književnosti. Do sada su proglašena ukupno 72 pobjednika, uključujući 11 žena; Za dva dobitnika napravljen je izuzetak: knjiga [[Rajko Petrov Nogo|Rajka Petrova Noga]] objavljena 1967. dobila je nagradu za treće izdanje 1984, a pripovjetke [[Vidosav Stevanović|Vidosava Stevanovića]] prvi put su objavljene u studentskom časopisu 1967. i kao knjiga 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.savskivenac.rs/o-savskom-vencu|title=О Савском венцу {{!}} Савски венац|website=www.savskivenac.rs|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> Predsjednici Skupštine "Fonda Isidore Sekulić" bili su [[Milan Orlić]] (2001–2005), [[Vida Ognjenović]] (2006–2008) i [[Ratko Adamović]] (2009–2016). Nakon toga, nijedan drugi predsjednik nije predložen za tu funkciju.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:666142-Ziri-nagrade-Isidora-Sekulic-Smenili-su-nas-sramno-i-tajno|title=Žiri nagrade "Isidora Sekulić": Smenili su nas sramno i tajno|website=NOVOSTI|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> Predsjednik žirija bio je [[Petar Arbutina]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gradsubotica.co.rs/desavanje/knjizevne-veceri-sa-djordjem-kuburicem/|title=Književne večeri sa Đorđem Kuburićem|date=29. 9. 2018|website=GradSubotica|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> od 2017. do 2018, a [[Aleksandar Jerkov]] 2019. i 2021.<ref>[https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ ALEKSANDRU GATALICI KNJIŽEVNA NAGRADA "ISIDORA SEKULIĆ"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012203154/https://www.savskivenac.rs/cir/aleksandru-gatalici-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/ |date=12. 10. 2019 }} |date=20191012203154 Gradska opština Savski venac} ), Pristupljeno 12. oktobra 2019.</ref> Laureatu za 2004. pripala je i novčana nagrada od 90.000 [[Srpski dinar|dinara]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/index.php?kat=beoinfo&lang=cir&sub=534553%3f|title=Награда „Исидора Секулић” Ивани Хаџи-Поповић|website=Град Београд - Званична интернет презентација {{!}} Награда „Исидора Секулић” Ивани Хаџи-Поповић|access-date=5. 8. 2024|archive-date=5. 8. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805062248/https://www.beograd.rs/index.php?kat=beoinfo&lang=cir&sub=534553%3F|url-status=dead}}</ref> a laureatu za 2008. to je bio iznos 3.000 [[Euro|eura]] u dinarskoj protuvrijednosti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/kultura/bajcu-nagrada-isidora-sekulic-za-roman-hamam-balkanija_134019.html|title=Bajcu nagrada "Isidora Sekulić" za roman "Hamam Balkanija"|last=Vojvodine|first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija|website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> Nagradni fond je prvi put smanjen na dodjeli nagrade za 2017. na 120.000 dinara, prethodnih godina pobjednici su dobijali 300.000 dinara (od 2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/405090/Knjizevna-nagrada-Isidora-Sekulic-urucena-Ugljesi-Sajtincu|title=Књижевна награда „Исидора Секулић” уручена Угљеши Шајтинцу|website=Politika Online|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/basari-urucena-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/k4dlmd7|title=Basari uručena nagrada "Isidora Sekulić"|last=Blic|date=16. 6. 2016|website=Blic.rs|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_ci/zivot/kultura/bajcu-nagrada-isidora-sekulic-za-roman-hamam-balkanija_134020.html|title=Бајцу награда "Исидора Секулић" за роман "Хамам Балканија"|last=Војводине|first=Јавна медијска установа ЈМУ Радио-телевизија|website=ЈМУ Радио-телевизија Војводине|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> == Dobitnici == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Godina !! Pisac !! Djelo !Reference |- |2024. |[[Sanja Savić Milosavljević]] |''Martin udio'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/magazin/kultura/vesti/5733775/sanja-savic-milosavljevic-nagrada-knjizevna-isidora-sekulic.html|title=Sanja Savić Milosavljević dobitnica nagrade "Isidora Sekulić"|website=РТС|access-date=18. 7. 2025}}</ref> |- |2023. |[[Aleksandar Jerkov]] |''Istina (srpske) književnosti'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_ci/kultura/nagrada-isidora-sekulic-urucena-aleksandru-jerkovu_1549360.html|title=Награда "Исидора Секулић" уручена Александру Јеркову|last=Војводине|first=Јавна медијска установа ЈМУ Радио-телевизија|website=ЈМУ Радио-телевизија Војводине|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2022. |[[Dragan Stojanović]] |''Tripl Dablin'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://savskivenac.rs/vesti-i-saopstenja/nagrada-isidora-sekulic-svecano-urucena-u-kuci-kralja-petra-0|title=НАГРАДА „ИСИДОРА СЕКУЛИЋ“ СВЕЧАНО УРУЧЕНА У КУЋИ КРАЉА ПЕТРА {{!}} Савски венац|website=savskivenac.rs|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2021. |[[Jovica Aćin]] |''Banja i druge poslednje priče'' |<ref>[https://beogradski.rs/nagrada-isidora-sekulic-svecano-urucena-u-kuci-kralja-petra-prvog/ Nagrada „Isidora Sekulić 2021.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625222643/https://beogradski.rs/nagrada-isidora-sekulic-svecano-urucena-u-kuci-kralja-petra-prvog/ |date=25. 6. 2022 }}“, Beogradski Portal, 25. јун 2022)</ref> |- |2020. |[[Slobodan Mandić]] |''Panonski palimpsesti'' i ''Duh priče i druga imena'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nova.rs/kultura/nagrade-isidora-sekulic-nini-savcic-i-slobodanu-mandicu/|title=Nagrade "Isidora Sekulić" Nini Savčić i Slobodanu Mandiću|last=Jovandić|first=Matija|date=27. 6. 2021|website=NOVA portal|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2019. |[[Nina Savić]] |''Vlasnik svega našeg'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danas.rs/kultura/nini-savcic-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/|title=Nini Savčić nagrada “Isidora Sekulić” - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas|date=27. 6. 2021|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arhipelag.rs/knjige/vlasnik-svega-naseg/|title=Vlasnik svega našeg {{!}} Arhipelag|last=Vučković|first=Igor|date=18. 6. 2019|language=en-US|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 2018. || [[Aleksandar Gatalica]] || ''Poslednji argonaut'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:798854-SENOVITI-PROSTORI-PROSLOSTI-Gatalici-urucena-nagrada-Isidora-Sekulic|title=SENOVITI PROSTORI PROŠLOSTI: Gatalici uručena nagrada "Isidora Sekulić"|website=NOVOSTI|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=perTOpt-H9M|title=- YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref name="Вести">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/vesti.html|title=Вести|website=РТС|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medjutim.dnk.org.rs/aleksandar-gatalica-poslednji-argonaut-osvajanje-nezaborava/|title=Александар Гаталица, „Последњи аргонаут“: Освајање незаборава|date=12. 7. 2019|website=Међутим, ДНK|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> |- | 2017. || [[Uglješa Šajtinac]] || ''Žena iz Huareza'' |<ref name="Вести"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/405090/Knjizevna-nagrada-Isidora-Sekulic-urucena-Ugljesi-Sajtincu|title=Књижевна награда „Исидора Секулић” уручена Угљеши Шајтинцу|website=Politika Online|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/kultura/2964944-ugljesi-sajtincu-knjizevna-nagrada-isidora-sekulic|title=Uglješi Šajtincu književna nagrada "Isidora Sekulić"|last=Pančić|first=Marijana|date=7. 6. 2018|website=Telegraf.rs|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/serbia/nin/20180503/281599536121226|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|website=www.pressreader.com|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skd.rs/ugljesa-sajtinac-zena-iz-haureza-2017/|title=Угљеша Шајтинац: Жена из Хуареза, 2017. – Српско Књижевно Друштво|date=8. 2. 2018|language=en-US|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 2016. || [[Labud Dragić]] || ''Kukavičja pilad'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/382748/Isidora-Sekulic-urucena-Labudu-Dragicu|title=„Исидора Секулић” уручена Лабуду Драгићу|last=Р|first=К.|website=Politika Online|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/index.php?lang=cir&kat=beoinfo&sub=1736404-nagrada-isidora-sekulic-urucena-labudu-dragicu|title=Награда „Исидора Секулић” уручена Лабуду Драгићу|website=Град Београд - Званична интернет презентација {{!}} Награда „Исидора Секулић” уручена Лабуду Драгићу|access-date=6. 8. 2024|archive-date=6. 8. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806104727/https://www.beograd.rs/index.php?lang=cir&kat=beoinfo&sub=1736404-nagrada-isidora-sekulic-urucena-labudu-dragicu|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2015. || [[Svetislav Basara]] || ''Anđeo atentata: tabloid'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/basari-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/fphwwx3|title=Basari nagrada "Isidora Sekulić"|last=Beta|date=2. 6. 2016|website=Blic.rs|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 2014. || [[David Albahari]] || ''Životinjsko carstvo'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/davidu-albahariju-nagrada-isidora-sekulic/kykvhvj|title=Davidu Albahariju nagrada "Isidora Sekulić"|last=Tanjug|date=25. 11. 2015|website=Blic.rs|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 2013. || [[Sonja Veselinović]] || ''Krosfejd'' |<ref name="Вести"/> |- | 2012. || [[Žaneta Đukić Perišić|Žaneta Đukić-Perišić]] || ''Pisac i priča – Stvaralačka biografija [[Ivo Andrić|Ive Andrića]] '' | |- | 2011. || [[Slobodan Vladušić]] || ''[[Miloš Crnjanski|Crnjanski]], megalopolis'' |<ref name="„Исидора Секулић“ Слободану Владушићу">{{cite web|url=http://rtrs.tv/vijesti/vijest.php?id=62971|title=„Исидора Секулић“ Слободану Владушићу|authorlink=|date=6. 6. 2012|work=|publisher=Радио-телевизија Републике Српске|pages=|format=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7. 6. 2012|quote=}}</ref> |- | 2010. || [[Vladan Matijević]] || ''Vrlo malo svetlosti'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/178608/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D1%83-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9B|title=Vladanu Matijeviću „Isidora Sekulić”|last=R|first=K.|website=Politika Online|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://www.savskivenac.rs/lat/nagradaurucenavladanumatijevicu/ NAGRADA URUČENA VLADANU MATIJEVIĆU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014213330/https://www.savskivenac.rs/lat/nagradaurucenavladanumatijevicu/ |date=14. 10. 2019 }}, Градска општина Савски венац, Pristupljeno 14. 10. 2019.</ref> |- | 2009. || [[Đorđe Milosavljević]] || ''Đavo i mala gospođa'' | |- | 2008. || [[Vladislav Bajac]] || ''Hamam Balkanija'' | |- | 2007. || [[Mirjana Bjelogrlić-Nikolov]] || ''Priče za dosadno popodne'' | |- | 2006. || [[Zoran Živković (pisac)|Zoran Živković]] || ''Most'' | |- | 2005. || [[Ratomir Damjanović]] || ''Džonijev solo'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/index.php?kat=beoinfo&lang=cir&sub=1237779%3f|title=У понедељак додела награде „Исидора Секулић”|website=Град Београд - Званична интернет презентација {{!}} У понедељак додела награде „Исидора Секулић”|access-date=6. 8. 2024|archive-date=6. 8. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806104728/https://www.beograd.rs/index.php?kat=beoinfo&lang=cir&sub=1237779%3F|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2004. || [[Ivana Hadži-Popović]] || ''Zamka'' | |- | 2003. || [[Vladeta Jerotić]] || ''Putovanja, zapisi, sećanja'' | |- | 2002. || [[Boris Miljković]] || ''Čaj na Zameleku'' | |- | 2001. || [[Milovan Stanković]] || ''Sve o porodici Fuler'' |<ref>[http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/06/29/srpski/K01062811.shtml Мирјани Новаковић уручена награда „Исидора Секулић“ http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2002/06/26/srpski/BG02062507.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609054825/http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/06/29/srpski/K01062811.shtml |date=9. 6. 2022 }} („Глас јавности“, 26. јун 2002).</ref> |- | 2000. || [[Mirjana Novaković]] || ''Strah i njegov sluga'' |<ref>[http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/06/29/srpski/K01062811.shtml Мирјани Новаковић уручена награда „Исидора Секулић“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609054825/http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/06/29/srpski/K01062811.shtml |date=9. 6. 2022 }} („Глас јавности“, 28. јун 2001, Приступљено 13. 4. 2013).</ref> |- | 1999. || [[Zoran Bognar]] || ''Novi čovek'' | |- | 1998. || [[Marica Josimčević]] || ''Put kože'' | |- | 1997. || [[Ratko Adamović]] || ''Besmrtni Kaleb'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laguna.rs/a667_autor_ratko_adamovic_laguna.html|title=Ratko Adamović {{!}} Laguna|website=www.laguna.rs|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 1996. || [[Srba Mitrović]] || ''Snimci za panoramu'' | |- | 1995. || [[Milan Orlić]] || ''Iz polarne noći'' | |- | 1994. || [[Đorđe Trifunović]] || ''za celokupno delo o staroj srpskoj književnosti'' | |- | 1993. || [[Dobroslav Smiljanić]] || ''Vilin kamen'' | |- | 1992. || [[Petar Pijanović]] || ''Proza [[Danilo Kiš|Danila Kiša]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uf.bg.ac.rs/uf.bg.ac.rs/nastavnici/PetarPijanovic.htm|title=Učiteljski fakultet Beograd|website=www.uf.bg.ac.rs|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 1991. || [[Miroslav Maksimović]] || ''55 soneta o životnim radostima i teškoćama'' | |- | 1990. || [[Novica Petković]] || ''Ogledi iz srpske poetike'' | |- | 1989. || [[Dušan Ivanić]] || ''Modeli književnoga govora : iz istorije i poetike srpske književnosti'' | |- | 1988. || [[Jovan Radulović]] || ''Dalje od oltara'' | |- | 1987. || [[Ljubiša Jeremić]] || ''Tragički vidovi starijeg srpskog romana : od [[Jakov Ignjatović|Jakova Ignjatovića]] do [[Svetolik Ranković|Svetolika Rankovića]]'' | |- | 1986. || [[Hatidža Dizdarević-Krnjević]] || ''Lirski istočnici: iz istorije i poetike lirske narodne poezije'' | |- | 1985. || [[Danko Popović]] || ''Knjiga o Milutinu'' | |- | 1984. || [[Rajko Petrov Nogo]]|| ''Zimomora'' | |- | 1983. || [[Slobodan Zubanović]] || ''Domaći duh'' | |- | 1982. || [[Lazar Trifunović]] || ''Od impresionizma do enformela'' | |- | 1981. || [[Slobodan Rakitić]] || ''Žudnja za jugom'' | |- | 1981. || [[Nikola Milošević]] || <small> odbio da primi nagradu </small> | |- | 1980. || [[Radoslav Bratić]] || ''Sumnja u biografiju'' | |- | 1979. || [[Milovan Danojlić]] || ''Zmijin svlak'' | |- | 1978. || colspan="2" {{n/a|nije dodjeljena}} | |- | 1977. || colspan="2" {{n/a|nije dodjeljena}} | |- | 1976. || [[Tanja Kragujević]] || ''Mitsko u [[Momcilo Nastasijevic|Nastasijevićevom]] delu'' |<ref>{{cite web|title=Награда "Исидора Секулић"|url=http://www.tanjakragujevic.com/|website=Званичан веб сајт Тање Крагујевић|access-date=4. 2. 2018}}</ref> |- | 1976. || [[Dragomir Brajković]] || ''Krvava svadba u Brzavi'' | |- | 1976. || [[Mirjana Pavlović]] || ''Zajednički imenitelj'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skd.rs/?akcija=pisacPavlovicMirjana|title=Српско Књижевно Друштво - Сајт Српског Књижевног Друштва – репрезентативног удружења у култури|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 1975. || [[Mirko Magarašević]] || ''Senke besmrtnosti'' | |- | 1975. || [[Milenko Vučetić]] || ''Glasovi'' | |- | 1975. || [[Milan Komnenić]] || ''Eros i znak'' | |- | 1974. || [[Đuro Damjanović]] || ''Magla u rukama'' | |- | 1974. || [[Ibrahim Hadžić]] || ''Oformiti jedinstvenu životinju'' | |- | 1974. || [[Čedomir Mirković]]|| ''Eseji i kritike'' | |- | 1973. || [[Milorad Blečić]] || ''Kako se rađala jugoslovenska revolucionarna poezia'' | |- | 1973. || [[Miodrag Stanisavljević]]|| ''Knjiga senki'' | |- | 1973. || [[Mitko Madžunkov]] || ''Ubij govorljivog psa'' | |- | 1972. || [[Marko Nedić]]|| ''Magija poetske proze. Studija o [[Rastko Petrović|Rastku Petroviću]]'' | |- | 1972. || [[Miladin Ćulafić]] || ''Nešto'' | |- | 1971. || [[Svetozar Vlajković]] || ''Neko drugo leto'' |<ref>[http://www.svetozar.vlajkovic.com/romani.htm Романи Светозара Влајковића] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601000324/http://www.svetozar.vlajkovic.com/romani.htm |date=1. 6. 2008 }}, Pristupljeno 13. 4. 2013.</ref> |- | 1971. || [[Radomir Andrić]] || ''Šumska crkva'' | |- | 1971. || [[Aleksandar Petrov]] || ''Poezija [[Miloš Crnjanski|Crnjanskog]] i srpsko pesništvo'' | |- | 1970. || [[Božidar Milidragović]] || ''Umetnik Zolt'' | |- | 1970. || [[Branislav Petrović]]|| ''O prokleta da si ulico Rige od Fere'' | |- | 1970. || [[Srba Ignjatović]]|| ''Salomina činija'' | |- | 1969. || [[Miroslav Josić Višnjić]] || ''Lepa Jelena'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/5586/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3-%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0|title=Добро скројено одело за једног јунака|last=Радисављевић|first=Зоран|website=Politika Online|access-date=6. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- | 1969. || [[Vito Marković]]|| ''Pakao'' | |- | 1969. || [[Bogdan A. Popović]] || ''Eseji i kritike'' | |- | 1968. || [[Jovan Hristić]] || ''Oblici moderne književnosti'' | |- | 1968. || [[Vidosav Stevanović]] || ''Refuz mrtvak'' |<ref name="#1">Југословенски савременици. Ко је ко у Југославији, Хронометар, Београд 1970.</ref> |- | 1967. || [[Ljubomir Simović]]|| ''Šlemovi'' |<ref name="#1"/> |- | 1967. || [[Svetlana Velmar Janković]] || ''Savremenici'' |<ref>Ко је ко u Srbiji: leksikon, Bibliofon,Beograd 1991.</ref> |- | 1967. || [[Živojin Pavlović]] || ''Dve večeri u jesen'' |<ref name="#1"/> |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Srpska književnost}} [[Kategorija:Jugoslavenske literarne nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Srbijanske literarne nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Nagrada Isidora Sekulić|*]] pfx9dwdtrl3n8w8urhl3pv8ocae80oy 0 173850 3839655 3740351 2026-05-05T11:16:59Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nagrada | ime = Nagrada "Branko Ćopić" | podnaslov = | trenutne_nagrade = | slika = | veličina_slike = | alt = | opis = | deskripcija = Za knjigu visoke umjetničke vrijednosti u kategoriji poezije i proze | sponzor = | datum = | lokacija = [[Beograd]] | država = [[Srbija]] | organizator = [[Zadužbina Branka Ćopića]] | voditelj = | preshow_voditelj = | nastupi = | nagrada = | godina = {{Početni datum i godine|1992||}} | godina2 = | nosilac = [[Radomir Uljarević]]<br/>[[Gordana Đilas]] | veb-sajt = | mreža = | dužina_trajanja = | ocjene = | producent = | režiser = | najbolji_film = | najbolji_režiser = | najviše_nagrada = | najviše_nominacija = | slika2 = | slika2veličina = | alt2 = | opis2 = | prethodno = | glavno = | sljedeće = }} '''Nagrada Branko Ćopić''' je srbijanska literarna nagrada koja se dodjeljuje od strane [[Zadužbina Branko Ćopić|Zadužbine Branka Ćopića]]. Zadužbina je osnovana 1989. željom Bogdanke Ilić Ćopić, supruge [[književnik]]a i [[akademik]]a [[Branko Ćopić|Branka Ćopića]] sa sjedištem u [[Srpska akademija nauka i umjetnosti|Srpskoj akademiji nauka i umjetnosti]]. Cilj osnivanja Zadužbine je nagrađivanje pisaca za djela, napisana i objavljena na srpskom jeziku. Dodjeljuju se dvije nagrade, za prozu i za poeziju, svake godine za djela visoke umjetničke vrijednosti. Članovi Zaklade biraju se iz reda Odjela jezika i književnosti Akademije i ujedno su i članovi žirija Zaklade za dodjelu nagrade. Predsjednik Zaklade ''Branko Ćopić'' je [[Svetozar Koljević]]. == Dobitnici == {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Godina||Dobitnik za prozu||Nagrađeno djelo||Dobitnik za poeziju||Nagrađeno djelo !Referenca |- |2024. |[[Nebojša Jevrić]] |''Mrtvi dim'' |[[Nikola Vujčić]]<br/>[[Milan Mihajlović]]<br/>[[Nenad Jero Radenković]] |''Pune su mi oči daljine'' ''Zamahni sveti'' |<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagrade zadužbine Branko Ćopić|url=https://www.rtv.rs/sr_ci/drustvo/nagrade-zaduzbine-branko-copic_1618258.html|access-date=3. 4. 2025|date=2. 4. 2025}}</ref> |- |2023. |[[Radomir Uljarević]] |zbirka kratkih priča ''Međustanica'' |[[Gordana Đilas]] |zbirka pjesama ''Hvatanje mesečine'' |<ref>{{cite news|title=Književnici Uljarević i Đilas dobitnici nagrade Zadužbine Branko Ćopić|url=https://rtv.rs/sr_lat/kultura/knjizevnici-uljarevic-i-djilas-dobitnici-nagrade-zaduzbine-branko-copic_1532526.html|access-date=15. 8. 2024|date=15. 4. 2024}}</ref> |- |2022. |[[Vasa Pavković]] |''Daleki, daleki susret'' |[[Đorđe Nešić]] |zbirka poezije ''Strune'' |<ref>{{cite news|title=Васи Павковићу и Ђорђу Нешићу награде Задужбине Бранка Ћопића|url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/581460/Vasi-Pavkovicu-i-Dordu-Nesicu-nagrade-Zaduzbine-Branka-Copica|access-date=5. 11. 2023|work=Политика|date=1. 11. 2023}}</ref> |- |2021. |[[Slobodan Mandić]] |''Regina Panonija'' |[[Alek Vukadinović]]<br/>[[Selimir Radulović]] |zbirka poezije ''Pod prozorom mojim okean zeleni'' zbirka poezije ''Sedam malih drhtaja'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanu.ac.rs/urucenje-nagrada-iz-fonda-zaduzbine-branka-copica-2/|title=Уручење награда из Фонда Задужбине Бранка Ћопића|website=www.sanu.ac.rs|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2020. |[[Dragan Stojanović]] |''Tamna pučina'' |[[Zlata Kocić]] |zbirka poezije ''Galgal'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanu.ac.rs/nagrade-iz-fonda-zaduzbine-branka-copica-za-2020-godinu/|title=Наградe из Фонда Задужбине Бранка Ћопића за 2020. годину|website=www.sanu.ac.rs|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2019. |[[Miladin Ćulafić]] |''Preko granice'' |[[Dejana Nikolić]] i <br/>[[Dragan Marković]] |zbirka poezije ''Kalendar'' zbirka poezije ''Kamen papir makaze'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanu.ac.rs/knjizevne-nagrade-zaduzbine-branka-copica-za-2019-godinu/|title=Књижевне награде Задужбине Бранка Ћопића за 2019. годину|website=www.sanu.ac.rs|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2018. |[[Filip Grbić]] |''Prelest'' |[[Blagoje Baković]] i <br/>[[Slobodan Jović]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ugljevik.info/pjesnik-slobodan-jovic-dobitnik-nagrade-zaduzbine-branka-copica/|title=Pjesnik Slobodan Jović dobitnik nagrade zadužbine Branka Ćopića|date=1. 6. 2019|website=UGLJEVIK.INFO|language=bs-BA|access-date=28. 3. 2022}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> |poema ''Kako vrabac peva'' zbirka poezije ''Strah od savršenstva'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanu.ac.rs/saopstenje-o-dodeli-nagrade-zaduzbine-branka-copica/|title=САОПШТЕЊЕ О ДОДЕЛИ НАГРАДЕ ЗАДУЖБИНЕ БРАНКА ЋОПИЋА|website=www.sanu.ac.rs|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2017. |[[Goran Milašinović]] |''Slučaj Vinča'' |[[Dragan Lakićević]] |zbirka poezije ''Pesme za jednog čitaoca'' |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sanu.ac.rs/nagrada-iz-fonda-branka-copica/|title=Саопштење поводом доделе награде из Фонда Бранка Ћопића у 2018. години|website=Српска академија наука и уметности САНУ|access-date=6. 7. 2020}}</ref> |- |2016. |[[Anđelko Anušić]] |''Glasovi sa Granice'' |[[Miroslav Mihailović|Miroslav Cera Mihailović]] |''Pogled sa koca'' |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rtrs.tv/vijesti/vijest.php?id=256549|title=Уручене су награде из Фонда Задужбине Бранка Ћопића|date=8. 6. 2017|work=РТРС|access-date=24. 12. 2022}}</ref> |- |2015.||[[Dejan Tiago-Stanković]]||''Estoril, ratni roman''||[[Mićo Cvijetić]]||zbirka poezije ''Svet i kuća'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:607357-Dejan-Tiago-Stankovic-i-Mico-Cvijetic-dobitnici-Copiceve-nagrade|title=Dejan Tiago Stanković i Mićo Cvijetić dobitnici Ćopićeve nagrade|website=NOVOSTI|language=sr|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2014.||[[Nikola Malović]]||''Jedro nade''||[[Gojko Đogo]]||zbirka poezije ''Grana od oblaka'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/nagrade-branko-copic-dodeljene-nikoli-malovicu-i-gojku-djogu/3m457qq|title=Nagrade "Branko Ćopić" dodeljene Nikoli Maloviću i Gojku Đogu|last=Blic|date=25. 11. 2015|website=Blic.rs|language=sr|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2013.||[[Sonja Atanasijević]]||''Vazdušni ljudi''||[[Ranko Jovović]]||zbirka poezije ''Čekajući jakobince'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanu.ac.rs/Novosti.aspx?arg=,265|title=Aktuelno - Zadužbina Branka Ćopića (SANU, 30. april 2014)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013529/http://www.sanu.ac.rs/Novosti.aspx?arg=,265|archive-date=2. 5. 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2. 5. 2014}}</ref> |- |2012.||[[Drago Kekanović]]||''Veprovo srce''||[[Veroljub Vukašinović]]||zbirka poezije ''Iznad oblaka'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rtrs.tv/vijesti/vijest.php?id=88504|title=Уручене награде "Бранко Ћопић"|last=Srpska|first=RTRS, Radio Тelevizija Republike Srpske, Radio Television of Republic of|website=КУЛТУРА - РТРС|access-date=28. 3. 2022}}</ref> |- |2011.||[[Marko Krstić]]||''Viktorija''||[[Zoran Kosić]]||zbirka poezije ''Srp'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/nagrada-branko-copic-marku-krsticu-i-zoranu-kosticu/d8f072t|title=Nagrada "Branko Ćopić" Marku Krstiću i Zoranu Kostiću|last=Tanjug|date=28. 11. 2015|website=Blic.rs|language=sr|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2010.||[[Emir Kusturica]]||''Smrt je neproverena glasina''||[[Ivan Negrišorac]]||zbirka poezije ''Svetilnik'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nezavisne.com/kultura/knjizevnost/Kusturici-i-Negrisorcu-urucene-nagrade-Branko-Copic/93898|title=Kusturici i Negrišorcu uručene nagrade Branko Ćopić|last=Agencije|date=16. 6. 2011|website=Nezavisne novine|language=sr|access-date=5. 8. 2024}}</ref> |- |2009.||[[Ljubivoje Ršumović]]||''Sunčanje na mesečini''||[[Miodrag Raičević]]||zbirka poezije ''Dlan & lopata'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delfi.rs/ves313/delfi_vesti_nagrada_branko_copic_ljubivoju_rsmovicu.html|title=Prilog o dodjeli Ćopićeve nagrade na portalu ''Delfi knjižare''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424052528/http://www.delfi.rs/ves313/delfi_vesti_nagrada_branko_copic_ljubivoju_rsmovicu.html|archive-date=24. 4. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 11. 2012}}</ref> |- |2008. ||[[Laura Barna]]||''Moja poslednja glavobolja''||[[Dejan Aleksić]]||zbirka poezije ''Dovoljno''<ref>[http://www.knjizevnost.org/intervjui/4203-dobio-sam-nagrade-tri-branka Intervju sa Dejanom Aleksićem na portalu ''Književnost'']{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/84255/%D0%8B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%B8-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%9B%D1%83|title=Ћопићева награда Барни и Алексићу|website=Politika Online|access-date=28. 3. 2022}}</ref> |- |2007. ||[[Vladimir Kecmanović]]||''Feliks''||[[Dragan Hamović]]||zbirka poezije ''Matična knjiga'' | |- |2006. ||[[Mirjana Mitrović]]||''Emilija Leta''||[[Boris Jovanović]]||lirski zapisi ''Kapi'' |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danas.rs/kultura/nagrade-zaduzbine-branka-copica/|title=Nagrade Zadužbine Branka Ćopića - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas|date=15. 6. 2007|language=sr-RS|access-date=28. 3. 2022}}</ref> |- |2005. ||[[Laslo Blašković]]||''Adamova jabučica''||[[Nenad Milošević]]||zbirka poezije ''Pesme sa Save i Dunava'' | |- |2004. ||[[Ranko Risojević]]||''Bosanski dželat''||[[Petar Pajić]]||zbirka poezije ''Najlepše pesme Petra Pajića'' | |- |2003. ||[[Milovan Marčetić]]||''Prvo lice''||[[Dragan Bošković]]||zbirka poezije ''U jednom telu'' | |- |2002. ||[[Nenad Teofilović]]||''Klopka''||[[Gojko Božović]]||zbirka poezije ''Arhipelag'' | |- |2001. ||[[Miroslav Toholj]]||''Kuća Pavlovića''||[[Saša Radojčić]]||zbirka poezije ''Elegije, nokturna, etide'' | |- |2000. ||[[Strahinja Kastratović]]||''Klen na vrbovom prutu''||[[Vojislav Karanović]]||zbirka poezije ''Sin zemlje'' | |- |1999. ||[[Mihajlo Pantić]]||''Sedmi dan košave''||[[Noviča Tadić]]||zbirku poezije ''Nepotrebni saputnici'' | |- |1998. ||[[Vladislav Bajac]]||''Druid iz Sindidununa''||[[Vuk Krnjević]]||zbirka poezije ''Vjetrena vrata''' | |- |1997. ||[[Radovan Beli Marković]]||''Godina prolazi kroz avliju'' ||[[Milan Nenadić]]||zbirku poezije ''Ugrušak''' | |- |1996. ||[[Milica Mićić Dimovska]]||''Poslednji zanosi MSS'' ||[[Miroslav Maksimović]]||zbirka poezije ''Nebo'' | |- |1995. ||[[Danilo Nikolić]]||''Kraljica zabave'' ||[[Stanislav Mandić]]||zbirka poezije ''Zvezdara i druge pesme'' | |- |1994. ||[[Vida Ognjenović]]||''Otrovno mleko malslačka'' ||[[Rajko Petrov Nogo]]||zbirka poezije ''Na kapijama raja'' | |- |1993. ||[[David Albahari]]||''Pelerina'' ||[[Dragan Kolundžija]]||zbirka poezije ''Kozara, opet'' | |- |1993. ||[[Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz]]||''Autobiografija o drugima (II)'' ||[[Milutin Petrović]]||zbirka ''Poezija snova'' | |- |1992. ||[[Milovan Danojlić]]||''Godina prolazi kroz avliju'' ||[[Đorđe Sladoje]]||zbirka poezije ''Trepetnik'' | |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Srpska književnost}} [[Kategorija:Srbijanske literarne nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Nagrada Branko Ćopić|*]] [[Kategorija:Branko Ćopić]] 0yuzrv73fzcra56xsudnhg4p9ctnc2p 14 174632 3839442 2037176 2026-05-04T13:19:50Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Deserts by country}} [[Kategorija:Pustinje]] [[Kategorija:Geografija po državama|*]] [[Kategorija:Kategorije po državama]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] 1v946z2ewsje53at0ke578b2j1o2508 100 176721 3839555 3706065 2026-05-04T21:46:04Z KWiki 9400 3839555 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''4. maj 2026:''' [[Wu Yize]] postao [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2026.|svjetski prvak]] savladavši u finalu [[Shaun Murphy|Shauna Murphyja]] 18:17. Murphyju je ovo četvrti poraz u finalima u ''Crucibleu'' nakon osvajanja titule [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2005.|2005.]] * '''5. maj 2025:''' [[Zhao Xintong]] postao prvi igrač s amaterskim statusom i treći kvalifikant te prvi Kinez koji je [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2025.|osvojio]] titulu svjetskog prvaka, pobijedivši u finalu [[Mark Williams (snuker)|Marka Williamsa]] 18:12. * '''14. april 2025:''' [[Jackson Page]] postao prvi igrač u historiji koji je postigao dva [[Maksimalni brejk|maksimalna brejka]] u istom meču, učinivši to protiv [[Allan Taylor (snukeraš)|Allana Taylora]] u trećem kolu kvalifikacija za [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u snukeru 2025.|Svjetsko prvenstvo]]. * '''19. januar 2025:''' [[Shaun Murphy]] došao do [[Masters 2025 (snuker)|svoje druge titule]] na [[Masters (snuker)|Mastersu]] pobijedivši u finalu [[Kyren Wilson|Kyrena Wilsona]] s 10:7. * '''1. decembar 2024:''' [[Judd Trump]] drugi put [[UK Championship 2024 (snuker)|osvojio]] [[UK Championship (snuker)|UK Championship]] savladavši s 10:8 [[Barry Hawkins|Barryja Hawkinsa]], kome je to bilo prvo finale na ovom turniru. hpuddhj62rixuqp5z57ox3p6iku8q52 3 257199 3839545 3837656 2026-05-04T20:41:17Z MediaWiki message delivery 64602 /* Tech News: 2026-19 */ novi odlomak 3839545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korisnik:EdinBot/Arhivirati |min_tema_arhivirati = 3 |indeks = Razgovor sa korisnikom:Edinwiki/Tech news/Arhive |maks_veličina_arhive = 300K |min_tema_ostaviti = 3 |maks_starost_teme = staro(15d) |arhiva = Razgovor sa korisnikom:Edinwiki/Tech news/Arhiva %(godina)d }} == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2013/22|Tech news: 2013-22]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. ''Please inform other users about these changes.'' ;Recent software changes: ''(Not all changes will affect you.)'' * The [[m:mw:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] and [[m:mw:Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] were enabled on Wikimedia Commons on May 20. Commons users can now easily change languages, and translate pages with a friendly interface. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commit;h=3e901f819813f9c7f71d9030596d218ccb8b2d89] * The [[m:mw:Echo (Notifications)|Notifications]] feature, active on the English Wikipedia, now supports [[m:mw:Extension:Echo#Notification blacklist.2Fwhitelist|local blacklists and whitelists]]. It is possible to hide users (for example certain bots) from all notifications on the wiki. Also, e-mail notifications are now grouped. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/Echo.git;a=commit;h=c0b0d78e50f07bef96a2866de1041b8d4a4ef798] [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Server_Admin_Log&diff=71429&oldid=71418] * The first stable release of [[m:mw:MediaWiki 1.21|MediaWiki 1.21]] for sites outside Wikimedia was published on May 25. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069570.html] * The tool storing information about languages ([[m:mw:Extension:CLDR|CLDR]]) was updated to the [http://cldr.unicode.org/index/downloads/cldr-23-1 latest version] (23.1). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/65351/] * Due to a [[bugzilla:48693|software issue]], users couldn't enable or disable [[m:mw:Gadgets|Gadgets]]. The issue is now fixed. ;Future software changes: * MediaWiki will stop supporting [[m:w:en:XHTML#XHTML_1.0|XHTML 1.0]] and [[m:w:en:HTML|HTML]] versions lower than version 5. [[m:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] will now be the default language for pages created by the software. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/core.git;a=commit;h=97caae596d5493ea2f3e4ba505204a7e278d0590] [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/core.git;a=commit;h=b7bec085ce0af0807017c5292ba3114ccf11dfe5] * The software will check if all uploaded files are secure and match their [[m:w:en:Internet media type|type]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/core.git;a=commitdiff;h=42333412833ab7f7515e193b83a909921c34887d;hp=7106407580616dc56bfe414e03839b1f50270a74] * The Wikimedia Commons [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikimedia.commons&hl=pl Android app] will come out of the [[m:w:en:Software release life cycle#Beta|beta phase]] on its next release. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2013-May/000587.html] * Account creation by manual log-in will now be recorded in the [[Special:Log/newusers|account creation log]] ([[bugzilla:42434|bug 42434]]). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/CentralAuth.git;a=commitdiff;h=6298b4f365f60d2ccea2a463c458d5d385510028;hp=7372247ed95378825e9e979e7824715a7766ec4d] * Links to file description pages will again be accessible directly from within videos ([[bugzilla:43747|bug 43747]]). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/TimedMediaHandler.git;a=commit;h=687afa30f12b2825306dfe74569c5529d73d2e40] * The software behind recent changes patrolling was re-written; the change fixes issues related to patrolling new pages, among other things. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/41196/] * During a [[m:mw:Amsterdam Hackathon 2013|meeting]], developers [[m:mw:Architecture guidelines|agreed on rules]] about making big changes to the software. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069569.html] * There is now a category to list pages with invalid [[m:mw:Extension:Score|music code]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/63268/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Tech/News/2013/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Unsubscribe]].'' <!-- EdwardsBot 0464 --> 20:45, 27 maj 2013‎ (CET) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2013/23|Tech news: 2013-23]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. ''Please inform other users about these changes.'' ;Recent software changes: ''(Not all changes will affect you.)'' * The latest version of MediaWiki ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.22/wmf5|1.22/wmf5]]) was added to non-Wikipedia wikis on May 29. It [[mw:MediaWiki 1.22/Roadmap|will be enabled]] on the English Wikipedia on June 3, and on all other Wikipedias on June 5. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=f396a742b067386ca5a4aeeeb384214c3b362825;hp=55dddd70da414bace5f49ff0a10b2846fb26e869] * The Tamil Wikipedia shared a [[m:w:ta:Module:Main page|Lua module]] they created to automate their Main Page. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2013-May/000263.html] * There is now a [http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitest-rtl/w/ test wiki] to test new features in right-to-left languages. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/05/30/test-features-in-a-right-to-left-language-environment/] * The [[:mw:Extension:Thanks|Thanks]] feature was added to the English Wikipedia; users can now thank others for individual edits. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=53f45ed9d0ac6998ab28768559e5b15fe221b806;hp=35b1d8d6ac1692c7b3578621026fa97ef806a4ce] * The [[:mw:Account creation user experience|new interface]] for account creation and log-in is now the default on 30 wikis, including the English Wikipedia, Commons, Meta, and Wikidata. The feature will be added to all wikis [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2013-May/126214.html after June 5]. Users can return to the old look by [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin?useNew=0 adding ?useNew=0] to the web address. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=520a3b4eeee6dec0cce14677751b81f6dba21262;hp=004f02b44b45333964cfe0c0d233b6906c034f71] * Videos are now [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069628.html played in pop-up windows] if their size on the page is smaller than 200 pixels (800 pixels on the English Wikipedia). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=b8c7c95b067319750531e19ab3388be6ac17e938;hp=3fc86406b2a73fe182105533d16ddd813800b85f] * Opening your talk page now marks notifications as read, for wikis using the [[:mw:Extension:Notifications|Notifications]] feature. ([[bugzilla:47912|bug 47912]]) [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/Echo.git;a=commitdiff;h=71f250e0c60b78ac66e90ffe5471ae3ea0251331;hp=2398851f18ba95614b202112b06124887c563d6c]. * All autoconfirmed users can now reset [[w:en:transcoding|transcoding]] of video files; previously only administrators could do this. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/57286/] * The [[m:w:Special:Nearby|Nearby]] feature allows people who use mobile devices to see Wikipedia articles about objects and places around them. [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/05/29/wikipedia-nearby-beta/] ;Future software changes: * The [[:mw:Extension:PostEdit|PostEdit]] feature is now part of MediaWiki, and will work on all wikis. ([[bugzilla:48276|bug 48726]]) [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/66137/] * The [[mw:Extension:Narayam|Narayam]] and [[mw:Extension:WebFonts|WebFonts]] extensions will be [[mw:Universal Language Selector/Deployment/Planning|replaced]] by the [[mw:Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] extension. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/63113/] * MediaWiki will now be updated [[mw:Deployments/One week|every week]], starting on June 6. Thanks to this, bugs will be fixed and features will be added faster than they are now. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069128.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2013/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0472 --> 21:10, 3 juni 2013‎ (CET) == Support request with team editing experiment project == Dear tech ambassadors, instead of spamming the Village Pump of each Wikipedia about my tiny project proposal for researching team editing (see here: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:IdeaLab/Research_team_editing https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:IdeaLab/Research_team_editing]), I have decided to leave to your own discretion if the matter is relevant enough to inform a wider audience already. I would appreciate if you could appraise if the Wikipedia community you are more familiar with could have interest in testing group editing "on their own grounds" and with their own guidance. In a nutshell: it consists in editing pages as a group instead of as an individual. This social experiment might involve redefining some aspects of the workflow we are all used to, with the hope of creating a more friendly and collaborative environment since editing under a group umbrella creates less social exposure than traditional "individual editing". I send you this message also as a proof that the Inspire Campaign is already gearing up. As said I would appreciate of *you* just a comment on the talk page/endorsement of my [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:IdeaLab/Research_team_editing project] noting your general perception about the idea. Nothing else. Your contribution helps to shape the future! (which I hope it will be very bright, with colors, and Wikipedia everywhere) Regards from [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Micru User:Micru] on meta. <!-- Message sent by User:Micru@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=12060169 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/51|Tech News: 2015-51]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/51|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' *Meta will be able to use information from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117524] *<span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 December. It will be on all Wikipedias from 17 December. ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item"> [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=12&year=2015 15 December at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is talking about the agenda for the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=12&year=2015 16 December at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/E121] '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A new [[mw:Extension:Gadgets|gadget]] manager will come next year. The new gadget system is called [[mw:Gadgets 2.0|Gadgets 2.0]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W51"/> 18:41, 14 decembar 2015 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15116736 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/52|Tech News: 2015-52]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]], the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2016. * The writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2015? What kind of information was too late? [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Please tell us]]! You can write in your language. Thank you! '''Recent changes''' * CompletionSuggester is a new suggestions algorithm for Search. It is available as a Beta feature since 17 December. ([[mw:Extension:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester|more information]]) * The Multimedia team is running an A/B test for the cross-wiki upload tool. They are testing four different interfaces. The test is running from 16-23 December. ([[mw:Multimedia/December 2015 cross-wiki upload A/B test|more information]]) '''Changes this week''' * There is no deployment of MediaWiki scheduled until 12 January 2016 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Should administrators and other users with advanced tools need stronger passwords? You can discuss about it in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Password policy for users with certain advanced permissions|Request for Comments]]. * No meeting with the VisualEditor team on 22 and 29 December, and 5 January. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W52"/> 19:29, 21 decembar 2015 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15166344 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/02|Tech News: 2016-02]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia no longer uses visitor statistics from [[w:en:ComScore|comScore]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/ComScore/Announcement] * You can make interactive graphs with the [[mw:Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. There is now a [[mw:Extension:Graph/Interactive Graph Tutorial|tutorial for how to do this]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-December/084416.html] '''Problems''' * Some pages do not turn in up in categories where they should be. This is because link tables are sometimes not populated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117332] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:Extension:Nuke|Nuke extension]] will work with [[mw:Flow|Flow]]. This will make it easier to handle spam in Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T115695] * New file uploads will now be patrollable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11501] * Internet Explorer 8 will no longer have [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] support. You will [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic|still be able to browse and edit Wikipedia]] if you use Internet Explorer 8, but will not be able to use some features. This can be solved by upgrading to a newer version or switching to a different browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118303][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-November/001286.html] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item"> [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=01&year=2016 12 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> URLs in the recent changes IRC feed will no longer be rewritten to unencrypted HTTP. This could be a breaking change for bots dependent on the IRC feed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122933] * The edit tabs for the wikitext editor and the visual editor will be combined to one single edit tab. You will be able to choose which one you prefer. If you are not logged in, your choice will be saved as a cookie in your browser. You [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2015/December|can test the single edit tab]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102398][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2015/December] * There is a beta feature that [[mw:Beta Features/Other projects sidebar|adds links to the subject on other Wikimedia projects]]. This works much like the links to for example Wikipedia articles in other languages. It will go out of beta testing and be enabled for everyone in January. Wikis that don't want this can decide to have it disabled. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-December/001305.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103102] * The difference between "alerts" and "messages" notifications is unclear to some. The developers want feedback at [[phab:T123018|the Phabricator task]] or [[mw:Topic:Sw196pvf5vwt6pku|on MediaWiki.org]] so they can make this better. You can give feedback in your language if you can't write in English. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W02"/> 17:59, 11 januar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15213553 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/03|Tech News: 2016-03]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You will be able to find or mark bugs and suggestions in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] that are specific for your language or wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91286] * Notifications have been upgraded with more detailed and easier-to-access information. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|See the documentation]]. Cross-wiki notifications will be available soon on the two test wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123570] '''Changes this week''' * The visual editor uses the [[mw:Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData extension]] to make editing templates easier. You will now get a warning when you edit a TemplateData form and leave it without saving. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106382] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> MediaWiki will get a new authentication and authorization system called AuthManager. This is planned to happen in a month or two. Some bots will need to change how they log in. Two new and more stable authentication methods will be available now: Owner-only [[mw:Extension:OAuth|OAuth]] credentials and bot passwords. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-January/084501.html read more about the change]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121113] *<span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 January. It will be on all Wikipedias from 21 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item"> [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=01&year=2016 19 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is governance model. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=01&year=2016 20 January at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W03"/> 18:55, 18 januar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15252579 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/04|Tech News: 2016-04]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/04|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now follow when pages are added or removed from a category on German Wikipedia. The plan is to add it to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikipedias this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T9148][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:CategoryMembershipChanges] * Administrators can hide individual entries of a page with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:RevisionDelete|RevisionDelete]]. There is now a button to choose "all", "none" or "inverse" in Special:Log. The article history will get the same buttons soon. Wikis that have done this locally with JavaScript will be able to remove that code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92230] '''Changes this week''' *You will be able to see the references when you preview a section you are editing. This will happen even if there is no <nowiki><references /></nowiki> tag in that section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T7984] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 January. It will be on all wikis from 28 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=26&month=01&year=2016 26 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is now an extension called [[mw:Extension:ArticlePlaceholder|ArticlePlaceholder]]. It can automatically generate content on Wikipedia with data from Wikidata if there is no Wikipedia article. It will have a tag to remind the reader it is not an article and ask the reader to create one. The developer is now looking for smaller Wikipedias that want to try the extension. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-January/008004.html] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] system will be upgraded. The plan is to do this on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=08&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=02&year=2016 3 February at 08:00 (UTC)]. It will probably take 6 to 8 hours. OTRS will be down during the upgrade. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74109] * Users will soon be automatically congratulated when they reach some edit count milestones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124003] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W04"/> 17:39, 25 januar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15269963 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/05|Tech News: 2016-05]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Sites with a <code>wikimedia.org</code> address were by mistake redirected to the [[wmf:Home|Wikimedia Foundation wiki]] on 26 January. This included Meta and Wikimedia Commons. The mistake was fixed after an hour. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160126-WikimediaDomainRedirection] * Some users had problems logging in and out around 22 January. Bots also had problems and edit previews did not work properly. This was because of problems related to the new component SessionManager. It was undone on 23 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160123-SessionManagerRolloutFailure][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123451] * Because of new problems with SessionManager the latest version of MediaWiki was removed from the Wikimedia wikis again on 31 January. The new version this week will be without SessionManager. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084669.html] '''Changes this week''' * The page history will get a help link. This will go to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|Help:Page history]] on Meta. Wikis can exchange it for a link to their local pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124885] * Notifications will only show part of a page name if it is very long. You will also have another way to mark notifications as read. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123657][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121935] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] input methods are now available with the visual editor. This means many who write in non-Latin scripts can now use the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51569] * The visual editor will now give you more tools to edit tables. You can move rows and columns in a table and copy parts of tables to make new ones. You can also copy and paste more than one cell at the same time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88694][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123826] * The visual editor has a new warning message when you leave a page you are editing without saving. Non-English wikis might need to translate it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121754][https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:MessageGroupStats&language=&group=ext-visualeditor-0-all] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 February. It will be on all wikis from 4 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=02&year=2016 2 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:E138|expiring watch list entries]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=02&year=2016 3 February at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The <code>rest.wikimedia.org</code> domain will be shut down. This is planned to happen in March. You should use <code>/api/rest_v1/</code> at each individual project domain instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-January/084566.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W05"/> 22:01, 1 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15298047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/06|Tech News: 2016-06]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] support is now available for 53 more computer languages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084695.html] * When you get a notification that an edit has been reverted, the notification now quotes part of the edit summary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121808] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[mw:RESTBase|RESTBase]] is now using <code>scrub_wikitext</code> instead of <code>scrubWikitext</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114620] '''Changes this week''' * Wikidata will have a new data type called "math". It will be used for formulas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124931][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-February/008140.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 February. It will be on all wikis from 11 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=02&year=2016 9 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T114662|per-language URLs for pages of multilingual wikis]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=02&year=2016 10 February at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Other sites will be able to tell when visitors come from links on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia sites. They used to be able to do this until we started using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS|forced HTTPS]] in June 2015. This is planned to happen on 15 February. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87276][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikimedia_referrer_policy] * Wikidata will have a new data type called "external-id". It will be used for references to external resources. It will be enabled on February 16. Some properties will be changed to the new data type. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-February/008140.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125633][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Addshore/Identifiers] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W06"/> 19:58, 8 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15323422 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/07|Tech News: 2016-07]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now edit pages on the mobile site version without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125174] * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math extension]] to write chemistry formulas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126272] '''Problems''' * A few editors might have been logged in as someone else because of a bug. For security reasons everyone was logged out on 9 February. If you have seen this bug, you [[mw:User talk:Tgr (WMF)/Session pollution|can report it]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-February/001345.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126069] '''Changes this week''' * There is a beta feature that [[mw:Beta Features/Other projects sidebar|adds links to the subject on other Wikimedia projects]]. The plan was to have it leave beta testing and be enabled for everyone in January. It will happen on 16 February instead. Wikis that don't want this can decide to have it disabled. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-December/001305.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103102] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Cross-wiki|Cross-wiki notifications]] will be available as a beta feature on Wikidata, MediaWiki, Commons, and all Hebrew and French wikis on 19 February. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124234] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 February. It will be on all wikis from 18 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=16&month=02&year=2016 16 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The search function on Wikimedia wikis will get a [[mw:Extension:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester|completion suggester]] that tries to find the right pages as the user is typing. It will also recognize some typos. This will probably happen in March. It is currently in beta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126271] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W07"/> 18:16, 15 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15345667 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/08|Tech News: 2016-08]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] has been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120013][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084841.html] '''Problems''' * There was no new MediaWiki version last week. Changes that were planned to happen last week will happen this week instead. This is because of a bug that made saving pages take longer time. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084816.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126700] '''Changes this week''' * After February 23, you can use Wikidata for inter-language links on Wikiversity. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109675] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=02&year=2016 23 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T125865|Assign RFCs to ArchCom shepherds]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=24&month=02&year=2016 24 February at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W08"/> 19:22, 22 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15364297 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/09|Tech News: 2016-09]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Thanks to the [[mw:Extension:Graph|Graph extension]] and [[wikitech:Analytics/PageviewAPI|Pageview API]], we now have [[m:template:Graph:PageViews|<nowiki>{{Graph:PageViews}}</nowiki>]] templates that can show pageviews for any wiki page for any of the wikis. See [[m:Community Tech/Pageview stats tool#Graph extension|the examples]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Capiunto|Capiunto]] extension is installed on [https://test.wikipedia.org test wiki]. Capiunto provides flexible infobox functionality for [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] and generates HTML for infobox features such as headers and rows. It is designed for clean and modern infoboxes that are driven by data from Wikidata, easily usable across different language versions, and easily extensible. * The visual editor now follows the TemplateData <code>format</code> setting announced in November. When you edit or add a use of a template, the wikitext will be laid out in one of the two ways. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111674][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104599] * The order of parameters and format defined in a template's TemplateData will be now respected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104599][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111674] '''Changes this week''' * On wikis where the visual editor is available in single edit tab mode, red links may open the visual editor instead of the wikitext editor, depending on user preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55441] * Anonymous editor warning is now displayed as a warningbox for consistency in both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127403] * [[mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] has been updated to fit some HTML 5 specifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108134] '''Meetings''' * Resigning executive director Lila Tretikov is taking questions at [[m:Knowledge_Engine/FAQ|Knowledge Engine FAQ]] regarding the much talked about project. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2016-February/082470.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=01&month=03&year=2016 1 March at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W09"/> 21:12, 29 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15391422 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/10|Tech News: 2016-10]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Files on Wikimedia Commons can now be 2 GB big. The old limit was 1 GB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76614] * Welcome notifications now have a different symbol. English Wikipedia already had this one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49662] * The Wikimedia memory cache servers in the [[wikitech:Eqiad cluster|Eqiad cluster]] have now been upgraded to Debian 8 (Jessie). Some users might have had to log in again because of this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123711] * It is now easier to categorize images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons in the Commons Android app. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126848] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Bare attributes in tags now parse according to the HTML5 specifications. <code><pages from= to= section=1></code> will parse as <code><pages from="to=" section="1"></code> instead of <code><pages from="" to="" section="1"></code> as it used to. Please use <code><pages from="" to="" section=1></code> or <code><pages section=1></code> instead. This is mostly likely to affect pages on Wikisource projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108134] '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] has been a bit unstable lately. This should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-March/000098.html] * The PageView API shows wrong data between 23 February and 29 February for pages with special characters in their title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128295] * The parsing change mentioned above caused a large number of pages to break, especially on Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108134] * You may see falsely formatted edit links on both mobile and desktop devices. Mobile devices can also show incorrect formatted table of contents. This should be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124356] * Templates using TemplateData that were edited with the visual editor might have some problems in wikitext mode. This can be fixed by editing and saving the page by using the visual editor without making any changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128337] '''Changes this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Cross-wiki|Cross-wiki notifications]] will be enabled as a beta feature on all wikis on 10 March. You will be able to get notifications when something happens on another Wikimedia wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124234] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 March. It will be on all wikis from 10 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Wikivoyages will get the [[mw:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer extension]]. Kartographer will allow <code><mapframe></code> and <code><maplink></code> tags in an article to insert an interactive map and overlay it with different markers. You can add ideas and suggestions to the [[mw:Talk:Maps|Maps talk page]]. If you find any bugs, you can report them in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=kartographer,maps&subscribers=yurik,maxsem Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127136] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=03&year=2016 8 March at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The buttons in interfaces will be simplified. Instead of white, red, green and blue buttons, in future there will only be white, red and blue ones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110555] * The Wikimedia technical operations team plans to do some server work on 22 March. This could cause some problems, for example make it possible to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a short period of time. The date for this might change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124671] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W10"/> 21:24, 7 mart 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15402334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/11|Tech News: 2016-11]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile web interface no longer suggests [[Mw:HiDPI display support|HiDPI thumbnails]]. This is to take up less bandwidth on slow or expensive connections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119797] *The search engine on [http://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org] has been updated. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia.org_Portal_Improvements] '''Changes this week''' *Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. Because of planned work on this, '''you will be able to read but not edit the wikis''' for a short period of time on both 22 March and 24 March. This could be postponed to April 18. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. Because of a test, there will also be a couple of minutes where you can't edit the wikis on 15 March starting 07:00 UTC. You can [[m:Tech/Server switch 2016|read more about the server work]]. There will be more notifications and updates about this. * Administrators and other users with advanced permissions will need to have an 8-byte long passwords. This change takes place on 15 March. Users with too short passwords will be asked to change password the next time they log in. This was decided in [[m:Requests for comment/Password policy for users with certain advanced permissions|a discussion on Meta]] and is because they can use tools that can hurt the wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-March/001374.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 March. It will be on all wikis from 17 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The buttons in interfaces will be simplified. Instead of white, red, green and blue buttons, in future there will only be white, red and blue ones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110555] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=03&year=2016 15 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are [[phab:T78639|backlog]] and [[phab:T66214|thumb API]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=16&month=03&year=2016 16 March at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W11"/> 19:37, 14 mart 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15438638 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/12|Tech News: 2016-12]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. The Wikimedia Technology department planned to test it this week. This will take place the week of April 18 instead. You can [[m:Tech/Server switch 2016|read more about the server work]]. There will be more notifications and updates about this. * In Firefox, the visual editor would sometimes just jump down to the bottom of the page when you double-clicked on a table cell. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128282] '''Changes this week''' * It will now be easier to list IP addresses that don't have to solve [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103122] * You will now be able to mark Echo notifications as unread. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73564] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 March. It will be on all wikis from 23 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=03&year=2016 22 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> URLs in the recent changes IRC feed will no longer be rewritten to unencrypted HTTP. This could be a breaking change for bots dependent on the IRC feed. This will happen on May 2. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122933] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W12"/> 17:04, 21 mart 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15460858 --> :Hi, a minor correction: The MediaWiki deployment dates are March 22–24, not 21–23. My apologies. /[[Posebno:Doprinos/81.234.92.187|81.234.92.187]] 09:15, 22 mart 2016 (CET) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/13|Tech News: 2016-13]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * MediaWiki [[mw:Manual:Semantic Web|now supports the semantic web standards of Microdata and RDFa 1.0]]. On Wikimedia projects, a configuration change must be requested in order to enable RDFa 1.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130034] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130040] '''Problems''' * Adding references with Citoid was broken for approximately 6 hours on 24 March. This was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130847] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 March. It will be on all wikis from 31 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to remove the header and footer style from User language (babel) boxes. This will make it easier to use them with other userboxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33309] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with part of the Architecture committee, which will discuss [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/E152#1558 a few topics]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=03&year=2016 30 March at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Architecture committee has sent a [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-March/085100.html summary of new and ongoing RFC discussions]. '''Future changes''' * Commons will soon have improved access to Wikidata's data. It will then be possible to access data about any concept on any page on Commons. Assistance with testing this on the beta cluster is appreciated. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Wikidata_support:_getting_arbitrary_access_done] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Wikibits.js will not be loaded by default anymore starting April 2016. Gadget and script authors should have already updated their code since the previous announcements, but there is another migration path available if needed. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-March/085113.html wikitech-l for details]. '''Corrections''' * Last week Tech News said the new MediaWiki version would come to wikis from 21 March to 23 March. The right dates were 22 March to 24 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W13"/> 21:43, 28 mart 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15480543 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/14|Tech News: 2016-14]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can filter [[m:Help:Special page#Logs|Special:Log]] in more detail. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20954] *Wikimedia wikis have a new way of counting visitors. [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/03/30/unique-devices-dataset/] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 5. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 6. It will be on all wikis from April 7 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W14"/> 00:13, 5 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15501448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/15|Tech News: 2016-15]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor can generate wikicode with image options in your language. Examples of image options are "thumb" or "left". You can ask to change to options in your language in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T53852][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116020] * Wiktionaries and Wikisources can now use the visual editor. It is an opt-in beta feature. It still needs development to work better with these projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48580][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:VisualEditor/The_visual_editor_at_Wikisources_and_Wiktionaries] * [[m:Objective Revision Evaluation Service|ORES]] is using new models. Tools that use ORES' predictions can behave strangely. ORES also has a new [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-April/085258.html] * The visual editor now supports classical Greek characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130535] '''Problems''' * There was a bug when you used keyboard arrows in templates in the visual editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128861] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 April. It will be on all wikis from 14 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The wikipedia.org portal will get many small bug fixes and improvements. Most will be for the search box and suggested results that were added in March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130755] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=04&year=2016 12 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the [[mw:Architecture committee|Architecture committee]]. The topics this week are [[phab:T130567|improving transclusion of templates for Parsoid]] and [[phab:T114445|balanced templates]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=04&year=2016 13 April at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. Because of planned work on this, you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for a short period of time on both 19 April and 21 April. This will start at 14:00 UTC and last for 15 to 30 minutes. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch_2016] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W15"/> 22:44, 11 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15515435 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/16|Tech News: 2016-16]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can filter [[m:Help:Special page#Logs|Special:Log]] in more detail. You can filter different imports and new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109267][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16334] * You can use [[w:en:Telnet|Telnet]] to read Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Telnet_gateway] * MediaWiki wikis can handle bigger file uploads. The new limit is 4 GB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131895] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. Because of planned work on this, you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for a short period of time on both 19 April and 21 April. This will start at 14:00 UTC and last for 15 to 30 minutes. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch_2016] * There is no new Mediawiki version this week. This is because of the data center test. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=04&year=2016 April 19 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T91162|shadow namespaces]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=30&sec=0&day=20&month=04&year=2016 20 April at 21:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W16"/> 22:40, 18 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15522880 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/17|Tech News: 2016-17]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/17|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Wikimedia tested a new data center last week. This meant that the wikis could be read but not edited for 45 minutes on April 19 and for 20 minutes on April 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-April/001391.html] *When the data center was tested, new edits were not shown in the recent changes log for 20 minutes. They are in the logs now. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-April/001393.html read more about how to find the edits]. *Unread notifications were sometimes counted incorrectly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129726] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia Commons will have better access to Wikidata. They can use data from any page on Wikidata on any page on Commons. This will happen on April 26. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:Village_pump&diff=prev&oldid=192993817] * It will be easier to choose if you want to watch files you have uploaded with the upload wizard. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33313] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 27. It will be on all wikis from April 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=26&month=04&year=2016 April 26 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "{{int:savearticle}}" button when you edit will be called "Publish" instead. This is to help new editors understand what it does. It already works like this on some wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W17"/> 23:02, 25 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15555069 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/18|Tech News: 2016-18]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The visual editor now works when you use Internet Explorer 9. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133094] '''Problems''' *There was a security problem with the [[mw:Extension:MobileFrontend|MobileFrontend extension]]. It showed information that had been oversighted. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133700] '''Changes this week''' * You can now see which notifications are available on a wiki on [[Special:DisplayNotificationsConfiguration]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132127] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 4. It will be on all wikis from May 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "[[phab:T130528|PSR-6 Cache interface in Mediawiki core]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=05&year=2016 May 4 at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Pages could be added to new users' watchlists by default when they edit them. New users could also by default get email notifications when pages they watch are edited. This is [[m:Requests for comment/Enable by default some default options for new users|discussed on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40796] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W18"/> 22:09, 2 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15574414 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/19|Tech News: 2016-19]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikiversities now have better access to Wikidata. They can use data from any page on Wikidata on any page on Wikiversity. This happened on May 3. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Development_plan&diff=326125500&oldid=318553405] * You can use [http://recommend.wmflabs.org/#Recommend Wikipedia GapFinder] to find missing articles between languages. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/04/27/article-recommendation-system/] * Users are invited to try [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Cross-wiki|Cross-wiki Notifications]] on all wikis. This is the last test session before the release by default, scheduled for May 12th at 23:00 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117669][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130655] * You can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard shortcuts|keyboard shortcuts]] to open the visual editor (''meta''+V) or the wikitext editor (''meta''+E) (on certain wikis, even if you have chosen a favorite editor). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116406] * Uploading files bigger than 100 megabytes on Wikimedia Commons required to opt-in in your preferences. This is not necessary anymore. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131496] * The [[mw:Extension:UploadsLink|UploadsLink]] extension is now available on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130018] * Deleting a translation unit page didn't remove the corresponding content from the translation page. This is now solved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41415] * Translation suggestions based on Apertium are now available on Mediawiki.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133008] '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.27.0-wmf.23 has been rolled back from Wikimedia wikis, due to a performance issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134553] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 10. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 11. It will be on all wikis from May 12 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=05&year=2016 May 10 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113034 Overhaul Interwiki map, unify with Sites and WikiMap]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=05&year=2016 May 11 at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. * 2017 European hackathon will happen [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2017|on May 19 - 21, in Vienna]] (Austria). '''Future changes''' * Today, in categories, a page titled "11" comes before "2". We plan to reorder that: "2" will come before "11". Please [[m:Talk:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|tell the developers]] if the change will cause problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T8948] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W19"/> 01:22, 10 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15583892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/20|Tech News: 2016-20]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some image thumbnails now load faster on mobile. They also take up less bandwidth. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122242] '''Problems''' *Last week's MediaWiki version was late on some wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-May/085585.html] '''Changes this week''' * [[Special:Notifications]] will have "mark as read" buttons for each day. The non-JavaScript version will get it this week. A JavaScript version will come later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134204] *Wikis can now locally decide what wikitext they want the signature button to produce. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T26191] * A one-time welcome message for users will now be shown in the wikitext editor. This will include existing users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133800] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 18. It will be on all wikis from May 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are "[[phab:E184|Requirements for change propagation]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=05&year=2016 May 18 at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Using self-closing tags like <code><nowiki><div/></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki><span/></nowiki></code> to mean <code><nowiki><div></div></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki><span></span></nowiki></code> will not work in the future. Templates and pages that use these tags should be fixed. When [[phab:T134423|Phabricator ticket T134423]] is fixed these tags will parse as <code><nowiki><div></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki><span></nowiki></code> instead. This is normal in HTML5. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W20"/> 18:01, 16 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15603218 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/21|Tech News: 2016-21]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You now see a [[MediaWiki:Restricted-displaytitle|warning message]] on pages that try to use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:mw:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> but it doesn't work because it doesn't match the page's actual title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28546] '''Problems''' *Commons had problems with server lag. This meant that it took longer time for files to turn up in categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135809] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 May. It will be on all wikis from 26 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=24&month=05&year=2016 May 24 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> All HTTP access to Wikimedia sites and APIs will stop working. Some bots still use HTTP. They will need to use HTTPS instead. This will happen on June 12. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-May/085618.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W21"/> 20:40, 23 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15644507 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/22|Tech News: 2016-22]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There is now a standard way to get the target of a redirect page from a Lua module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T68974] '''Problems''' *A new way to handle rollback was introduced. It broke some tools and scripts and was reverted. This will be re-planned after review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88044][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136375] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] didn't work in some older browsers. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136387] '''Changes this week''' * When you edit a file or category page with the visual editor the rest of the page will be shown in its normal place. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58289] *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] will get an edit summary field. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48924] *A change to the <code><charinsert></code> feature could break some user scripts. Contact [[mw:User_talk:Bawolff|Bawolff]] if the "click to insert special characters" links in the edit window break on your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11424][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-May/001417.html] * [[w:en:Elasticsearch|Elasticsearch]] will be upgraded on Wikimedia wikis this week. This should not affect you, but if you have problems with the search function this is probably the reason. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133124] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 June. It will be on all wikis from 2 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=31&month=05&year=2016 31 May at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W22"/> 18:18, 30 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15661119 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/23|Tech News: 2016-23]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:MathML|MathML]]/[[w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] is now the default <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> rendering mode on Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131177][http://mathml-association.org/announcement/2016/05/31/wikipedia.html] '''Changes this week''' *The history page can tell you if a page on your watchlist was updated since you last visited it. This now works the same way in [[mw:Skin:Vector|Vector]] as in other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. The change broke local designs on some wikis. This will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134515] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 June. It will be on all wikis from 9 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W23"/> 22:51, 6 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15679814 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/24|Tech News: 2016-24]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia wikis now use [[mw:Manual:SessionManager and AuthManager|AuthManager]]. If you have new problems related to logging in or being logged in, [[mw:User talk:Tgr (WMF)|report them]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-June/001426.html] * Visiting [[Special:Notifications]] doesn't automatically mark notifications as read anymore. You can go between read, unread or all notifications on [[Special:Notifications]]. Notifications on [[Special:Notifications]] are grouped by day. You can mark every daily group as read individually. Notifications are displayed by groups of 50 on [[Special:Notifications]] and you can find former notifications by using navigation arrows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129176][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132738][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129363] '''Changes this week''' *You can filter user contributions to hide minor edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16086] *It will be easier to edit galleries with the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45037] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 June. It will be on all wikis from 16 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W24"/> 20:41, 13 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15693400 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/25|Tech News: 2016-25]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/25|Translations]] are available. '''Nedavne promjene''' * Notifications were not always marked as read when you followed a link from an email notification. This will now happen. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137488] '''Promjene ove sedmice''' *The list of other languages an article is available in will be shorter on small Wikipedias and non-Wikipedia projects. This is to make it easier to find the most relevant languages for each user. You will still be able to see the other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136677][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Universal_Language_Selector/Design/Interlanguage_links] *Alerts (the red badge) will not be automatically marked as read when you open the Notifications popup. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132525] *When you get several thanks you can see them as one notification. This is instead of one notification for each thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120152] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 June. It will be on all wikis from 23 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T137946|develop Markdown support strategy for MediaWiki]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=06&year=2016 22 June at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W25"/> 21:14, 20 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15707329 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/26|Tech News: 2016-26]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Extension:ORES|ORES service]] has now moved to [https://ores.wikimedia.org a new location]. This should make it easier to use ORES. The [[mw:ORES review tool|ORES review service]] is now available as a beta feature on Wikidata and Persian Wikipedia. ORES is an artificial intelligence system for Wikimedia wikis to help editors. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wiki-research-l/2016-June/005220.html] * The order of wikis in collapsed cross-wiki notifications was different than when the list was expanded. This is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138115] *A new category for tracking pages with math errors was added: [[:{{ns:category}}:{{MediaWiki:math-tracking-category-error}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49037] '''Problems''' *The [[m:Etherpad|Wikimedia Etherpad]] crashed on June 23. Some edits done that day have been lost. They can be found at [https://etherpad-restore.wikimedia.org etherpad-restore.wikimedia.org] for another few days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138516][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160623-etherpad] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 June. It will be on all wikis from 30 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The way to mark notifications as read or unread will be changed to be more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126214] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=06&year=2016 28 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Collaboration team at the Wikimedia Foundation will look at developing better tools for edit review. This is because research suggests we scare away newcomers who want to help. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Edit_Review_Improvements] *An e-mail from the Editing Department explains the technical work that is planned and being researched for the future. Items include better wikitext and visual editing, prompts for edits, language improvements, annotations, and meta-data separation. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor/Roadmap/Update_2016-06-23] * The sorting of Notifications into the two fly-out menus is going to change on July 5 to 7. Bundled notifications should be easier to explore and mark as read individually. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123018][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114356][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120153] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> From 29 June git.wikimedia.org (running Gitblit) will redirect all requests to Phabricator. The vast majority of requests should be correctly redirected. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-June/000215.html] * Catalan and Polish Wikipedias will have Wikidata descriptions added to articles in the mobile view by default. This is currently a beta option for the mobile versions. This might come to other wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135429] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W26"/> 17:42, 27 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15725931 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/27|Tech News: 2016-27]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A daily email summary of notifications could be sent even when there were no notifications from the wiki. Now no email will be sent if there is no activity. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137012] '''Changes this week''' * The "{{int:citoid-citefromidtool-title}}" button in the visual editor's toolbar will move into the "{{int:visualeditor-toolbar-insert}}" menu except for Wikipedias, Wikibookses and Wikiversities. This is to make it less prominent on wikis that don't use it as much. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/296573/] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 July. It will be on all wikis from 7 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' *You can take part in the next office hour for Wikidata on IRC on July 8 at 16:00 (UTC). See [[m:IRC office hours|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W27"/> 21:45, 4 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_delivery&oldid=15742782 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/28|Tech News: 2016-28]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new image scaler fixed a number of bugs for showing SVG files. Some new problems turned up. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-July/085984.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112421][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139543] * Notifications are grouped by types. They are now counted by number of notifications and not by unread groups. That change may increase the number of notifications displayed. The earlier way of counting was often incorrect. Unread notifications will also be displayed first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114356][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139323][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139521] * [[Special:Notifications]] now has a maximum width for the notifications list on desktop computers. This allows long titles and descriptions to be cut properly. Notifications are now also better parsed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137425][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138433][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139602] '''Problems''' * On 5 July Wikimedia Commons had problems and could not be edited for 20 minutes. For a short while after that the recent changes log and some gadgets were not working properly. It affected administrative actions on other projects too. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160705-commons-replication] * Users who have multiple unread notifications can mark them as read by visiting [[Special:Notifications]] page on their wiki. '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 July. It will be on all wikis from 14 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=07&year=2016 12 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W28"/> 17:14, 11 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15754461 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/29|Tech News: 2016-29]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Due to the rollback, [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types|new sorting]] of Notifications on the Fly-Out Menus has been deployed with a delay. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123018] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Due to the rollback, the daily [[wikitech:SWAT deploys|special patch deployment process]] has been changed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-July/000232.html] * In notifications, "Messages" are now called "{{int:echo-notification-notice-text-only}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139682] '''Problems''' * On July 12 all wikis were rolled back to MediaWiki 1.28.0-wmf.8 due to a problem in the log-in system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-July/000229.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119736] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 July. It will be on all wikis from 21 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[Special:Log]] now has a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Log|help link]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140013] * The [[mw:Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] can be tested [http://simple.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures on the beta cluster]. From 22 July, it will be available as a beta feature at: {{int:Project-localized-name-dewiki}}, {{int:Project-localized-name-arwiki}}, {{int:Project-localized-name-hewiki}}. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140232][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140545] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=07&year=2016 19 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "Devise plan for a cross-wiki watchlist back-end". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=07&year=2016 20 July at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126641] '''Future changes''' * User scripts and bots can no longer use http:// to edit wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T105794][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-May/085618.html] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]] is going to be updated. Developers are invited to test it. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-July/000236.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W29"/> 22:18, 18 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox&oldid=15776464 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/30|Tech News: 2016-30]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Maps|Interactive maps]] have been enabled for Meta wiki and the Catalan, Hebrew, and Macedonian Wikipedias. Learn [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|how to add interactive maps]] to wiki pages. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Last week's rollback is now documented. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160712-EchoCentralAuth/Retrospective] '''Problems''' * Sometimes, the visual editor required saving twice. That problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140574] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 July. It will be on all wikis from 28 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * It is now possible to mark all Notifications as read on [[Special:Notifications]], by clicking on the cog icon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T115528] * Wikipedia search will now detect the language of your search if 2 or fewer results are found. It will then show results from the matching language Wikipedia, if any relevant article exists. It will start to roll out in 5 languages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-July/086096.html] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=26&month=07&year=2016 26 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "an extension that implements an authenticated key-value store". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=07&year=2016 27 July at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/E237] '''Future changes''' * The current icon for Notifications "{{int:Echo-notification-notice-text-only}}" (in English "Notices") will be changed from a bubble-speech icon to a tray icon for consistency. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140900] * [[Special:Notifications]] page code will be changed to be more Mobile friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140687] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W30"/> 21:54, 25 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15785767 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/31|Tech News: 2016-31]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A prototype for [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|structured data]] on Commons is available now. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Structured_data#It.27s_alive.21] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] beta feature can now be tested on mediawiki.org, German Wikipedia, Arabic Wikipedia and Hebrew Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * Renamed users on some wikis were not connected to their account on other wikis between 20 July and 21 July. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160721-LocalRenameUserJob] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 August. It will be on all wikis from 4 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=08&year=2016 2 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * The next [[mw:CREDIT showcase|CREDIT showcase]] will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=08&year=2016 3 August at 18:00 (UTC)]. This is to present and comment on new gadgets, small projects and works in progress. See [[mw:CREDIT showcase#Details|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "[[phab:T128351|notifications in core]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=08&year=2016 3 August at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W31"/> 23:48, 1 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15809313 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/32|Tech News: 2016-32]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In notifications, the icon for {{int:echo-notification-notice-text-only}} has been changed from a speech-bubble icon ([[File:Echo chat icon.svg|17px|link=]]) to a tray icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon tray.svg|18px|link=]]) for consistency. The {{int:echo-notification-alert-text-only}} icon has been redesigned too. The colors have been changed for accessibility. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140900] '''Problems''' *If you use the [[mw:Extension:WikEd|wikEd gadget]], changes you made were not kept when you switched from the wikitext editor to the visual editor while you were editing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135747] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia search will now ignore question marks at the end of the sentences or words you use when you search. Until now the question mark was just a [[w:Wildcard character|wildcard]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133711] * On Commons, [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]] will now be available on mobile, rather than just the old upload form. This should reduce the workload for the community in reviewing images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97169] *When you edit with the visual editor a puzzle symbol tells you there is an invisible template in the article. It will now mention the name of the template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141861] *The button to read something in another language will move for mobile users. This will happen on 9 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129505] *When someone mentions you and links to your user page you get a notification. You will now get a notification when you mention yourself this way. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138080] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 August. It will be on all wikis from 11 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A message on Notifications panel will invite users to try [[Special:Notifications]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141414] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=08&year=2016 August 9 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W32"/> 17:41, 8 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15828694 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/33|Tech News: 2016-33]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/33|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Last week Tech News announced you will get a notification when you mention yourself the same way as if someone else had mentioned you. This caused some problems and will happen later instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138080] * Creating and editing links to sections on other pages on the wiki now works again in the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112898] * For some users, cross-wiki notifications haven't been working properly. The count has been wrong when only cross-wiki notifications were present. The cross-wiki bundle has been showing only the names of wikis and not the actual notifications. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140836][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140327] '''Changes this week''' * The login session when you choose "Keep me logged in" will [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/"Keep me logged in" extended to one year|now last a year]]. Previously it was 30 days. This will happen on August 16. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T68699] * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] will have to be updated during the week. This is because a bug will be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29987] *In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/Compact Language Links|compact language links]], two new kinds of languages will be shown in the shorter language list: Languages that are used in the article's text, and languages where the article has a badge like "featured article" or "good article". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70077] *The visual editor will be available by default for logged-out editors on Wikipedias that use the Arabic script. It is already default for logged-in editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142587] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 16. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 17. It will be on all wikis from August 18 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=16&month=08&year=2016 August 16 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Starting the week of August 22 there will be three software deployment windows. They will be at 13:00, 18:00, and 23:00 UTC. This is to have more times when software of the wikis can be updated and make it easier for developers in different parts of the world. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-August/000266.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W33"/> 21:37, 15 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15842212 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/34|Tech News: 2016-34]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES review tool|ORES review tool]] is now available on Special:Contributions as a beta feature. It can make it easier to find contributions that are probably damaging the wikis. The ORES review tool is available on Wikidata and Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Dutch, Turkish and Russian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132371] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The <code>norm</code> and <code>ccnorm</code> functions have been updated to make it easier to write abuse filters. This also affects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TitleBlacklist|TitleBlacklist]] extension. You don't have to transform "I" and "L" to "1", "O" to "0" and "S" to "5" anymore. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29987#2557227] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The old pageview data in the "pagecounts-raw" and "pagecounts-all-sites" files is no longer being updated. You can find the [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pageviews/ new pageview data here]. This happened on August 5. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/analytics/2016-August/005339.html] '''Problems''' *Some big image files could not be thumbnailed. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111815] * When you moved a page over a redirect it would delete the redirect without saving it in the logs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106119] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 August. It will be on all wikis from 25 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=08&year=2016 23 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Sometimes when you mention another user they don't get a notification. You will be able to get a notification when you successfully sent out a mention to someone or be told if they did not get a notification. This will be opt-in. You can test this on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page test wiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139623][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135717] * How you add text after an edit conflict might work in a different way in the future. You can test [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Edit_Conflicts#Prototype_ready_for_testing the prototype]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W34"/> 23:18, 22 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15853364 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/35|Tech News: 2016-35]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia mobile sites now [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Performance/Lazy loading images|don't load images]] if the user doesn't see them. This is to save mobile data and make the pages load faster. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mobile-l/2016-August/010335.html] * When you edit a table with the visual editor, pressing <code>Tab</code> in the last cell of a row will take you to the first cell in the next row. Pressing <code>Shift</code> and <code>Tab</code> in the first cell of a row will take you to the last cell in the previous row. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119546] '''Changes this week''' * The name of the "<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>" button will change. The button will say [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishpage "<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>"] when you create a new page. It will say [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishchanges "<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>"] when you change an existing page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 August. It will be on all wikis from 1 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=08&year=2016 30 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "[[phab:T589|RfC: image and oldimage tables]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=31&month=08&year=2016 31 August at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W35"/> 17:59, 29 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15867259 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Tech News: 2016-36]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Word-level diffs now work in longer paragraphs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128697] * Interactive maps now have a frame by default. This is to make them look like other multimedia objects. This affects all Wikivoyages, the Catalan, Hebrew, Macedonian Wikipedias and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128913] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> When you preview the [[MediaWiki:Captcha-ip-whitelist]] page it will show a validation output of the listed [[:w:en:IP address|IP addresses]] instead of the list of addresses only. This can help you to identify if your whitelist rules will work or not. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129757] '''Changes this week''' *You will be able to use <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|<maplink>]]</code> on all Wikipedias. It creates a link to a full screen map. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-August/086391.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144062] *Sometimes when you mention another user they don't get a notification. You will be able to get a notification when you successfully send out a mention to someone or be told if they did not get a notification. This will be opt-in. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144181][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143101] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 September. It will be on all wikis from 8 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=09&year=2016 6 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CheckUser|CheckUser extension]] could work differently in the future. There is a [[mw:Requests for comment/CheckUser requirements|Request for Comments]] to figure out how. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139810] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W36"/> 19:12, 5 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15881619 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Tech News: 2016-37]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia Commons app for Android can now show nearby places that need photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086429.html] *<code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|<nowiki><maplink></nowiki>]]</code> and <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<mapframe> usage|<nowiki><mapframe></nowiki>]]</code> can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#GeoShapes external data|use geodata]] from [[:w:en:Open Street Map|Open Street Map]] if Open Street Map has defined a region and given it an ID in Wikidata. You can use this to draw on the map and add information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134086][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001469.html] '''Changes this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a beta feature on all wikis from 13 September. This will make it easier to navigate between diffs in the page history. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143421] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A new user right will allow most users to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001468.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001470.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 September. It will be on all wikis from 15 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=09&year=2016 13 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * When you search on the Wikimedia wikis in the future you could see results from sister projects in your language. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001466.html read more and discuss how this could work]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W37"/> 20:04, 12 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15900005 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Tech News: 2016-38]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back because of bugs. Creating new accounts did not work between [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=12&min=50&sec=0&day=16&month=09&year=2016 15 September 19:10 UTC] and [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=12&min=50&sec=0&day=16&month=09&year=2016 16 September 12:50 UTC]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086536.html][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160915-MediaWiki] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will hopefully be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 September. It will be on all wikis from 22 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is the version that was meant to go out last week. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=09&year=2016 20 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T107595|multi-content revisions]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=09&year=2016 21 September at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will start working on adding support for Wiktionary. The Wikidata development team is now taking one last look at [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary/Development/Proposals/2015-05|the development plan]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-September/009541.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W38"/> 00:08, 20 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15921906 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Tech News: 2016-39]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If your wiki wants [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]] you can request it after a community decision. See [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories/How to request|how to request it]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001477.html] * When you edit text and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Mentions|mention]] a new username they are notified if you add your signature. Before this only happened under certain conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138938] * Users are notified if they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Mentions|mentioned]] in a section where you add your own signature even if you edit more than one section. Before, users were not notified if you edited more than one section in one edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141863] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|MediaWiki version]] that was supposed to come to the wikis two weeks ago was put on hold again because of new problems. The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.20|MediaWiki version]] after it is now on all wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086564.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086576.html] '''Changes this week''' * There will be no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086563.html] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=09&year=2016 September 27 at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[d:Wikidata:Events#IRC office hours|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Abandoned tools on [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] could be taken over by other developers. There is a new [[m:Requests for comment/Abandoned Labs tools|discussion on Meta]] about this. It will be discussed until 12 October and then voted on. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87730] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W39"/> 20:07, 26 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15934983 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Tech News: 2016-40]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 October. It will be on all wikis from 6 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=10&year=2016 4 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] will be replaced. Instead the HTML 5 parsing algorithm will be used to clean up bad HTML in wikitext. This [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|would cause problems]] on a number of wikis. They need to be fixed first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T89331] * <code><nowiki><slippymap></nowiki></code> will not work on Wikivoyage after 24 October. You should use <code><nowiki><mapframe></nowiki></code> instead. If you need help to fix this before 24 October you should [[mw:Talk:Maps|ask for it]] as soon as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136768] * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W40"/> 23:30, 3 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15955794 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Tech News: 2016-41]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can show [[Special:RecentChanges]] on a page by using <code><nowiki>{{Special:RecentChanges}}</nowiki></code>. You can now use tag filters by using <code><nowiki>{{Special:RecentChanges/tagfilter=tagname}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142878] * The notification badge is coloured if you have notifications. When you check the notification the badge will now turn grey on all wikis instead of just the local one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134855] * Colours used in the Wikimedia wikis' main interface changed slightly. This is to make them [http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html easier to see] for readers and editors with reduced eyesight. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109915] '''Changes this week''' * Hidden HTML comments will be more visible when you edit with the visual editor. <code><nowiki><!-- You write hidden HTML comments like this. --></nowiki></code> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147089] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 October. It will be on all wikis from 13 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2016 11 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week is [[phab:T139300|CREDITS files]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=10&year=2016 12 October at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Language converter syntax will soon no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like <code><nowiki>http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}-</nowiki></code> must be replaced. You will have to write <code><nowiki>-{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }-</nowiki></code> instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons_talk%3AWikiProject_Templates&type=revision&diff=208221135&oldid=168939481] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W41"/> 22:29, 10 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15976026 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Tech News: 2016-42]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter|new newsletter]] from the [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation. It will have more details about for example Flow and notifications. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/October 2016|read the first issue]]. '''Problems''' * Some users got a warning about Wikipedia's [[w:en:Public key certificate#Certificates and website security|security certificate]] last week. This was because of a problem [[w:en:GlobalSign|GlobalSign]] had. This has now been fixed. Only a small number of users got the warning. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20161013-GlobalSign] * Editors couldn't edit semi-protected pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android. This has now been fixed in the beta version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132834] '''Changes this week''' * There will be no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deployments&oldid=898289] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Editing|Editing Department]] are working on a new wikitext editor. It will have tools that are in the visual editor but not in the wikitext editor today. You can [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|read more about this]]. This is an early plan and things can change. The old wikitext editor will still exist. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W42"/> 18:42, 17 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15986496 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Tech News: 2016-43]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] had a problem and caught too many edits. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148673] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 25. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from October 26. It will be on all wikis from October 27 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The "Search" text in the search box will show the name of the project. For example, on Wikipedia it will say "Search Wikipedia". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144640] * About a dozen wikis now have [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]]. If your wiki wants numerical sorting in categories you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories/How to request|ask for it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146675] * Some wikis that want [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]] can also ask to use [[w:en:Unicode collation algorithm|UCA]] to sort categories. The biggest difference is that characters with [[w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] will be sorted together. For example, for most languages Ä will be sorted with A instead of at the end of the alphabet. This is not true for languages that have Ä as a character in their alphabet. Wikis that already use UCA are [[m:Collation|listed on Meta]]. Languages that can use UCA [[mw:Manual:$wgCategoryCollation#Language-specific collations|are listed on MediaWiki.org]]. You [https://ssl.icu-project.org/icu-bin/collation.html can test it]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W43"/> 19:39, 24 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16009260 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Tech News: 2016-44]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Now you can include Commons video films with [[c:Commons:Video#Subtitles and closed captioning|subtitles]] in your wiki language. Before you could see translated videos on file page at Commons only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122737] * Search now has [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|an updated preference tab]] to configure the search completion suggester. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148010] * The visual editor is now available on all wikis using only one language script. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142589] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 1^st. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 2^nd. It will be on all wikis from November 3^rd ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Now you can use autocomplete for page names in "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" field when editing templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148324] * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] can now be filtered by page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12817] '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> New MediaWiki deployments will be now based on MediaWiki 1.29. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-October/086859.html] '''Miscellaneous''' * The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Technical Collaboration Guideline|Technical Collaboration Guideline]] is available for community review. [[mw:Talk:Technical Collaboration Guideline|Any feedback welcome]], in any language. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W44"/> 17:18, 31 oktobar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16023741 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Tech News: 2016-45]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/02/victoria-coleman-chief-technology-officer/ Victoria Coleman] is the new [[w:en:Chief technology officer|Chief technology officer]] for the Wikimedia Foundation. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/02/victoria-coleman-chief-technology-officer/] * First release candidate for MediaWiki 1.28 is now available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/REL1_28/RELEASE-NOTES-1.28] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <span dir="ltr"><code>.gitreview</code></span> for MediaWiki branches and extensions switched from targeting a specific branch to using <code>track=1</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-October/086900.html] * Section numbers in Table of Contents boxes will use grey to improve readability. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125317] '''Changes this week''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 7 November. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 8th. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 9th. It will be on all wikis from November 10th ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[Special:ActiveUsers|Special:ActiveUsers]] will allow users groups selection. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116354] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=00&day=08&month=11&year=2016 8 November 2016 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are Image Thumbnail API and allow SVG files uploaded on MediaWiki to have XHTML namespaces. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=11&year=2016 9 November at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be enabled by default on all beta wikis, on testwiki, testwiki2, mediawikiwiki and de.wikipedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149724][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149725] * Upcoming holidays will impact deployments. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-November/000331.html The schedule has been published]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W45"/> 00:01, 8 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16043353 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Tech News: 2016-46]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *When you edit with the visual editor you can use <code>meta</code> + <code>shift</code> + <code>k</code> to add a reference. The meta key is often the control key or command key. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 16. It will be on all wikis from November 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). *In [[Special:Preferences]] you can choose which language menus and buttons will be in. If there is no translation for that language, MediaWiki has a list of [[mw:Fallback languages|fallback languages]]. A fallback language is a language many will understand better than English. MediaWiki will now use English when there is no Ukrainian translation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T39314] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=11&year=2016 15 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Help:Magic links|Magic links]] might not work in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-November/001500.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W46"/> 20:17, 14 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16056918 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Tech News: 2016-47]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers can now use [[w:en:Multi-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. This makes their Wikimedia accounts more secure. This can be turned on in [[Special:Preferences]]. There are discussions on how to best turn it on for everyone. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Two-factor_authentication] *You can now search for file properties. For example you can search for media type, how big a file is or what resolution it has. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:CirrusSearch#File_properties_search] *The latest [[m:Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2016/11|Collaboration team products newsletter]] has been published. It has more details about their work than Tech News has. '''Problems''' * A hacker group is hacking Wikimedia accounts. They can probably do this because users have the same passwords on Wikimedia wikis as on other sites. Please have a password you use only on the Wikimedia wikis and nowhere else. This is especially important for administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers. These users can also turn on [[w:en:Multi-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-November/087008.html] '''Changes this week''' *There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia. This will happen on 22 November. It will come to other wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149995][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150573] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=11&year=2016 22 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *It will be possible to do cross-wiki search. The developers who work on this are looking for communities that want to test this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-November/001502.html] *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/Hovercards|Hovercards]] will leave the [[w:en:Software release life cycle#Beta|beta stage]]. The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Reading Web]] team wants communities to set Hovercards as a default option for readers who are not logged in. Communities that are interested can say so on the [[mw:Talk: Beta Features/Hovercards|Hovercards talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-November/087041.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W47"/> 16:32, 21 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16088076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Tech News: 2016-48]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' *When someone tries to log in to a blocked account they will be blocked by a [[w:en:HTTP cookie|cookie]]. This means their [[w:en:Web browser|browser]] will be blocked even if they change their [[w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This makes it more difficult for returning vandals. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233] *When you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] to adapt a template to a new translation it will work differently. You can adapt big templates such as infoboxes. Translators will have control over the template parameters. A first version of this is released this week. It is possible it will not work correctly with all templates. There will be more updates for this soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139332] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 November. It will be on all wikis from 1 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Gadgets will have a new option called "hidden". This means you can register gadgets that can't be turned on or off from the preferences page. Hiding gadgets was already possible by using <code>[rights=hidden]</code>. You should now use <code>[hidden]</code> instead. <code>[rights=hidden]</code> in old gadgets should be changed to <code>[hidden]</code>. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Gadgets#Options][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33150] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=11&year=2016 29 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[toollabs:|Tool Labs]] could get two new policies. One would be to be able to [[wikitech:Help:Tool Labs/Abandoned tool policy|adopt tools without an active developer]]. The other would be [[wikitech:Help:Tool Labs/Right to fork policy|a right to fork]]. There is a [[m:Requests for comment/Abandoned Labs tools|request for comment on Meta]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W48"/> 22:16, 28 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16107197 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Tech News: 2016-49]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can choose to see users from specific user groups in [[Special:ActiveUsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116354] *Everyone can now see [[Special:UserRights]]. Previously only those who could change user rights could. Other users got an error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27319] *[[m:Objective Revision Evaluation Service|ORES]] can now show how likely an edit is to be damaging to the wiki with different colours. This only works for languages that have [[m:Wiki labels|trained ORES]] to recognize damaging edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144922] '''Changes this week''' *You will now see categories with 0 pages in [[Special:Categories]]. Previously you did not see empty categories there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12915] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 December. It will be on all wikis from 8 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=12&year=2016 6 December at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] will decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team will work on next year. You vote for wishes on the [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey|survey page]] until 12 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the [[m:2015 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|2015 results page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W49"/> 19:06, 5 decembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16129460 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Tech News: 2016-50]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Users who have Yahoo email addresses could not use [[Special:EmailUser|Special:EmailUser]] to send emails. This has now been fixed. Emails will now come from a @wikimedia.org address. Users who get an email from you will still reply to your email address and be able to see it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66795] * You can now see how many categories and pages there are in the categories in [[Special:TrackingCategories|Special:TrackingCategories]]. This is to help you find pages that could need attention. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/321225/] * Markup colours for reviewed and pending revisions in [[m:Help:Page history|the page history]] and [[Special:SpecialPages|recent changes and logs]] now match [[phab:M82|Wikimedia standard colours]]. The "You have a new message on your talk page" notification will have a slightly different colour. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-December/087151.html] '''Problems''' *Because of work on [[m:Community Tech/Cross-wiki watchlist|cross-wiki watchlists]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global rename policy|global renaming]] is not working. The plan is to turn it on again on 16 December. Global renaming was turned off for a while in late November and early December as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148242] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 December. It will be on all wikis from 15 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=12&year=2016 December 13 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W50"/> 20:29, 12 decembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16155075 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Tech News: 2016-51]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2017. * The writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2016? What kind of information was too late? [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Please tell us]]! You can write in your language. Thank you! '''Recent changes''' * Administrators and translation administrators can now use [[m:Special:PageLanguage|Special:PageLanguage]] on wikis with the [[m:Translate extension|Translate extension]]. This means you can say what language a page is in. The Translate extension will use that language as the source language when you translate. Previously this was always the wiki's default language. This was usually English. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153209] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Wikis connected to Wikidata can now use the parser function <code><nowiki>{{#statements: }}</nowiki></code> to get formatted data. You can also use <code><nowiki>{{#property: }}</nowiki></code> to get raw data. You [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Statements can see the difference] between the two statements. There are also similar new functions in Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152780] '''Problems''' * Some abuse filters for uploaded files have not worked as they should. We don't know exactly which filters didn't work yet. This means some files that filters should have prevented from being uploaded were uploaded to the wikis. MediaWiki.org and Testwiki have been affected since 13 October. Commons and Meta have been affected since 17 October. Other wikis have been affected since 17 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153217#2876258] '''Changes this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The next meeting with the VisualEditor team will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=01&year=2017 3 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] is done. It decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on during 2017. You can [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|see the results]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W51"/> 21:33, 19 decembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16167800 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Tech News: 2017-02]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tabular Data|datasets on Commons]]. You can [[w:en:Template:Graph:Weather monthly history|see an example]] that is using [[c:Data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/New York City.tab|this source]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-December/087313.html] * There is a new opt-in beta feature of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext mode for the visual editor]]. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|try it out]]. * When you update a page with translations on wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] the existing translations will be marked as outdated instead of removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T60429] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki was released to all wikis last week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:MoodBar|MoodBar]] has been removed from the Wikimedia wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131340] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The <code>live</code> option for the Tipsy notice tool has been removed. Gadgets and user scripts which use it need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85048] '''Problems''' * Editors who use Firefox 50 might get logged out or fail to save their edits. This is because of a browser bug. Until this is fixed you can enter <code>about:config</code> in the address bar and set <code>network.cookie.maxPerHost</code> to 5000. Firefox 50 is the current version of the Firefox. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151770] '''Changes this week''' * There is no new version of MediaWiki this week because of the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit|Wikimedia Developer Summit]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W02"/> 20:12, 9 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16213513 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Tech News: 2017-03]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now upload [[w:en:WebP|WebP files]] to Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27397] '''Problems''' * [https://tools.wmflabs.org/video2commons/ video2commons] was down for two weeks. This was because of a problem with Commons video transcoders. It is now back up. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153488] '''Changes this week''' *There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] called <code><nowiki>{{PAGELANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code>. It returns the language of the page you are at. This can be used on wikis with more than one language to make it easier for translators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T59603] *When an admin blocks a user or deletes or protects a page they give a reason why. They can now get suggestions when they write. The suggestions will be based on the messages in the dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T34950] * You will be able to use <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> to write chemical formulas. Before you could use <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code>. <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code> should be replaced by <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153606] * You now can add exceptions for categories which shouldn't be shown on [[Special:UncategorizedCategories]]. The list is at [[MediaWiki:Uncategorized-categories-exceptionlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126117] * The "Columns" and "Rows" settings will be removed from the Editing tab in Preferences. If you wish to keep what the "Rows" setting did you can add this code to [[Special:MyPage/common.css|your personal CSS]]: <code><nowiki>#wpTextbox1 { height: 50em; }</nowiki></code> You can change the number <code>50</code> to make it look like you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T26430] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Sometimes edits in MediaWiki by mistake are shown coming from private IP addresses such as [[w:en:localhost|127.0.0.1]]. Edits and other contributions logged to these IP addresses will be blocked and shown the reason from [[MediaWiki:Softblockrangesreason]]. This should not affect most users. Bots and other tools running on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Labs|Wikimedia Labs]], including [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] will receive a "blocked" error if they try to edit without being logged in. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154698] *When you edit with the visual editor categories will be on the top of the page options menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 January. It will be on all wikis from 19 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=01&year=2017 January 17 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W03"/> 00:24, 17 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16230728 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Tech News: 2017-04]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can see a list of the templates on a page you edit with the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 January. It will be on all wikis from 26 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W04"/> 21:14, 23 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16249712 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Tech News: 2017-05]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:OAuth|OAuth]] management interfaces now look slightly different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96154] '''Changes this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|ElectronPdfService]] will be enabled by default on Meta and German Wikipedia. This is a new way to get articles as PDF files you can download. It will come to more wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150185] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 31. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from February 1. It will be on all wikis from February 2 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech team|Community Tech team]] will develop more tools to handle harassment of Wikimedia editors. The goal is to give the communities better tools to find, report and evaluate harassment. They will also work on more effective blocking tools. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_health_initiative][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-January/086013.html] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Wikimedia technical community is doing a [[mw:Developer Wishlist|Developer Wishlist survey]]. Developers can propose ideas before 31 January [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170131T235959&p1=1440 23:59 UTC]. This is soon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W05"/> 19:45, 30 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16270007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/06|Tech News: 2017-06]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/06|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The block log sometimes showed blocks as being much longer than they were. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156453] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia pages will now be better at showing pictures when you share them on social media. The descriptions will be different too. You can see an example of [[phab:F5432146|before]] and [[phab:F5432049|after]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157055] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There are some changes to the [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]]. Some old functions will not work anymore or not work as they used to. This could be a breaking change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-February/087547.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 February. It will be on all wikis from 9 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=02&year=2017 7 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] will be replaced later this year. Instead, the HTML 5 parsing algorithm will be used to clean up bad HTML in wikitext. This [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|will cause problems]] on a number of wikis. They need to be fixed first. You can see if your wiki still has something to fix [https://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitext-deprecation/ here] for one of the HTML problems. This list does not cover all problems. You can read about [[mw: Parsing/Replacing Tidy#Things to fix|more problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T89331][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W06"/> 20:45, 6 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16292356 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|Tech News: 2017-07]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[wikitech:EventStreams|EventStreams]] is a new way to show activity on Wikimedia wikis. For now it works with the recent changes feed. It will do more things later. It will replace [[wikitech:RCStream|RCStream]]. Tools that use RCStream should move to EventStreams before 7 July. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/analytics/2017-February/005711.html] '''Problems''' * The [[w:en:Add-on (Mozilla)|Firefox add-on]] [https://firefogg.org/ Firefogg] can cause problems with the Upload Wizard. This will not be fixed, because Firefox will not support Firefogg in the future. The Upload Wizard will no longer work with Firefogg. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157201] * [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] and [[wikitech:Portal:Wikimedia Labs|Wikimedia Labs]] databases will be under maintenance on 15 February. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=02&year=2017 17:00 (UTC)] and last for about six hours. Some tools could have problems during or after this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157358] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TwoColConflict|TwoColConflict]] extension is a new way to solve edit conflicts. It makes it easier to copy and paste the relevant text to the text field. It will come to Meta and German Wikipedia this week. It is already available on MediaWiki.org. It will come to more wikis later. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Edit_Conflicts] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 February. It will be on all wikis from 16 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2017 14 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page Previews]] will be turned on for logged-out users on the Catalan, Greek, Russian, and Italian Wikipedias in the middle of February. Page Previews shows readers a short part of a linked article when they rest their mouse pointer on the link. This is to help them understand what it is about without leaving the article they are reading. Page Previews used to be called Hovercards. It will come to more wikis later this spring. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features/Hovercards#Rollout_Plan] *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Developer Wishlist|Developer Wishlist]] is a list where developers prioritize tools they need. The voting closes at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=23&min=59&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2017 14 February 23:59 (UTC)]. This process is only for developers. '''Review''' * You can read the [[mw:Wikimedia Product/2016 Product Summary|2016 product summary]] from the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Wikimedia Product|Product group]] to see what they did with things they said they would work on in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2016-2017/Final|annual plan]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W07"/> 19:06, 13 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16298673 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/08|Tech News: 2017-08]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The edit summary box is now a little bit bigger. This is to make it follow the [[phab:M101|Wikimedia design guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152025] '''Changes this week''' * [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]] will be updated on 23 February. This fixes many bugs. Page Previews can be turned on as the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] called Hovercards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156290] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There has been a problem where the [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Gadget|gadgets]] has been loading twice. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets extension]] has two new options: <code>type</code> and <code>peers</code>. The <code>type</code> option solves this problem. You can use <code>peers</code> to create gadgets with more than one style module. Read more about [[mw:RL/MGU#Gadget type|type]] and [[mw:RL/MGU#Gadget peers|peers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42284] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:OAuth|OAuth]] will handle blocked users in a more consistent way. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156803] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 February. It will be on all wikis from 23 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2017 21 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W08"/> 20:25, 20 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16341672 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/09|Tech News: 2017-09]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *On 22 February the [https://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org] portal did not work for an hour. This was because of a problem with a JavaScript file. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20170222-www-portals] '''Changes this week''' *You will be able to use <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> to write chemical formulas in the visual editor. Previously this only worked in the wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153365] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 March. It will be on all wikis from 2 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=02&year=2017 28 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You can soon upload 3D files to Commons. The file formats are [[w:Additive Manufacturing File Format|AMF]] and [[w:STL (file format)|STL]]. The plan is for this to work later this week but it could be later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132058] *The name "Wikipedia" will be more obvious at the top of the page when you read Wikipedia in the mobile view. This is because many readers don't realize they are on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148514][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Improve_site_branding] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W09"/> 20:55, 27 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16361695 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/10|Tech News: 2017-10]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now search on English, French, Hebrew and Greek wikis and find words even if you forget the [[w:diacritics|diacritics]]. It also works if you use diacritics in your search but the wiki doesn't. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155515] *When you use the mobile view and click on a link to an article in another language you will see that article in the mobile view. Previously it changed to the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156578] '''Problems''' * Some watchlist gadgets didn't work for a period of time last week. This has now been fixed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-March/date.html] * Admins who click on "mass delete" on a user's [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will be taken directly to a list pages created by that user. It has worked like this before, but not lately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158502] '''Changes this week''' *The way you switch between wikitext and the visual editors in the desktop view has changed. It is now a drop-down menu. This is the same as in the mobile view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116417] *The "flag the edit in the abuse log" checkbox will be removed from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] interface. This is because the edits are always flagged in the abuse log. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154091] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 March. It will be on all wikis from 9 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=03&year=2017 7 March at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Clarification''' *The [[m:Tech/News/2017/09|2017/09 issue of Tech News]] mentioned 3D file formats you can soon upload to Commons. The [[w:Additive Manufacturing File Format|AMF]] format will be available later. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W10"/> 00:23, 7 mart 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16379261 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/11|Tech News: 2017-11]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' * You will be able to show references from <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> tags in more than one column on your wiki. This is the list of footnotes for the sources in the article. How many columns you see will depend on how big your screen is. On some wikis, some templates already do this. Templates that use <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> tags will need to be updated, and then later the change can happen for all reference lists. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing/Projects/Columns_for_references][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597#3082884] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 March. It will be on all wikis from 16 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=03&year=2017 14 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Some old [[w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] will not be able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis in the future. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128115] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Tl7vrw6suzkxxoy9][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TemplateStyles/Q%26A] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W11"/> 16:25, 13 mart 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16416593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/12|Tech News: 2017-12]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <code>Save page</code> button now says <code>Publish page</code> or <code>Publish changes</code> on the Wikimedia wikis except for Wikipedias and Wikinewses. This change will come to Wikipedias later. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. <code>Publish page</code> is when you save a new page and <code>Publish changes</code> when you edit an existing page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Editing/Publish] * [[w:en:DMOZ|DMOZ]] no longer works. Templates that use DMOZ can be redirected to [[w:en:Wayback Machine|archive.org]] or another [[:w:en:Website#mirror site|mirror]]. DMOZ has been removed from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RelatedSites|RelatedSites extension]] on Wikivoyage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * You can see monthly page views when you click on <code>Page information</code> in the sidebar. Developers can also get monthly page views through the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125917] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] is now on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=small.dblist smaller Wikimedia wikis]. It helps editors find some wikitext errors so they can be fixed. It will come to other Wikimedia wikis later. The extension will be able to find more errors later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148609] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki-Vagrant|MediaWiki-Vagrant]] portable development environment has been updated to use [[:w:en:Debian version history#Debian 8 (Jessie)|Debian Jessie]]. This means local development and testing will be more like on the majority of Wikimedia production servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-March/087762.html] '''Problems''' * On 15 March some interwiki links to other languages were not correctly sorted. This has been fixed. If you still see pages where the interwiki links are not sorted as they should be, they should be fixed automatically with time or you can edit the page and save it without changing anything. If this doesn't work, please [[phab:T160465|report it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160465] '''Changes this week''' * When you edit with the visual editor, you will be able to switch the direction you write in from right-to-left to left-to-right as you are editing. This is especially important for editors who edit in languages that write from right to left. You can do this with a tool in the editing menu. You can also use the keyboard shortcut <code>Ctrl</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>X</code> on PCs or <code>Cmd</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>X</code> on Macs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153356] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 March. It will be on all wikis from 23 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=03&year=2017 21 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W12"/> 23:03, 20 mart 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16469530 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/13|Tech News: 2017-13]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you edit with the visual editor, you can see a visual diff as well as a wikitext diff when you review your changes. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor/Diffs] '''Problems''' * Special:AllPages was disabled for two days due to some performance issues. It is back, but the filter for redirects is gone as the cause of the performance problem. It still needs to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160916][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160983] '''Changes this week''' * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for Recent changes]] will be released on Portuguese and Polish Wikipedias and MediaWikiwiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158336 on March 28]. Other wikis will get it [[phab:T146972|progressively]]. The new filters include [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filtering]], [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|highlighting]] and, on certain wikis, [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|user intent prediction]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from March 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from March 29. It will be on all wikis from March 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W13"/> 16:46, 27 mart 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16496319 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/14|Tech News: 2017-14]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <code>{{int:savearticle}}</code> button now says <code>{{int:Publishpage}}</code> or <code>{{int:Publishchanges}}</code> on most Wikipedias. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. <code>{{int:Publishpage}}</code> is when you save a new page and <code>{{int:Publishchanges}}</code> when you edit an existing page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Editing/Publish] * The tracking category [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:Template-loop-category}}]] is now added when a template loop is found. A template loop is for example when a template tries to use a second template that uses the first template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160743] *English Wikipedia now has cookie blocks. It will come to more wikis in the future. This is an extension to the autoblock system so when a user is blocked, the next time they visit the wiki a [[w:en: HTTP cookie|cookie]] will be set. This means that even if the user switches accounts and to a new [[w:en:IP address|IP address]] the cookie will block them again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233] '''Problems''' * Wikidata descriptions, aliases and labels that used some characters could not be saved. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T161263] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 April. It will be on all wikis from 6 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=03&year=2017 4 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=05&month=04&year=2017 5 April at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[d:Wikidata:Events#IRC office hours|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for Recent changes]] will come to Wikidata and Persian, Dutch, Russian, Turkish, Czech and Hebrew Wikipedia on 11 April. The new filters include [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filtering]], [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|highlighting]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|user intent prediction]]. User intent prediction means the filter tries to help editors determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis [[phab:T146972|will get it later]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158332] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W14"/> 19:53, 3 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16526368 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/15|Tech News: 2017-15]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] is going to be replaced with an HTML5 parsing algorithm. Bad HTML in wikitext [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|would cause problems]] on a number of wikis. There is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] on all wikis that you can use to help clean this up. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsing/Replacing Tidy#What this means for editors|read more about how you can use it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141586] '''Changes this week''' * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] will not be able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128115] * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for Recent changes]] will come to Wikidata and Persian, Russian, Turkish and French Wikipedia on 11 April. The schedule has been changed to fix the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|user intent prediction filters]] for some wikis. User intent prediction means the filter tries to make it easier for editors to determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis [[phab:T146972|will get it later]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158332] * The list of special characters in the wikitext editor and the visual editor will now have a group of Canadian Aboriginal characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108626] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 April. It will be on all wikis from 13 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=04&year=2017 11 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=04&year=2017 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|You can read more about this]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will change how you move between revisions. This will be available on [[testwiki:Main Page|the test wiki]] from 11 April. It will come to other wikis later if users like the change. You can test it and [[mw: Extension talk:RevisionSlider|give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W15"/> 20:34, 10 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16563313 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|Tech News: 2017-16]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add <code>?safemode=1</code> to the end of the URL on Wikimedia wikis to disable your personal [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. Example: <code><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature?safemode=1</nowiki></code>. This means you can test if a problem is because of your user scripts or gadgets without uninstalling them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152169] * You can now see a list of all autoblocks on [[Special:AutoblockList]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146414] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Wikiversity and Wikinews logos are now shown directly from the configuration and not from <code><nowiki>[[File:Wiki.png]]</nowiki></code>. If you want to change logo or have an anniversary logo, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|how to request a configuration change]]. This is how it already works for other projects. They can request logo changes the same way. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T161980] '''Problems''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=04&year=2017 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|You can read more about this]]. This will also happen on 3 May. '''Changes this week''' * There is no new Mediawiki version this week. This is because of the data centre test. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=04&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-04-18|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [http://stats.wikimedia.org stats.wikimedia.org] will be replaced. You can [https://analytics-prototype.wmflabs.org/#/ see the new prototype]. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikistats 2.0 Design Project/RequestforFeedback/Round2|leave feedback on this change]]. * [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page Previews]] will be turned on for logged-out users on a large number of wikis in May. It could be postponed and happen later. Page Previews shows readers a short part of a linked article when they rest their mouse pointer on the link. This is to help them understand what it is about without leaving the article they are reading. Page Previews used to be called Hovercards. Users who have tested the feature [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/Hovercards|can give feedback]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Enable_Hovercards/Phase_1] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> From next week, user scripts using very old [[w:en:Deprecation#Software deprecation|deprecated]] wikibits functions will show errors. These functions have not worked since 2013. You should fix or disable broken scripts. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Legacy JavaScript#wikibits.js|examples of how to upgrade scripts]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-April/087965.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122755] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W16"/> 21:32, 17 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16608022 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/17|Tech News: 2017-17]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for recent changes]] are now available as a beta feature on most wikis. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|turn it on in your preferences]]. Remaining wikis will have the new filters on 9 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158335] *When [[m:Administrator|administrators]], [[m:bureaucrat|bureaucrats]] and [[m:stewards|stewards]] make a user a member of a user group they can now set an expiry date. A user group is for example "administrators" or "bots". This means that they can give someone user rights for a limited time. This is similar to how blocks and page protections can be limited in time. [[Special:UserRights|Special:UserRights]] will have new options for this. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:User rights and groups#Assigning and revoking user groups|read more about user groups.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159416] '''Problems''' *Since the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|data centre test]] last week the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] has been disabled. This is because of a database problem. It will be back as soon as the problem has been solved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163344] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|GuidedTour extension]] will be enabled on all wikis. This is a tool to explain to new users how to edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152827] *Wiktionary will handle interlanguage links in a new way. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Cognate|Cognate extension]] will automatically link pages with the same title between Wiktionaries. For this to work all old interlanguage links have to be removed. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)/Cognate announcement|read more about this]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Cognate_announcement] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 April. It will be on all wikis from 27 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=25&month=04&year=2017 25 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W17"/> 18:40, 24 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16627468 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/18|Tech News: 2017-18]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Najnovije '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tehničke vijesti]]''' Wikimedijine tehničke zajednice. Recite drugima o ovim izmjenama. Neće sve izmjene utjecati na Vas. Dostupni su [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/18|prijevodi]]. '''Nedavne izmjene''' *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Prijevod sadržaja]] ponovo radi. Bio je isključen zbog problema s bazom podataka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163344] * <span title="Napredna stavka">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Skripte koje koriste [[w:en:Deprecation#Software deprecation|zastarjele]] wikibitsove funkcije prikazuju greške. Ove funkcije ne rade još od 2013. Trebali biste popraviti ili onemogućiti pokvarene skripte. Možete pogledati [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Legacy JavaScript#wikibits.js|primjere kako ih nadograditi]]. Ovo je ista stvar koja je spomenuta u ranijem izdanju tehničkih vijesti ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|2017/16]]). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-April/087965.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122755] '''Problemi''' * Zbog testiranja podatkovnog centra, moći ćete čitati, ali nećete moći uređivati wikije 3. maja u periodu od 20 do 30 minuta. Testiranje će započeti u [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=05&year=2017 14:00 (UTC)]. Mogli biste izgubiti izmjene ako ih pokušate sačuvati tokom tog perioda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|Možete detaljnije pročitati o ovome]]. '''Izmjene ove sedmice''' * Ove sedmice nema izmjena u vezi s MediaWikijem zbog testiranja podatkovnog centra. '''Sastanci''' * <span title="Povratna stavka">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> Možete se pridružiti narednom sastanku s ekipom odgovornom za vizualni uređivač. Tokom sastanka, programerima možete dati do znanja koje su greške po Vama najvažnije. Sastanak će se održati [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=05&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-05-02|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} u 19:00 (UTC)]. Pogledajte [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|kako se pridružiti]]. '''Buduće izmjene''' *Svi Wikimedijini wikiji imat će blokiranje uz pomoć kolačića od 8. maja. Ovo je proširenje sistemu automatskog blokiranja koje funkcionira tako što postavlja [[w:en: HTTP cookie|kolačić]] kad neko posjeti wiki nakon što je blokiran. To znači da, čak i ako blokirani korisnik promijeni račun ili [[w:en:IP address|IP-adresu]], kolačić će ga ponovo blokirati. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233] *Dugmad <code>{{int:Publishchanges}}</code>, <code>{{int:Showpreview}}</code> i <code>{{int:Showdiff}}</code> izgledat će malo drukčije da se uklope s izgledom [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]]-a. Korisnici mogu testirati rade li skripte, dodaci i dr. s novim interfejsom tako što će dodati <code>&ooui=1</code> na kraj URL-a. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tehničke vijesti]]''' priredili su [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|pisci]], a objavio ih je [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Doprinesite]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/18|Prevedite]] • [[m:Tech|Potražite pomoć]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Dajte povratne informacije]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Pretplatite se ili otkažite pretplatu]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W18"/> 21:49, 1 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16654620 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/19|Tech News: 2017-19]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some users have a problem with the watchlist. Some changes in categories make the watchlist a blank page. The developers are working on this. Until this is fixed you can try some things that have helped other editors if you have this problem. You can turn on <code>{{int:tog-watchlisthidecategorization}}</code> in your watchlist preferences. You can turn off <code>{{int:tog-extendwatchlist}}</code> in your watchlist preferences. You can remove problematic categories from [[Special:EditWatchlist/raw|Special:EditWatchlist/raw]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164059] * There was a problem with the visual editor for several days. You could not save edits that triggered a [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This would for example be when a new user added external links in references. This was fixed on 2 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164157] '''Changes this week''' * When you edit you can switch between the visual editor and the wikitext editor. This works if the wiki you edit has the visual editor. The menu will now say <code>Visual editing</code> and <code>Source editing</code> instead of <code>Switch to visual editing</code> and <code>Switch to code editing</code>. This is because it was confusing when the menu said you could switch to the editor you were already using. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162864] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 May. It will be on all wikis from 11 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=05&year=2017 9 May at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to get a notification when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. This will come to Wikivoyage on 9 May. If there are no problems it will come to most Wikipedias on 30 May. It will come to other projects and English, French and German Wikipedia later in the summer. It will be opt-in for existing users and opt-out for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142102][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142103#3223284] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. If <code>-{</code> is used in [[w:en:Transclusion|transclusions]] or [[w:en:URL|web addresses]] it has to be [[w:en:Escape character|escaped]] appropriately. You can use <code>-<nowiki><nowiki/></nowiki>{</code> for transclusions and <code>%2D{</code> in web addresses. A transclusion could for example be when you use <code>-{</code> in a template: <code><nowiki>{{1x| sad :-{ face }}</nowiki></code>. This is because of some code fixes to the [[w:en:Preprocessor|preprocessor]] and affects all wikis. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/333997/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsoid/Language_conversion/Preprocessor_fixups] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W19"/> 04:24, 9 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16713536 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/20|Tech News: 2017-20]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now use [[w:en:International Standard Book Number|ISBNs]] to automatically generate citations in the visual editor. This works on wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|enabled Citoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145462] *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two_Column_Edit_Conflict_View|Two Column Edit Conflict View]] is available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis. It is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162806] '''Problems''' *The <code>mediawiki.util</code> library does not load automatically any more. Your [[Special:MyPage/common.js]] may use it. If you have technical problems that started a couple of weeks ago you can try adding <syntaxhighlight lang="js" inline class=nowrap>mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ).done(function(){</syntaxhighlight> as the first line in the file and <syntaxhighlight lang="js" inline class=nowrap>});</syntaxhighlight> as a last one. Tech News wrote about this in the [[m:Tech/News/2017/18|2017/18]] issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122755] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider extension]] will be a default feature on all wikis. RevisionSlider is an easier way to move between changes in the page history. It has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia and a beta feature on all wikis. You will be able to turn it off in your preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163685] *There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' *Administrators will soon be able to search through deleted pages. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Smalyshev_(WMF)/Archive_search][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/2015_Community_Wishlist_Survey/Search#Provide_a_means_of_searching_for_deleted_pages] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. Tech News wrote about this last week. If <code>-{</code> is used in [[w:en:Transclusion|transclusions]] or [[w:en:URL|web addresses]] it has to be [[w:en:Escape character|escaped]] appropriately. You can use <code>-<nowiki><nowiki/></nowiki>{</code> for transclusions and <code>%2D{</code> in web addresses. This is because of some code fixes to the [[w:en:Preprocessor|preprocessor]] and affects all wikis. You can now see [[mw: Parsoid/Language conversion/Preprocessor fixups/20170501|the full list of wikis with this problem]] and help fix them to avoid that things break later this month. You might find [[w:en:False positives and false negatives|false positives]]. You can [[mw: Parsoid/Language conversion/Preprocessor fixups/Edit logbook#Edit Rules|read more about what to fix]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/333997/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsoid/Language_conversion/Preprocessor_fixups] '''Older unreported changes''' *Your [[m:Special:MyPage|Meta user page]] is shown on all wikis where you don't have a local user page. You can now add the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOGLOBAL__</nowiki></code> to your Meta user page to stop this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90849][https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Magic_words&diff=2462141&oldid=2425686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W20"/> 23:48, 15 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16757592 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/21|Tech News: 2017-21]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/21|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 May. It will be on all wikis from 25 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There will be a <code><nowiki><div></nowiki></code> tag around HTML from the MediaWiki wikitext [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. Gadgets with code that does not follow recommendations could have problems with this. You can [[phab:T163512|report new problems]] you think are related to this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T37247] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W21"/> 00:02, 23 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16793800 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/22|Tech News: 2017-22]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Last week’s MediaWiki version was rolled back from some wikis because of a problem. This means planned changes did not happen. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163512] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=05&year=2017 30 May at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You will be able to control who can notify you on the Wikimedia wikis. You will have a user blacklist. When you add a user to the blacklist you will not get a [[mw:Notifications|notification]] when they mention you. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo test this on Beta Wikipedia]. You can [[m: Community health initiative/Notifications blacklist|read more and give feedback on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150419] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W22"/> 14:18, 30 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16821223 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/23|Tech News: 2017-23]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can see new files on [[Special:NewFiles|Special:NewFiles]]. You can now pick which dates you want to see files from. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T13836] * When you read Wikipedia on a mobile device the first paragraph now comes before the infobox. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150325] * You can now remove navigation elements from your results when you search. This could for example be part of an infobox that is only there to help you find the previous or next article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162905] * New users on Wikivoyages and Wikipedias (except French, English and German) now get a notification when a page they created is connected to Wikidata. Other wikis will get it 13 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142102] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.2|MediaWiki version]] from two weeks ago was rolled back. It was fixed late last week. Changes that were planned to go out last week did not happen. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165957] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia wikis can show fewer links to articles in other languages. This is to make it easier to find the languages likely to be useful to the reader or editor. Everyone can still click to see the full list. Logged-in users who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/Compact Language Links|compact language links]] will see languages they have in their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel box]] on their user page in the first, shorter list. You can turn the compact language list off or on in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135371] * You can choose what dates to look at when you look at a user's contributions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120733] * When you click on your watchlist in the mobile view you get a list of all pages in the watchlist instead of the latest changes to them. Logged-in users with at least ten edits will now get the latest changes instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88270] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 June. It will be on all wikis from 8 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> String comparisons in Scribunto modules are now always done case-insensitively by byte order. Before they were sometimes in a case-sensitive US-English collation order. This could break some modules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107128] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=06&year=2017 6 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Editor|2006 wikitext editor]] will be removed the week of 27 June. This is the old toolbar with small square blue buttons. You can see [[m:File:Edit toolbar - 2.png|a picture of it]]. 0.03% of active Wikimedia editors use this old tool. They will not see a toolbar at all. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] * Wikimedia wikis use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|Electron]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|tell the developers]] what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron already works on German Wikipedia. It will be on English Wikipedia later this week so you can test it there too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165956] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Architecture committee|Architecture Committee]] will change and get a new name. You can read and comment on the [[mw:Architecture committee/Charter|draft]] that describes the new committee. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W23"/> 21:04, 5 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16850955 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/24|Tech News: 2017-24]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Some wikis have the larger and brighter [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]] edit page buttons. When you write an edit summary there you can now see how many bytes you have left before the summary is too long. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165856] *When you search on Wikipedia you can now find pages on other Wikimedia projects that could be relevant. You see them next to the search results. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Cross-wiki_Search_Result_Improvements] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 June. It will be on all wikis from 15 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=06&year=2017 13 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You will soon be able to get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account. You can test this on the [[testwiki:Main Page|test wiki]]. This will only work if they fail to log in to your account. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/LoginNotify] * Wikimedia wikis use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|Electron]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|tell the developers]] what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron now works on all Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165956] *Administrators can soon search for deleted page titles and find results that are similar to what they searched for. Today the search only finds pages that are exactly the same as what you search for. This is to make it easier to find pages when you don't know the exact title. Administrators on Arabic, Catalan, English, Persian, German, Italian, Polish, and Russian Wikipedia and on mediawiki.org can test this by adding <code>&fuzzy=1</code> to the end of the web address when looking at [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Smalyshev_(WMF)/Archive_search][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109561] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W24"/> 17:29, 12 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16872240 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/25|Tech News: 2017-25]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *[[mw:ORES|ORES]] had some problems on 13 June between 16:00 and 19:40 [[w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. It has now been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20170613-ORES] '''Changes this week''' *<code>[[wikitech:Irc.wikimedia.org|irc.wikimedia.org]]</code> has to be rebooted. This will probably happen on 21 June. It may be postponed. Some tools use this to get the recent changes feed. They will not work when it is down. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167643] *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <code>Special:PageData</code> will be an entry point for machine-readable page data. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163923] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 June. It will be on all wikis from 22 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=06&year=2017 20 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. You can now see how the [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles extension]] works on [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/TemplateStylesTest Beta Labs]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W25"/> 17:44, 19 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16885571 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/26|Tech News: 2017-26]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InputBox|inputbox]]> has a new <code>searchfilter</code> parameter. You can add values like <code>searchfilter=insource:foo</code>. It will add that to the user's search query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147951] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 June. It will be on all wikis from 29 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users will be able to choose whether they want to see Wikidata changes in enhanced watchlist/recent changes. Previously, this was disabled for everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46874] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=06&year=2017 27 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the next WMF Language team office hour, an open session to talk about Wikimedia Language projects. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=13&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=06&year=2017 27 June at 13:00 UTC]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-i18n/2017-June/001126.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W26"/> 17:38, 26 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16896487 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/27|Tech News: 2017-27]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *There was a problem with maps on Wikimedia wikis that used <[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|mapframe]]> when you clicked on the link to another map service. Open Street Map or Google Maps are examples of other map services. If you had marked a place on the map the marker would not be in the same place on the other map service. It was in the middle of the map. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160782] '''Changes this week''' *Very old and inactive unpublished translations in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] database will be removed. This is because of technical maintenance. If you have not worked on a translation after 1 January 2016 you will lose it after 6 July. If you want to keep the unfinished translation you need to open it before 6 July with the Content Translation tool. You can continue working on it later. Translations that were started or have been worked on after 1 January 2016 will not be affected. *There is no new Mediawiki version this week. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[wikitech:EventStreams|EventStreams]] is a new way to show activity on Wikimedia wikis. It works with the recent changes feed. It will do more things later. It will replace [[wikitech:RCStream|RCStream]]. Tools that use RCStream should move to EventStreams before 7 July. Tech News wrote about this in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|2017/07]] issue. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/analytics/2017-February/005711.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W27"/> 17:32, 3 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16943555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/28|Tech News: 2017-28]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are sometimes links to pages about the same thing on other Wikimedia projects. A Wikipedia article about Berlin can link to the Wikivoyage guide or Wiktionary entry about Berlin. You can now see when that page has a badge. A badge could be the star that shows that an article is a featured article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73887] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-11|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-12|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-13|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=07&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-07-11|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Mobile users will be able to edit Wikipedia without JavaScript. This will make it possible to edit the wikis from older mobile phones. This will probably happen on 18 July for most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125174] *We will [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy/FAQ|not use]] [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] on Wikimedia wikis in the future. It will be replaced by June 2018. It could be earlier. Editors will need to fix pages that could break. You can read the [[mw:Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What will editors need to do.3F|simplified instructions for editors]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W28"/> 17:07, 10 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16977031 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/29|Tech News: 2017-29]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * "Wikimedia Labs" is now called "Cloud VPS". "Wikimedia Tool Labs" is now called "Wikimedia Toolforge". This is to help clarify the purpose of these services. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-July/088466.html] '''Problems''' * On some pages, the Table of Contents is not being shown. It will normally appear if you edit the page again. Investigation is currently ongoing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T168040] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 July. It will be on all wikis from 20 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=07&year=2017 18 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is: Migrate to HTML5 section ids. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540] The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=07&year=2017 19 July at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/Hovercards|Page Previews]], currently a Beta Feature, will be enabled for logged-out users for all remaining Wikipedias (with the exception of English and German) the week of 24 July. An A/B test will be run on English Wikipedia to collect data before approaching the community for further discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70860] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W29"/> 00:59, 18 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17007159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2017/30|Tech News: 2017-30]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. This will make it easier to make templates look good on mobile devices. This now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and [[wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]]. It will come to more wikis later. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TemplateStyles/Q%26A][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Tl7vrw6suzkxxoy9][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170863] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <code dir=ltr>.mw-ui-constructive</code> modifier class is deprecated and has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155203] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-25|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-26|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-27|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * It will be possible to restrict who can send you notifications on a wiki. This new feature will accessible in your preferences, [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|in the Notifications tab]], on Wednesday, July 26. Please see [[mw:Help:Notifications#mute|the documentation]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150419] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=25&month=07&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-07-25|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title=" Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the Wikimedia Foundation July 2017 Metrics & Activities Meeting. The meeting is about how Wikipedia and the Wikimedia movement are perceived and understood by the world. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=07&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-07-27|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-July/088080.html the agenda and how to join]. '''Future changes''' * New Filters for Edit Review, at the moment available as a Beta feature, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2017/07|will be released by default]] for the Recent Changes in September. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W30"/> 17:57, 24 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17017391 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/31|Tech News: 2017-31]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Some pages show the error <code>Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject</code>. This problem happens on pages with a [[:w:en: Lua (programming language)|Lua module]] that uses Wikidata. The developers are working on fixing the problem. You can fix a page by opening it for editing and then saving without changing anything. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170039] *Wikidata and German Wikipedia could not be edited for an hour on 28 July. You can read why and how we could avoid it in the future in the [[wikitech:Incident documentation/20170728-s5 (WikiData and dewiki) read-only|incident report]]. '''Changes later this week''' *Some wikis already have the larger and brighter [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Accessible_editing_buttons|OOjs UI edit page buttons]]. All remaining wikis except Commons will have these from 1 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 August. It will be on all wikis from 3 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=01&month=08&year=2017 1 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The default font in the edit window will soon change for some users. Instead of using the browser default it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171201] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W31"/> 23:45, 31 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17058990 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/32|Tech News: 2017-32]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see which Wikipedia language versions are read in a specific country. This tool is called [https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/animations/pageviews/wivivi.html Wikipedia Views Visualized]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WiViVi] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Architecture Committee is now the [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Committee|Wikimedia Technical Committee]]. You can read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Committee/Charter|charter]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-July/088534.html] '''Problems''' * You can get an email when a page on your watchlist was edited. You can choose not to get emails for minor edits. There is a bug that means that you then don't get an email when someone does a normal edit after a minor edit. The developers are working on fixing this. Until it has been fixed you can activate "{{int:tog-enotifminoredits}}" at the bottom of "{{int:prefs-personal}}" in your preferences if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29884] * The thanks button sometimes didn't work for mobile users. This was because of a new bug and has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170917] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 August. It will be on all wikis from 10 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Editors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/organizations/all/ Firefox 52 ESR] instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147199] * Links to sections on Wikipedia don't work well in languages that don't use the [[w:en:Latin script|Latin script]]. The [[w:en:URL|URL]] in the address bar in your browser shows Latin characters like <code dir=ltr>.D0.A1.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.B8</code> instead of the section heading in the wiki's language. Links to sections in non-Latin scripts will be in the script of that wiki in the future. This will happen in the next few months. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088559.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540] * Wiki pages printed by the web browser "Print" function will have an updated style. This new style will be similar to the when you download a page as PDF. It will be better at showing tables, infoboxes and headings. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Print_Styles#Desktop_Printing][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088565.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W32"/> 23:45, 7 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17085059 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/33|Tech News: 2017-33]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Bureaucrats can now set users as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Confirmed users|confirmed]]. Previously only stewards could do this on most wikis. Nothing will change for wikis that have previously decided to let administrators set users as confirmed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101983] '''Problems''' *The symbols in the language list that show that an article is good or featured in that language doesn't work. Links to the Commons category in the sidebar doesn't work either. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172592][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172805] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 August. It will be on all wikis from 17 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W33"/> 01:28, 15 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17112361 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/34|Tech News: 2017-34]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now test the new [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Timeless?useskin=timeless Timeless skin] on [[testwiki:Main Page|the test wiki]] and [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. You can turn it on in your preferences. You can report bugs [[phab:tag/timeless/|in Phabricator]]. It will come to more wikis soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154371][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088603.html] *Your watchlist can now have the option to unwatch pages. You have to turn this on in your preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T2424] *If a table has several columns you can often choose which column you want to use to sort the table. This has not worked for some columns for readers who have used Firefox or Safari. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126886] *The [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] has shown related pages on Wikivoyages. You will now see the related pages at the end of the article together with an image. Previously the links were in the sidebar. Wikis that want this extension can request it on [[phab:tag/wikimedia-site-requests/|Phabricator]]. '''Changes later this week''' *Videos will now be played in the [[w:en:WebM|WebM format]] in all browsers. Previously some browsers used [[w:en:Theora|Ogg Theora]] (.ogv). If you use Safari, Internet Explorer or Edge you may see slower playback speed at high resolutions. Instead we will get better quality and smaller file size. You can still upload video as Ogg files. They are automatically converted to WebM. This doesn't affect Ogg audio files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172445] *The default font in the edit window will change for some users this week. Instead of using the browser default, it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171201] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 August. It will be on all wikis from 24 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=08&year=2017 23 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=08&year=2017 22 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W34"/> 20:00, 21 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17130704 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/35|Tech News: 2017-35]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] is now a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It will come to right-to-left wikis later. This beta feature is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Wikitext_editor_syntax_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165543] *You will now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Login notifications|get a notification]] when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. You can turn this off or choose to get an email notification in your preferences. You can also turn on to get an email when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-August/088368.html] '''Problems''' *Some pages show the error <code>Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject</code>. This problem happens on pages with a [[:w:en:Lua (programming language)|Lua module]] that use Wikidata. This has now been fixed and no new pages will get this problem. You still need to fix pages that were broken before and still show the error message. You can see how [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Mw.wikibase.entity.lua bug fix instructions|on this page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170039] '''Changes later this week''' *You can block users from sending you notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150419] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 August. It will be on all wikis from 31 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=08&year=2017 29 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Technical Committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T152540|Migrate to HTML5 section ids]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=08&year=2017 30 August at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *In the future you will have [[m:Community Tech/Global preferences|global preferences]]. This means you could set something in your preferences to work in the same way on all wikis. You will not be forced to use global preferences. The developers are now asking if editors need exceptions. This is where you want to use global settings on almost all wikis, but have some wikis where you want it to work in a different way. If you want this you need to tell the developers now. You can do so on [[m:Talk:Community Tech/Global preferences|the talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-August/088447.html] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for edit review]] is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2017-August/001648.html] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 in September 2017. Wikis can [[phab:T124742|ask on Phabricator]] to get it early, so they can help find and solve problems now. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W35"/> 00:09, 29 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17163557 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|Tech News: 2017-36]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' *We are asking Tech News readers five questions to make the newsletter better. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Reader feedback/2017|You can answer the questions here]]. We are grateful for every reply we get. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] user interface has changed. You can now select revisions by clicking on the bars. You can move the blue knob past the yellow one and the yellow one will move along, and the other way around. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173566][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172092] '''Problems''' * Some users have problems loading very large watchlists. It is working better than earlier but the problem has not been solved. The developers are working on fixing it. Until it has been fixed you can turn on "{{int:tog-extendwatchlist}}" in your preferences and see if it helps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171027] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for edit review]] is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2017-August/001648.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 September. It will be on all wikis from 7 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=05&month=09&year=2017 5 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can see a presentation about and discuss the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Committee|Technical Committee]] on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=30&sec=0&day=05&month=09&year=2017 5 September at 17:30 (UTC)]. There will be a presentation on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtH-EmGmOWs YouTube] and a discussion in <code>#wikimedia-office</code> on [https://freenode.net/kb/answer/chat Freenode]. You can use the [https://webchat.freenode.net/ web chat]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088651.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W36"/> 00:14, 5 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17191730 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Tech News: 2017-37]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can get a [[d:Special:Diff/552232398|notification]] when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. You can choose to get these notifications in your preferences. Some wikis already had this option. It is now available on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142102] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] is now on mediawiki.org. The newsletter extension is for newsletters where you can subscribe by getting a notification when a new issue has been published. It will come to more wikis later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-September/088714.html] *The [[mw:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. There is now a new high-priority category: <code>tidy-whitespace-bug</code>. This usually affects templates with horizontal lists. You can read more [[mw:Help:Extension:Linter|about using Linter]] and the [[mw: Help:Extension:Linter/tidy-whitespace-bug|Tidy whitespace bug]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173096] '''Problems''' * Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|2017/36]] reported about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] coming to watchlists. This was planned to happen last week. It will happen next week instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171030] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 September. It will be on all wikis from 14 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]] will be updated. This could affect some icons. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-September/088711.html read more about the changes]. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=09&year=2017 13 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2017 12 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You can't use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|Electron]] instead. Most PDFs are already created with Electron. Electron will get missing features before 1 October. You can create books but they will not have all planned features until November or December. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|read more on mediawiki.org]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for edit review]] are available now on recent changes as a beta feature. [[mw:Topic:Txr92g0lwqv1rpao|Some of those filters and other features]] will be deployed as default features in the coming weeks. Users will be able to opt out in their preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W37"/> 21:15, 11 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17211238 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/38|Tech News: 2017-38]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now see contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] at [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]]. Before you could only see contributions from single [[w:en:IP address|IP addresses]]. Some older contributions from IP ranges could be missing at first because it will take some time to add them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175105][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163562] * Flow has been re-scoped to become [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and the development [[mw:Structured_Discussions#Development_status|has restarted]]. Phabricator projects and repositories have been renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167928] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 September. It will be on all wikis from 21 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=04&year=2017 19 September at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=09&year=2017 20 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * We are [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy/FAQ|replacing]] [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] on Wikimedia wikis. Editors need to fix pages that could break. You can read the [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy/FAQ#What will editors need to do.3F|simplified instructions for editors]]. Some wikis have already switched. If your wiki would like to switch to the new format now, [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Parsing-Team,Tidy,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Enable%20RemexHTML%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=175706 you can file a task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W38"/> 17:31, 18 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17219411 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/39|Tech News: 2017-39]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikitext [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] is a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. This beta feature is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. You can now search through the entire article with <code>CTRL</code>+<code>F</code> or <code>cmd</code>+<code>F</code> when you edit. Before it just searched through a part of the article. The developers are also fixing a couple of other bugs. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Wikitext_editor_syntax_highlighting#Status_Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95104] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Structured Discussions/Request_Structured_Discussions_on_a_page/Beta_feature|Structured Discussions as a beta feature or by default]] can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Structured_Discussions/Activation#ActivationBySysops|create and move]] Structured Discussions boards. Structured Discussions was previously called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175934] '''Changes later this week''' *You now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Login notifications|get a notification]] when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. For security reasons you will soon get an email by default when someone tries to log in to your account and when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. This can be turned off in your preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174263] * Users with extremely old browsers (for example Netscape 2–4, released from 1995–1997) which do not support Unicode will no longer be able to edit. They should try to install a new browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67297] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 September. It will be on all wikis from 28 September. ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=09&year=2017 27 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Readers|Readers department]] has proposed changing the mobile website. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/NewMobileWebsite#Proposal|read more on mediawiki.org]]. This would be a big change. *You can't use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can still create PDFs. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Tech News 2017/37]] said the function to create PDFs from books would still work. It is now clear it will not work for the next few months. The developers are working on fixing this. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|read more on mediawiki.org]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W39"/> 17:59, 25 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17259189 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/40|Tech News: 2017-40]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|preload]] features in the visual editor. This means you can create links to create new pages and some text will already be in the edit window when someone clicks on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51622] '''Changes later this week''' * If you have turned on "{{int:betafeatures-auto-enroll}}" you will now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. Before this you had to turn it on manually even though it is a beta feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176181] * [[Special:Block|Special:Block]] and [[Special:Unblock|Special:Unblock]] will get the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107036] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 on all Wiktionary wikis from 2 October. It will be on all non-Wikipedia wikis from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124742] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=10&year=2017 3 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=10&year=2017 4 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * A new feature called Reading Lists are coming to the Wikipedia mobile apps. First it will be in the Android version. Reading Lists are a private user preference where you can see lists of articles on multiple devices. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|give feedback on this feature]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Synced_Reading_Lists] * The search function has used [[mw:Manual:Language#Fallback languages|fallback languages]] for language analysis. This means a language could be analysed with the grammar of a completely unrelated language to find related words. This will be removed from most wikis the week starting with 9 October. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Discovery/Disabling Messaging Fallbacks for Language Analysis|read more and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W40"/> 01:25, 3 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17287248 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/41|Tech News: 2017-41]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The number of active users listed by <code><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</nowiki></code> and on [[Special:Statistics|Special:Statistics]] will now only include Wikidata edits as activity on Wikidata and not on other wikis too. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/380887/] * Previously you could create wiki links starting with two colons. Now you need to use one colon. <nowiki>[[::File:X.jpg]]</nowiki> now has to be <nowiki>[[:File:X.jpg]]</nowiki>. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter/multi-colon-escape|Linter category]]. You can see a list on [[Special:Linterrors/multi-colon-escape|Special:Linterrors/multi-colon-escape]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. You can read more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|about using Linter]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/361597/] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit or upload files to Commons for around 30 minutes on 11 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=06&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2017 06:00 UTC]. This is because of work to let Commons show 3D models. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Read-only_Commons_in_preparation_for_3D_file_support_-_11_October] '''Changes later this week''' * The font in the edit window is [[w:en:Monospaced font|monospace]] by default. Today you can change preferences to another font family or use "the browser default" instead of monospace. Switching to the browser default has only changed the font on Macs. The option to use browser default will be removed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170223] * If you want to print a page or make a PDF of a page you can do so in the side menu. The way the pages look when you do this will change. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Print Styles#Desktop Printing|read more on mediawiki.org]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 October. It will be on all wikis from 12 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2017 10 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2017 11 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W41"/> 16:21, 9 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17309468 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/42|Tech News: 2017-42]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you edit a template with the visual editor it follows the template's <code>format</code> configuration on how to save it. You can now change the format in [[mw:Help:TemplateData#Custom_formats|more powerful ways]] if your wiki wants it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138492][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135667] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TwoColConflict|TwoColConflict]] extension is a new way to solve edit conflicts. It makes it easier to copy and paste the relevant text to the text field. It has been a beta feature for the last five months. You can now [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts/Feedback Round Test Page|try out the new interface]] on a page where you will actually get simulated edit conflicts. You can [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts/Feedback Round Test Page|give feedback]] to the developers. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with recent changes pages and your watchlist that show a large number of pages. Until it is fixed, Wikidata edits will not be shown on recent changes or in your watchlist on Commons or Russian Wikipedia. If necessary, Wikidata edits will be removed from all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171027] * Notifications are not working for some actions. For example some users don't get a notification when they are mentioned. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177825] * Users on some wikis could not change their preferences. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177478] '''Changes later this week''' * Editors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia from 17 October. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/organizations/all/ Firefox 52 ESR] instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147199] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 October. It will be on all wikis from 19 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=10&year=2017 17 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=10&year=2017 18 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W42"/> 17:31, 16 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17314765 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/43|Tech News: 2017-43]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can use <code>ccnorm_contains_any</code> when you create an abuse filter. This can be used to look for multiple words or phrases within a string. It will find words where some characters have been replaced. You can read more [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format|in the documentation]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177711] '''Changes later this week''' * When you search in some languages the search function could use specific other languages if the first language didn't work. This is called a fallback language. This didn't work properly and created bad searches. The search index is being fixed to work better. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177871] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 October. It will be on all wikis from 26 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&day=24&month=10&year=2017 24 October at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=25&month=10&year=2017 25 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *There is a [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Community focus group|Structured Commons community focus group]] for Commons and Wikidata contributors who want to give input on structured data on Wikimedia Commons. You can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Structured Commons focus group|sign up]] to join it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174142] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W43"/> 20:18, 23 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17344086 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/44|Tech News: 2017-44]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now block users from emailing you through the Wikimedia wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177319] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 November. It will be on all wikis from 2 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=10&day=31 31 October at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=01&month=11&year=2017 1 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W44"/> 01:20, 31 oktobar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17372700 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/45|Tech News: 2017-45]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You will no longer see the patrol log on [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] unless you specifically select it. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/384197] '''Changes later this week''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2017 Community Wishlist Survey|2017 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 6 November. You can post proposals from [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=11&year=2017 19:00 UTC] and until November 19. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 November. It will be on all wikis from 9 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=11&year=2017 8 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *[[:w:en:URL|URLs]] that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F</code> instead of <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История</code>. This will soon be fixed. Old links will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75092] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W45"/> 19:45, 6 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17381742 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/46|Tech News: 2017-46]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' *The diff you see when you compare two different versions of a page has changed on [[mw:MediaWiki|MediaWiki.org]] and [[testwiki:Main Page|the test wiki]]. This is to make it easier to find a text change in a moved paragraph. It will hopefully soon come to more wikis. You can [[phab:T146781|report bugs in Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-November/089099.html] *A new user group on Commons will be able to upload [[w:en:MP3|MP3 files]]. The plan is to have this user group from 17 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180002] * Wikis using Flagged Revisions will get the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for Edit Review]] by default on the recent changes pages. It will be possible to opt-out in user preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178990] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 November. It will be on all wikis from 16 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=11&year=2017 15 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Support for uploading and viewing 3D models is coming soon to Wikimedia Commons. The feature will support the [[w:en:STL (file format)|.STL file format]]. You can see an example [[testwiki:File:Programmatically created crystal.stl|on the test wiki]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:3d] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W46"/> 20:19, 13 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17417996 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/47|Tech News: 2017-47]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you use the Chrome web browser on [[w:en:Android (operating system)|Android]] you can see a download icon on the mobile website. You can download a formatted PDF. It will work in other mobile browsers in the future. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The abuse filter now has a function called <code>get_matches</code>. You can use it to store matches from regular expressions – one of each capturing group. You can read more [[phabricator:T179957|in Phabricator]]. '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki version didn't come to all Wikipedias because of a database crash. It will be on all wikis on 20 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178635][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20171116-s5-dewiki-wikidata] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=11&day=21 21 November at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=11&year=2017 22 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Language converter syntax will no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like <code><nowiki>http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}-</nowiki></code> must be replaced. You will have to write <code><nowiki>-{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }-</nowiki></code> instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. This will happen next week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119158][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2017-November/001730.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W47"/> 20:18, 20 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17447294 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/48|Tech News: 2017-48]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now test the new [[mw:Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search function beta feature]] on mediawiki.org. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It will come to German and Arabic Wikipedia this week. It will come to more wikis later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-November/089148.html] * You can now upload large files with the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/ia-upload/commons/init Internet Archive upload tool]. Previously you could not upload files larger than 100 MB. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikisource-l/2017-November/003365.html] * You can now use the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Skin:Timeless?useskin=timeless Timeless skin] on all wikis. You can choose skins in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Special:Preferences#Appearance]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154371] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 November. It will be on all wikis from 30 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=11&day=28 28 November at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=11&year=2017 29 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W48"/> 21:30, 27 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17468068 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/49|Tech News: 2017-49]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible to upload [[w:en:MP3|MP3 files]] to Commons. Only users with [[c:Commons:MP3 uploaders|MP3 file upload rights]] can upload MP3 files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120288] * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Live updates|live updates]] for recent changes if you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|the new filters]]. This feature updates the filtered recent changes every three seconds when you activate it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173614] * There is an experimental [[m:Grants:IdeaLab/A Tor Onion Service for Wikipedia|onion service]] for Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-November/089157.html] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 December. It will be on all wikis from 7 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Very old versions of the [[w:en:Opera (web browser)|Opera Web browser]] are no longer supported. This means that technical development will not be tested to make sure it works with those Opera versions. Use Opera 15 or above or another browser if you have problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121517] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Almost 170 wikis with no high-priority errors in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter]] categories will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. A few larger wikis such as German and Italian Wikipedia will also make this switch. It will happen on 5 December. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/Linter/Stats/2017-11-20#Wikis_with_zero_high-priority_errors][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=12&day=05 5 December at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=12&year=2017 6 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:2017 Community Wishlist Survey|2017 Community Wishlist Survey]] will decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team will work on next year. You can vote for wishes on the [[m:2017 Community Wishlist Survey|survey page]] until 10 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|2016 results page]]. *The Community Liaisons team at the Wikimedia Foundation is looking for [[m:Tech/Ambassadors/List|active tech ambassadors]]. This is to make sure the Wikimedia communities get all the information they need about new features and can be involved in the technical development. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176476] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W49"/> 18:50, 4 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17506639 --> == Invitation to Blocking tools consultation == Hello all, The Wikimedia Foundation's [[meta:Community health initiative/The Team|Anti-Harassment Tools team]] invites all Wikimedians to [[meta:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|discuss new blocking tools and improvements to existing blocking tools in December 2017]] for development work in early 2018. How can you help? #Share your ideas on the '''[[meta:Talk:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|discussion page]]''' or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EmailUser/SPoore_(WMF) send an email to the Anti-Harassment Tools team]'''. #Spread the word that the consultation is happening; this is an important discussion for making decisions about improving the blocking tools. #Help with translation. #If you know of previous discussions about blocking tools that happened on your wiki, [[meta:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements/Links|share the links.]] We are looking forward to learning your ideas. For the Anti-Harassment Tools team [[User:SPoore (WMF)|SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative]] ([[User talk:SPoore (WMF)|talk]]) 00:23, 8 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:SPoore (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SPoore_(WMF)/Tech_vp_massessage_list&oldid=17521361 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/50|Tech News: 2017-50]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:w:en:URL|URLs]] that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F</code> instead of <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История</code>. This has now been fixed on all wikis. Old links will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540] * A new [[Special:Tags|tag]] marks edits where a redirect was created or removed. This still works when the editor writes something else in the edit summary. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73236] * If you use [[w:en:Google Chrome|Chrome]] on [[w:en:Android (operating system)|Android]], you can now use the print to PDF button to create a PDF of an article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T179914] * Filter by number of edits or filter by time range have been grouped on a same menu on the recent changes page if you use the new filters. The "{{int:rcfilters-show-new-changes}}" link is now more prominent. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177926] * Some of the web fonts that were provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] extension are being removed. This is to reduce the load time on pages. The [[mw:Universal Language Selector/WebFonts|web fonts were added many years ago]] to help users read text in scripts which did not have fonts or had broken fonts. This is not the case any more. You can [[mw:Universal Language Selector/WebFonts/WebFonts Status|check the status page]] for a list of all web fonts and whether they are currently being used and especially for special requirements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180422] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 December. It will be on all wikis from 14 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=12&day=12 12 December at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=12&year=2017 13 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can discuss [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|new or improved blocking tools]] with the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative#Anti-Harassment Tools|Anti-Harassment Tools team]]. They will work on building better blocking tools. Leave comments on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W50"/> 18:57, 11 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17532179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/51|Tech News: 2017-51]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2018. '''Problems''' * When you import a page from another wiki the usernames of the users who edited the article on the wiki you imported it from are shown in the article history. This should link to the users on the original wiki. A script to fix this caused problems for Wikidata and German Wikipedia. It also created a large number of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL accounts]] on wikis where editors had never edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181731] * Some bot owners got email about their bots logging in from a new computer. If this is from one or a couple of wikis, you can turn these messages off [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|in your preferences]] on those wikis until the problem has been solved. If not, you can report more about the problem [[phab:T182867|in Phabricator]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=12&day=19 {{#time:j xg|2017-12-19|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Files on Commons will have [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|structured metadata]] in the future. The developers are now looking for examples of different kinds of metadata to make sure they are aware of them when they build prototypes for structured data on Commons. You can [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Interesting Commons files|read more and help]] by giving examples of interesting media files. * The [[c:Commons:Structured data/Development/Team|Structured Commons team]] are making sure Commons work with structured data. If you regularly contribute to Commons and Wikidata you can [http://www.allourideas.org/commonswdtools answer a survey] that helps the team prioritise the tools that are important for the Commons and Wikidata communities. The survey ends on 22 December. You can [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get_involved/Tools|read more on Commons]]. You can also [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Renaming 'captions' and 'descriptions'|help the team decide]] on better names for "captions" and "descriptions". This ends on 3 January 2018. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2017 Community Wishlist Survey|2017 Community Wishlist Survey]] has now ended. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2017 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|see the results]]. They decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on next year. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W51"/> 16:26, 18 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17556688 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/02|Tech News: 2018-02]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikidata, the "{{int:wikibase-save}}" button when you edit is now called "{{int:wikibase-publish}}". This means all Wikimedia wikis have now changed from "{{int:savearticle}}" to "{{int:publishchanges}}". This is to help new editors understand what it does. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T161367][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132] * Some edits will get an automatic [[Special:Tags|tag]] on all wikis. This will happen when making a page a redirect, blanking a page, removing almost all content, undoing an edit, or rolling back an edit. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. Some wikis had already marked edits like these in other ways. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167656] * [[Special:UnusedFiles|Special:UnusedFiles]] shows files that have been uploaded but are not used. It will show a file that is not used on the wiki it has been uploaded to, even if the file is used on another wiki. The new [[c:Special:GloballyUnusedFiles|Special:GloballyUnusedFiles page on Commons]] only shows files that are not used on any wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183673] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] now uses the 2017 wikitext editor instead of its old custom one. This will work with your preference for wikitext or visual editor. The documentation [[mw:Help:Structured_Discussions/Quick_tour#basics|has been updated]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155861][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178719] '''Problems''' * Older versions of the Chrome web browser on mobile devices may see the PDF download button, but it does not work. The developers are looking into the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182059] * With the new filters in the recent changes, "{{int:rcfilters-exclude-button-off}}" in "{{int:namespaces}}" did not work for "{{int:rcfilters-quickfilters}}" between 13 December and 2 January. When you loaded the saved filter all other namespaces were excluded instead. This has now been fixed. If you made any changes to your saved filters between 13 December and 2 January, you need to save your filters with excluded namespaces again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183910] * The latest version of [[w:en:Google Chrome|Google Chrome]] broke how section links are shown in the address bar. You now see <code>#R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9</code> instead of <code>#Résumé</code> even if MediaWiki did not encode it that way. This happened in early December. This problem has been solved. The fix will be in Chrome 64 (23 January) or Chrome 65 (6 March). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540#3830013] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Some POST requests to the API took longer than usual in parts of December. This affected the Wikidata UI and some gadgets the most. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182322] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikidata will be moved to its own database [[w:en:Server (computing)|servers]]. This is because it is growing and needs more resources. Because of this '''you will be able to read but not edit''' Wikidata and the German Wikipedia between 06:00 and 06:30 [[w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 9 January. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. This includes editing the language links on other wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181645] * The font size in the editing window will change slightly for some users. It will now look the same on all browsers and operating systems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182320][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing/Projects/Font_size_in_the_editing_window] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 January. It will be on all wikis from 11 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> WikiEditor's ResourceLoader modules have been simplified to one: <code>ext.wikiEditor</code>. All the other modules are now deprecated aliases and should be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165112] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=01&day=09 9 January at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=01&year=2018 10 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W02"/> 17:19, 8 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17612475 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/03|Tech News: 2018-3]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] is installed can now add and remove the translation administrator permission by default. Administrators of wikis where this extension is enabled can add and remove this permission to or from themselves. Wikis that used a different configuration before have not changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184610] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There is a new [https://discourse-mediawiki.wmflabs.org/ Discourse test support channel] for Wikimedia developers. You can ask questions or answer others questions about MediaWiki and Wikimedia software development. [https://discourse-mediawiki.wmflabs.org/t/welcome-to-wikimedia-developer-support/8] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a bug that changed non-[[w:en:ASCII|ASCII]] characters when a page was edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184749][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-January/089399.html] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 January. It will be on all wikis from 18 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=01&day=16 16 January at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=01&year=2018 17 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A few hundred wikis with less than ten high-priority errors in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter]] categories will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 31 January. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184656][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W03"/> 19:45, 15 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17629330 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/04|Tech News: 2018-04]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/04|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Filters on [[Special:RecentChangesLinked|Special:RecentChangesLinked]] will get the new look similar to on the recent changes page. Special:RecentChangesLinked will also get some new features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172161][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2018/01] '''Problems''' * With the new [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]] menus and popups can open upwards instead of downwards. This was meant to make long dropdown menus easier to use. Sometimes these menus have been overlapped by other things. This is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183069] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=24&month=01&year=2018 24 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *<code>[[wikitech:Irc.wikimedia.org|irc.wikimedia.org]]</code> will be rebooted on 22 February. Some bots use this to get the recent changes feed. They need to be able to reconnect automatically or they will not work until they have been fixed. Most bots can reconnect automatically. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-January/089426.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W04"/> 00:55, 23 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17666647 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/05|Tech News: 2018-05]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/05|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=31&month=01&year=2018 31 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia Foundation is working on how to get less unmaintained code on Wikimedia wikis. This could be by finding maintainers or removing unmaintained features. They are now [[mw:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation|looking for feedback]] on what do do with [[mw:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the [[mw:Talk:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/IRCRecentChanges|IRC RecentChanges feed]], the [[mw:Talk:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/RelatedSites|RelatedSites extension]] and [[mw:Talk:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/TimedMediaHandler|TimedMediaHandler]]. You can leave feedback on the linked talk pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-January/089439.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W05"/> 18:06, 29 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17685596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/06|Tech News: 2018-06]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Bureaucrats can now add and remove the accountcreator permission by default. This means the user can help create a large number of accounts, for example for an [[w:en:Edit-a-thon|editathon]]. Wikis can change this if they want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185417] * The [https://tools.wmflabs.org/wdvd/index.php Wikidata vandalism dashboard] is a new tool to monitor vandalism on Wikidata labels and descriptions. It is filtered by language. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2018-January/011741.html] * Info pages for file pages now show the file's [[w:en:File verification|SHA1 hash value]] in the table of basic information. This is so users can see that the file is the same as the one they uploaded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181651] '''Problems''' * [[Special:Export|Special:Export]] has a higher error rate right now. This means that the export does not always work. You should check to make sure your page exports worked. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186318] '''Changes later this week''' * When you review an edit made with the visual editor you can check a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Visual diffs|visual diff]] of your changes besides the wikitext diff. If you pick one diff type it will remember and show you that in future. The visual diff will now be the type first shown to new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178248] * When you use a gallery to show images you can define the size, like <code>gallery widths="150px"</code>. You could use <code>em</code> or <code>%</code> instead of <code>px</code> but it would make no difference. You can now only use <code>150px</code> or nothing (<code>150</code>). If you write something else, instead of treating it like <code>px</code>, it will not work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129372] * The wording when you send a thanks message will change. Instead of <code>{{int:confirmable-yes}}</code> or <code>{{int:confirmable-no}}</code> it will say <code>Thank</code> and <code>Cancel</code>. It will also be easier to understand that all thanks are public. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * Redirects connected to Wikidata can create double Wikidata items. There will now be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] for this. Wikis that don't want it [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|can disable it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185743] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 February. It will be on all wikis from 8 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=06 6 February at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=02&year=2018 7 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] will be removed on 30 June. It is replaced by the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/education/2018-February/001917.html][https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/News/January_2018/Education_Extension_scheduled_shutdown] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W06"/> 21:51, 5 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17707607 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/07|Tech News: 2018-07]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * TemplateStyles has been deployed to the Swedish Wikipedia. TemplateStyles is a feature to make it easy to add CSS to templates without administrator privileges. This allows for better adaptability to screen sizes, especially on mobile where are half our total page views. If your community would like to be the next to have the feature, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=TemplateStyles submit a task on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176082][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateStyles][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=TemplateStyles] * Registration pages now collect keyboard/mouse usage information for [[m:Research:Spambot detection via registration page behavior|research on identifying spambots]]. '''Changes later this week''' * You can opt in to a new beta feature that lets you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185708] * The visual editor shows and lets you edit templates in one way, and reference lists in another. This meant that templates that only contain a fake reference list, like <code><nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki></code>, would not get updated as you edited. Now they will update as you edit, but you will no longer be able to visually edit them as templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T52769] * The abuse filter extension has a new feature <code>contains_all</code> that you may use to check if one or more strings are all contained in another given string. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 February. It will be on all wikis from 15 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=13 13 February at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2018 14 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Reading/Web/Settings|settings page and beta options]] for the mobile website are being improved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W07"/> 22:59, 12 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17726593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/08|Tech News: 2018-08]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The explanation of the abbreviations on the recent changes page could overlap with the list of changes. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182156][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184165] * You can now [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects see statistics] for pageviews per wiki per country. You can see this on maps or in a table. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-February/089518.html] '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter]] is reporting estimated counts instead of actual counts for some wikis. This is because of performance problems. You might notice a false higher number in linter counts for some categories. This will be fixed as soon as the performance problem has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184280] * Last week the way that Visual Editor displays references lists was changed. As a result, the references generated by specific templates like <code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code> are not visible in the references list whilst editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187495][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T52769] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 February. It will be on all wikis from 22 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=20 20 February at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=02&year=2018 21 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The way edit summaries and log comments are stored in the database is being changed. In the future this will [[phab:T6714|make longer comments possible]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185948] * Edit conflicts could be solved in a different way in the future. You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts/Feedback Round Paragraph-Based Prototype|test a new prototype]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W08"/> 23:54, 19 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17748904 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/09|Tech News: 2018-09]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Checkusers and stewards can now view private data such as the IP address in the abuse log. This data is removed regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160357] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki version was rolled back because of a bug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-February/089550.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187942] * Since the deployment train last week until late evening on 20 February [[w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], when you thanked someone for an edit, the thank went to the latest unthanked edit to that page. It didn't matter which edit you tried to give thanks for. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187757] * [[Special:Statistics|Special:Statistics]] did not take newly created pages into account since 13 February 2018. Because of this the statistics are recreated. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/411400/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187845][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tech/News/2018/09] '''Changes later this week''' * Users with version 10 of the Internet Explorer browser will no longer get JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis. If you use this browser on your computer, you can try upgrading to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187869] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikinews wikis will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 27 February. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188000][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 February. It will be on all wikis from 1 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=27 27 February at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=02&year=2018 28 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W09"/> 20:52, 26 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17769917 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/10|Tech News: 2018-10]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now make longer edit summaries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6715] '''Changes later this week''' * You can [[m:Community Tech/Ping users from the edit summary|notify users in edit summaries]]. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T32750] * On [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]] you can now choose to list only actions that actually made an edit. Other actions are when the filter warned the editor or blocked the edit from being made. There are also more search options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159061][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187971] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|enable Citoid]] to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor, but it is complex. The tool will now warn in the JavaScript console if the configuration isn't correct. Soon Citoid will disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can [[mw:Talk:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|ask for help]] if you need it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186276] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 March. It will be on all wikis from 8 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=03&day=06 6 March at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=03&year=2018 7 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * In the future you will be able to use global preferences. This means you could change a preference for all wikis instead of having to change it every time for each wiki. You can now [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:GlobalPreferences test global preferences] and [[mw:Help talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|give feedback]]. * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Map improvements 2018|read about planned works on maps]] during 2018. This will be done by June. You [[mw:Talk:Map improvements 2018|can give feedback]] on the planned maps work. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W10"/> 18:12, 5 mart 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17798793 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/11|Tech News: 2018-11]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 3D models can now be uploaded to Commons. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/commons-l/2018-February/007972.html] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] has been updated to use [[w:en:HTML|HTML]] for previews. This has fixed many issues. An [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] was done on English and German Wikipedia to measure how it is used. Other changes were also made. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-March/089609.html] * Some edits have to be checked against too many conditions before they can trigger an [[w:en:Wikipedia:Edit filter|abuse filter]]. If that is the reason no filter is triggered the edit will be [{{fullurl:Special:RecentChanges|tagfilter=abusefilter-condition-limit}} tagged] for review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71492] * Auto-saving has been added to the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. Right now it is meant to help if your browser crashes or if you accidentally close a tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T57370] '''Problems''' * The [[w:en:Wikipedia:Edit filter|abuse filter]] did not tag all edits that should have been tagged after last week's MediaWiki version had come to the wikis. It was fixed on 9 March (UTC). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189299] '''Changes later this week''' * You can [[m:Community Tech/Ping users from the edit summary|notify users in edit summaries]]. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. This was originally planned to happen last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T32750] * It is now possible to specify the block parameters for each filter in [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. The parameters include block duration and if the user should be blocked from editing their own talk page. The block duration is separate for anonymous and registered users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T32024][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170014] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A hundred Wikimedia wikis will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 13 and 14 March. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188869][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188010][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 March. It will be on all wikis from 15 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=03&day=13 13 March at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=03&year=2018 14 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W11"/> 20:44, 12 mart 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17827223 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/12|Tech News: 2018-12]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On March 12 early morning UTC, the number of 503 error messages increased due to an issue on esams datacenter. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180312-Cache-text] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-03-20|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-03-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-03-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There is no Editing team meeting this week. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=03&year=2018 {{#time:j xg|2018-03-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * From April 4, the autopatrol status of edits will only be accessible in the Recent Changes database table, so only for 30 days. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-March/001812.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184485] * [[mw:In-context_help_and_onboarding|In-Context Help and Onboarding]] is a new project, aiming to improve retention of new wiki editors. The goal is to give them short tutorials and other training experiences based on their activity. [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] is expecting feedback and comments on [[mw:Talk:In-context_help_and_onboarding|the project talk page]], especially from people working with newcomers. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W12"/> 16:03, 19 mart 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17845447 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/13|Tech News: 2018-13]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/13|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some of the interface icons and text sizes will change slightly, as part of the updates for improved accessibility and consistency. These icons are used in many features, including Notifications, Recent Changes, Beta Features, Visual Editor, 2017 Wikitext Editor, Code Editor, and others. While editor toolbars, dialogs, and menus will appear slightly bigger; elements on special pages will be slightly smaller. Functionality will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177432] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97631] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deprecated #toc and #toctitle CSS ids have been removed. If your wiki was still using these for fake Tables of Content (ToC) then these might lose their styling. They can be replaced with .toc and .toctitle classes where appropriate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187808] * [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] will be deployed to the Wikivoyages on 28 March 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189834] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 March. It will be on all wikis from 29 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=03&day=27 27 March at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be one hour earlier than usual on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=03&year=2018 28 March at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * From 9 April, the sort order of categories will be distorted for a short time. We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a maintenance script to update existing database entries. This will last anywhere from a few hours to a few days, depending on wiki size. Read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|more details]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189295] * Changes are coming to search for Serbian projects. Cyrillic and Latin variants of a word and different grammatical forms of a word will be able to find each other. Read more on MediaWiki in [[mw:Wikimedia_Search_Platform/Serbian_Search_Update/sr|Serbian]] or [[mw:Wikimedia_Search_Platform/Serbian_Search_Update|English]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W13"/> 22:04, 26 mart 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17870513 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/14|Tech News: 2018-14]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Community Tech/Template wizard|Template Wizard]] script available for testing. It will show up as a puzzle-piece icon in the 2010 WikiEditor. You can click on the icon to insert a template. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] The Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey is to be sent to participants around the world this week. If you are volunteer developer, and have contributed code to any pieces of MediaWiki, gadgets, or tools, [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=DEV please take 20 to 40 minutes to complete the survey]. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki deployment train has been rolled back to version <span dir=ltr>1.31.0-wmf.26</span> on week 13, due to a multiplication of lost connections during MySQL queries. Some of the recent changes may have not been applied. They will be deployed next week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190960][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-March/000523.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-March/000524.html] * The Notifications badge icons were overlapping other links. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 April. It will be on all wikis from 5 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] User subpages ending in <code dir=ltr>.json</code> will now be protected from other people editing them, like <code dir=ltr>.js</code> and <code dir=ltr>.css</code> pages already are. If you have a tool that stores static configuration, you can now use a subpage like <code>User:Example/mygadget.json</code> to do this without concerns. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76554] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy will be replaced by RemexHtml]] on the next set of wikis. On April 4, we plan to turn off Tidy on all Wikiquotes (except frwikiquote) and Wikimedia chapters and user groups wikis. 23 wikis will have Tidy replaced this time. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-March/001821.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188881][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190726] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] will transition to use [[mw:OOUI|OOUI]] starting April 4, and the rule editor will also be changed to a CodeEditor (ACE) similar to what is found on user JavaScript pages. The move to OOUI will continue over the next few weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132284] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T39192] * In Special:Preferences, the preference "{{int:tog-watchlistreloadautomatically}}" is now only visible for users who have opt-out the New Filters for the Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186277] * You can see names of individual abuse filters in [[Special:AbuseLog]]. Now if the name of an abuse filter contains some wikisyntax like links, it will not change to a link when displayed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141670] * You can now search through filter patterns at [[Special:AbuseFilter]]. You may specify either a plain string or a [[:w:regular expression|regular expression]] and the matching filters will show a snippet of their pattern with the match highlighted. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87455] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=04&day=03 3 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=04&year=2018 4 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * If you're using, creating or improving Lua modules, you can [[d:Wikidata:New convenience functions for Lua|give your feedback]] to help harmonizing the modules across wikis and add more useful functions. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On April 11th, we plan to turn off Tidy on all wikis with less than 50 entries in all high priority linter categories. About 60 wikis will have Tidy replaced. Currently about 600 wikis have had Tidy replaced and we have another 300 wikis to go. We plan to finish this transition from Tidy to RemexHtml by end of June 2018. Please follow [[phab:T175706|T175706]] to monitor progress of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy replacement]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190731][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-March/001821.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W14"/> 21:28, 2 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17894791 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/15|Tech News: 2018-15]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Some pages have templates that describe problems with that article. There is now more information for mobile readers and what is wrong with the article and how they could help fix it. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues#Updates_to_the_page_issue_modal] *You can now thank users for many more actions than edits to a page. This was [[m:2017 Community Wishlist Survey/Miscellaneous/Allow %27thanks%27 notification for a log entry|one of the top ten requests in the Wishlist Survey]] last year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T60485] * The sort order of categories will have errors for a short time starting Monday 9 April (UTC). We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a script to update the database. This will take between a few hours and a few days depending on wiki size. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more details]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189295] * Tag filter titles will now work better on wikis where the tag filter title is in a language that is written in another direction than the language of that wiki. This could for example be an English title (written from left to right) on a Hebrew or an Arabic wiki (written from right to left). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190718] '''Problems''' *The bookmark icon for saved filters on the recent changes page disappeared because of new icon changes. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191366] *For a week in March rollbacks got both the <code>rollback</code> and the <code>undo</code> tag on the recent changes page and other pages where you see tags. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 April. It will be on all wikis from 12 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Patrolled edits now have three states instead of two. Recent changes filters are updated to show unpatrolled, autopatrolled and manually patrolled edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190408] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=04&day=10 10 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=04&year=2018 11 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The iOS and Android apps will get [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|synced reading lists]] later in April. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W15"/> 20:08, 9 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17924500 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/16|Tech News: 2018-16]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Profiling statistics for an [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] tell how often edits match the filter. The statistics for the abuse filters were reset after 10000 actions. Wikis can now decide to reset it more or less often. They can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=AbuseFilter file a phabricator task] to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132925] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] will now treat integers and [[:en:Floating-point arithmetic|floats]] more precisely. For example, 5/2 was rounded down to 2 but will now be 2.5 and 2*4 will be the integer 8 and not the floating-point number 8.0. Division values are the only ones changed. For the rest only strict comparisons (<code>===</code> and <code>!==</code>) will be affected leaving the values unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191688][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format#Arithmetic] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 April. It will be on all wikis from 19 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180417T1830 17 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180418T15 18 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[phab:T181084|new PDF renderer]] could not create PDFs from [[w:en:Wikipedia:Books|books]]. Books are in this case collections of pages on a Wikimedia wiki. [[w:en:PediaPress|PediaPress]] will take over development of the books-to-PDF function. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/PDF_Functionality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] will no longer support Python 2.7.2 and 2.7.3. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191192] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Volunteer developers can fill out the [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=DEV Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey]. The last day is April 22 (UTC). This is a third-party service survey. See [[wmf:Community Engagement Insights 2018 Survey Privacy Statement|the privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W16"/> 17:20, 16 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17931273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/17|Tech News: 2018-17]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All Wikipedias now have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]]. * The iOS and Android apps now have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|synced reading lists]]. This means you can save articles to a private list that can be seen on your other devices if you use the apps. * The icons in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] have changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191031] * The visual editor and the 2017 wikitext ask you to write an edit summary after you press <code>Publish</code>. This button now also shows an [[w:en:ellipsis|ellipsis]]. This is to show that pressing <code>Publish</code> is not the last step. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189803] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 April. It will be on all wikis from 26 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180424T1830 24 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180425T15 25 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|<nowiki><mapframe></nowiki>]] will come to most Wikipedias in May. This means that you can put interactive maps in the articles. Nine Wikipedias that use a strict version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|flagged revisions]] will not get this feature in May. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/User:JMatazzoni_(WMF)/mapframe-to-all-wikipedias-notice] * The rollback function could change. This was a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Rollback|German community request]]. All editors with rollback rights can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Rollback/Feedback round|leave feedback]] on the proposed solution. The last day to leave feedback is 4 May (UTC). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W17"/> 20:16, 23 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17965874 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/18|Tech News: 2018-18]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The parameter for unpatrolled edits in recent changes filters changed name. You might need to update saved filters and links. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190408] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|We are migrating wikis from Tidy to Remex]]. Because of a bug the 250 wikis which do not yet use Remex were switched on 23 April. This is two months early. This meant that pages with broken wikitext showed wrongly to readers. The bug was undone the next day. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F|help fix broken wikitext]] to avoid this problem when your wiki switches. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. You can follow the process [[phab:T175706|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192855] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] on all wikis. CodeMirror helps with [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]]. It has previously been a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] and only available on wikis with scripts that are written from left to right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191923] * When an administrator blocks someone they will have a calendar they can use to choose when the block ends. This is to make it easier to pick a specific date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132220] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can soon turn on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:PerformanceInspector|Performance Inspector]] in the {{int:prefs-editing}} section in your preferences. It shows information about the [[w:en:Computer performance|performance]] of pages. This could be the size of modules in the page, how many CSS selectors are defined on the page and how many are used, or the size of the images on the page. This tool is intended to help editors fix pages that load slowly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117411] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] function called <code>equals_to_any</code>. You can use it to check if its first argument is equal (<code>===</code>) to any of the following ones. For example you can use it to check if the page's namespace is amongst a given set of values in a more compact way than you could earlier. You can [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Functions|read more on mediawiki.org]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 May. It will be on all wikis from 3 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180501T1830 1 May at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180502T15 2 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Cloud Services team|Wikimedia Cloud Services team]] is working on a new project called [[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]]. The goal is to make it easier for Wikimedians to discover software tools they can use. You can leave feedback on [[m:Talk:Toolhub|the talk page]] or email jhare{{@}}wikimedia.org to leave private feedback. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in all namespaces will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 2 May. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Wikibooks wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch on 9 May. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192821][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192299][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W18"/> 18:18, 30 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17980974 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/19|Tech News: 2018-19]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. It is now easier to find nearby places that need pictures. It helps you with direct uploads and title and category suggestions. The app only works on Android phones. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/04/21/commons-app-version-2-7-beta-release/] '''Problems''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] had a problem with blocks where you had changed how long they last. It used the default length everywhere. This was in late April. Abuse filter users should make sure the right block length is used and change them if needed. This is only for filters where how long blocks last had been changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193324] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search function beta feature]] will be on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 May. It will be on all wikis from 10 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180508T1830 8 May at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180509T15 9 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 16 May. Other wikis will switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193685][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W19"/> 18:27, 7 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18001263 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/20|Tech News: 2018-20]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Dynamic maps]] are now available on most Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Map_languages|Labels on maps]] can also be in different languages. * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|Advanced Search]] interface is now available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] on all wikis. This makes it easier to learn about and to use many of the powerful options in our search. Feedback is appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-May/001851.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 May. It will be on all wikis from 17 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180516T15 16 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * In the mobile view, warnings for when something is wrong with a page are not as clear as they should be. The developers are working on this. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|give feedback and suggestions]]. * The developers are working on making the Wikipedia Android app available in more languages. You can give feedback, suggestions and help test it. [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Android/Multilingual Support|Read more on mediawiki.org]] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps#Android] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W20"/> 00:22, 15 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18004437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/21|Tech News: 2018-21]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/21|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 May. It will be on all wikis from 24 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180523T15 23 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * It could become easier to reference different pages of a book in an article. You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing/Call for feedback (May 2018)|give feedback]]. The last day for feedback is 27 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W21"/> 19:33, 21 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18060878 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/22|Tech News: 2018-22]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on most wikis. This means you can set preferences for all wikis at the same time. Before this you had to change them on each individual wiki. Global preferences will come to the Wikipedias later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189806#4221561] * It is now easier for blocked mobile users to see why they were blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165535] * Wikidata now supports [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Lexicographical data|lexicographical data]]. This helps describe words. * There is now a checkbox on [[Special:ListUsers|Special:ListUsers]] to let you see only users in temporary user groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174313] * Some rare invisible Unicode characters have recently been banned from page titles. This includes soft hyphens (U+00AD) and left-to-right (U+2066) and right-to-left (U+2067) isolate markers. Existing pages with these characters will soon be moved by a script. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121979] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There's a new Wikimedia Foundation team to support the Wikimedia technical communities. It's called the Technical Engagement team. Most of the team members did similar work in other teams before this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090016.html] '''Problems''' * Some translatable pages are showing old translations instead of latest ones. The cause of this issue has been fixed. We will update all pages automatically to show the latest translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195347] '''Changes later this week''' * There will be a new special page named [[Special:PasswordPolicies|PasswordPolicies]]. This page gives information about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgPasswordPolicy|password rules]] for each user group on that wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174812] * A new way to see moved paragraphs in diffs is coming to most wikis. This is to make it easier to find the moved paragraphs and the changes in them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195375] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 May. It will be on all wikis from 31 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|enable Citoid]] to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. This is complex. The tool will now disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. It has warned about this in the JavaScript console since February. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can [[mw:Talk:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|ask for help]] if you need it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186276] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180529T1830 29 May at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180530T15 30 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] drafts which have not been updated in over a year will be removed. This allows other users to translate those articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189088] * A survey is collecting information on what users think about how Wikimedia wiki pages are loaded. This information could be used in future development. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187299] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some wikis will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 30 May and 13 June. Wikis with fewer than 100 linter issues in the main namespace in all high-priority linter categories will switch. This includes Wikidata. Tidy will probably be removed on all wikis in the first week of July. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195263] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W22"/> 14:40, 29 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18082338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] * [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html] * Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W23"/> 23:54, 4 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18103288 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W24"/> 23:55, 11 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18115892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W25"/> 23:47, 18 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18136222 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/26|Tech News: 2018-26]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://paws.wmflabs.org PAWS], our JupyterHub system, got [[mw:PAWS/News/2018-06-21|an upgrade and a logo]]. Several bugs should be fixed. '''Problems''' * When a link text was in ''italics'' or had other formatting you could sometimes not edit it in the visual editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197213][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196914] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content translation]] users who translate between any two of Arabic, English, French, Japanese and Russian will be asked to be part of a research project. This is to create better tools for translating articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194467] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 June. It will be on all wikis from 28 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180626T1830 26 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180627T15 27 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W26"/> 01:10, 26 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18154936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W27"/> 02:46, 3 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18169586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Problems''' * When you rolled back an edit it could get both the <code>Rollback</code> and <code>Undo</code> tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] * Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449] '''Changes later this week''' * When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305] * On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581] * When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W28"/> 01:09, 10 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18194890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950] * You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331] * You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]]. * You can use <code><nowiki><inputbox></nowiki></code> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of <code><nowiki>prefix:Page name</nowiki></code> you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W29"/> 18:00, 16 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18215334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947] * Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023] * Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W30"/> 11:44, 24 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18233172 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737] '''Problems''' * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html] * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. "[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W31"/> 16:05, 30 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18237696 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739] '''Problems''' * The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W32"/> 21:39, 6 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18277179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W33"/> 19:52, 13 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18292380 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W34"/> 18:46, 20 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18310555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800] * Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298] '''Problems''' * Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] '''Changes later this week''' * The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding <code>using AWB</code> in the edit summary. Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says <code>AWB</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says <code>Deprecated. Use ... instead</code>. An example is <code>article_text</code> which is now <code>page_title</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is <code>page_age</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W35"/> 18:15, 27 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18330273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176] * There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues] * You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617] * <code>wp10</code> in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called <code>articlequality</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240] * When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845] '''Problems''' * [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760] * You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W36"/> 18:47, 3 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18344596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834] '''Problems''' * Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] * Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930] * <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427] * <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583] * When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W37"/> 00:35, 11 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18369657 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192] '''Problems''' * You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475] '''Changes later this week''' *[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W38"/> 23:58, 17 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18389264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781] *[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W39"/> 17:23, 24 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18408633 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using <code dir=ltr>?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript</code> in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Problems''' * New and updated translations from [[:en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W40"/> 19:34, 1 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18433392 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618] '''Problems''' * There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add <code>href</code> where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W41"/> 01:38, 9 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18453674 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743] * Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] '''Changes later this week''' * When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W42"/> 00:40, 16 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18470532 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W43"/> 01:11, 23 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18491932 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html] '''Problems''' * Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W44"/> 21:08, 29 oktobar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18519160 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] '''Changes later this week''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]]. * When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W45"/> 18:29, 5 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18540415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893] '''Problems''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W46"/> 20:21, 12 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18568837 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for <code>sameAs</code> data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W47"/> 00:28, 20 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18611020 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use <code>/</code> to create a new page: <code>/wiki/Page/Subpage</code>. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>mw.util.jsMessage()</code> function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] <code>Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated</code> in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains <code>mw.util.jsMessage</code>. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use <code>mw.notify</code> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W48"/> 23:21, 26 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18638702 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237] * You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189] * When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W49"/> 17:12, 3 decembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18671340 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy] * When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W50"/> 18:33, 10 decembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18699559 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019. '''Recent changes''' * Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553] * Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. '''Problems''' * <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <code><nowiki><ref name="adams" group="books"></nowiki></code>. If a <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>tiles.wmflabs.org</code> and <code>wma.wmflabs.org</code> will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W51"/> 21:34, 17 decembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18718987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 19:29, 7 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 18:54, 14 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 21:33, 21 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/1&oldid=18802322 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 19:14, 28 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 18:11, 4 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 19:45, 11 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 00:13, 19 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 22:16, 25 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 17:37, 4 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 20:28, 11 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 20:43, 18 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 19:04, 25 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 18:28, 1 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 20:23, 8 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 00:59, 16 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 21:07, 23 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 00:27, 30 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 18:27, 6 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 02:48, 14 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 15:03, 20 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 17:33, 27 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 17:24, 3 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 19:06, 10 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 22:37, 17 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 19:29, 24 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 23:22, 1 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 22:12, 8 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 17:29, 15 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 15:07, 22 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 23:42, 29 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 15:24, 5 august 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 20:19, 12 august 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 17:20, 19 august 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 11:07, 4 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Tech News: 2019-37]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 10 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if you are a "privileged user" and your password is too short. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/534707] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 September. It will be on all wikis from 12 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190911T15 11 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Soon, the AbuseFilter will recognize new syntax errors. Specifically, it will recognize errors about empty operands. You can see a list of examples in [[phab:T156096]]. Any active filter with such an error will stop working; hence, please take a look at the [[phab:T156096#5464310|list of affected filters]], and fix the ones that you can fix. Note that there is also an ongoing [[:m:Requests_for_comment/Creating_abusefilter-manager_global_group|RFC on meta-wiki]] about the creation of a new abusefilter-manager global group. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W37"/> 19:42, 9 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19361962 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Tech News: 2019-37]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 10 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if you are a "privileged user" and your password is too short. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/534707] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 September. It will be on all wikis from 12 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190911T15 11 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Soon, the AbuseFilter will recognize new syntax errors. Specifically, it will recognize errors about empty operands. You can see a list of examples in [[phab:T156096]]. Any active filter with such an error will stop working; hence, please take a look at the [[phab:T156096#5464310|list of affected filters]], and fix the ones that you can fix. Note that there is also an ongoing [[:m:Requests_for_comment/Creating_abusefilter-manager_global_group|RFC on meta-wiki]] about the creation of a new abusefilter-manager global group. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W37"/> 19:43, 9 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19361962 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Tech News: 2019-37]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 10 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if you are a "privileged user" and your password is too short. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/534707] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 September. It will be on all wikis from 12 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190911T15 11 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Soon, the AbuseFilter will recognize new syntax errors. Specifically, it will recognize errors about empty operands. You can see a list of examples in [[phab:T156096]]. Any active filter with such an error will stop working; hence, please take a look at the [[phab:T156096#5464310|list of affected filters]], and fix the ones that you can fix. Note that there is also an ongoing [[:m:Requests_for_comment/Creating_abusefilter-manager_global_group|RFC on meta-wiki]] about the creation of a new abusefilter-manager global group. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W37"/> 19:49, 9 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19361962 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Tech News: 2019-38]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was paused. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-September/092535.html] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 on September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 September. It will be on all wikis from 19 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190918T15 18 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android invites users to do small tasks. This is to get more readers to edit. If they get reverted too many times it will pause or block the tasks for that user. All normal editing will still work if the community doesn't block the user. The developers want to know if the plan looks OK. You can [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 3.0 - Improved Suggested Edits Homescreen and Feature Pausing|see what it could look like]] and [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at an old version of a page you get a warning that this is not the newest version. This uses the [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class <code>.mw-revision</code>. It will use the CSS class <code>.warningbox</code> for styling instead. If your wiki uses templates to change how the warning looks they will have to be updated. This will happen later. If this would cause problems you should tell the developers in the next couple of weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232415] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W38"/> 17:07, 16 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19379999 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Tech News: 2019-38]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was paused. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-September/092535.html] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 on September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 September. It will be on all wikis from 19 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190918T15 18 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android invites users to do small tasks. This is to get more readers to edit. If they get reverted too many times it will pause or block the tasks for that user. All normal editing will still work if the community doesn't block the user. The developers want to know if the plan looks OK. You can [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 3.0 - Improved Suggested Edits Homescreen and Feature Pausing|see what it could look like]] and [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at an old version of a page you get a warning that this is not the newest version. This uses the [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class <code>.mw-revision</code>. It will use the CSS class <code>.warningbox</code> for styling instead. If your wiki uses templates to change how the warning looks they will have to be updated. This will happen later. If this would cause problems you should tell the developers in the next couple of weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232415] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W38"/> 17:08, 16 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19379999 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Tech News: 2019-38]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was paused. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-September/092535.html] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 on September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 September. It will be on all wikis from 19 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190918T15 18 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android invites users to do small tasks. This is to get more readers to edit. If they get reverted too many times it will pause or block the tasks for that user. All normal editing will still work if the community doesn't block the user. The developers want to know if the plan looks OK. You can [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 3.0 - Improved Suggested Edits Homescreen and Feature Pausing|see what it could look like]] and [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at an old version of a page you get a warning that this is not the newest version. This uses the [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class <code>.mw-revision</code>. It will use the CSS class <code>.warningbox</code> for styling instead. If your wiki uses templates to change how the warning looks they will have to be updated. This will happen later. If this would cause problems you should tell the developers in the next couple of weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232415] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W38"/> 17:14, 16 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19379999 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 22:20, 23 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19401685 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 22:21, 23 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19401685 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 22:27, 23 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19401685 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 18:49, 30 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19425400 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 17:34, 7 oktobar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19426372 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 01:04, 15 oktobar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19457637 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 16:18, 21 oktobar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479478 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 17:09, 28 oktobar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19499434 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 17:47, 4 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19523120 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 23:02, 11 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547303 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 21:16, 18 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 17:51, 25 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 17:57, 2 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 17:35, 9 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 01:15, 17 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 21:03, 23 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W02"/> 22:18, 6 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038] * [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the "{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}" section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the "{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}" section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146] '''Changes later this week''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html] * You can use <code><nowiki><ref follow="…"></nowiki></code> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <nowiki><ref></nowiki> was shown outside the <nowiki><references /></nowiki> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W03"/> [[Korisnik:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:MediaWiki message delivery|razgovor]]) 19:39, 13 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19702767 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the <code>python2</code> tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W04"/> 20:40, 20 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19732089 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W05"/> 19:52, 27 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19732089 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W06"/> 21:04, 3 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19732089 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W07"/> 20:09, 10 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W08"/> 17:16, 17 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W09"/> 21:59, 24 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071] '''Changes later this week''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 March. It will be on all wikis from 5 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage</code> was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W10"/> 01:35, 3 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new search word called <code>articletopic</code>. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W11"/> 18:14, 9 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use <code>action=changecontentmodel</code> to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863] * You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W12"/> 22:18, 16 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable. * There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W13"/> 18:05, 23 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W14"/> 19:24, 30 mart 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19939485 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user <code>Maintenance script</code>. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W15"/> 21:01, 6 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19961131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use the <code>[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]</code> search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559] * You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April] * You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard]. * When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578] * There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085] * The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]]. * For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated <code><nowiki><source></nowiki></code> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated <code>enclose</code> parameter, will add tracking categories. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W16"/> 17:30, 13 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19961131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. <code>div#content</code> is now <code>.mw-body</code>. <code>div.portal</code> is now <code>.portal</code>. <code>div#footer</code> is now <code>#footer</code>. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061] * The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W17"/> 20:44, 20 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19961131 --> == Technical maintenance planned == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> (Sorry for using English. {{int:please-translate}}.) A maintenance operation will be performed on Thursday 30th April at 05:00 AM UTC. It impacts all wikis and is supposed to last a few minutes. During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T250733|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help making your community aware of this maintenance operation. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 20:01, 27 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20019118 --> == Reminder: Technical maintenance planed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Sorry to use English. {{int:please-translate}}. This is a reminder of the message sent on Monday 27th April. A maintenance operation will be performed on Thursday 30th April at 05:00 AM UTC. It impacts all wikis and is supposed to last a few minutes. During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T250733|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help making your community aware of this maintenance operation. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 17:13, 29 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20024829 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153] * [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W19"/> 18:59, 4 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20041690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004] '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via <code>mw.config.exists()</code> or <code>mw.user.tokens.exists()</code>. You can use <code>exists()</code> or <code>get()</code> to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W20"/> 22:40, 11 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20078386 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html] '''Problems''' * There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects <code>div#p-personal</code>, <code>div#p-navigation</code>, <code>div#p-interaction</code>, <code>div#p-tb</code>, <code>div#p-lang</code>, <code>div#p-namespaces</code>, <code>div#p-variants</code> and <code>div#footer</code>. They will have to remove <code>div</code>. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects <code>#p-variants</code>, <code>#p-namespaces</code>, <code>#p-personal</code>, <code>#p-views</code> and <code>#p-cactions</code>. They can no longer use <code>> ul</code>. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W21"/> 19:18, 18 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20097719 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W22"/> 16:17, 25 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20097719 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W23"/> 00:30, 2 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20097719 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <code><nowiki><b/></nowiki></code> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. <code>area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr</code> can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki><ref /></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] * There is a banner called <code>WikidataPageBanner</code>. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on <code>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</code> so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W24"/> 23:11, 8 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20156263 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]]. '''Problems''' * There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485] * Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html] * The selectors <code>.menu</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. <code>.menu</code> should be replaced by <code>ul</code>. <code>.vectorMenu</code> should be replaced by <code>.vector-menu</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W25"/> 23:36, 15 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20175854 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. <code>.vectorTabs</code> should be replaced with <code>.vector-menu-tabs</code> to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718] '''Changes later this week''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W26"/> 20:48, 22 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20204321 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html] * Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID <code>searchGoButton</code> for the go button. This is <code>searchButton</code> for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to <code>searchButton</code> in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use <code>searchButton</code>. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W27"/> 18:30, 29 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20228118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html] * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]]. * Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W28"/> 22:17, 6 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20251754 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226] '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a <span style="background-color:#fdd">pink background</span>. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <code><translate nowrap></translate></code> on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W29"/> 18:29, 13 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20278125 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]]. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714] * Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a <code>{{int:printableversion}}</code> link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W30"/> 21:13, 20 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20298484 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html] * The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]]. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969] * Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780] * Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W31"/> 15:51, 27 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20298484 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage] * Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493] * A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * Users' <code>global.js</code> and <code>global.css</code> pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the <code>searchGoButton</code> identifier is now <code>searchButton</code>. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses <code>counter</code> to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W32"/> 17:42, 3 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20298484 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462] '''Problems''' * The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W33"/> 18:06, 10 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20353586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an <code>undo</code> tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W34"/> 22:40, 17 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20366028 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 19:58, 24 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W36"/> 22:07, 31 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20411995 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use <code>watchlist</code> instead of <code>watch</code>. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984] * The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a <code>.menu</code> class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use <code>nav ul</code> instead. <code>.vectorTabs</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W37"/> 17:59, 7 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20427670 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 18:18, 14 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307] '''Changes later this week''' * The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W39"/> 23:26, 21 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20461072 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630] * Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756] '''Problems''' * [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]]. * The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]]. * In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see <code>Apps</code> as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936] * You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]]. * You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W40"/> 23:23, 28 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20483264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 18:24, 5 oktobar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W42"/> 17:24, 12 oktobar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20528295 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] * Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#jump-to-nav</code>. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either <code dir=ltr>#siteSub</code> or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#mw-content-text</code>. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W43"/> 18:30, 19 oktobar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20550811 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 18:38, 26 oktobar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}</nowiki></code>. Note that <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:123,456}}</nowiki></code> is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be <u>unformatted</u> so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&group=core&optional=1&action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''Future changes''' * A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327] * In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W45"/> 17:08, 2 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20604769 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html] * From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W46"/> 16:49, 9 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20634159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''Changes later this week''' * If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W47"/> 16:36, 16 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20669023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W48"/> 18:18, 23 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20698111 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W49"/> 18:44, 30 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20728523 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 17:14, 7 decembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 22:33, 14 decembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 21:52, 21 decembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 16:40, 11 januar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 17:09, 18 januar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 19:29, 25 januar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 23:37, 1 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 18:40, 8 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 18:54, 15 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 01:16, 23 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 20:06, 1 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 18:50, 8 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 00:20, 16 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 17:51, 22 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:28, 29 mart 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:38, 5 april 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:47, 19 april 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 23:22, 26 april 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:42, 3 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:08, 10 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:47, 17 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:04, 24 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:04, 31 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:01, 7 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:25, 14 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:47, 21 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:30, 28 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:31, 5 juli 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:29, 19 juli 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 23:09, 26 juli 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:44, 2 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:18, 9 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> : U bswiki je ''visualClear'' samo tu u ''Tech News''. ✍️ [[Korisnik:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Dušan Kreheľ|razgovor]]) 15:49, 10 august 2021 (CEST) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:25, 16 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 23:56, 23 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> </div> 22:33, 24 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:59, 30 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:18, 6 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:31, 13 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:29, 20 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> </div> 00:20, 28 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:27, 4 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> </div> 17:28, 11 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> </div> 22:52, 18 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> </div> 22:06, 25 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> </div> 21:26, 1 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> </div> 21:34, 8 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> </div> 23:05, 15 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> </div> 21:00, 22 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> </div> 22:13, 29 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> </div> 22:57, 6 decembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> </div> 23:25, 13 decembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> </div> 23:04, 20 decembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> </div> 02:22, 11 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> </div> 20:53, 17 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> </div> 22:36, 24 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> </div> 18:40, 31 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> </div> 22:14, 7 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> </div> 20:17, 14 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> </div> 20:10, 21 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> </div> 23:58, 28 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> </div> 22:14, 7 mart 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> </div> 23:06, 14 mart 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> </div> 16:59, 21 mart 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> </div> 21:53, 28 mart 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> </div> 22:59, 4 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> </div> 21:42, 11 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> </div> 01:10, 19 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 00:53, 26 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 21:31, 2 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 17:20, 9 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 20:56, 16 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 02:19, 24 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 22:27, 30 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 04:44, 7 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 18:57, 13 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 22:16, 20 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 22:01, 27 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 21:30, 4 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 21:22, 11 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 00:58, 19 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 21:25, 25 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 23:20, 1 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 21:48, 8 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 23:06, 15 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 02:09, 23 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 01:02, 30 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 01:19, 6 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 03:47, 13 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 00:13, 20 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:27, 27 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:21, 4 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 16:06, 10 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:44, 17 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 24 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:13, 31 oktobar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:29, 8 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 14 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:19, 22 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 28 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:39, 6 decembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 13 decembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:58, 20 decembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:05, 10 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:08, 17 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:43, 24 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 31 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:18, 6 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:46, 14 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:55, 21 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:45, 28 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:47, 7 mart 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:17, 14 mart 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:24, 21 mart 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:11, 28 mart 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 4 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 10 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:52, 18 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:01, 25 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:43, 2 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:34, 9 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 15 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 18:52, 22 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 29 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:50, 6 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 12 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:06, 19 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:16, 26 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:49, 4 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 10 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:06, 18 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 04:18, 25 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:52, 1 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:18, 7 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 07:57, 15 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 17:23, 21 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:58, 28 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 5 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:06, 11 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 18 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:50, 26 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:25, 3 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:37, 9 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 17 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 24 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:20, 31 oktobar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 6 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:51, 14 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 21 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 28 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:48, 5 decembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:11, 12 decembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:16, 18 decembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:18, 9 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 16 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:02, 23 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 29 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 5 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:47, 13 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:35, 19 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:22, 26 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 4 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 12 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:38, 18 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 25 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:34, 2 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:35, 9 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 16 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:26, 22 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:32, 30 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:42, 6 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 14 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:02, 21 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 28 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:33, 4 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:18, 10 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:47, 18 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:31, 25 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 2 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 8 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:29, 16 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:02, 23 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:09, 30 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:41, 5 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 5 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 13 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:51, 20 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:30, 26 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:04, 3 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 9 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 17 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:34, 24 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:17, 1 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:40, 8 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:19, 14 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:50, 21 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:54, 28 oktobar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:48, 4 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:05, 12 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:58, 19 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 25 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 2 decembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 9 decembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:23, 16 decembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:40, 14 januar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:35, 21 januar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 27 januar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 4 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 11 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 17 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:39, 25 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:29, 4 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 11 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:45, 18 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 24 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:02, 1 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:49, 7 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:21, 15 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:57, 21 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:28, 28 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:11, 6 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:34, 13 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:09, 20 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:01, 26 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:51, 3 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:13, 10 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:35, 17 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 24 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 1 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 8 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:05, 14 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:38, 22 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:22, 29 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:36, 5 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 12 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:33, 19 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:07, 26 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:45, 1 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:10, 9 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:02, 15 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:51, 23 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:47, 29 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 6 oktobar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:55, 13 oktobar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 20 oktobar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:27, 27 oktobar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 3 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:35, 10 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:23, 17 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:54, 24 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:55, 1 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:42, 8 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:00, 15 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 22 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:31, 12 januar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:27, 19 januar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 26 januar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:41, 2 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:28, 10 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:14, 16 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:01, 23 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 2 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:50, 9 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 16 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:49, 23 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 30 mart 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:17, 6 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:16, 13 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:58, 20 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:04, 27 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> 1o6rq40qws0ztl0gshuciylnw4u1yi3 0 263688 3839637 3647305 2026-05-05T09:21:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #000000 | Ime kluba = '''NK Novi Travnik''' | Puno ime = Nogometni klub<br/>Novi Travnik | Grb = Nk_novi_travnik_Logo.png | veličina_grba = 150px | Nadimak = | Osnovan = [[1950.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Novi Travnik]]<br>[[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | Boje = {{colorbox|blue}} {{colorbox|white}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine|N/FS FBIH]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad|Druga liga FBiH - Zapad]] | Stadion = [[Gradski stadion u Novom Travniku|Gradski stadion]] | Kapacitet = 2.000 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = {{ZD|BIH}} Salim Duraković<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sportsport.ba/bh_fudbal/novi-travnik-startao-sa-pripremama-durakovic-ostaje-trener/244064 |title=Novi Travnik startao sa pripremama |work=sportsport.ba|access-date= 31. 7. 2017}}</ref> | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 3. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2019/2020.|2019/20.]] | Webstranica = [http://www.nknovitravnik.com/ nknovitravnik.com] | Trenutna sezona = |uzorak_lr1 = |uzorak_t1 = |uzorak_dr1 = |lijeva ruka1 = FFFFFF |tijelo1 = 0000CC |desna ruka1 = FFFFFF |šorc1 = FFFFFF |čarape1 = 0000CC |uzorak_lr2 = |uzorak_t2 = |uzorak_dr2 = |lijeva ruka2 = 0000CC |tijelo2 = FFFFFF |desna ruka2 = 0000CC |šorc2 = 0000CC |čarape2 = FFFFFF }} '''Nogometni klub Novi Travnik''' je nogometni klub iz [[Novi Travnik|Novog Travnika]], [[BiH|Bosna i Hercegovina]]. Takmiči se u [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad|Drugoj nogometnoj ligi Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad]]. Klub je službeno osnovan u septembru 1950. godine, ipak na klupskom grbu stoji 1949. godina kada je formirana nogometna sekcija. Prvobitno se zvao ''NK Metalac'', zatim ''NK Bratstvo'', a od 27. aprila 2013. godine nosi sadašnji naziv.<ref>[http://www.avaz.ba/clanak/181598/novi-travnik-ostvario-plasman-u-prvu-ligu-fbih ''Novi Travnik ostvario plasman u Prvu ligu FBiH, avaz.ba''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610031051/http://www.avaz.ba/clanak/181598/novi-travnik-ostvario-plasman-u-prvu-ligu-fbih |date=10. 6. 2015 }}; pristupljeno: 8. 6. 2015.</ref> == Historija == Već 1950. godine organizovani su prvi fudbalski susreti graditelja "Bratstva" i grada sa ekipama iz Travnika i okolnih mijesta. U ekipi graditelja igrali su uglavnom vojnici. Neki od njih su se kasnije posvetili fudbalu i dospijeli čak i do reprezentacije Jugoslavije. Na inicijativu ljubitelja fudbala, u septembru [[1950]]. godine osnovan je Fudbalski klub "Metalac". Klub se iste godine sa uspijehom takmičio u Zeničkoj podsaveznoj ligi. Kroz Fudbalski klub "Metalac" prodefilovao je veliki broj igrača i sportskih radnika koji su dali veliki doprinos da ovaj klub ostvari pionirski zadatak - udari temelje razvoja sportske kulture u Novom Travniku: predsjednici kluba: Dragutin Kambić, Ratko Todorović i Tončo Vonjaka; članovi uprave: Živadin Petrović,Mićo Gojić i Karlo Ornik; treneri: Haha, Kolaković, Žanetić i Glazer te igrači:Koviljko Baroš, Rade Miljković, Aleksandar Vranić, Anto Ćurić, Rajko Pavlović, Slavko Zorić, Tonasije Bašić, Husein Šahinović, Stanko Kokošar, Vukola Popović, Vidosav Vreća, Stevo Matić, Vjekoslav Kuhata, Dušan Šljivar, Vijeko Malić, Mehmedalija Hodžić, Jovan Manojlović, Kosta Vreća, Lazar Popović i mnogi drugi. S vremenom klub mijenja ime u Bratstvo, kako se zvao do raspada i početka posljednjeg rata [[1992]]. godine. === Razdoblje nakon rata === Kada je rat zaustavljen 1994. godine Bošnjaci su obnovili rad FK Bratstvo, a Hrvati su formirali HNK Novi Travnik. FK Bratstvo igra svoje utakmice pored fabrike 'Bratstvo' na improviziranom stadionu, a HNK Novi Travnik na prijeratnom stadionu FK Bratstvo, koji je u ratu bio pod kontrolom Hrvata. FK Bratstvo raspada se [[2002]]. godine zbog besparice. Kriza je utjecala na to da sa takmičenjem posljednjih godina prestane i HNK Novi Travnik. Dakle, fudbal ili nogomet gotovo se prestao igrati u Novom Travniku. Ipak, najvažniju sporednu stvar na svijetu od smrti u Novom Travniku u kakvom-takvom životu održali su prijeratni igrači FK Bratstvo Miroslav Raguž i Luka Ilinković. Oni su i pored prestanka sa takmičenjem zadnjih godina okupljali djecu u HNK Novi Travnik i trenirali sa njima. Na treninge su nekada dolazila i bošnjačka djeca i tada se vidjelo da je moguće da se formira jedinstveni klub. === Formiranje jedinstvenog nogometnog kluba === Ipak, stvar ujedinjenja kluba nije se mogla dogoditi bez „miga" lokalnih političkih moćnika. Na inicijativu načelnika Općine Novi Travnik Refika Lende i predsjednika Općinskog vijeća Marina Slavka dana 27.aprila 2013. godine održana je Osnivačka skupština koju je sačinjavalo 20 delegata, po deset Hrvata i Bošnjaka, te je formiran jedinstveni NK Novi Travnik. Na stadion u Novom Travniku u klupske prostorije 20. avgusta tako je stigla i koverta zlata vrijedna, u kojoj se nalazio dokument o pravno registriranom jedinstvenom klubu sa ovjerenim novim klupskim Statutom. Dakle, došlo je do zvaničnog ujedinjenja kluba, u kojem su i djeca zajedno, bošnjačke i hrvatske nacionalnosti, kao i ostali, kojih je negdje oko 10 posto u klubu. I trenerski kadar ujedinjenog NK Novi Travnik je multietničkog karaktera. Svih pet trenera dugogodišnji su stanovnici grada koji je u svojoj historiji mijenjao i ime (Novi Travnik se od 1981. do 1990. godine zvao Pucarevo, po Đuri Pucaru, partizanskom heroju iz Drugog svjetskog rata). Šef stručnog štaba seniora je Miodrag Tešić, Novotravničanin srpske nacionalnosti koji je prije rata bio kapiten NK Čelik iz Zenice, ali i napravio internacionalnu karijeru. Mustafa Palalić, trener je golmana u svim selekcijama i Tešićev asistent u seniorskom timu. Koordinator svih mlađih selekcija i trener kadeta i juniora je Senad Kablan, prijeratni igrač i trener Bratstva, inače, u svoj grad povratnik iz izbjeglištva iz Australije. Za rad sa najmlađima zaduženi su Luka Ilinković i Miroslav Raguž, te Armin Helvida. Stoper Helvida prošle sezone nastupao je za tadašnjeg bh. premijerligaša GOŠK, ali ranije u bh. eliti i za tim Travnika, glavna je igračka uzdanica seniora Novog Travnika u nastojanjima da se domognu višeg ranga u prvoj takmičarskoj godini. Ukupno u svim selekcijama novoformiranog jedinstvenog kluba registrirano je oko 250 igrača svih nacionalnosti i svi su sa teritorije Općine Novi Travnik. == Uspjesi == *'''[[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad|Druga liga FBiH - Zapad]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (2)''': 2014/15, 2017/18. *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Srednjobosanskog kantona|Prva liga SBK]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1)''': 2013/14. == Plasman po sezonama == {| class="wikitable" style="width: 50%;" |- |-style="background-color:#CCF;" ! style="width: 20%; text-align:left;" |Sezona ! style="width: 50%; text-align:left;" |Liga ! style="width: 15%; text-align:center;" |Rang ! style="width: 15%; text-align:center;" |Pozicija ! style="width: 15%; text-align:center;" |Bodovi |- | [[Prva nogometna liga Srednjobosanskog kantona 2013/2014.|2013/14.]] | [[Prva nogometna liga Srednjobosanskog kantona|Prva liga SBK]] | style="text-align:center;" | IV | style="text-align:center; background:#ccffcc;" | 1/10. | style="text-align:center; background:#ccffcc;" | 47 |- | [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2014/2015.|2014/15.]] | [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad|Druga liga FBiH - Zapad]] | style="text-align:center;" | III | style="text-align:center; background:#ccffcc;" | 1/10. | style="text-align:center; background:#ccffcc;" | 45 |- | [[Prva nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2015/2016.|2015/16.]] | [[Prva nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine|Prva liga FBiH]] | style="text-align:center;" | II | style="text-align:center;"| 12/16. | style="text-align:center;" | 41 |- | [[Prva nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2016/2017.|2016/17.]] | [[Prva nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine|Prva liga FBiH]] | style="text-align:center;" | II | style="text-align:center; background:#ffcccc;" | 16/16. | style="text-align:center; background:#ffcccc;" | 10 |- | [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2017/2018.|2017/18.]] | [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad|Druga liga FBiH - Zapad]] | style="text-align:center;" | III | style="text-align:center; background:#ccffcc;" | 1/14. | style="text-align:center; background:#ccffcc;" | 60 |- | [[Prva nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2018/2019.|2018/19.]] | [[Prva nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine|Prva liga FBiH]] | style="text-align:center;" | II | style="text-align:center; background:#ffcccc;" | 15/16. | style="text-align:center; background:#ffcccc;" | 19 |- | [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine 2019/2020.|2019/20.]] | [[Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine - Zapad|Druga liga FBiH - Zapad]] | style="text-align:center;" | III | style="text-align:center;"| 3/15. | style="text-align:center;" | 29 |- |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508135257/http://www.nknovitravnik.com/ Službena stranica] *[http://www.facebook.com./novitravniknk/ NK Novi Travnik] na facebook.com *[http://www.twitter.com./nknovitravnik/ NK Novi Travnik]{{Mrtav link}} na twiter.com {{Druga liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine}} [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini|Novi Travnik]] [[Kategorija:Sport u Novom Travniku|Travnik]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1950.|Travnik]] [[Kategorija:NK Novi Travnik|*]] 07th13vrokwsq883llaythq4s6e52v6 0 350227 3839456 3832841 2026-05-04T14:13:05Z Z1KA 87045 [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Preuređivanje}}{{Standardi}} {{Infokutija rat | sukob = Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini,<br />februar 2014. | dio = | slika = [[Datoteka:P1190777.png|300px]] | opis_slike = Protesti u [[Tuzla|Tuzli]], 2014. | datum = 4. februar - 10. februar 2014. | mjesto = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | casus = | rezultat = | posjed = | strana1 = Demonstranti | strana2 = Vlada<br>Policija | strana3 = | snage1 = | snage2 = | snage3 = | žrtve1 = | žrtve2 = | žrtve3 = | karta_država = | karta_lat = | karta_long = | napomena = }} [[Datoteka:Fire_in_B%26H_Presidency_-_riots_February_7_2014.jpg|mini|desno|200px|Požar u zgradi Predsjedništva Bosne i Hercegovine]] '''Februarski protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini'''<ref>http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/bihac-skupstinskoj-komisiji-urucen-zahtjev-za-smjenu-vlade-demonstranti-se-razisli/140209056</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26093160</ref> su socijalni protesti koji su započeti u februaru 2014. u više gradova i mjesta u Bosni i Hercegovini. Demonstracije su započele 5. februara u [[Tuzla|Tuzli]],<ref>http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/epilog-protesta-zapaljene-zgrade-vlade-ks-i-predsjednistva-bih-neredi-trajali-satima/140207111</ref> a nastavljene su u drugim gradovima: [[Sarajevo]], [[Zenica]], [[Mostar]], [[Jajce]], [[Brčko]], [[Bihać]], [[Konjic]], [[Prijedor]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/iz-minute-u-minutu/oko-50-ljudi-okupilo-se-na-protestima-u-prijedoru|title=Oko 50 ljudi okupilo se na protestima u Prijedoru|publisher=Avaz|date=8. 2. 2014|access-date=8. 2. 2014|archive-date=21. 2. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221132329/http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/iz-minute-u-minutu/oko-50-ljudi-okupilo-se-na-protestima-u-prijedoru|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Travnik]], [[Bugojno]], [[Donji Vakuf]], [[Kakanj]], [[Visoko]], [[Breza (općina)|Breza]], [[Gračanica]], [[Sanski Most]], [[Cazin]], [[Živinice]], [[Goražde]], [[Orašje]], [[Novi Travnik]], [[Vitez]], [[Srebrenik]], [[Bijeljina]],<ref name="BI2">{{cite web|url=http://www.haber.ba/vijesti/bih/74165-mirni-protesti-u-bijeljini-foto.html|title=Mirni protesti u Bijeljini|publisher=Haber|date=9. 2. 2014|access-date=9. 2. 2014|archive-date=22. 2. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222151818/http://www.haber.ba/vijesti/bih/74165-mirni-protesti-u-bijeljini-foto.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Prozor-Rama|Prozor]], [[Tešanj]]<ref name="HILJADE GRAĐANA NA ULICAMA">{{cite web|url=http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/iz-minute-u-minutu/protesti-u-jajcu-brckom-zenici-bihacu-prijedoru-travniku-bugojnu-donjem-vakufu-kaknju-visokom-gracanici-sanskom-mostu-cazinu-zivinicama-gorazdu-orasju-srebreniku-prozoru-tesnju|title=HILJADE GRAĐANA NA ULICAMA|publisher=Avaz|date=7. 2. 2014|access-date=8. 2. 2014|archive-date=21. 2. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221132227/http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/iz-minute-u-minutu/protesti-u-jajcu-brckom-zenici-bihacu-prijedoru-travniku-bugojnu-donjem-vakufu-kaknju-visokom-gracanici-sanskom-mostu-cazinu-zivinicama-gorazdu-orasju-srebreniku-prozoru-tesnju|url-status=dead}}</ref> i [[Livno]]<ref>http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/policija-od-jucer-ujutro-cuva-kuce-borjane-kristo-premijera-ivkovica-i-prostorije-hdz-a/140211047</ref>. ==Pozadina== Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]], [[Tuzla]] je bila jedan od industrijskih centara tadašnje [[SFRJ]], a kako njeno stanovništvo, tako i stanovništvo cijele [[SR BiH]] je bilo većinom zaposleno u industrijskom sektoru. Nakon [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|Rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] vladajuće strukture na entiteskom i kantonalnom nivou vrše privatizaciju državnih preduzeća. Nakon prelaska preduzeća u privatne ruke, većina njih prestaje s proizvodnjom zbog prodaje njihove imovine, a radnici ostaju bez zaposlenja. Nezaposlenost u savremenoj [[BiH|Bosni i Hercegovini]] postaje svakodnevni problem, pored korupcije koja je postala općeprisutna svakim danom bilježi jaču tendenciju. Nezaposlenost u BiH doseže 47 %, a prosječna plata iznosi 845 KM.<ref>http://www.fzs.ba/</ref> Stanovištvo se sve više suočava sa siromaštvom i glađu, nepotizmu, ponižavanju i ostalim vidovima ekonomske i moralne inferiornosti naspram vladajuće strukture i njihovih pristaša. U 2013. godini, list ''Ekonomist'' je uvrstio Bosnu i Hercegovinu među države koje će najvjerovatnije doživjeti socijalne nemire u 2014.godini.<ref>Čavalić A., [http://dailycaller.com/2014/02/17/the-fight-for-freedom-comes-to-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ The fight for freedom comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina], The Daily Caller, Washington, 2014.</ref> == Hronologija == === Tuzla === ;4-5. februar Protesti su inicirani nakon objave insolventnosti u četiri privatizirane fabrike u Tuzli ("Dita", "Polihem", "Poliochem" i Konjuh"). Zahtjevi radnika su bili da im se prije nego što se fabrike zatvore, isplate zarađene plate. Zatvaranjem fabrika pogođeno bi bilo oko 10.000 radnika, od kojih većina nije primila platu 54 mjeseca.<ref>[http://derstandard.at/1389859584055/Mehr-als-130-Verletzte-bei-Protesten-in-bosnischer-Stadt-Tuzla '''''Bosnien: Proteste gehen trotz Rücktritten weiter''''', Članak u austrijskom dneniku ''Der Standard'' 8. februar 2014. {{Simboli jezika|de|njemački}}]</ref> Nakon što je premijer Tuzlanskog kantona, Sead Čaušević, odbio da razgovara s radnicima, oko hiljadu prosvjednika, sastavljenih od nezaposlenih građana i članova sindikata zatvorenih firmi je probivši kordon policije pokušalo provaliti u zgradu Vlade [[Tuzlanski kanton|Tuzlanskog kantona]].<ref>[http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/media/photogallery/bih-tuzla-protesti-gradjana-radnika-policija/25253863.html '''Sukob policije i prosvjednika u Tuzli''', Slobodna Evropa, 5. februar 2014.]</ref> Prosvjednici su bacali kamenje, jaja i baklje na prozore zrade i pri tom palili automobilske gume, blokirajući promet u središtu grada.<ref name="SB">[http://www.slobodna-bosna.ba/vijest/12472/tuzla_na_nogama_radnici_okupirali_zgradu_vlade_policija_hapsi_i_rastjeruje_video_photo.html '''TUZLA NA NOGAMA: Radnici okupirali zgradu vlade, policija hapsi i rastjeruje!''' ''Slobodna Bosna'', 5. februar 2014.]</ref> Tokom dana radnicima su se pridružile i druge grupe nezadovoljnih, a oko 14 sati došlo je do žestokog sukoba policije i demonstranata ispred zgrade Vlade.<ref name="SB"/> Nakon što je policija uspjela da razbije demonstrante, na mjestu događaja bilo je nekoliko lakše povrijeđenih osoba, a uhapšene su 22 osobe. Nakon toga je uspostavljen saobraćaj u Tuzli, a ukupno je ozliježeno 18 demonstranata i pet policajaca. ;6. februar U četvrtak su se demonstracije proširila u više gradova u Bosni i Hercegovini, najprije kao znak podrške građanima Tuzle, u Sarajevu su se prosvjednici sukobili s policijom, te je bio blokiran promet u središtu grada. Mitinzi podrške održani su i u Zenici i Mostaru. U Tuzli je na ulice izašlo oko 6.000 demonstranata, koji su gađali kamenjem zgradu Vlade Tuzlanskog kantona, palili svijeće i donosili ruže, tražeći ostavku Vlade Tuzlanskog kantona. Zapaljena je i zastava Tuzlanskog kantona.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://radioglasdrine.com/vijesti/bih/tuzla-na-ulice-izaslo-vise-od-6-000-demonstranata-pogledajte-danasnja-desavanja-video/ |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=10. 2. 2014 |archive-date=9. 2. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209040544/http://radioglasdrine.com/vijesti/bih/tuzla-na-ulice-izaslo-vise-od-6-000-demonstranata-pogledajte-danasnja-desavanja-video/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> U neredima, došlo je do razbijanja izloga i pljačkanja trgovina. U poslijepodnevnim sukobima u Tuzli su ozlijeđena su 102 policajaca, s teškim povredama i 28 civila sa lakšim povredama izazvanim suzavcem.<ref>[http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Svet/440610/Situacija-u-Tuzli-potpuno-je-izmakla-kontroli-Povredjena-102-policajca Situacija u Tuzli potpuno je izmakla kontroli: Povređena 102 policajca, Blic online 6. februar 2014.]</ref> Uhapšeno je 27 osoba, od kojih su 22 puštene i protiv njih su podnijete prekršajne prijave, a petoro je zadržano u pritvoru. Protest u Tuzli su, preko [[facebok]] grupe [[Udar]], organizovali radnici pet propalih industrijskih preduzeća i nezadovoljni građani. ;7. februar U trećem danu demonstracija u Tuzli, demonstranti su se okupili se na istom mjestu u centru grada, zahtjevajući ostavke Vlade. U dvadeset većih gradova u Bosni su demonstracije nastavljene. Po službenim podacima u nemirima ozlijeđeno je 130 osoba, od čega 104 policajca.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140207-bosnia-herzegovina-tuzla-protest-riot-unemployment/ | title=Anti-government protests turn violent in Bosnia | publisher=France24 | date=7. 2. 2014 | access-date=7. 2. 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207125724/http://www.france24.com/en/20140207-bosnia-herzegovina-tuzla-protest-riot-unemployment/ | archive-date=7. 2. 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nakon dugog oklijevanja, oko 10.000 demonstranata probilo je kordon policije ispred zgrade Vlade Tuzlanskog kantona, a oko 100 demonstranata, koji su prodrli u zgradu bacali su namještaj i papire kroz proz zgrade koja je ubrzo zapaljena. Brza intervencija gradskih vatrogasaca nije uspijela, te se vatra ubrzo prošilrila na ostale spratove zgrade Vlade. Nakon objave da je jedan od pokretača akcije na facebooku uhapšen, demonstranti su se uputili prema zgradi Kanonalnog suda, zahtijevajući njegovo puštanje. Službenici Suda su pravovremeno evakuirani, a u gradu su zabilježeni dalji sukobi sa policijom, te upotreba suzavca. Zgrada Suda je zapaljena, nakon čega je obznanjeno da se policija pridružila demonstrantima, teda su sukobi sa policijom prekinuti. U istovremenim nemirima u Brčkom, gradonačelnik Brčkog je uhapšen kao talac, a nedugo nakon toga pušten.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/violent-protests-spread-bosnia-22406518 | title = Violent Anti-Regierung Proteste in ganz Bosnien Verbreiten | publisher = ABC News | Datum = 7. Februar 2014 | access = 8. Februar 2014 | access-date=11. 2. 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140209222331/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/violent-protests-spread-bosnia-22406518 | archive-date=9. 2. 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> U Tuzlanskom kantonu nije bilo nastave u osnovnim i srednjim školama, a studentima Univerziteta u Tuzli odloženi su ispiti.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kurir-info.rs/zavrsen-protest-u-tuzli-demonstranti-rasterani-clanak-1217485 |title=Završen protest u Tuzli, demonstranti rasterani, Kurir |access-date=10. 2. 2014 |archive-date=7. 2. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207082509/http://www.kurir-info.rs/zavrsen-protest-u-tuzli-demonstranti-rasterani-clanak-1217485 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ;8. februar U jutarnjim satovima demonstracije su proširene u više gradova u Bosni i Hercegovini: [[Brčko]] [[Mostar]], [[Jajce]], [[Bihać]], [[Prijedor]], [[Travnik]], [[Bugojno]], [[Donji Vakuf]], [[Kakanj]], [[Visoko]], [[Gračanica]], [[Sanski Most]], [[Cazin]], [[Živinice]], [[Goražde]], [[Orašje]], [[Srebrenik]], [[Bijeljina]], [[Prozor-Rama]] i [[Tešanj]].<ref name="HILJADE GRAĐANA NA ULICAMA"/> Nemiri polaku prestaju i pretvaraju se u mirne proteste, a ulice se polako čiste, te se promet normalizira.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/peaceful-protests-bosnia-days-rioting-22425351|title=Bosnians Sweep up After Violent Protests|publisher=ABC News|date=8. 2. 2014|access-date=8. 2. 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208203608/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/peaceful-protests-bosnia-days-rioting-22425351|archive-date=8. 2. 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/08/us-bosnia-unrest-idUSBREA170IH20140208|title=Bosnia draws back from unrest, protesters vow to persist|publisher=Reuters|date=8. 2. 2014|access-date=8. 2. 2014|archive-date=8. 2. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208221815/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/08/us-bosnia-unrest-idUSBREA170IH20140208|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26101014|title=Bosnia clear-up begins after Sarajevo and Tuzla protests|publisher=BBC|date=8. 2. 2014|access-date=8. 2. 2014}}</ref> [[Datoteka:Sarajevo, Presidency building, day after riots February 8 2014.jpg|mini|Zgrada Predsjedništva, 8. februar 2014]] ; ===Zenica === [[Datoteka:Protests in Zenica on 10 February 2014.jpg|desno|mini|Demonstracije u Zenici, 10 februara 2014.]] ;7. februar Demonstracije u Zenici su počele 7. februara, sukobom demonstranata sa policijom u kojim su zapaljeni zgrada Vlade Kantona i nekoliko automobila.<ref name="BI1">{{cite web | url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/dissatisfaction-protests-spread-across-bosnia | title=Bosnia Hit by Third Day of Protest Unrest | publisher=Balkan Insight | date=7. 2. 2014 | access-date=7. 2. 2014 | author=Jahic, Vedran ;Jukic, Elvira}}</ref> Nakon toga je objavljeno da će Vlada Zeničko-dobojskog kantona na slijedećoj sjednici podnijeti ostavku.<ref name=ZDresign>{{cite web | url=http://www.sarajevotimes.com/government-of-zenica-doboj-canton-resigned/ | title=Government of Zenica-Doboj Canton Resigned! | publisher=Sarajevo Times | date=7. 2. 2014 | access-date=7. 2. 2014}}</ref> ;9. februar Kasno noću Vlada Zeničko-dobojskog kantona analizirala je nastalu situaciju.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sarajevotimes.com/zenica-doboj-canton-in-permanent-session-next-few-days/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=zenica-doboj-canton-in-permanent-session-next-few-days | title=Zenica – Doboj Canton: In Permanent Session Next Few Days | publisher=Sarajevo Times | date=9. 2. 2014 | access-date=10. 2. 2014}}</ref> Doneseni su zaključci da su zahtjevi demonstranata realni i izražavaju realne potrebe građana, te da je u nerdima ozlijeđeno oko stotinu demonstranata i nanesena ogromna materijalna šteta. Vlada je odlučila da nastavi permanentnu sjednicu u kojoj bi se razjasnila novonastala situacija. ;10. februar Demonstracije su nastavljene ispred zgrade Kantonalne vlade, sa zahtjevima za radikalnu promjenu socijalne politike. Predstavnici demonstranata sastali su se sa predstavnicima Vlade. Za vrijeme protesta saobraćaj u centru Zenice bio je blokiran. .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zenit.ba/u-zenici-poceli-novi-protesti/ | title=U Zenici počeli novi protesti | publisher=Radio Zenit | date=10. 2. 2014 | language=Bosnian | access-date=10. 2. 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222102944/http://www.zenit.ba/u-zenici-poceli-novi-protesti/ | archive-date=22. 2. 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> {{raščistiti}} === Bihać === ;4-5. februar Nezadovoljni građani [[Bihać]]a se oklupljaju na gradskom trgu ispred zgrade Općine Bihać, te ispred zgrade Vlade [[USK]] pružajući podršku građanima [[Tuzla|Tuzle]] i izražavajući svoje nezadovoljstvo trenutnim stanjem, nezaposlenošću, siromaštvom, glađu. Prvi dan protesta u Bihaću svoje nezadovoljstvo je izrazilo oko 300 građana mirnim demonstracijama. 5. februara, oko 900 građana se samoinicijativno okuplja prvo ispred zgrade Općine Bihać na gradskom trgu, a zatim odlazi ispred zgrade Vlade USK tražeći ostavku tadašnjeg premijera [[Hamdija Lipovača|Hamdije Lipovače]] i njegove vlade. Nedugo zatim građani su počeli bacati jaja, kamenje, pirotehnička sredstva na zgradu vlade i pritom su uništili stakla na prozorima. U toku protesta su uništena dva automobila na parkingu vlade kantona, a demonstranti su blokirali prolaz vatrogasnim vozilima dok automobili nisu u potpunosti uništena. U prosvjedima nije došlo do sukoba s policijom, ali je nekoliko policajaca lakše povrijeđeno. Istovremeno se stotinjak građana okuplja ispred hotela "Emporium" koji je u vlasništvu rođaka premijera Lipovače, te ga demolira, nakon čega ubrzo dolazi do sukoba između građana i specijalne policije MUP-a [[USK]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/teme/hotel-emporium-u-bihacu-bio-je-lipovacina-baza |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=2. 3. 2014 |archive-date=1. 3. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301190729/http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/teme/hotel-emporium-u-bihacu-bio-je-lipovacina-baza |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Protesti su se nastavili do kasno u noć. ;6. februar Građani nastavljaju s protestima okupljajući se na gradskom trgu, nakon čega se razdvajaju u nekoliko grupa. Nekolicina građana se okuplja pod neformalnu "Bosansko proljeće" dok druga grupa nastavlja svoj demonstrativni pohod prema porodičnoj kući premijera, u čemu ih je uspješno spriječila specijalna policija s kojom su se sukobili. U sukobu policije i građana bilo je desetak lakše ozlijeđenih. ;7. februar Protesti se nastavljaju i treći dan, ovaj put se okuplja znatno manji broj građana, njih oko 200 u neformalnu grupu "Bosansko proljeće". Nakon protesta u Bihaću ali i kantonu premijer [[Hamdija Lipovača]] daje neopozivu ostavku na mjesto premijera. Također, 7. februara su se dogodile velike demonstracije u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]], [[Mostar]]u i [[Zenica|Zenici]]. Građani su izašli na proteste i u [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]], [[Bihać]]u, Brčkom, Goraždu i drugim mjestima. U Tuzli, Zenici, Sarajevu i Mostaru su demonstracije prerasle u napade na zgrade kantonalnih i općinskih vlasti. U Tuzli je zapaljena zgrada Kantonalne vlade, u Sarajevu je zapaljena zgrada Predsjedništva, kao i zgrada u kojoj se nalaze Kantonalna vlada i Općina Centar Sarajevo. Veliki je broj povrijeđenih demonstranata i policije. U popodnevnim satima su pojačane policijske snage razbile demonstracije, i određeni broj učesnika pohapsile. == Mediji == Nekoliko dana nakon početka nemira, u medijima se pojavio izraz ''Bosansko proljeće'', koje za izvor ima nemire u [[Čehoslovačka|Čehoslovačkoj]] [[1968]]. godine, nazvane [[Praško proljeće]], te nemire u arapskim zemljama ([[Libija]], [[Tunis]] i [[Egipat]]) nazvane [[Arapsko proljeće]]. Britanska glumica [[Vanessa Redgrave]] u saradnji s režiserom [[Carlo Nero|Carlom Nerom]] i ekonomistom [[Fred Harrison|Fredom Harrisonom]] snimila je film "[[Bosna ustaje]]" koji je [[2. oktobar|2. oktobra]] 2014. bio premijerno prikazan u Sarajevu. Glavni inicijator snimanja filma bio je [[Nigel Osborne]] koji je tokom februarskih protesta bio u Tuzli i razgovarao s ljudima. Riječ je o filmu koji je fokus stavio na sudbinu radnika tuzlanske fabrike "Dita" koji se godinama bore za opstanak i svoja prava koja su izgubili u tranzicijskom periodu. Na konferenciji za novinare Vanessa Redgrave je izjavila: {{Citat| Ljudi danas mole za socijalnu pravdu. Postoje razni pokreti, ljudi se u svim zemljama u Evropi bore za to i to je fokus ove priče. UN je uveo posebno pravo u svojoj [[Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima|Deklaraciji]], a to je da je zabranjena [[diskriminacija]] na socijalnoj osnovi bez obzira da li je riječ o glumcu, odgajatelju, radniku u fabrici i slčno.|Vanessa Redgrave}} Režiser, koji je i sin poznate glumice, Carlo Nero kazao je kako je izabrao baš Ditu jer predstavlja primjer privatizacije svega što se dešavalo u BiH i zemljama jugoistočne Evrope nakon pada komunizma. {{Citat| Dita je primjer tog procesa i želimo staviti fokus na to šta se dešavalo. Film ne govori samo o krizi i problemima, nezaposlenosti, već i o ekonomskoj, socijalnoj i kulturnoj nestabilnosti. Ovaj film nudi rješenja i različit je u odnosu na druge. Govori o realnosti i tome šta ljudi mogu da urade da razviju dijalog koji će dovesti do rješenja i naš cilj je da potaknemo na to.|Carlo Nero}} {{Citat|Nakon pada [[Sovjetski savez|Sovjetskog saveza]] u istočnoj Evropi su se razvijala tržišta koja su nastojala da budu pravična i efikasna prema svima. Postojala je historijska prilika koja nije iskorištena. I mene je zaintrigiralo kako plenumi mogu funkcionisati u tim društvima. Ljudi u plenumima trebaju da se udružuju, razgovaraju i rade na rješavanju svojih problema bez utjecaja [[oligarhija]], političara i drugih. Nadam se da će ovaj naš film doprinijeti da ljudi kroz kontinuirani dijalog rade na tome da pronađu sami rješenja za probleme u kojima se nalaze.|Ekonomski stručnjak Fred Harrison <ref name = "Vanessa">[http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/bosna-ustaje-oskarovka-vanessa-redgrave-snimila-film-o-februarskim-protestima-i-radnicima-dite/141002064 "Bosna ustaje": Oskarovka Vanessa Redgrave snimila film o februarskim protestima i radnicima Dite] pristupljeno 2. oktobra 2014.</ref>}} == Kontroverze == *Po izvještaju njemačkog novinara i eksperta za pitanja jugoistočne Evrope, [[Norbert Mappes-Niediek|Norberta Mappes-Niedieka]], u [[Austrija|austrijskom]] dnevniku, ''[[Kleine Zeitung]]'', [[11. februar]]a [[2014]]., iza nemira stoji medijski [[tajkun]] i predsjednik političke partije [[Savez za bolju budućnost Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Fahrudin Radončić]].<ref name="NMP">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/3545140/aufraeumen-nach-dem-chaos.story |title=link |access-date=11. 2. 2014 |archive-date=17. 9. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917045402/http://www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/3545140/aufraeumen-nach-dem-chaos.story |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|FAZ]] je objavio studiju Katarine Cvikl, koja je urađena po nalogu lobističkog instituta Populari, prema kojoj je omladina u BiH "sama kriva" za svoje stanje. Ovakvo jednostrano predstavljanje situacije je izazvalo negativne reakcije medija u BiH, jer nije obraćena pažnja na posljedice [[Privatizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini|privatizacije]], nepridržavanje zakona o radu itd.<ref>Michael Martens,[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/europa/proteste-in-bosnien-jung-und-arbeitslos-selbst-schuld-12800653.html "Proteste in Bosnien Jung und arbeitslos? Selbst schuld!"] sa ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|FAZ]]'';objavljeno 14.2.2014, pristupljeno 16.3.2015 {{de simbol}}</ref> == Također pogledati == * [[Zarobljavanje države]] ==Reference== {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/gladni-bahatima-ne-vjeruju "Gladni bahatima ne vjeruju"] * [http://www.populari.org/ Populari.org] [[Kategorija:2014. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u 2014.]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini|Februarski protesti]] li0xcbh5izg8hb9yc8scmomyf3qwpep 0 354901 3839563 3825276 2026-05-04T22:08:39Z Arnel 102555 3839563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mson|Krupa}} * [[Krupa]], objašnjenje riječi, samog izraza * [[Krupa (plod)]], vrsta sušnog zatvorenog ploda * [[Krupa (padavina)]], vrsta padavine ili '''[[Bosna i Hercegovina]]''': * [[Bosanska Krupa]], naselje i sjedište općine u zapadnoj Bosni * [[Krupa (Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje)]], naselje u općini [[Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje]] * [[Krupa na Uni]], općina u zapadnoj Bosni * [[Krupa na Vrbasu]], naselje grada [[Banja Luka|Banjaluke]] '''[[Hrvatska]]''': * [[Krupa (Obrovac)]], naselje grada [[Obrovac (Hrvatska)|Obrovca]], [[Zadarska županija]] * [[Krupa (manastir)]], manastir Srpske Pravoslavne Crkve u selu Krupi, sjeverna [[Dalmacija]] * [[Krupa (rijeka u Hrvatskoj)]], rijeka u sjevernoj [[Dalmacija|Dalmaciji]], pritoka [[Zrmanja|Zrmanje]] '''[[Slovenija]]''': * [[Krupa (Semič)]], naselje u općini [[Semič]], regija [[Jugoistočna Slovenija]] * [[Krupa (Lahinja)]], rijeka u jugoistočnom dijelu zemlje, pritoka [[Lahinja|Lahinje]], duga 2,5&nbsp;km {{višeznačnica}} rfn7ol6gxlcy5wa0ul3bqadorcx98wc 0 360942 3839658 3605845 2026-05-05T11:25:20Z Makenzis 98619 /* Uspjesi */ 3839658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #FF0000 | Ime kluba = '''Lincoln Red Imps FC''' | Puno ime = Lincoln Red Imps<br>Football Club | Grb = | Nadimak = | Osnovan = [[1976.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Gibraltar]] | Boje = {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}} {{colorbox|black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Gibraltara|GFA]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://footballtripper.com/victoria-stadium-gibraltar/ |title=Stadion Victoria |work=footballtripper.com|access-date= 11. 6. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 2.249 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 1. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2023/24. | Webstranica = [http://lincolnredimps.com/ lincolnredimps.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _black_stripes | uzorak_t1 = _blackstripes | uzorak_dr1 = _black_stripes | lijeva ruka1 = FF0000 | tijelo1 = FF0000 | desna ruka1 = FF0000 | šorc1 = FFFFFF | čarape1 = FF0000 | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = | uzorak_dr2 = | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = FFFFFF | čarape2 = FF0000 | }} '''Lincoln Red Imps''' je nogometni klub iz [[Gibraltar]]a. Takmiči se u [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|prvoj nogometnoj ligi Gibraltara]]. Klub je osnovan 1976. godine. Tradicionalne boje su crvena i bijela. Domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]. ==Historija== Lincoln Red Imps je osnovan 1976. godine i do sada je 25 puta osvojio nogometno prvenstvo Gibraltara. U sezoni 2013/14. klub je postao prvak [[Gibraltar]]a i tako stekao pravo da po prvi put nastupa u [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligi prvaka]]. Prvu utakmicu u evropskim takmičenjima je igrao [[2. juli|2. jula]] 2014. godine protiv [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavna]] sa [[Farski otoci|Farskih otoka]], utakmica je završena rezultatom 1-1. Historijski gol za Lincoln je postigao [[Joseph Chipolina]]. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (30):''' 1984/85, 1988889, 1989890,1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25, 2025/26. *'''[[Rock kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (17):''' 1985/86, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1995/96, 2001/02, 2003/04, 200405, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2013/14, 2015, 2016. *'''[[Gibraltar Senior kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (18):''' 1986/87, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1999/00, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2013/14. ==Evropski nastupi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sezona ! Takmičenje ! Runda ! Protivnik ! Domaćin ! Gost ! Ukupno |- | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2014/2015.|2014–15]] | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{ZD|FAR}} [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavn]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2015/2016.|2015–16]] | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|AND}} [[FC Santa Coloma]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–0 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–1 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2–1''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|DAN}} [[FC Midtjylland|Midtjylland]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-2 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2016/2017.|2016–17]] | rowspan="2" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|EST}} [[FC Flora|Flora]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–2 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–2''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|ŠKO}} [[Celtic FC|Celtic]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–3 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! [[UEFA Evropska liga 2017/2018.|2017–18]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|KIP}} [[AEK Larnaca FC|AEK Larnaca]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://lincolnredimps.com/ Službena stranica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022443/http://lincolnredimps.com/ |date=14. 7. 2014 }} * [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2605572/domestic/index.html Lincoln FC] na zvaničnoj stranici UEFA-e [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1976.]] i917nlsnh9f21k5mvsagqisl3k78egw 3839659 3839658 2026-05-05T11:25:34Z Makenzis 98619 3839659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #FF0000 | Ime kluba = '''Lincoln Red Imps FC''' | Puno ime = Lincoln Red Imps<br>Football Club | Grb = | Nadimak = | Osnovan = [[1976.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Gibraltar]] | Boje = {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}} {{colorbox|black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Gibraltara|GFA]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://footballtripper.com/victoria-stadium-gibraltar/ |title=Stadion Victoria |work=footballtripper.com|access-date= 11. 6. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 2.249 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 1. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://lincolnredimps.com/ lincolnredimps.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _black_stripes | uzorak_t1 = _blackstripes | uzorak_dr1 = _black_stripes | lijeva ruka1 = FF0000 | tijelo1 = FF0000 | desna ruka1 = FF0000 | šorc1 = FFFFFF | čarape1 = FF0000 | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = | uzorak_dr2 = | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = FFFFFF | čarape2 = FF0000 | }} '''Lincoln Red Imps''' je nogometni klub iz [[Gibraltar]]a. Takmiči se u [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|prvoj nogometnoj ligi Gibraltara]]. Klub je osnovan 1976. godine. Tradicionalne boje su crvena i bijela. Domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]. ==Historija== Lincoln Red Imps je osnovan 1976. godine i do sada je 25 puta osvojio nogometno prvenstvo Gibraltara. U sezoni 2013/14. klub je postao prvak [[Gibraltar]]a i tako stekao pravo da po prvi put nastupa u [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligi prvaka]]. Prvu utakmicu u evropskim takmičenjima je igrao [[2. juli|2. jula]] 2014. godine protiv [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavna]] sa [[Farski otoci|Farskih otoka]], utakmica je završena rezultatom 1-1. Historijski gol za Lincoln je postigao [[Joseph Chipolina]]. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (30):''' 1984/85, 1988889, 1989890,1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25, 2025/26. *'''[[Rock kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (17):''' 1985/86, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1995/96, 2001/02, 2003/04, 200405, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2013/14, 2015, 2016. *'''[[Gibraltar Senior kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (18):''' 1986/87, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1999/00, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2013/14. ==Evropski nastupi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sezona ! Takmičenje ! Runda ! Protivnik ! Domaćin ! Gost ! Ukupno |- | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2014/2015.|2014–15]] | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{ZD|FAR}} [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavn]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2015/2016.|2015–16]] | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|AND}} [[FC Santa Coloma]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–0 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–1 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2–1''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|DAN}} [[FC Midtjylland|Midtjylland]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-2 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2016/2017.|2016–17]] | rowspan="2" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|EST}} [[FC Flora|Flora]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–2 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–2''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|ŠKO}} [[Celtic FC|Celtic]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–3 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! [[UEFA Evropska liga 2017/2018.|2017–18]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|KIP}} [[AEK Larnaca FC|AEK Larnaca]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://lincolnredimps.com/ Službena stranica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022443/http://lincolnredimps.com/ |date=14. 7. 2014 }} * [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2605572/domestic/index.html Lincoln FC] na zvaničnoj stranici UEFA-e [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1976.]] ewfvgb56n3oh9b5jc69iashqame9je5 3839662 3839659 2026-05-05T11:39:08Z Makenzis 98619 /* Uspjesi */ 3839662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #FF0000 | Ime kluba = '''Lincoln Red Imps FC''' | Puno ime = Lincoln Red Imps<br>Football Club | Grb = | Nadimak = | Osnovan = [[1976.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Gibraltar]] | Boje = {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}} {{colorbox|black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Gibraltara|GFA]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://footballtripper.com/victoria-stadium-gibraltar/ |title=Stadion Victoria |work=footballtripper.com|access-date= 11. 6. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 2.249 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 1. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://lincolnredimps.com/ lincolnredimps.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _black_stripes | uzorak_t1 = _blackstripes | uzorak_dr1 = _black_stripes | lijeva ruka1 = FF0000 | tijelo1 = FF0000 | desna ruka1 = FF0000 | šorc1 = FFFFFF | čarape1 = FF0000 | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = | uzorak_dr2 = | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = FFFFFF | čarape2 = FF0000 | }} '''Lincoln Red Imps''' je nogometni klub iz [[Gibraltar]]a. Takmiči se u [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|prvoj nogometnoj ligi Gibraltara]]. Klub je osnovan 1976. godine. Tradicionalne boje su crvena i bijela. Domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]. ==Historija== Lincoln Red Imps je osnovan 1976. godine i do sada je 25 puta osvojio nogometno prvenstvo Gibraltara. U sezoni 2013/14. klub je postao prvak [[Gibraltar]]a i tako stekao pravo da po prvi put nastupa u [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligi prvaka]]. Prvu utakmicu u evropskim takmičenjima je igrao [[2. juli|2. jula]] 2014. godine protiv [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavna]] sa [[Farski otoci|Farskih otoka]], utakmica je završena rezultatom 1-1. Historijski gol za Lincoln je postigao [[Joseph Chipolina]]. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (30):''' 1984/85, 1988889, 1989890,1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25, 2025/26. *'''[[Rock kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (17):''' 1985/86, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1995/96, 2001/02, 2003/04, 200405, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2013/14, 2015, 2016, 2021, 2021–22, 2023–24, 2025-26 *'''[[Gibraltar Senior kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (18):''' 1986/87, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1999/00, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2013/14. ==Evropski nastupi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sezona ! Takmičenje ! Runda ! Protivnik ! Domaćin ! Gost ! Ukupno |- | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2014/2015.|2014–15]] | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{ZD|FAR}} [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavn]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2015/2016.|2015–16]] | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|AND}} [[FC Santa Coloma]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–0 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–1 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2–1''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|DAN}} [[FC Midtjylland|Midtjylland]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-2 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2016/2017.|2016–17]] | rowspan="2" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|EST}} [[FC Flora|Flora]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–2 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–2''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|ŠKO}} [[Celtic FC|Celtic]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–3 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! [[UEFA Evropska liga 2017/2018.|2017–18]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|KIP}} [[AEK Larnaca FC|AEK Larnaca]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://lincolnredimps.com/ Službena stranica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022443/http://lincolnredimps.com/ |date=14. 7. 2014 }} * [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2605572/domestic/index.html Lincoln FC] na zvaničnoj stranici UEFA-e [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1976.]] tstn2tmh7d66jw6guk375677yn8yk74 3839663 3839662 2026-05-05T11:39:18Z Makenzis 98619 /* Uspjesi */ 3839663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #FF0000 | Ime kluba = '''Lincoln Red Imps FC''' | Puno ime = Lincoln Red Imps<br>Football Club | Grb = | Nadimak = | Osnovan = [[1976.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Gibraltar]] | Boje = {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}} {{colorbox|black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Gibraltara|GFA]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://footballtripper.com/victoria-stadium-gibraltar/ |title=Stadion Victoria |work=footballtripper.com|access-date= 11. 6. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 2.249 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 1. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://lincolnredimps.com/ lincolnredimps.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _black_stripes | uzorak_t1 = _blackstripes | uzorak_dr1 = _black_stripes | lijeva ruka1 = FF0000 | tijelo1 = FF0000 | desna ruka1 = FF0000 | šorc1 = FFFFFF | čarape1 = FF0000 | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = | uzorak_dr2 = | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = FFFFFF | čarape2 = FF0000 | }} '''Lincoln Red Imps''' je nogometni klub iz [[Gibraltar]]a. Takmiči se u [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|prvoj nogometnoj ligi Gibraltara]]. Klub je osnovan 1976. godine. Tradicionalne boje su crvena i bijela. Domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]. ==Historija== Lincoln Red Imps je osnovan 1976. godine i do sada je 25 puta osvojio nogometno prvenstvo Gibraltara. U sezoni 2013/14. klub je postao prvak [[Gibraltar]]a i tako stekao pravo da po prvi put nastupa u [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligi prvaka]]. Prvu utakmicu u evropskim takmičenjima je igrao [[2. juli|2. jula]] 2014. godine protiv [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavna]] sa [[Farski otoci|Farskih otoka]], utakmica je završena rezultatom 1-1. Historijski gol za Lincoln je postigao [[Joseph Chipolina]]. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (30):''' 1984/85, 1988889, 1989890,1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25, 2025/26. *'''[[Rock kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (21):''' 1985/86, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1995/96, 2001/02, 2003/04, 200405, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2013/14, 2015, 2016, 2021, 2021–22, 2023–24, 2025-26 *'''[[Gibraltar Senior kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (18):''' 1986/87, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1999/00, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2013/14. ==Evropski nastupi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sezona ! Takmičenje ! Runda ! Protivnik ! Domaćin ! Gost ! Ukupno |- | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2014/2015.|2014–15]] | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{ZD|FAR}} [[Havnar Bóltfelag|HB Tórshavn]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2015/2016.|2015–16]] | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|AND}} [[FC Santa Coloma]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–0 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–1 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2–1''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|DAN}} [[FC Midtjylland|Midtjylland]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-2 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2016/2017.|2016–17]] | rowspan="2" | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|EST}} [[FC Flora|Flora]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–2 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–2''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{flagicon|ŠKO}} [[Celtic FC|Celtic]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–3 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–3''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! [[UEFA Evropska liga 2017/2018.|2017–18]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|KIP}} [[AEK Larnaca FC|AEK Larnaca]] | bgcolor="#ffffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–5 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1–6''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://lincolnredimps.com/ Službena stranica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022443/http://lincolnredimps.com/ |date=14. 7. 2014 }} * [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2605572/domestic/index.html Lincoln FC] na zvaničnoj stranici UEFA-e [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1976.]] dv3mnqmwsgtlz29vtimpici42crp28v 0 361856 3839651 3832189 2026-05-05T10:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija stadion | naziv_stadiona = Nacionalni stadion u Varšavi | nadimak = Stadion Narodowy | slika = [[Datoteka:Stadion Narodowy w Warszawie 20120422.jpg|300px]] [[Datoteka:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|15px]][[Datoteka:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|15px]][[Datoteka:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|15px]][[Datoteka:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|15px]] | puni_naziv = Stadion Narodowy im. Kazimierza Górskiego w Warszawie | bivši_nazivi = | lokacija = Al. Zieleniecka 1, [[Varšava]], [[Poljska]] | koordinate = {{coord|52|14|22|N|21|02|44|E}} | početak_izgradnje = 2008. | izgrađen = 2011. | otvoren = 29. januar 2012. | renoviran = 2008-2011 | proširen = | zatvoren = | srušen = | vlasnik = [[Skarb Państwa]] | operator = Narodowe Centrum Sportu | površina = | semafor = | cijena_izgradnje = | arhitekta = JSK Architekci<br>[[Gerkan, Marg and Partners|gmp]] - Architects von Gerkan<br>sbp | projektni_menadžer = Markus Pfisterer<br>Martin Hakiel<br>Martin Glass<br>Mariusz Rutz<br>Zbigniew Pszczulny<br>Marcin Chruslinski | građevinski_inženjer = [[Schlaich Bergermann & Partner]] | servisni_inženjer = | glavni_poduzetnik = | glavni_poduzetnici = | kapacitet = 58.145 (zvanično)<br>56.826 (UEFA takmičenja)<br>72.900 (koncerti) | rekordna_posjećenost = 56.070<br>([[Nogometna reprezentacija Poljske|Poljska]]-[[Nogometna reprezentacija Grčke|Grčka]] 8. juni 2012) | dimenzije = 105 x 68 | korisnici = [[Evropsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2012.|EP 2012]]<br>[[UEFA Evropska liga 2014/15.|UEFA Evropska liga]]<br>[[Nogometna reprezentacija Poljske|Poljska]]<br>[[Nogometni superkup Poljske|Superkup]]<br>[[SuperFinał]] | web stranica = [http://www.stadionnarodowy.org.pl www.stadionnarodowy.org.pl] }} '''Nacionalni stadion''' ili '''Stadion Naradowy''' je nogometni stadion koji se nalazi u [[Varšava|Varšavi]], [[Poljska]]. Uglavnom se koristi za nogometne utakmice i domaći je stadion [[Nogometna reprezentacija Poljske|nogometne reprezentacije Poljske]]. Stadion ima kapacitet 58.145 sjedećih mjesta, što ga jednim od najvećih nogometnih stadiona u [[Poljska|Poljskoj]]. Izgradnja stadiona je počela 2008. godine, a završena 2011. Nalazi se na mjestu bivšeg stadiona ''Desetogodišnjice'' ([[Poljski jezik|poljski:]] Stadion Dziesięciolecia) na Aleji Zieleniecka u [[Praga-Południe]], predgrađu [[Varšava|Varšave]]. Stadion ima uvlačiv [[Polivinil hlorid|PVC]] krov koji se razvija iz gnijezda obješenog iznad centra terena<ref name="Euro 2012: Venue guide for European Championship finals, bbc.com">[http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/15921248 ''Euro 2012: Venue guide for European Championship finals, bbc.com'']; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Uvlačeći krov je sličan krovnom sistemu na stadionu [[Commerzbank-Arena]] u [[Frankfurt]]u kao i renoviranom krovu višenamjenskog stadiona [[BC Place]] u [[Vancouver]]u. Stadion je opremljen grijačima za teren, terenom za trening, fasadnim osvjetljenjem i podzemnim parkingom. Stadion je također u mogućnosti da bude organizator sportskih i kulturnih manifestacija, koncerata i konferencija. Stadion Naradowy je zvanično otvoren 19. januara 2012. godine. Prva nogometna utakmica odigrana je 29. februara 2012. između [[Nogometna reprezentacija Poljske|Poljske]] i [[Nogometna reprezentacija Portugala|Portugala]] koja je završena bez golova<ref name="Poland mark Warsaw milestone with Portugal draw, uefa.com">[http://www.uefa.com/friendlies/season=2012/matches/round=2000293/match=2009346/postmatch/report/index.html ''Poland mark Warsaw milestone with Portugal draw, uefa.com'']; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Stadion će biti organizator finalne utakmice [[UEFA Evropska liga 2014/15.|Evropske lige]] 2015. godine. == Pojedinosti stadiona == === Konstrukcija i arhitektura === [[Datoteka:Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG|thumb|left|280px|<center><small>Noćno osvjetljenje stadiona fasade nakon otvaranja utakmice između [[Nogometna reprezentacija Poljske|Poljske]] i [[Nogometna reprezentacija Portugala|Portugala]] 29. februara 2012.</small>]] Generalni izvođač radova je bio njemačko-austrijsko-poljski konzorcijum na čelu s Alpine Bau koji obuhvata Alpine Bau Deutschland, Alpine Construction Poland, PBG SA i Hydrobudowa Poland SA. Datum završetka radova je postavljen za 24 mjeseca od potpisivanja ugovora i u proces izgradnje je uključeno oko 1.200 zaposlenih<ref name="Minister ostrzega budowniczych Stadionu, sport.dziennik.pl">[http://sport.dziennik.pl/artykuly/148406,minister-ostrzega-budowniczych-stadionu.html ''Minister ostrzega budowniczych Stadionu, sport.dziennik.pl'']; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Stadion ima kapacitet od 58.145 mjesta za gledaoce tokom nogometne utakmice i do 72.900 tokom koncerata i drugih događaja (uključujući i 106 mjesta za osobe sa invaliditetom). Ukupan obim stadiona (bez krova) je više od 1.000.000 m², a ukupna površina je 204.000 m². Uvlačiva krovna konstrukcija je 240 × 270 m, a središnji vrh stoji na visini od 124 metara iznad rijeke [[Vistula]] i 100 m iznad terena. Ukupna dužina trkačke staze je 924 metra. Stadion ima najveći kongresni centar u [[Varšava|Varšavi]] s kapacitetom od 1.600 ljudi, uključujući i 25.000 m² uredski poslovni prostor. Podzemni parking za 1.765 automobila nalazi se ispod terena. Stadion sadrži restoran, fitness klub, pub i 69 luksuznih skyboxeva. [[Datoteka:Warsaw National Stadium before Germany - Italy (4).jpg|thumb|right|300px|<center><small>Kruna Nacionalnog stadiona je fasada sa crvenim i bijelim bojama, nalik na nancionalne boje Poljske</small>]] Nacionalni stadion je višenamjenski sportski objekt koji omogućava organizaciju sportskih događaja, koncerata i kulturnih događaja. Osim toga, također može poslužiti kao ured, tržnica, hotel, gastronomska tačku i u druge svrhe. Kao rezultat svega toga oko 2000-3000 ljudi posjećuje stadion svaki dan. === Fasada === Fasada stadiona se odnosi na poljske nacionalne boje, nalik na mašuću [[Zastava Poljske|zastavu Poljske]] i sastoji se od srebra i crvene boje. Ponekad se isti palete boja stadiona koriste i na stolicama. Stadion je otvorene strukture, što znači nedostatak zatvorene fasade, tako da je temperatura unutar stadiona slična vanjskoj temperaturi, uprkos zatvorenoj krovnoj konstrukciji. Takva konstrukcija omogućava prirodnu ventilaciju prostorija ispod tribina i pristup prirodnom svjetlu<ref name="Biało-czerwona elewacja wkrótce na Stadionie Narodowym, warszawa.gazeta.pl">[http://warszawa.gazeta.pl/warszawa/1,34889,9057127,Bialo_czerwona_elewacja_wkrotce_na_Stadionie_Narodowym.html ''Biało-czerwona elewacja wkrótce na Stadionie Narodowym, warszawa.gazeta.pl'']{{Mrtav link}}; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. [[Datoteka:POL Stadion Narodowy Warszawa 12.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<center><small>''Preklopne stolice'' su standardne stolice na stadionu, tipa: FCB u crvenim i srebrnim bojama</small>]] Uzvišenje stadiona je protegnuto izgrađenim snažnim cijevima proizvedenih u [[Italija|Italiji]]. Ova struktura je potpuno nezavisna od izgradnje betonskog postolja i to je osnov za uvlačenje krova na stadionu. Zahvaljujući tome, dizajneri su mogli nesmetano dizajnirati prostor ispod tribina. === Igralište=== Stadion je opremljen grijalnim terenom. Igralište je instalirano travnjakom holandske trave, uzgajane u [[Heythuysen]]u, [[Holandija]]<ref name="Neuer Rasen für Nationalstadion Warschau, stadionwelt-business.de">[http://www.stadionwelt-business.de/index.php?rubrik=ausstattung&site=firmen&firma=hendriks_graszoden&head=Hendriks-Graszoden-BV&id=130&kat=rasen ''Neuer Rasen für Nationalstadion Warschau, stadionwelt-business.de'']; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. U organizaciji događaja kao što su koncerti, teren se pokriva sa posebnim panelima, koji se uklanja u roku od pet dana od njegove instalacije. Druga mogućnost je instaliranje polja trave na posebnim plutajući platformama, ali su odbačene zbog financijskih razloga. === Tribine === Nacionalni stadion je dizajniran od strane njemačko-poljskog konzorcija ''gmp Architects von Gerkan, Marg and Partners'', ''JSK Architekci Sp. Z o.o.'' i ''SBP-Schlaich bergermann und partner'' (projektanti Volkwin Marg, Hubert Nienhoff, Markus Pfisterer, Zbigniew Pszczulny, Mariusz Rutz i Marcin Chruslinski). Struktura stadiona se sastoji od dva nivoa: tribina na vrhu i tribina na dnu, kapaciteta 58.145 gledaoca. Sve stolice na Stadion Narodowy pruža poljska kompanija ''Forum Seating'' (dio grupe ''Grupa Nowy Styl'' sa sjedištem u [[Krosno]]om)<ref name="Nowa murawa już na Stadionie Narodowym, wiadomosci.onet.pl">[http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/warszawa/nowa-murawa-juz-na-stadionie-narodowym/h9tb7 ''Nowa murawa już na Stadionie Narodowym, wiadomosci.onet.pl''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203033302/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/warszawa/nowa-murawa-juz-na-stadionie-narodowym/h9tb7 |date=3. 2. 2014 }}; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Postoji 900 mjesta za medije i novinare, više od 4.600 takozvanih "premium mjesta", dizajniranih za posebne goste, 106 mjesta za osobe sa invaliditetom, te više od 800 mjesta VIP lože. [[Datoteka:POL Stadion Narodowy Warszawa 09.jpg|thumb|right|300px|<center><small>Jedinstveno uvlačenje membrane krova u postupku otvaranja</small>]] Pod tribinama, postoje svlačionice i konferencijske sale ukupne površine od 130.000 m². Objekat ima osam tačaka sa različitim visinama. Najviša tačka na tribinama, nalazi se 41 metara iznad terena bivšeg ''Stadiona Dziesięciolecia'', dok je najviša tačka čelične konstrukcije krova 70 metara iznad tog nivoa. Krov pokriva ne samo tribine nego i teren<ref name="Narodowy: Krzesełka już są, a będzie więcej, stadiony.net">[http://stadiony.net/aktualnosci/2011/04/narodowy_krzeselka_juz_sa_a_bedzie_wiecej ''Narodowy: Krzesełka już są, a będzie więcej, stadiony.net'']; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. === Pomični krov === Djelomično transparentan pomični krov je prekriven fibreglass [[teflon]]om. Njegov materijal je otporan na vremenske faktore (kiše, toplinu sunca, a može držati do 18&nbsp;cm mokrog snijega) i povećanje tendencije. Tehnologija proizvodnje dolazi iz njemačke firme Hightex GmbH, a tekstilna je proizvedena u [[Bangkok]]u od strane Asia Membrane Co. Ltd<ref name="Stadion Narodowy symbolem Warszawy. Koniec budowy, warszawa.gazeta.pl">[http://warszawa.gazeta.pl/warszawa/1,34889,10698125,Stadion_Narodowy_symbolem_Warszawy__Koniec_budowy.html ''Stadion Narodowy symbolem Warszawy. Koniec budowy, warszawa.gazeta.pl''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030211420/http://warszawa.gazeta.pl/warszawa/1,34889,10698125,Stadion_Narodowy_symbolem_Warszawy__Koniec_budowy.html |date=30. 10. 2014 }}; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Proces otvaranja ili zatvaranja krova traje oko 20 minuta i može raditi samo na temperaturama iznad 5&nbsp;°C, a ne za vrijeme kiše (koja je bila razlog za jedan dan odlaganja nogometne utakmice [[Nogometna reprezentacija Poljske|Poljska]] - [[Nogometna reprezentacija Engleske|Engleska]] 16. oktobra 2012.). Pogonski sistem se koristi za rastezanje membrane prilikom otvaranja i prilikom postupka zatvaranja krova. Ukupna težina čelika i kablova koji podržavaju krovnu konstrukciju je 1.200 tona. Ispod krova postoje četiri LED ekrana, od kojih svaki ima površinu od 200 m². == Historija izgradnje == ===Pripreme=== [[Datoteka:Stadion Narodowy - Wisla.jpg|thumb|right|300px|<center><small>Noćni pogled na Nacionalni stadion i most Świętokrzyski s lijeve obale [[Visla|Visle]]</small>]] 1. februara 2008. godine konzorcij ''JSK Architects Ltd.'', ''GMP—von Gerkan'', ''Marg und Partner Architekten'' i ''SBP—Schleich Bergermann und Partner'' su predstavili idejno rješenje (vizualizacija i maketa) novog stadiona<ref name="Stadion Narodowy: ministerstwo rekomenduje trzy projekty, urbanity.pl">[http://www.urbanity.pl/mazowieckie/warszawa/stadion-narodowy-ministerstwo-rekomenduje-trzy-projekty,w1355 ''Stadion Narodowy: ministerstwo rekomenduje trzy projekty, urbanity.pl'']; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Prvi građevinski radovi su počeli 15. maja 2008. kada je 126 betonskih gomila dovezeno na zemljište starih tribina stadiona. Dana 18. juna 2008. godine ''National Sports Centre Ltd'' je dostavljena dokumentacija potrebne za dobijanje građevinske dozvole od guvernera [[Mazovjecko vojvodstvo|Mazovjecke]]<ref name="Stadion Narodowy: ministerstwo rekomenduje trzy projekty, urbanity.pl" />. Dokumentacija je odobrena 22. jula 2008. godine te 26. septembra 2008. sporazum je potpisan sa ''Pol-Aqua SA'' za provedbu prve faze građevinskih radova. Nekoliko dana kasnije, 7. oktobra 2008. godine počela je izgradnja stadiona. Na gradilištu, u neposrednoj blizini nacionalnog sportskog centra, vanjska kamera je instalirana. Emitiranje je počelo 31. oktobra 2008. godine te su ljudi mogli pratiti tok izgradnje stadiona. Od početka druge faze izgradnje 29. juna 2009. cijeli proces je bio vidljiv iz druge instalirane kamere na tornju u ''Washington Roundabout''. Slike iz kamere su još uvijek dostupne na službenim stranicama stadiona. == Glavni proces == [[Datoteka:Wał MiedzeszyńskiNationalStadium.JPG|thumb|left|300px|<center><small>Nacionalni stadion, pogled sa aleje Józefa Poniatowskiego u septembru 2012.</small>]] Prva faza izgradnje uključivala je rušenje betonskih konstrukcija stadiona ''Desetogodišnjice'', priprema tla, transportacija oko 7.000 tona betona, gradnja 6.700 betonskih stupova te izgradnja oko 900 betonskih šipki koja čine temelj stadiona<ref name="Ruszyła budowa Stadionu Narodowego, zw.com.pl">[http://www.zw.com.pl/artykul/2,292388_Ruszyla_budowa_Stadionu_Narodowego.html ''Ruszyła budowa Stadionu Narodowego, zw.com.pl'']{{Mrtav link}}; pristupljeno: 18. juli 2014.</ref>. Prva faza izgradnje stadiona je završena 9. marta 2009. godine. Najbolju ponudu za nastavak gradnje stadiona dali su njemačko-austrijsko-poljski konzorcij firmi - ''Alpine Bau Deutschland AG'', ''Alpine Bau GmbH'', ''Alpine Construction Poland Ltd.'', ''Hydrobudowa Poland SA'' i ''PBG SA'' ukupne vrijedonosti 1 252 755 008.64 zł. Krajem septembra, prvi građevinski elemenatu su bili vidljivi izvan stadiona. Kamen temeljac i vremenska kapsula su postavljeni na ceremoniji održanoj 7. oktobra 2009. godine. U vremensku kapsulu su stavljeni predmeti poput zastave Poljske, Evropske unije i grada Varšave, novine dana, kovanice, novčanice, i drugi artefakti. == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|National Stadium in Warsaw}} * [http://www.stadionnarodowy.org.pl Službena stranica] {{Stadioni Evropskog prvenstva u nogometu 2012.}} [[Kategorija:Nogometni stadioni u Poljskoj|Nacionalni stadion (Varšava)]] [[Kategorija:Stadioni Evropskog prvenstva u nogometu 2012.]] [[Kategorija:Varšava]] 7m1dzo5tsfwkybcgxrdyswkngf6akxs 0 364924 3839431 3830841 2026-05-04T12:16:56Z KWiki 9400 3839431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija teniser | ime = Marin Čilić | slika = Cilic WM18 (62) (43932286881).jpg | veličina_slike = | tekst = | puno_ime = | izvorno_ime = | jezik_izvornog_imena = | itf_ime = | nadimak = ''Mrnja'' <br/> ''Čila'' | država = {{ZID|Hrvatska}} | prebivalište = | datum_rođenja = {{datum rođenja i godine|1988|09|28}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Međugorje]], [[SFRJ]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | visina = 198 cm | težina = 89 kg | profesionalni_početak = 2005. | kraj_karijere = | ruka = Desna (dvoručni [[bekhend]]) | koledž = | trener = {{plainlist| * [[Bob Brett]] {{small|(2004–2013)}} * [[Goran Ivanišević]] {{small|(2013–2016)}} * [[Jonas Björkman]] {{small|(2016–2017)}} * [[Ivan Cinkuš]] {{small|(2018–2020)}} * Vedran Martić {{small|(2020–2021)}} * Vilim Višak {{small|(2020–)}} }} | novčane_nagrade = 33.169.440 $ *<small>&nbsp;[[Rekordi na ATP Touru#Zarada|12. svih vremena]] | kuća_slavnih_god = | kuća_slavnih_id = | služeni_sajt = {{URL|marin-cilic.net/hr/}} | pobjede-porazi_pojedinačno = {{pob-por-tenis|pobjede=606|porazi=358}} | turniri_pojedinačno = 21 | najbolji_plasman_pojedinačno = 3 (29. 1. 2018) | trenutni_plasman_pojedinačno = 47 (4. 5. 2026) | australian_open_pojedinačno = F ([[Australian Open 2018 – muški singl|2018]]) | roland_garros_pojedinačno = PF ([[Roland Garros 2022 – muški singl|2022]]) | wimbledon_pojedinačno = F ([[Wimbledon 2017 – muški singl|2017]]) | us_open_pojedinačno = '''P''' ([[US Open 2014 – muški singl|2014]]) | drugi_turniri = | TOC = | masters_cup_pojedinačno = GF ([[Tennis Masters Cup 2014 – singl|2014]], [[Tennis Masters Cup 2016 – singl|2016]], [[Tennis Masters Cup 2017 – singl|2017]], [[Tennis Masters Cup 2018 – singl|2018]]) | WCT = | olimpijske_igre_pojedinačno = 3K ([[Tenis na Olimpijskim igrama 2016 – muški singl|2016]]) | pobjede-porazi_parovi = {{pob-por-tenis|pobjede=89|porazi=100}} | turniri_parovi = | najbolji_plasman_parovi = 49 (15. 4. 2013) | trenutni_plasman_parovi = | australian_open_parovi = | roland_garros_parovi = | wimbledon_parovi = | us_open_parovi = | drugi_turniri_parovi = | olimpijske_igre_parovi = | mješoviti_parovi = | pobjede-porazi_mješoviti_parovi = | turniri_mješoviti_parovi = | australian_open_mješoviti_parovi = | roland_garros_mješoviti_parovi = | wimbledon_mješoviti_parovi = | us_open_mješoviti_parovi = | drugi_turniri_mješoviti_parovi = | olimpijske_igre_mješoviti_parovi = | timska_takmičenja = | davis_cup = '''P''' ([[Davis Cup 2018.|2018]]) | laver_cup = '''P''' ([[Laver Cup 2017.|2017]]) | hopman_cup = | modul = | medalje = {{MedaljaTakmičenje|Olimpijske igre – [[Tenis na Olimpijskim igrama|Tenis]]}} {{MedaljaSrebro|Tokio 2020.|[[Tenis na Olimpijskim igrama 2020 - muški parovi|Parovi]]}} | ažurirano = 4. 5. 2026. }} '''Marin Čilić''' [[Hrvatska|hrvatski]] je [[tenis]]er. Osvajač je [[US Open]]a [[US Open 2014 – muški singl|2014.]] te finalist [[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledona]] [[Wimbledon 2017 – muški singl|2017.]] i [[Australian Open]]a [[Australian Open 2018 – muški singl|2018.]] S [[Davis Cup reprezentacija Hrvatske|reprezentacijom Hrvatske]] osvojio je i [[Davis Cup]] [[Davis Cup 2018.|2018.]] Najbolji plasman na ATP-listi mu je treće mjesto krajem januara 2018. Također je osvajač srebrne medalje s [[Olimpijske igre 2020.|Olimpijskih igara 2020.]] u [[Tokio|Tokiju]] u [[Tenis na Olimpijskim igrama 2020 - muški parovi|paru]] s [[Ivan Dodig|Ivanom Dodigom]]. Jedan je od petorice aktivnih tenisera koji su došli najmanje do polufinala na sva četiri [[Grand Slam]] turnira i jedan od šestorice aktivnih s 20 ili više titula u karijeri. Također ima plasmane najmanje u četvrtfinale na svih devet turnira iz serije [[ATP Masters 1000|Masters 1000]]. Od aprila 2018. u braku je s Kristinom Milković. Imaju sinove Baldu i Vitu. == Juniorske godine == Njegov najveći uspjeh u juniorskoj karijeri bilo je osvajanje juniorskog [[Roland Garros]]a 2005, što ga je dovelo na 2. mjesto na rang-listi najboljih juniora, da bi sljedeće godine postao prvi junior svijeta. Najbolji rezultat u seniorskoj karijeri ostvario je osvojivši [[US Open 2014 – muški singl|US Open 2014.]]<ref>{{cite web |author= M. Šljivak |url= http://sportsport.ba/tenis/ivanisevic-dobio-nasljednika-marin-cilic-osvojio-us-open/139945 |title= Ivanišević dobio nasljednika: Marin Čilić osvojio US Open |website=sportsport.ba|date= 9. 9. 2014}}</ref> Nakon odlaska [[Ivan Ljubičić|Ivana Ljubičića]] iz [[Hrvatska teniska reprezentacija|hrvatske reprezentacije]] postao je standardni reprezentativac. Kao vrlo mlad i talentiran teniser istakao se vrlo brzo. Senzacionalna je bila njegova pobjeda 6:3, 1:6, 6:3 protiv tada 25. igrača na ATP-listi, [[Rusi|Rusa]] [[Igor Andrejev|Andrejeva]], na [[Zagreb ATP Indoors]]u. === Titula na juniorskom Roland Garrosu 2005. === Pobjedom u finalu [[Roland Garros]]a nad [[Holanđani]]nom [[Antal van Der Duim|Antalom Van Der Duimom]] (6:3, 6:1), Čilić je [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]] donio ukupno četvrtu [[Grand Slam]] titulu u juniorskoj konkurenciji. Čilićev put do titule na juniorskom Roland Garrosu: {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Kolo''' |'''Protivnik''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. kolo | {{ZD|Nizozemska}} [[Thiemo de Bakker]] | 6:4, 6:3 |- | 2. kolo | {{ZD|Francuska}} [[Yannick Thivant]] | 4:6, 6:0, 6:4 |- | 1/8 finala | {{ZD|Južna Koreja}} [[Sun-Yong Kim]] | 6:1, 6:3 |- | 1/4 finala | {{ZD|Ukrajina}} [[Sergej Bubka mlađi|Sergej Bubka ml.]] | 7:6⁵, 6:2 |- | Polufinale | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[Andy Murray]] | 7:5, 6:3 |- | Finale | {{ZD|Nizozemska}} [[Antal Van Der Duim]] | 6:3, 6:1 |} == Seniorska karijera == Profesionalnu karijeru uspješno je počeo 2006. Ušao je među najboljih 200 na svijetu, a na turniru u Gstaadu igrao je polufinale. Godine 2007. već počinje igrati i na [[Grand Slam]] turnirima, dok je na turniru na travi u [[ATP Queen's Club|Queen's Clubu]] pobijedio [[Tim Henman|Tima Henmana]] te pokušao izboriti drugo polufinale u karijeri protiv [[Andy Roddick|Andyja Roddicka]] (poraz 4:6, 6:7). Krajem sezone ulazi u polufinale [[ATP Sankt Peterburg|turnira]] u [[Sankt Peterburg]]u i godinu završava na 71. mjestu ATP-liste, a u toj sezoni posebno treba istaći dvije pobjede nad [[Nikolaj Davidenko|Nikolajem Davidenkom]], tada 4. igračem svijeta. === 2008. === [[Datoteka:Cilic return.jpg|mini|200px|Susret Čilića (plava majica) i Đokovića na [[US Open]]u 2008.]] Godinu 2008. otvorio je sjajnim nastupom u [[ATP Chennai 2008 – singl|Chennaiju]], gdje je tek u polufinalu, nakon izjednačenog meča, izgubio od [[Mihail Južni|Mihaila Južnog]], što ga lansira na 59. mjesto ATP-liste. Na [[Australian Open 2008 – muški singl|Australian Openu]] stigao je do 1/8 finala. Na putu dotle izbacio je 27. nosioca, [[Nicolás Almagro|Nicolása Almagra]], 3:0 u setovima, zatim Jürgena Melzera s novih 3:0, te 7. nosioca i prošlogodišnjeg finalista, [[Fernando González|Fernanda Gonzáleza]] (3:1). Nakon Australian Opena zabilježio je novi najbolji rejting karijere - 39. mjesto. Slijedilo je 4. kolo [[Wimbledon 2008 – muški singl|Wimbledona]] i poraz od [[Arnaud Clément|Arnauda Clémenta]] te osvajanje prvog ATP-turnira u karijeri, [[Pilot Pen Tennis]]a u New Havenu. Do finala je pobijedio [[Viktor Troicki|Troickog]], Melzera, Andrejeva, [[Luka Gregorc|Gregorca]] i, u finalu, [[Mardy Fish|Fisha]] sa 6:4, 4:6, 6:2. U 3. kolu [[US Open 2008 – muški singl|US Opena]] poražen je od [[Novak Đoković|Novaka Đokovića]] sa 7:6⁷, 5:7, 4:6, 6:7⁰ u meču koji je trajao gotovo četiri sata. Godinu je završio na 22. mjestu kao najbolji hrvatski teniser. === 2009. === Čilić ponovo sjajno igra u [[ATP Chennai 2009 – singl|Chennaiju]] i ovaj ga put osvaja. Na putu do titule pobijedio je [[Alberto Martín|Alberta Martína]], [[Denis Istomin|Denisa Istomina]], [[Janko Tipsarević|Janka Tipsarevića]], [[Marcel Granollers|Marcela Granollersa]] i, u finalu, domaćeg tenisera, [[Somdev Devvarman|Somdeva Devvarmana]]. Taj uspjeh doveo ga je prvi put u karijeri među 20 najboljih tenisera svijeta. Na [[Australian Open 2009 – muški singl|Australian Openu]] na putu do osmine finala izbacio je [[Kevin Anderson (teniser)|Kevina Andersona]], Tipsarevića i Davida Ferrera. Uslijedio je poraz od Argentinca [[Juan Martín del Potro|Del Potra]], (7:5, 4:6, 4:6, 2:6). Čilić prvi put osvaja turnir na domaćem terenu, [[Zagreb Indoors]], pritom pobijedivši [[Mario Ančić|Marija Ančića]] u finalu 6:3, 6:4. U [[Dubai Tennis Championships 2009 – muški singl|Dubaiju]] se plasirao u četvrtfinale, gdje ga je izbacio 3. teniser svijeta, Novak Đoković. U uvodu za [[Roland Garros]] upisuje četvrtfinale u [[ATP München 2009 – singl|Münchenu]]. [[Datoteka:Marin Čilić at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships 01.jpg|mini|lijevo|200px|Susret s Albertom Martínom u Wimbledonu 2009.]] Na [[Roland Garros 2009 – muški singl|Roland Garrosu]] je stigao do osmine finala, gdje ga izbacuje 4. igrač svijeta Andy Murray. Ostat će upisano da je Čilić u prvoj sedmici turnira postavio rekord po najmanjem broju izgubljenih gemova od svih tenisera.<ref>[http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/cilic-u-osmini-finala-roland-garrosa-bez-izgubljenog-seta/435922.aspx Čilić u osmini finala Roland Garrosa bez izgubljenog seta!], index.hr, 29. 5. 2009.</ref> U 3. kolu [[Wimbledon 2009 – muški singl|Wimbledona]] odigrao je gotovo epski meč protiv Nijemca [[Tommy Haas|Tommyja Haasa]] (kasnijeg polufinalista). U susretu koji se protegao na dva dana gubio je 0:2 u setovima da bi stigao do servisa za meč, koji nije iskoristio, kao ni meč-loptu sljedećeg dana i poražen je 5:7, 5:7, 6:1, 7:6, 8:10. U meču Davis Cupa protiv SAD-a u [[poreč]]koj dvorani [[Sportska dvorana Žatika|Žatika]] Čilić u još jednom [[triler]]u pobjeđuje Fisha 4:6, 6:3, 6:7, 6:1, 8:6. U odlučujućem meču sjajnom igrom pobjedio je [[James Blake (teniser)|Jamesa Blakea]] 6:3, 6:3, 4:6, 6:2 te uveo Hrvatsku u polufinale Davis Cupa. Uvod u posljednji Grand Slam sezone bio je loš: američku turneju počeo je porazom 5:7, 4:6 od Devvarmana u [[ATP Washington 2009 – singl|Washingtonu]], koji mu je tako uzvratio za poraz u finalu Chennaija. Uslijedio je još jedan poraz, i to od Južnog, 6:4, 6:7⁴, 1:6, na [[Rogers Cup 2009 – muški singl|turniru]] iz serije Masters 1000 u [[Montréal]]u, da bi na [[Cincinnati Masters 2009 – muški singl|Mastersu]] u [[Cincinnati]]ju pružio solidne igre, pritom pobijedivši [[Španci|Španca]] [[Juan Carlos Ferrero|Juana Carlosa Ferrera]] te izgubivši od njegovog zemljaka, Davida Ferrera. Unatoč slabijoj formi, na [[US Open 2009 – muški singl|US Openu]] napravio je senzaciju: u 1/8 finala uvjerljivo je pobijedio 2. igrača svijeta i 2. nosioca,, Andyja Murraya (7:5, 6:2, 6:2). Prije toga je na putu do četvrtfinala savladao Amerikance [[Ryan Sweeting|Ryana Sweetinga]] i [[Jesse Levine|Jesseja Levinea]] (u meču gdje je okrenuo 0:2 u setovima prvi put u karijeri) te [[Uzbekistan]]ca [[Denis Istomin|Denisa Istomina]]. U četvrtfinalu ga je sa 4:6, 6:3, 6:2 i 6:1 zaustavio kasniji pobjednik turnira Juan Martín del Potro. Uslijedilo je polufinale Davis Cupa protiv [[Davis Cup reprezentacija Češke|Češke]] u Poreču i meč protiv Berdycha, koji je Čilić izgubio u 5 setova.<ref>[http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/67287/davis-cup-hrvatska-ceska-0-2 Davis Cup: Hrvatska – Češka 0-2]{{Mrtav link}}, ''nacional.hr'', 19. 9. 2009.</ref> Češka je susret dobila ukupnim rezultatom 1:4 nakon što su Čilić i [[Lovro Zovko]] izgubili i meč parova. [[Datoteka:Marin Čilić at the 2009 US Open 01.jpg|mini|200px|Čilić na ''US Openu'' 2009.]] Nakon toga je nastupio u Kini, na [[China Open 2009 (tenis) – singl|turniru]] u Pekingu, na kojem je stigao do finala. U četvrtfinalu je pobijedio Davidenka 6:4, 6:4, a u polufinalu 2. tenisera svijeta, [[Rafael Nadal|Rafaela Nadala]], s uvjerljivih 6:2, 6:3. U finalu je poražen od Đokovića 2:6, 6:7. Uslijedila je evropska dvoranska sezona, koju je otvorio finalom u [[ATP Beč 2009 – singl|Beču]], gdje je izgubio od domaćeg tenisera Jürgena Melzera u dva seta. Zatim je stigao do četvrtfinala [[ATP Basel 2009 – singl|turnira]] u [[Basel]]u, gdje je ispao od [[Radek Štěpánek|Štěpáneka]]. Na putu do četvrfinala pobijedio je [[Viktor Troicki|Viktora Troickog]] u meču u kojem je spasio tri vezane meč-lopte u ''tie-breaku'' 3. seta, od kojeg su dvije bile na odličan servis protivnika. Odličnu završnicu sezone upotpunio je vrlo dobrim nastupom na [[Pariz Masters 2009 – singl|Mastersu]] u Parizu, gdje je stigao do četvrtfinala. Na putu do tog uspjeha u dva meča preokrenuo je 0:1 u setovima: prvo protiv [[Poljaci|Poljaka]] [[Łukasz Kubot|Kubota]], a zatim protiv španskog top 10 igrača [[Fernando Verdasco|Fernanda Verdasca]]. U četvrtfinalu je poražen od domaće uzdanice [[Gaël Monfils|Gaëla Monfilsa]] u potpuno izjednačenom meču u 3 seta. Sezonu je završio na 14. mjestu. === 2010. === Uspješno je otvorio i 2010. odbranom titule u [[ATP Chennai 2010 – singl|Chennaiju]]. U finalu je savladao Švicarca [[Stanislas Wawrinka|Stanislasa Wawrinku]] (7:6², 7:6³). Zatim je na [[Australian Open 2010 – muški singl|Australian Openu]] u 1. kolu pobijedio [[Fabrice Santoreo|Fabricea Santoroa]], u drugom [[Bernard Tomić|Bernarda Tomića]], u trećem Wawrinku, a u četvrtom Del Potra. U četvrtfinalu, u meču u pet setova, pobijedio je [[Andy Roddick|Andyja Roddicka]] i tako osigurao mjesto u top 10. U polufinalu je, nakon odličnog prvog seta, ipak izgubio od Murraya. Na [[Zagreb Indoors|PBZ Zagreb Indoorsu]] u 1. kolu pobijedio je [[Jan Hájek (teniser)|Jana Hájeka]], u 2. kolu [[Daniel Köllerer|Daniela Köllerera]], u četvrtfinalu [[Ivo Karlović|Ivu Karlovića]] te u polufinalu Melzera. Pobjedom u finalu nad [[Nijemci|Nijemcem]] [[Michael Berrer|Michaelom Berrerom]] (6:4, 6:7⁵, 6:3) odbranio je titulu na ovom turniru. === 2011. === [[Datoteka:Marin Cilic 03042011 2.jpg|mini|Čilić nakon meča protiv Nijemca [[Florian Mayer|Floriana Mayera]] u [[Davis Cup]]u [[Davis Cup 2011.|2011.]]]] Čilić je 2011. odigrao četiri finala, a pobijedio je na [[ATP Sankt Peterburg 2011 – singl|turniru]] u [[Sankt Peterburg]]u. U finalu je igrao protiv [[Janko Tipsarević|Janka Tipsarevića]]. Konačni rezultat bio je 6:3, 3:6, 6:2. Tri turnira na kojima je došao do finala i izgubio jesu [[ATP Marseille 2011 – singl|Marseille]], [[ATP Umag 2011 – singl|Umag]] i [[China Open 2011 – singl|Peking]], a izgubio ih je od [[Robin Söderling|Robina Söderlinga]] u [[Marseille]]u (4:6, 6:3, 3:6), [[Aleksandar Dolgopolov|Aleksandra Dolgopolova]] u [[Umag]]u (4:6, 6:3, 3:6) te [[Tomáš Berdych|Tomáša Berdycha]] u [[Peking]]u (6:3, 4:6, 1:6).<ref name="Finale">[http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Marin-Cilic.aspx?t=tf ATP World Tour - Marin Čilić]; preuzeto: 30. 10. 2011.</ref> === 2013. === Sezona je počela odlično osvajanjem [[PBZ Zagreb Indoors]]a pobjedom nad Melzerom, ali predajom u 2. kolu [[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledona]] sve se zakompliciralo, tj. prestao je igrati, a tek se kasnije saznalo da je igrao pod [[doping]]om. Dobio je devetomjesečnu zabranu igranja, na što se žalio [[Arbitražni sud za sport|Arbitražnom sudu za sport]], koji mu je smanjio kaznu na četiri mjeseca, od 25. juna do 25. oktobra 2013, te je već sedmicu nakon isteka zabrane nastupio na [[Pariz Masters|turniru]] iz serije [[ATP Masters 1000]] u [[Pariz]]u (u dvorani [[Bercy (dvorana)|Bercy]]). Nakon ovog turnira, na kojem je u 2. kolu izgubio od [[Argentina|Argentinca]] [[Juan Martín del Potro|Del Potra]], Čilić je potvrdio da mu je novi trener [[Goran Ivanišević]]. Godinu 2013. završio je na 33. mjestu. Ove godine odigrao je i svoje prvo finale u parovima. U Umagu je s [[Lovro Zovko|Lovrom Zovkom]] rezultatom 3:6, 7:5, [7:10] izgubio od [[Italijani|Italijana]] [[Simone Bolelli|Simonea Bolellija]] i [[Fabio Fognini|Fabija Fogninija]].<ref name="Finale"/> === 2014. === Godinu je počeo ispadanjem s [[Australian Open 2014 – muški singl|Australian Opena]], ali 9. februara po četvrti je put osvojio [[Zagreb Indoors 2014 – singl|Zagreb Indoors]] i tako postao najuspješniji igrač na tom turniru ikada. Dvije sedmice kasnije osvojio je i [[ATP Delray Beach 2014 – singl|turnir]] u [[Delray Beach]]u, na kojem je igrao prvi put u karijeri, savladavši u finalu Andersona. === 2015. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} === 2016. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} === 2017. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} === 2018. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} === 2019. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} === 2020–2021. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} === 2022. === {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Statistike == {{Glavni|Statistike karijere Marina Čilića}} === Grand Slam finala === ==== Pojedinačno: 3 (1–2) ==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !width=80|Ishod !width=50|Godina !width=200|Turnir !width=75|Podloga !width=200|Protivnik !width=200|Rezultat |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#98fb98;"|Pobjednik || [[US Open 2014 – muški singl|2014.]] || ''[[US Open]]'' || Tvrda || {{ZD|Japan}} [[Kei Nishikori]] || 6–3, 6–3, 6–3 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#FFA07A;"|Finalist||[[Wimbledon 2017 – muški singl|2017.]]||[[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledon]]||[[Travnati teren|Trava]]||{{ZD|Švicarska}} [[Roger Federer]]||3–6, 1–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |bgcolor=ffa07a|Finalist||[[Australian Open 2018 – muški singl|2018.]]||[[Australian Open]]||Tvrda||{{ZD|Švicarska}} [[Roger Federer]] ||2–6, 7–6⁵, 3–6, 6–3, 1–6 |} === Uspjeh po sezonama na GS turnirima === ''Nakon Australian Opena 2026.'' {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center !Turnir!![[ATP Tour 2006.|2006.]]!![[ATP Tour 2007.|2007.]]!![[ATP Tour 2008.|2008.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2009.|2009.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2010.|2010.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2011.|2011.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2012.|2012.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2013.|2013.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2014.|2014.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2015.|2015.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2016.|2016.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2017.|2017.]]!![[ATP World Tour 2018.|2018.]]!![[ATP Tour 2019.|2019.]]!![[ATP Tour 2020.|2020.]]!![[ATP Tour 2021.|2021.]]!![[ATP Tour 2022.|2022.]]!![[ATP Tour 2023.|2023.]]!![[ATP Tour 2024.|2024.]]!![[ATP Tour 2025.|2025.]]!![[ATP Tour 2026.|2026.]]!!O/I!!Pob–Por |- |colspan=15 align=left|'''[[Grand Slam|Grand Slam turniri]]''' |- |align=left|[[Australian Open]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2007 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2008 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2009 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=yellow|[[Australian Open 2010 – muški singl|PF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2011 – muški singl|4K]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2013 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2014 – muški singl|2K]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2016 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2017 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=thistle|[[Australian Open 2018 – muški singl|F]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2019 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2020 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2021 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2022 – muški singl|4K]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2024 – muški singl|1K]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2026 – muški singl|3K]] |0/16 |37–16 |- |align=left|[[Roland Garros]] |[[Roland Garros 2006 – kvalifikacije za muški singl|KV2]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2007 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2008 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2009 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2010 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2011 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2012 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2013 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2014 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2015 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2016 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Roland Garros 2017 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Roland Garros 2018 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2019 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2020 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2021 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=yellow|[[Roland Garros 2022 – muški singl|PF]] |N |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2025 – muški singl|1K]] | |0/17 |31–17 |- |align=left|[[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledon]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2007 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2008 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2009 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2010 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2011 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2012 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2013 – muški singl|2K]]* |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Wimbledon 2014 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Wimbledon 2015 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Wimbledon 2016 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=thistle|[[Wimbledon 2017 – muški singl|F]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2018 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2019 – muški singl|2K]] |NO |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2021 – muški singl|3K]] |N |N |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2025 – muški singl|4K]] | |0/15 |34–14 |- |align=left|[[US Open]] |[[US Open 2006 – kvalifikacije za muški singl|KV1]] |[[US Open 2007 – kvalifikacije za muški singl|KV1]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2008 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[US Open 2009 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2010 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2011 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[US Open 2012 – muški singl|ČF]] |N |bgcolor=lime|[[US Open 2014 – muški singl|'''P''']] |bgcolor=yellow|[[US Open 2015 – muški singl|PF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2016 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2017 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[US Open 2018 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2019 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2020 – muški singl|3K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2021 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2022 – muški singl|4K]] |N |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2025 – muški singl|1K]] | |1/15 |41–14 |- !style=text-align:left|Pob–Por !0–0 !0–3 !9–4 !12–4 !9–4 !5–4 !9–3 !5–3 !14–3 !12–3 !8–4 !13–4 !15–4 !8–4 !5–3 !3–4 !11–3 !0–0 !0–1 !3–3 !2–1 !1/63 !143–61 |} * ''Na [[Wimbledon 2013 – muški singl|Wimbledonu 2013.]] Čilić se povukao s turnira prije meča drugog kola.'' === ATP-turniri === ==== Pojedinačne titule (21) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Protivnik''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 24. 8. 2008. | {{ZD|SAD}} [[ATP New Haven|New Haven]] | {{ZD|SAD}} [[Mardy Fish]] | 6:4, 4:6, 6:2 |- | 2. | 11. 1. 2009. | {{ZD|Indija}} [[ATP Chennai|Chennai]] (1) | {{ZD|Indija}} [[Somdev Devvarman]] | 6:4, 7:6³ |- | 3. | 8. 2. 2009. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb Indoors|Zagreb]] (1) | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Mario Ančić]] | 6:3, 6:4 |- | 4. | 10. 1. 2010. | {{ZD|Indija}} [[ATP Chennai|Chennai]] (2) | {{ZD|Švicarska}} [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] | 7:6², 7:6³ |- | 5. | 7. 2. 2010. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb Indoors|Zagreb]] (2) | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[Michael Berrer]] | 6:4, 6:7⁵, 6:3 |- | 6. | 30. 10. 2011. | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[ATP Sankt Peterburg|St. Peterburg]] | {{ZD|Srbija}} [[Janko Tipsarević]] | 6:3, 3:6, 6:2 |- |7. | 17. 6. 2012. | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[ATP Queen's Club|Queen's Club]] | {{ZD|Argentina}} [[David Nalbandian]] | 6:7, 4:3* <br/>''(Nalbandian diskvalificiran)''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.vecernji.hr/sport/tenis/evo-zasto-je-nalbandian-diskvalificiran-protiv-cilica-clanak-421337 |title= Nalbandian diskvalificiran protiv Čilića |work=[[Večernji list]]|date= 18. 6. 2012}}</ref> |- |8. | 15. 7. 2012. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[ATP Umag|Umag]] | {{ZD|Španija}} [[Marcel Granollers]] | 6:4, 6:2<ref>[http://www.croatiaopen.hr/hrv/novosti-multimedija/novosti/finale-23-vegeta-croatia-opena/ "Finale 23. Vegeta Croatia Opena - Marin Čilić osvojio Umag!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023052203/http://www.croatiaopen.hr/hrv/novosti-multimedija/novosti/finale-23-vegeta-croatia-opena/ |date=23. 10. 2015}}, 15. 7. 2012; pristupljeno: 17. 8. 2012.</ref> |- | 9. | 10. 2. 2013. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb Indoors|Zagreb]] (3) | {{ZD|Austrija}} [[Jürgen Melzer]] | 6:3, 6:1 |- | 10. | 9. 2. 2014. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb Indoors|Zagreb]] (4) | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[Tommy Haas]] | 6:3, 6:4 |- | 11. | 23. 2. 2014. | {{ZD|SAD}} [[ATP Delray Beach|Delray Beach]] | {{ZD|JAR}} [[Kevin Anderson (teniser)|Kevin Anderson]] | 7:6⁶, 6:7⁷, 6:4 |- | 12. | 8. 9. 2014. | {{ZD|SAD}} [[US Open]] | {{ZD|Japan}} [[Kei Nishikori]] | 6:3, 6:3, 6:3 |- | 13. | 19. 10. 2014. | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[Kup Kremlja|Moskva]] | {{ZD|Španija}} [[Roberto Bautista Agut]] | 6:4, 6:4 |- | 14. | 25. 10. 2015. | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[Kup Kremlja|Moskva]] (2) | {{ZD|Španija}} [[Roberto Bautista Agut]] | 6:4, 6:4 |- | 15. | 21. 8. 2016. | {{ZD|SAD}} [[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati]] | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[Andy Murray]] | 6:4, 7:5 |- | 16. | 30. 10. 2016. | {{ZD|ŠVI}} [[ATP Basel|Basel]] | {{ZD|JAP}} [[Kei Nishikori]] | 6:1, 7:6⁵ |- | 17. | 7. 5. 2017. | {{ZD|TUR}} [[ATP Istanbul|Istanbul]] | {{ZD|KAN}} [[Miloš Raonić]] | 7:6³, 6:3 |- | 18. | 24. 6. 2018. | {{ZD|VB}} [[ATP Queen's Club|Queen's Club]] | {{ZD|SRB}} [[Novak Đoković]] | 5:7, 7:6⁴, 6:3 |- | 19. | 13. 6. 2021. | {{ZD|NJE}} [[ATP Stuttgart|Stuttgart]] | {{ZD|KAN}} [[Félix Auger-Aliassime]] | 7:6², 6:3 |- | 20. | 31. 10. 2021. | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[ATP Sankt Peterburg|St. Peterburg]] (2) | {{ZD|SAD}} [[Taylor Fritz]] | 7:6³, 4:6, 6:4 |- | 21. | 24. 9. 2024. | {{ZD|Kina}} [[Hangzhou Open|Hangzhou]] | {{ZD|KIN}} [[Zhang Zhizhen]] | 7–6⁵, 7–6⁵ |} ==== Pojedinačna finala (16) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Protivnik''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 11. 10. 2009. | {{ZD|Kina}} [[ATP Peking|Peking]] (1) | {{ZD|Srbija}} [[Novak Đoković]] | 2:6, 6:7⁴ |- | 2. | 1. 11. 2009. | {{ZD|Austrija}} [[ATP Beč|Beč]] | {{ZD|Austrija}} [[Jürgen Melzer]] | 4:6, 3:6 |- | 3. | 9. 5. 2010. | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[ATP München|München]] (1) | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[Mihail Južni]] | 3:6, 6:4, 4:6 |- | 4. | 20. 2. 2011. | {{ZD|Francuska}} [[ATP Marseille|Marseille]] (1) | {{ZD|Švedska}} [[Robin Söderling]] | 4:6, 6:3, 3:6 |- | 5. | 31. 7. 2011. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[ATP Umag|Umag]] | {{ZD|Ukrajina}} [[Aleksandar Dolgopolov]] | 4:6, 6:3, 3:6 |- | 6. | 9. 10. 2011. | {{ZD|Kina}} [[ATP Peking|Peking]] (2) | {{ZD|Češka}} [[Tomáš Berdych]] | 6:3, 4:6, 1:6 |- | 7. | 6. 5. 2012. | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[ATP München|München]] (2) | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]] | 6:7, 3:6 |- | 8. | 16. 6. 2013. | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[ATP Queen's Club|Queen's Club]] (London) | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[Andy Murray]] | 7:5, 5:7, 3:6 |- | 9. | 16. 2. 2014. | {{ZD|Holandija}} [[ATP Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] | {{ZD|Češka}} [[Tomáš Berdych]] | 4:6, 2:6 |- | 10. | 21. 2. 2016. | {{ZD|Francuska}} [[ATP Marseille|Marseille]] (2) | {{ZD|Australija}} [[Nick Kyrgios]] | 2:6, 6:7³ |- | 11. | 21. 5. 2016. | {{ZD|Švicarska}} [[ATP Ženeva|Ženeva]] | {{ZD|Švicarska}} [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] | 4:6, 6:7¹¹ |- | 12. | 25. 6. 2017. | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[ATP Queen's Club|Queen's Club]] (London) | {{ZD|Španija}} [[Feliciano López]] | 6:4, 6:7², 6:7⁸ |- | 13. | 16. 7. 2017. | {{ZD|Velika Britanija}} [[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledon]] | {{ZD|Švicarska}} [[Roger Federer]] | 3:6, 1:6, 4:6 |- | 14. | 28. 1. 2018. | {{ZD|Australija}} [[Australian Open]] | {{ZD|Švicarska}} [[Roger Federer]] | 2:6, 7:6⁵, 3:6, 6:3, 1:6 |- | 15. | 24. 10. 2021. | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[Kup Kremlja|Moskva]] | {{ZD|Rusija}} [[Aslan Karacev]] | 2:6, 4:6 |- | 16. | 2. 10. 2022. | {{ZD|IZR}} [[ATP Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]] | {{ZD|Srbija}} [[Novak Đoković]] | 3:6, 4:6 |} ==== Finala u parovima (1) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Partner''' |'''Protivnici''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 31. 7. 2011. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[ATP Umag|Umag]] | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Lovro Zovko]] | {{ZD|Italija}} [[Simone Bolelli]]<br/>[[Fabio Fognini]] | 3:6, 7:5, [7:10] |} === ''Challenger'' i ''Futures'' turniri === ==== Pojedinačne titule (4) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Protivnik''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 8. 8. 2005. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Vinkovci]] | {{ZD|Slovačka}} [[Lukáš Lacko]] | 6:3, 6:1 |- | 2. | 13. 2. 2006. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb]] | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[Dieter Kindlmann]] | 6:4. 6:2 |- | 3. | 9. 4. 2007. | {{ZD|Maroko}} [[Casablanca]] | {{ZD|Italija}} [[Simone Bolelli]] | 4:6, 6:3, 6:4 |- | 4. | 7. 5. 2007. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeka]] | {{ZD|Slovačka}} [[Lukáš Lacko]] | 7:5, 6:2 |} ==== Pojedinačna finala (1) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Protivnik''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 26. 2. 2006. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb]] | {{ZD|Njemačka}} [[Mischa Zverev]] | 6:7⁵, 6:3, 6:7⁷ |} ==== Titule u parovima (1) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Partner''' |'''Protivnici''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 8. 8. 2005. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Vinkovci]] | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Ivan Dodig]] | {{ZD|Češka}} [[Daniel Lustig]]<br/>[[Karel Tříska]] | 3:6, 6:4, 6:3 |} ==== Finala u parovima (2) ==== {| class="wikitable" |- |'''Br.''' |'''Datum''' |'''Turnir''' |'''Partner''' |'''Protivnici''' |'''Rezultat''' |- | 1. | 29. 8. 2004. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb]] | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Ivan Cerović]] | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Luka Kukulić]]<br/>[[Marin Vukelić]] | 3:6, 3:6 |- | 2. | 25. 2. 2005. | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Zagreb]] | {{ZD|Hrvatska}} [[Ante Nakić-Alfirević]] | {{ZD|Slovenija}} [[Rok Jarc]]<br/>[[Boštjan Osabnik]] | 6:7³, 2:6 |} == Ekipna finala == === Davis Cup: 2 (1–1) === {|class="sortable wikitable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Ishod ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Br. ! scope="col" style="width:90px;"|Datum ! scope="col" style="width:110px;"|Turnir ! scope="col" |Podloga ! scope="col" style="width:145px;"|Partner(i) ! scope="col" style="width:170px;"|Protivnici ! class="unsortable" style="width:70px;"| Rezultat |- |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |1. |25–27. 11. 2016. |[[Davis Cup]], Zagreb |Tvrda (d) |[[Ivo Karlović]] <br/> [[Ivan Dodig]] <br/> [[Franko Škugor]] |{{ZD|Argentina}} [[Juan Martín del Potro]] <br/> {{ZD|Argentina}} [[Federico Delbonis]] <br/> {{ZD|Argentina}} [[Leonardo Mayer]] <br/> {{ZD|Argentina}} [[Guido Pella]] |[[Davis Cup 2016.#Finale|2–3]] |- |bgcolor=98FB98|Pobjeda |1. |23–25. 11. 2018. |[[Davis Cup]], [[Lille]] |Zemlja (d) |[[Borna Ćorić]] <br/> [[Franko Škugor]] <br/> [[Mate Pavić]] <br/> [[Ivan Dodig]] |{{ZD|Francuska}} [[Jérémy Chardy]] <br/> {{ZD|Francuska}} [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] <br/> {{ZD|Francuska}} [[Lucas Pouille]] <br/> {{ZD|Francuska}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] <br/> {{ZD|Francuska}} [[Nicolas Mahut]] |[[Davis Cup 2018.#Finale|3–1]] |} == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Marin Čilić}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150722051852/http://www.marin-cilic.net/hr/ Zvanični sajt] * [http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/enwiki/C977/overview ATP-profil] * [http://www.itftennis.com/mens/players/player.asp?player=100018489 ITF-profil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907233409/http://www.itftennis.com/mens/players/player.asp?player=100018489 |date=7. 9. 2009 }} {{Pobjednici US Opena}} {{Pobjednici Roland Garrosa - juniori}} {{Pobjednici ATP Masters turnira - pojedinačno}} {{Hrvatski sportist godine}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Čilić, Marin}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1988.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Čitluk]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski teniseri]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski olimpijci u tenisu]] [[Kategorija:Pobjednici US Opena]] [[Kategorija:Teniseri na Olimpijskim igrama 2008.]] [[Kategorija:Teniseri na Olimpijskim igrama 2012.]] [[Kategorija:Teniseri na Olimpijskim igrama 2016.]] [[Kategorija:Teniseri na Olimpijskim igrama 2020.]] [[Kategorija:Osvajači srebrne medalje na Olimpijskim igrama (Hrvatska)]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački sportisti 21. vijeka]] sqnbklzh3cy2wy3to5io95nn6w1ix2m 0 365954 3839551 3683291 2026-05-04T21:29:12Z ~2026-27263-95 181002 3839551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Generali i admirali JNA|ps=K}} == Spisak generala i admirala == * [[Rahmija Kadenić]] (1920–2000), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1980. * [[Veljko Kadijević]] (1925), general-armije. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1992. * [[Radojica Kadijević]] (1940), mornaričkotehnički general-major. * [[Blažo Kafedžiski]] (1923), general-potpukovnik financijske službe. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1981. * [[Nikola Kajić]] (1902–1987), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1960. * [[Alojzij Kajin|Alojz Kajin]] (1924-2019), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1977. * [[Marko Kalajdžić]] (1924), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1977. * [[Vladimir Kalezić]] (1910), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1964. * [[Marko Kalođera]] (1924), general-major. * [[Branko Kandić]] (1919), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1975. * [[Mile Kandić]] (1933-2017), admiral. * [[Šefik Kapetanović]] (1920), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. * [[Pavao Kapičić]] (1921), vice-admiral. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1979. * [[Vasko Karangeleski]] (1921–1977), general-pukovnik. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Đuro Karanović]] (1926), general-major. * [[Nikola Karanović]] (1914–1991), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1974. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Ante Karanušić]] (1932), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1992. * [[Branko Karač]] (1922), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1974. * [[Stipe Karmelic]] (1919), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1969. * [[Pero Kasapović]] (1914–1995), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1965. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Nikola Kastratović]] (1926-2014), general-potpukovnik. * [[Slobodan Kezunović]] (1920–2006), general-major. * [[Ivan Kern]] (1898–1991), kontra-admiral. Aktivna služba u JA prestala mu je 1945. * [[Savo Kesar]] (1915), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. * [[Milo Kilibarda]] (1913–1983), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Mioljub Kičić|dr. Mioljub Kičić]] (1911–1995), sanitetski general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1980. * [[Đuro Kladarin]] (1916–1987), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1950. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Radislav Klanjšek]] (1925–1984), general-potpukovnik. * [[Franc Kleinhapel|dr. Franc Kleinhapel]] (1896–1991), general-major. * [[Petar Kleut]] (1913–1995), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1963. * [[Đorđe Klikovac|dr. Đorđe Klikovac]] (1917), sanitetski general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1972. * [[Vjekoslav Klišanić]] (1897–1980), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1958. * [[Milan klobása]] (1922), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1978. * [[Velimir Knežević]] (1916–2012), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1976. * [[Živan Knežević (general)|Živan Knežević]] (1915), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1970. * [[Milan Knežević]] (1923–1976), general-potpukovnik. * [[Nikica Knežević]] (1889–1973), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1947. * [[Radovan Knežević]] (1916–1988), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1965. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Lado Kocijan]] (1925), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1981. * [[Franc Kočevar]] (1918), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1976. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Dimko Kočinski]] (1926), general-major. * [[Rudi Kodrič]] (1920–2006), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1966. * [[Vladimir Kogoj]] (1923), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. * [[Frane Kofler]] (1915), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1971. * [[Jovan Kokot]] (1920), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. * [[Konrad Kolšek]] (1933–2009), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1991. * [[Zdravko Kolar]] (1923), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1979. * [[Vekoslav Kolb]] (1901–1980), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1962. * [[Anton Kolundžić]] (1905), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1962. * [[Mićo Kolundžija]] (1911), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1969. * [[Vlado Koljenšić]] (1911), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1968. * [[Milisav Koljenšić]] (1912–1963), general-major. * [[Stanko Kombol]] (1918–2006), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1976. * [[Danilo Komnenović]] (1915–2001), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Dušan Korać]] (1920–1998), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1980. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Kemal Korajlić]] (1928), general-major. * [[Radoslav Kosanović]] (1923–2013), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1977. * [[Dmitar Kosovac]] (1910), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1964. * [[Pero Kosorić]] (1918–1969), general-pukovnik. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Živorad Kostić]] (1923–1974), general-major. * [[Zvonimir Kostić (admiral)|Zvonimir Kostić]] (1930–1998), vice-admiral. * [[Ilija Kostić]] (1911–1992), general-potpukovnik. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Uroš Kostić]] (1911), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1969. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Josip Kostovski]] (1926), general-potpukovnik. * [[Metodije Kotevski]] (1923–2014), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1981. * [[Blažo Kovačević]] (1909–1981), general-major zrakoplovstva. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1964. * [[Čedo Kovačević]] (1933), general-major zrakoplovstva. * [[Đuran Kovačević]] (1916–2007), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1967. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Milan Kovačević]] (1921), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1979. * [[Stevo Kovačević]] (1919), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1968. * [[Veljko Kovačević]] (1912–1994), general-pukovik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1972. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Vojo Kovačević]] (1912–1997), general-pukovik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1972. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Božidar Kovačić]] (1920), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. * [[Vuk Kovačić]] (1919), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1978. * [[Milan Kragujević]] (1884–1966), general-major. Aktivna služba u JA prestala mu je 1946 (do 1945. brigadni general [[Jugoslavenska vojska|Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije]]) * [[Nikola Krajšić]] (1921–2002), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1974. * [[Ivo Kralj|dr. Ivo Kralj]] (1913–1998), sanitetski general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1975. * [[Janez Kramarić]] (1923), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1979. * [[Ante Kranjac]] (1922), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1978. * [[Marijan Kranjc]] (1935), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1990. * [[Herbert Kraus|dr. Herbert Kraus]] (1910–1970), sanitetski general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1956. * [[Božidar Kraut]] (1901–1967), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1959. * [[Božidar Kraš]] (1927), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1990. * [[Otmar Kreačić]] (1913–1992), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1973. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Stanko Kreća]] (1920–1981), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1962. * [[Branko Kresojević]] (1919), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1975. * [[Milan Krdžić]] (1922), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1980. * [[Vincenc Krmelj]] (1927–1982), general-potpukovnik. * [[Ante Kronja]] (1905), kontra-admiral. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1963. * [[Tomislav Kronja|dr. Tomislav Kronja]] (1914–1972), sanitetski general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1971. * [[Uroš Krunić]] (1914–1973), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1963. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. *[[Milovan Krvavac]] (1922-1993), general-major, nosioc "Partizanske spomenice 1941." * [[Mile Kučinić]] (1935), general-major zrakoplovno-tehničke službe. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1992. * [[Stejpan Kućišec]] (1915), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1971. * [[Anđelko Kučišec]] (1920), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1980. * [[Milorad Kujačić]] (1922), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1974. * [[Milutin Kukanjac]] (1935–2002), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1992. * [[Miloš Kukić]] (1919), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1975. * [[Uroš Kukolj]] (1917), general-major. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1964. * [[Ivan Kukoč]] (1918–2005), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1978. * [[Hajrudin Kulenović]] (1916), general-potpukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1979. * [[Ismet Kulenović]] (1924), general-potpukovnik avijacije. * [[Marko Kulić]] (1933), general-potpukovnik avijacije. * [[Milan Kuprešanin]] (1911–2005), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1971. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. * [[Dušan Kveder]] (1915–1966), general-pukovnik. Aktivna služba u JNA prestala mu je 1955. [[Narodni heroj Jugoslavije|Narodni heroj]]. == Napomene == {{napspisak}} == Reference == {{reference}} [[Kategorija:Spisak generala i admirala Jugoslavenske narodne armije|K]] 50slph270u1qa4b3s3vauvnmdz1rkqm 0 372089 3839639 3403183 2026-05-05T10:22:54Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 /* Također pogledajte */ 3839639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Evolucija}} [[Datoteka:Gene flow final.png|desno|thumb|500px|Tok gena je transfer [[alel]]a iz jedne [[populacija|populacije]] u drugu, putem migrirajućih [[jedinka|jedinki]]. U ovom primjeru, jedna od [[ptica]] iz populacije A migrira u populaciju B (i obrnuto). Ako imaju rijetke dominantne alele koje parenjem prenose i ugrađuju u drugu populaciju, oni se relativno brzo ispolje. Ekspresija recesivnih alela je moguća samo kod recesivnih [[homozigot]]a.]] '''Genetička izolacija''' (lat. ''isolare'' = osamiti), u novije vrijeme označena kao tok gena, odnosi se upravo na onemogućavanje slobodnog protoka gena (en. ''gene flow''), jer sprečava slučajno parenje (sklapanje brakova) i slobodnu razmjenu [[genetika|genetičkog]] materijala među pojedinim grupama [[jedinka|individua]]. Time se ograničava ili potpuno isključuje osnovni preduvjet genetičkog jedinstva [[vrsta|vrste]] i [[adaptacija|adaptivne integracije]] [[genski fond|genskih fondova]] njenih postojećih (sub)[[populacija]]. Iako se izolacija, obično, ispušta iz skupine faktora remećenja [[genetička ravnoteža populacije|genetičke ravnoteže]], nesumnjivo je da ona – bar na samom početku djelovanja – utiče na promjene genetičkog sastava novoformiranih reproduktivnih cjelina. Naime, u idealnim uvjetima za genetičku ravnotežu ona se uspostavlja već u prvoj generaciji, ali u novonastaloj konstelaciji alelogenskih frekvencija. Novoformirani genski fondovi, zatim, postaju podložni djelovanju ostalih faktora biodiversifikacije.<ref>Hadžiselimović R. (1986): Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Svjetlost, Sarajevo, {{ISBN|9958-9344-2-6}}.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (2005): Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB), Sarajevo, {{ISBN|9958-9344-2-6}}.</ref> Oni činioci koji ometaju fertilnu panmiksiju, odnosno nesmetano dvosmjerno strujanje gena među različito definiranim skupinama istovrsnih [[organizam]]a – označavaju se kao ''izolacijski mehanizmi''. Bez obzira da li se radi o potpunoj ili djelomičnoj izolaciji, pojava izolacionih barijera sprečava pomenute [[genetika|genetičko]]–integracione tokove i uvjetuje manje ili više nezavisno od¬vijanje mikroevolucionih procesa u pojedinim populacijama. Iako te zapreke mogu biti različite i složene prirode, one se, uglavnom, uvijek svode na ''restrikciju slučajnog parenja i rasprostranjenja'' (vanjske) ili na ''redukciju fertiliteta'' (unutrašnje). Prostorna ili ''[[geografija|geografska]] izolacija'' (neslučajno rasprostranjenje) jedinki i [[populacija]] neke [[vrsta|vrste]] je, u prvom redu, posljedica notorne činjenice da povoljni životni uvjeti nisu ravnomjerno distribuirani po [[Zemlja|Zemljinoj]] kori. Ograničenje slučajnog formiranja reproduktivnih parova i redukcija fertiliteta izazivaju reproduktivnu izolaciju. [[Panmiksija]] može biti ograničena ili potpuno spriječena raznim [[ekologija|ekološkim]], [[etologija|etološkim]] i [[mehanika|mehaničkim]] (''nepodudarnosti građe genitalnog aparata'') razlikama. Ograničenje (ili gubitak) fertilnosti predstavlja osobenu unutrašnju izolacionu barijeru koja se javlja zbog potpune sterilnosti (''gametske izolacije'') spolnog kontakta potencijalnih roditelja ili, pak, zbog različitih nivoa i oblika ugrožene fertilnosti potomaka. Pored sterilnosti kao barijere u potomstvu (''hibridima'') u živom svijetu uopće, javljaju se ''invijabilnost'' (začetog i nedonesenog) ploda, ''hibridna slabost'' (nepostizanje spolne zrelosti živorođenog potomka) i hibridno iznurenje (gubitak plodnosti nakon jedne ili nekoliko generacija). Izolacija, bez obzira na porijeklo i oblik barijera, je uvijek '''uzrok''' ograničenja u slobodnoj razmjeni [[genetika|genetičkog]] materijala među pojedinim gru¬pama organizama; istovremeno, različiti stupnjevi (ne)potpune reproduktivne izolacije '''posljedica''' su gomilanja sitnih razlika u [[genetička struktura populacije|genetičkoj strukturi populacija]], odnosno u procesu [[specijacija|specijacije]], značaj izolacije kao “saučesnika” u kompleksnom djelovanju mikroevolucijskih činilaca [[Biološka raznolikost|biodiverziteta]], a posebno je razmatran odnos između izolacije i genetičkog drifta. Međutim, ona također može u značajnoj mjeri uticati i na učinke [[mutacija|mutacijskih]] promjena, odnosno na intenzitet i pravce prirodnog odabiranja. Pošto u izolovanim populacijama [[selekcija]] djeluje na različit polazni materijal (različite genske fondove), pravci njihove evolucije, ako izolacija dovoljno dugo traje, relativno lako [[Pravci evolucije|divergiraju]]. Na tu mogućnost naročito ukazuje pojava različitih [[mutacija]] u pojedinim izolatima. Naravno, raspadom ili fuzijom izolata ili pojedinačnim invazijama mutanata u širu populaciju, karakteristične mutacije jedne grupe [[jedinka|jedinki]] javljaju se i u novonastaloj, odnosno recipijentnoj populaciji, u kojoj se ponašaju kao i ostale svježe genetičke novosti. Također treba istaknuti da stvaralačka snaga selekcije u procesu mijenjanja genetičkog sastava populacije posebno dolazi do izražaja u velikim (neizolovanim) populacijama, dok su diversifikacioni putevi malih izolata često i u velikoj mjeri pod uticajem slučajnih, tj. genetičko–automatskih efekata ([[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]]). ==Tipovi izolacijskih barijera i mehanizama== Postoje različiti pristupi klasifikaciji oblika izolacijskih barijera, odnosno mehanizama kojima se sprečava slobodan tok gena između lokalnih [[populacija]] istovrsnih [[organizam]]a, pri čemu se prepoznatljivo diferenciraju oni koji se bave [[specijacija|specijacijom]] [[biljka|biljnih]] i [[životinja|životinjskih]] [[vrsta]]. U novije vrijeme se, umjesto izolacije, u istom smislu, pominje '''tok gena''', iako on sam po sebi nije faktor specijacije (koju sprečava), a to postaje onda kada oslabi ili ga uopće nema. Klasičnu kategorizaciju mogućih tipova izolacije elaborirao je najugledniji istraživač u ovoj oblasti u drugoj polovini 20. vijeka – [[Ernst Mayr]]. Sažetak njegovog shvatanja izolacije kao jednog od četiri glavna faktora [[evolucija|evolucije]] prikazan je u tabeli ispod.<ref>Mayr E. (1970): Populatiomns, species, and evolution – An abridgment of Animal species and evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussets and London, England, {{ISBN|0-674-69013-3}}.</ref> <br> {| width="40%" border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" | style="background:#f3fff3;" |'''Barijera − Mehanizam''' | style="background:#f3fff3;" |'''[[Barijere među roditeljima]]''': '''2''' − '''6'''<br><br><br>'''[[Barijere u hibridima]]''': '''7''' − '''10'''|| |'''Vanjske barijere''' *'''1'''. [[Prostorna (geografska) izolacija]] *'''2''', Ekološka (ekogeografska) izolacija *'''3'''. [[Ekološka izolacija simpatričnih tipova]] *'''4'''. Sezonska izolacija *'''5'''. [[Mehanička izolacija]] |style="background:#f3fff3;" |'''Unutrašnje barijere''' *'''6'''. Gametska izolacija *'''7'''. [[Zigotna invijabilnost]] *'''8'''. Hibridna slabost *'''9'''. [[Hibridna sterilnost]] *'''10'''. Hibridno iznurenje |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Također pogledajte == *[[Faktori evolucije]] *[[Genotip]] *[[Fenotip]] *[[Genski tok]] *[[Genetička struktura populacije]] {{Evolucijska biologija}} [[Kategorija:Evolucija]] [[Kategorija:Evolucijska biologija]] [[Kategorija:Specijacija]] bwx2ij6esl44v98nunquqe02nrn1fpw 14 379253 3839614 2587940 2026-05-05T08:21:42Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]] [[Kategorija:Crno more]] deaic74gsinbomx432p8mx3gdmaabpm 3839620 3839614 2026-05-05T08:23:15Z KWiki 9400 novi ključ za [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]]: "Crnomorski" (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)|Crnomorski]] [[Kategorija:Crno more]] t44xu6yi3649xfru7xqpgcrr0r07ove 0 381664 3839664 3515078 2026-05-05T11:56:16Z Makenzis 98619 3839664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nogometna liga | logo = | piksela = | država = {{flagicon|GIB}} [[Gibraltar]] | konfederacija = [[UEFA]] | osnovana = 1905. | ekipe = 10 | ispadanje = [[Druga nogometna liga Gibraltara|Druga liga]] | nivo = 1 | domaći_kup = [[Rock kup]]<br>[[Liga kup Gibraltara|Liga kup]] | konfederalni_kup = [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Liga prvaka]]<br />[[UEFA Evropska liga|Evropska liga]] | šampioni = [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] | sezona = 2025/26. | najuspješniji_klub = [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] (30x) | tv = | internet_stranica = [http://gibraltarfa.com/ gibraltarfa.com] | trenutno = }} '''Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara''' ([[engleski]]: ''Gibraltar Premier Division'') je nogometna liga u [[Gibraltar]]u, te predstavlja najviši rang u toj zemlji. Osnovana je 1905. godine. Sezona traje od [[septembar|septembra]] do [[maj]]a. Trenutni prvak Gibraltara je [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]], koji je sa 24 osvojene titule najuspješniji klub lige. ==Historija== U ligi se takmiči 10 klubova. Igraju se po tri utakmice, svako sa svakim (27 kola). Pobjednik lige naredne sezone igra u prvom kolu kvalifikacija za [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligu prvaka]]. Posljednjeplasirana ekipa ispada u niži rang, a ekipa koja sezonu završi na 9. mjestu igra baraž za opstanak. ==Klubovi u sezoni 2018/19.== {| valign=top |- |valign=top| * [[FC Boca Gibraltar|Boca Gibraltar]] * [[Europa FC|Europa]] * [[Gibraltar Phoenix FC|Gibraltar Phoenix]] * [[Gibraltar United FC|Gibraltar United]] * [[Glacis United FC|Glacis United]] |valign=top| * [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] * [[Lions Gibraltar FC|Lions Gibraltar]] * [[Lynx FC|Lynx]] * [[Mons Calpe SC|Mons Calpe]] * [[St Joseph's FC|St Joseph's]] |} ==Uspjesi po klubovima== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !width=150|Klub !width=75|Titule !width=100|Posljednja titula |- |[[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] |27 |2022/23 |- |[[Prince of Wales FC|Prince of Wales]] |19 |1952/53 |- |[[Glacis United FC|Glacis United]] |17 |1999/00 |- |[[FC Britannia XI|Britannia XI]] |14 |1962/63 |- |[[Gibraltar United FC|Gibraltar United]] |11 |2001/02 |- |[[Europa FC|Europa]] |7 |2016/17 |- |[[Manchester 62 FC|Manchester 62]] |7 |1998/99 |- |[[St Theresa's FC|St Theresa's]] |3 |1997/98 |- |[[South United FC (Gibraltar)|South United]] |2 |1910/11 |- |[[Exiles FC|Exiles]] |2 |1901/02 |- |[[Jubilee FC|Jubilee]] |2 |1897/98 |- |[[Gibraltar FC|Gibraltar]] |2 |1923/24 |- |[[St Joseph's FC|St Joseph's]] |1 |1995/96 |- |[[Chief Constructor FC|Chief Constructor]] |1 |1935/36 |- |[[Chief Construction FC|Chief Construction]] |1 |1934/35 |- |[[Commander of the Yard FC|Commander of the Yard]] |1 |1933/34 |- |[[Royal Sovereign FC|Royal Sovereign]] |1 |1914/15 |- |[[Athletic FC|Athletic]] |1 |1904/05 |- |[[Albion FC (Gibraltar)|Albion]] |1 |1898/99 |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://gibraltarfa.com/ Službena stranica] {{Evropske prve nogometne lige}} [[Kategorija:Osnivanja u 1905.]] [[Kategorija:Nogometna takmičenja na Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara]] [[Kategorija:Prve lige Gibraltara]] [[Kategorija:Prve nogometne lige u Evropi|Gibraltar]] kazglprth95dvh5jnq87mh5jqb2xxpq 3839665 3839664 2026-05-05T11:56:25Z Makenzis 98619 3839665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nogometna liga | logo = | piksela = | država = {{flagicon|GIB}} [[Gibraltar]] | konfederacija = [[UEFA]] | osnovana = 1905. | ekipe = 12 | ispadanje = [[Druga nogometna liga Gibraltara|Druga liga]] | nivo = 1 | domaći_kup = [[Rock kup]]<br>[[Liga kup Gibraltara|Liga kup]] | konfederalni_kup = [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Liga prvaka]]<br />[[UEFA Evropska liga|Evropska liga]] | šampioni = [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] | sezona = 2025/26. | najuspješniji_klub = [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] (30x) | tv = | internet_stranica = [http://gibraltarfa.com/ gibraltarfa.com] | trenutno = }} '''Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara''' ([[engleski]]: ''Gibraltar Premier Division'') je nogometna liga u [[Gibraltar]]u, te predstavlja najviši rang u toj zemlji. Osnovana je 1905. godine. Sezona traje od [[septembar|septembra]] do [[maj]]a. Trenutni prvak Gibraltara je [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]], koji je sa 24 osvojene titule najuspješniji klub lige. ==Historija== U ligi se takmiči 10 klubova. Igraju se po tri utakmice, svako sa svakim (27 kola). Pobjednik lige naredne sezone igra u prvom kolu kvalifikacija za [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligu prvaka]]. Posljednjeplasirana ekipa ispada u niži rang, a ekipa koja sezonu završi na 9. mjestu igra baraž za opstanak. ==Klubovi u sezoni 2018/19.== {| valign=top |- |valign=top| * [[FC Boca Gibraltar|Boca Gibraltar]] * [[Europa FC|Europa]] * [[Gibraltar Phoenix FC|Gibraltar Phoenix]] * [[Gibraltar United FC|Gibraltar United]] * [[Glacis United FC|Glacis United]] |valign=top| * [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] * [[Lions Gibraltar FC|Lions Gibraltar]] * [[Lynx FC|Lynx]] * [[Mons Calpe SC|Mons Calpe]] * [[St Joseph's FC|St Joseph's]] |} ==Uspjesi po klubovima== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !width=150|Klub !width=75|Titule !width=100|Posljednja titula |- |[[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] |27 |2022/23 |- |[[Prince of Wales FC|Prince of Wales]] |19 |1952/53 |- |[[Glacis United FC|Glacis United]] |17 |1999/00 |- |[[FC Britannia XI|Britannia XI]] |14 |1962/63 |- |[[Gibraltar United FC|Gibraltar United]] |11 |2001/02 |- |[[Europa FC|Europa]] |7 |2016/17 |- |[[Manchester 62 FC|Manchester 62]] |7 |1998/99 |- |[[St Theresa's FC|St Theresa's]] |3 |1997/98 |- |[[South United FC (Gibraltar)|South United]] |2 |1910/11 |- |[[Exiles FC|Exiles]] |2 |1901/02 |- |[[Jubilee FC|Jubilee]] |2 |1897/98 |- |[[Gibraltar FC|Gibraltar]] |2 |1923/24 |- |[[St Joseph's FC|St Joseph's]] |1 |1995/96 |- |[[Chief Constructor FC|Chief Constructor]] |1 |1935/36 |- |[[Chief Construction FC|Chief Construction]] |1 |1934/35 |- |[[Commander of the Yard FC|Commander of the Yard]] |1 |1933/34 |- |[[Royal Sovereign FC|Royal Sovereign]] |1 |1914/15 |- |[[Athletic FC|Athletic]] |1 |1904/05 |- |[[Albion FC (Gibraltar)|Albion]] |1 |1898/99 |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://gibraltarfa.com/ Službena stranica] {{Evropske prve nogometne lige}} [[Kategorija:Osnivanja u 1905.]] [[Kategorija:Nogometna takmičenja na Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara]] [[Kategorija:Prve lige Gibraltara]] [[Kategorija:Prve nogometne lige u Evropi|Gibraltar]] sywvimsutrwgg5zuy4zu3qg85n6c0ae 3839666 3839665 2026-05-05T11:56:42Z Makenzis 98619 /* Uspjesi po klubovima */ 3839666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nogometna liga | logo = | piksela = | država = {{flagicon|GIB}} [[Gibraltar]] | konfederacija = [[UEFA]] | osnovana = 1905. | ekipe = 12 | ispadanje = [[Druga nogometna liga Gibraltara|Druga liga]] | nivo = 1 | domaći_kup = [[Rock kup]]<br>[[Liga kup Gibraltara|Liga kup]] | konfederalni_kup = [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Liga prvaka]]<br />[[UEFA Evropska liga|Evropska liga]] | šampioni = [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] | sezona = 2025/26. | najuspješniji_klub = [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] (30x) | tv = | internet_stranica = [http://gibraltarfa.com/ gibraltarfa.com] | trenutno = }} '''Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara''' ([[engleski]]: ''Gibraltar Premier Division'') je nogometna liga u [[Gibraltar]]u, te predstavlja najviši rang u toj zemlji. Osnovana je 1905. godine. Sezona traje od [[septembar|septembra]] do [[maj]]a. Trenutni prvak Gibraltara je [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]], koji je sa 24 osvojene titule najuspješniji klub lige. ==Historija== U ligi se takmiči 10 klubova. Igraju se po tri utakmice, svako sa svakim (27 kola). Pobjednik lige naredne sezone igra u prvom kolu kvalifikacija za [[UEFA Liga prvaka|Ligu prvaka]]. Posljednjeplasirana ekipa ispada u niži rang, a ekipa koja sezonu završi na 9. mjestu igra baraž za opstanak. ==Klubovi u sezoni 2018/19.== {| valign=top |- |valign=top| * [[FC Boca Gibraltar|Boca Gibraltar]] * [[Europa FC|Europa]] * [[Gibraltar Phoenix FC|Gibraltar Phoenix]] * [[Gibraltar United FC|Gibraltar United]] * [[Glacis United FC|Glacis United]] |valign=top| * [[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] * [[Lions Gibraltar FC|Lions Gibraltar]] * [[Lynx FC|Lynx]] * [[Mons Calpe SC|Mons Calpe]] * [[St Joseph's FC|St Joseph's]] |} ==Uspjesi po klubovima== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !width=150|Klub !width=75|Titule !width=100|Posljednja titula |- |[[Lincoln Red Imps FC|Lincoln Red Imps]] |30 |2025/26 |- |[[Prince of Wales FC|Prince of Wales]] |19 |1952/53 |- |[[Glacis United FC|Glacis United]] |17 |1999/00 |- |[[FC Britannia XI|Britannia XI]] |14 |1962/63 |- |[[Gibraltar United FC|Gibraltar United]] |11 |2001/02 |- |[[Europa FC|Europa]] |7 |2016/17 |- |[[Manchester 62 FC|Manchester 62]] |7 |1998/99 |- |[[St Theresa's FC|St Theresa's]] |3 |1997/98 |- |[[South United FC (Gibraltar)|South United]] |2 |1910/11 |- |[[Exiles FC|Exiles]] |2 |1901/02 |- |[[Jubilee FC|Jubilee]] |2 |1897/98 |- |[[Gibraltar FC|Gibraltar]] |2 |1923/24 |- |[[St Joseph's FC|St Joseph's]] |1 |1995/96 |- |[[Chief Constructor FC|Chief Constructor]] |1 |1935/36 |- |[[Chief Construction FC|Chief Construction]] |1 |1934/35 |- |[[Commander of the Yard FC|Commander of the Yard]] |1 |1933/34 |- |[[Royal Sovereign FC|Royal Sovereign]] |1 |1914/15 |- |[[Athletic FC|Athletic]] |1 |1904/05 |- |[[Albion FC (Gibraltar)|Albion]] |1 |1898/99 |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://gibraltarfa.com/ Službena stranica] {{Evropske prve nogometne lige}} [[Kategorija:Osnivanja u 1905.]] [[Kategorija:Nogometna takmičenja na Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara]] [[Kategorija:Prve lige Gibraltara]] [[Kategorija:Prve nogometne lige u Evropi|Gibraltar]] rzh0l0nw8vst8tvpss1ef75g3fm4w22 0 381983 3839638 3834160 2026-05-05T10:02:46Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* Reference */ 3839638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Genski fond''' (eng. ''gene pool'') je sveukupnost [[gen]]a i njihovih mogućih [[alel]]a koji su prisutni u jednoj populaciji sa [[spol]]nim [[razmnožavanje]]m. Promjenama učestalosti [[gen]]skih [[alel]]a, odnosno brojnog odnosa pojedinačnih [[alel]]a u na svakom [[gen|lokusu]] genskog fonda neke populacije bavi se [[populacijska genetika]]. Sve [[evolucija|evolucijski]] značajnije promjene u populaciji ostvaruju se na razini promjena u [[genetička struktura populacije|genetičkoj strukturi populacije]], odnosno njenom genskom fondu. Bogat genski fond ukazuje na veliku [[genetička raznolikost|gensku raznolikost]], koja je u svezi s robusnim populacijama koje mogu preživiti djelovanje intenzivnog [[selekcijski pritisak|selekcijskog pritiska]], odnosno [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodnjog odabiranja]]. Siromašna genska raznolikost (parenje jako srodnih jedinki i [[genetički drift]] ([[populacijsko usko grlo]]) mogu izazvati smanjenu [[adaptivna vrijednost|adaptivnu vrijednost]], tj. smanjenu mogućnost preživljavanja i povećanu mogućnost [[izumiranje|izumiranja]]. Iako [[genetički drift]] novih genskih [[mutacija]] , može prouzročiti povećanje [[fitnes]]a organizama, vjerojatnije će se fiksirati u malim [[populacija]]ma. Time se objašnjava pojava neuobičajeno visokih ili niskih [[alel]]nih frekvencija u izolatima (u odnosu na veliku matičnu populaciju). Ako su sve jedinke u populaciji [[fenotip]]ski istovjetne, za populaciju kažemo da je monomorfna. Ako jedinke različitih feno-genotipskih varijanti određene osobine, za njih se kaže da su [[polimorfizam (biologija)|polimorfne]]. Koncept genskog fonda, prvi je formulirao [[rus]]ki [[genetičar]] [[Aleksandr Sergejevič Serebrovski]], skovavši 1920-ih je naziv ''[[genofond]]''. Iz bivšeg [[SSSR]]-a, u [[SAD]] je prenio [[Ukrajina|ukrajinski]] [[genetičar]] [[Teodosij Grigorovič Dobžanski]] (Theodosius Dobzhansky), koji ga je preveo na engleski kao "gene pool",<ref>Graham L. (2013): Lonely ideas: Can Russia compete? MIT Press, {{ISBN|978-0-262-01979-8}}</ref> izraz koji je čest i u većem dijelu neengleske literature. U prirodnim populacijama, koje se označavaju i kao [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelovske]] populacije, genski fond čini ukupan broj gena u [[spol]]nim [[ćelije (biologija)|ćelijama]] spolno zrelih [[jedinka|jedinki]], po temeljnom načelu [[genetička ravnoteža populacije|populacija u genetičkoj ravnoteži]] da svaka jedinka u takvoj populaciji ima podjednake izglede da se pari s bilo kojom jedinkom suprotnog pola u pripadajućoj populaciji (panmiksija). Prilikom tog parenja, svaki gamet jedne jedinke ima teorijski podjednaku šansu da se spoji s bilo kojimdrugim gemetom jedinke suprotnog spola. Ako je to tako, onda i svaki gamet u populaciji ima podjednake izglede da se spoji s bilo kojim drugim gametom u „svojoj“ populaciji. Sljedstveno tome, zbog svi prisutni geni u gametama pripadaju genskom fondu populacije. ==Također pogledajte== *[[Genski tok]] ==Reference== {{reference}} [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Populacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] [[Kategorija:Ekologija]] o7x6ez0omzwx7auronqkiw09evh930c 14 385652 3839635 2587932 2026-05-05T08:45:20Z KWiki 9400 3839635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Atlantic Ocean basins}} [[Kategorija:Slivovi po okeanima|Atlantski]] q9hcfq16im3vgcqsu675g9nfbowa3zo 14 385658 3839504 3402855 2026-05-04T16:21:30Z KWiki 9400 3839504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Adriatic Sea Basin}} [[Kategorija:Jadransko more|Sliv]] [[Kategorija:Sredozemni sliv|Jadranski]] rx9q6hm2sayprnl0bwreai3avy3nl3t 14 385666 3839616 2587957 2026-05-05T08:22:34Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)|Sjevernomorski]] p0q2jl1rownagh5px53iqy4j7gf25w5 14 385668 3839613 2587964 2026-05-05T08:21:18Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]] nrlntecufb20tu5tr9nza1l88xpo3ks 3839618 3839613 2026-05-05T08:22:46Z KWiki 9400 novi ključ za [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)]]: "Baltički" (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839618 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Evropa)|Baltički]] hsicn3srbeocnqb4if6x8p6q2bmcihx 0 386930 3839629 3839286 2026-05-05T08:34:42Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Južna Amerika)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geokutija|Rijeka <!-- *** Gornji dio *** --> | ime = Orinoco | izvorno_ime = | drugo_ime = | kategorija = Rijeka <!-- *** Ime **** --> | etimologija = | nadimak = <!-- *** Slika *** --> | slika = Orinico_ciudad_bilivar_venezuela.jpg | opis_slike = Most preko Orinoca u Ciudad Bolívaru (Venecuela) <!-- *** Države, regije i.t.d *** --> | država = [[Kolumbija]]<br>[[Venecuela]] | zastava_države = | pokrajina = | pokrajina_vrsta = | regija = | regija_vrsta = | distrikt = | distrikt_vrsta = | općina = <!-- *** Nešto što pripada u ovaj dio *** --> | matični = | grad = | znamenitost = <!-- *** Pritoci *** --> | pritoke_lijevo = | pritoke_lijevo1 = | pritoke_desno = | pritoke_desno1 = <!-- *** Položaj, izvor i ušće *** --> | izvor = | izvor_položaj = Cerro Delgado-Chalbaud, Parima | izvor_regija = | izvor_država =Venecuela | izvor_visina = 1.047 | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | izvor1 = | izvor1_položaj = | izvor1_regija = | izvor1_država = | izvor1_visina = | izvor1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS = | izvor1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW = | izvor_sliv = | izvor_sliv_lokacija = | izvor_sliv_regija = | izvor_sliv_država = | izvor_sliv_visina = | izvor_sutok_lat_d = | izvor_sutok_lat_m = | izvor_sutok_lat_s = | izvor_sutok_lat_NS = | izvor_sutok_long_d = | izvor_sutok_long_m = | izvor_sutok_long_s = | izvor_sutok_long_EW = | ušće = [[Delta Amacuro]] | ušće_položaj = | ušće_regija = | ušće_država = Venecuela<br/>[[Atlantski okean]] | ušće_visina = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimenzije *** --> | dužina = 2.140 | širina = | dubina = | zapremina = | razvodnica = | sliv = 880.000 <!-- *** Tok *** --> | pražnjenje = 33.000 | pražnjenje_max = | pražnjenje_min = <!-- *** Slobodni polji *** --> | prazno = | prazno_vrsta = <!-- *** Karta *** --> | karta = Orinoco drainage basin map (plain)-es.svg | razmjer_karte = | opis_karte = Sliv Orinoca | karta_lokacija_x = | karta_lokacija_y = <!-- *** Bilješka *** --> | bilješka = }} '''Orinoco''' je rijeka duga 2140&nbsp;km i jedna je od najdužih u [[Južna Amerika|Južnoj Americi]]. Izvire kod Cerro Delgado-Chalbauda, u podnožju planine Parima, dijela ([[Gvajanski štit|Gvajanskog štita]]) u [[Venecuela|Venecueli]]. Sliv ima površinu 880.000&nbsp;km². Orinoco s svojim pritokama predstavlja glavni transportni sistem za unutrašnjost i istočni dio Venecuele te [[Llanos]]. == Historija == Ušće Orinoca u [[Atlantski okean]] dokumentovao je [[Kristofor Kolumbo]] 1. augusta 1498. za vrijeme svog trećeg putovanja. Deltu Orinoca i njene pritoke u istočnom Llanosu, kao što su Apure i Meta, istražile su u 16. stoljeću [[Njemačka|njemačke]] ekspedicije pod vodstvom [[Ambrosius Ehinger|Ambrosiusa Ehingera]]. [[Alexander von Humboldt]] istraživao je sliv Orinoca 1800. godine, izvještavajući pritom o riječnim delfinima. Opširno je objavljivao o riječnoj flori i fauni.<ref>Helferich, Gerard (2004) Humboldt's Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Latin American Journey that Changed the Way We See the World, Gotham Books, New York, {{ISBN|1-59240-052-3}}.</ref> == Geografija == Od izvora Orinoco formira široki elipsoidni luk, obilazeći pritom u širokom luku Gvajanski štit. Njen tok može se podijeliti na četiri dijela: * ''Gornji Orinoco'' – dužine 242&nbsp;km, proteže se od brzaka Raudales de Guaharibos, a karakterizira ga planinski krajolik kroz koji Orinoco teče u sjeverozapadnom smjeru; * ''Orinoco'' – dužine 750&nbsp;km, dijeli se na dva sektora: prvi dužine 480&nbsp;km, u kojem rijeka uglavnom teče ka zapadu do ušća Atabapa i Guaviare kod San Fernando de Atabapa, i drugi dio dužine 270&nbsp;km, gdje rijeka teče prema sjeveru; u ovom dijelu rijeka tvori [[Granica između Kolumbije i Venecuele|venecuelansko-kolumbijsku granicu]] i teče granitnim koritom zapadnih obronaka Gvajanskog štita sve do ušća Mete kod Puerto Carreña; * ''Donji Orinoco'' – dužine 959&nbsp;km, gdje rijeka teče kroz aluvijalnu ravan ka sjeveroistoku, od slapova Atures sve do Barrancasa; * ''[[Delta Amacuro]]'' – dužine 200&nbsp;km, gdje se rijeka ulijeva u zaljev Paria, tj. [[Atlantski okean]] i formira istoimenu deltu površine 22.500&nbsp;km² i široku 370&nbsp;km u njenom najširem dijelu. == Reference == {{refspisak}} {{commonscat-inline|Orinoco}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Kolumbiji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Venecueli]] [[Kategorija:Međunarodne južnoameričke rijeke]] [[Kategorija:Pogranične rijeke]] [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Južna Amerika)]] 5fkt6mx5tl3alr3msm1ytc4p9h6swav 14 392818 3839439 2621078 2026-05-04T13:19:40Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Landforms by place}} [[Kategorija:Geografija po mjestima|Oblici reljefa]] [[Kategorija:Oblici reljefa|Mjesta]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] 23o6jn8zk5m6rqwygo4v6vx45atf2lu 14 392829 3839438 3487391 2026-05-04T13:19:30Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Landforms by country}} {{TOC}} {{Potkategorije se kategoriziraju šablonom}} [[Kategorija:Oblici reljefa po mjestima|Države]] [[Kategorija:Kategorije po državama|Oblici reljefa]] [[Kategorija:Geografija po državama|*Oblici reljefa]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] nh75t4sogxcqxlf9tog0c5o7u0qoy9h 0 393005 3839640 2622581 2026-05-05T10:24:20Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 Uklonjen cjelokupan sadržaj stranice 3839640 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3839641 3839640 2026-05-05T10:24:30Z Quinlan83 133395 Vraćene izmjene korisnika [[Special:Contributions/KoTešiša-idemo dalje|KoTešiša-idemo dalje]] ([[User talk:KoTešiša-idemo dalje|razgovor]]) na posljednju izmjenu korisnika [[User:KWiki|KWiki]] 2622581 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Genetička izolacija]] 3843vstlniihonw19n29k74fnspvw5q 3839642 3839641 2026-05-05T10:30:24Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 Uklonjeno preusmjerenje na [[Genetička izolacija]] 3839642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Gene flow final.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5| Protok gena je prijenos alela iz jedne populacije u drugu putem imigracije jedinki.]] {{evolucija}} U [[populacijska genetika|populacijskoj genetici]], '''genski tok ''' (također poznat kao '''[[genska migracija]]''' i '''[[tok alela]]''') je prijenos genetičkog materijala iz jedne populacije u drugu. Ako je brzina protoka gena dovoljno visoka, tada će dvije populacije imati ekvivalentne frekvencije alela i stoga se mogu smatrati jednom efektivnom populacijom. Pokazalo se da je potreban samo "jedan migrant po generaciji" da bi se spriječilo [[divergentna evolucija|divergencija]] [[populacija]] zbog [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-XB8hqZ4s8C&q=conservation+genetics&pg=PR13|title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|last2=Briscoe|first2=David A.|last3=Ballou|first3=Jonathan D. | name-list-style = vanc |date=2002-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63985-9|language=en}}</ref> Populacije se mogu razdvojiti zbog [[Prirodno odabiranje|selekcije]] čak i kada razmjenjuju [[alel]]e, ako je [[selekcijski pritisak]] dovoljno jak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankowski S | title = Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 2726–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23506623 | doi = 10.1111/mec.12287 | bibcode = 2013MolEc..22.2726S | s2cid = 39592922 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.12287 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gemmell MR, Trewick SA, Crampton JS, Vaux F, Hills SF, Daly EE, Marshall BA, Beu AG, Morgan-Richards M |date=2018-11-26|title=Genetic structure and shell shape variation within a rocky shore whelk suggest both diverging and constraining selection with gene flow |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=125|issue=4|pages=827–843|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly142|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genski tok je važan mehanizam za prenos [[genetička raznolikost|genetičke raznolikosti]] među populacijama. Migranti mijenjaju distribuciju genetičke raznolikosti među populacijama modificiranjem [[frekvencija alela]] (udio članova koji nose određenu varijantu gena). Visoke stope genskog toka mogu smanjiti genetičku diferencijaciju između dvije grupe, povećavajući homogenost.<ref name=":1"/> Smatra se da genski tok ograničava [[specijacija|specijaciju]] i sprječava širenje područja rasprostranjenosti kombiniranjem [[genski fond|genskih fondova]] grupa, čime se sprječava razvoj razlika u genetičkim varijacijama koje bi dovele do diferencijacije i [[adaptacija]] iz ovog razloga. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bolnick DI, Nosil P | title = Natural selection in populations subject to a migration load | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 2229–43 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17767592 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00179.x | s2cid = 25685919 | doi-access = }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, širenje koje rezultira genskim tokom može također rezultirati dodavanjem novih genetičkih varijanti pod pozitivnom selekcijom u [[genski fond]] vrste ili populacije (adaptivna introgresija).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Song Y, Endepols S, Klemann N, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Shih CH, Nachman MW, Kohn MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive introgression of anticoagulant rodent poison resistance by hybridization between old world mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 15 | pages = 1296–301 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21782438 | pmc = 3152605 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.043 | bibcode = 2011CBio...21.1296S }}</ref><ref name="Hornikova2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Horníková | first1 = M. | last2 = Lanier | first2 = H. C. | last3 = Marková | first3 = S. | last4 = Escalante | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Searle | first5 = J. B. | last6 = Kotlík | first6 = P. | year = 2024 | title = Genetic admixture drives climate adaptation in the bank vole | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-024-06425-9}}</ref>) Postoji niz faktora koji utiču na brzinu genskog toka između različitih [[populacija]]. Očekuje se da će protok gena biti niži kod [[vrsta]] koje imaju nisku disperziju ili mobilnost, koje se javljaju u fragmentiranim staništima, gdje postoje velike udaljenosti između populacija i kada su populacije male veličine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hastings A, Harrison S |title=Metapopulation Dynamics and Genetics |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1994 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001123 |bibcode=1994AnRES..25..167H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=January 1997 |volume=351 |issue=1345 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1996.0112 }}</ref> Mobilnost ima važnu ulogu u brzini širenja, jer visoko pokretne jedinke imaju tendenciju da imaju veće izglede za kretanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Charles |last2=Parra |first2=Jorge E |last3=Coals |first3=Lucy |last4=Beltrán |first4=Marcela |last5=Zefania |first5=Sama |last6=Székely |first6=Tamás |date=2018 |title=Social interactions predict genetic diversification: an experimental manipulation in shorebirds |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/29/3/609/4858583 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=609–618 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary012 |issn=1045-2249 |pmc=5946871 |pmid=29769794}}</ref> Iako se smatra da su [[životinje]] pokretljivije od [[biljke|biljaka]], [[polen]] i [[sjeme]]nke mogu se prenositi na velike udaljenosti životinjama, vodom ili vjetrom. Kada je genski tok ometan, može doći do povećanja [[inbriding]]a, mjerenog [[koeficijent inbridinga| koeficijentom inbridinga (F)]] unutar populacije. Naprimjer, mnoge otočne populacije imaju niske stope protoka gena, zbog geografske izolacije i male veličine populacije. Crnonogi kameni valabi ima nekoliko inbriding populacija koje žive na raznim otocima uz obalu Australije. Populacija je toliko snažno izolirana da je nedostatak genskog toka doveo do visokih stopa inbridinga.<ref name="EldridgeKing1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eldridge MD, King JM, Loupis AK, Spencer PB, Taylor AC, Pope LC, Hall GP |title=Unprecedented Low Levels of Genetic Variation and Inbreeding Depression in an Island Population of the Black-Footed Rock-Wallaby |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 1999 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98115.x |bibcode=1999ConBi..13..531E |s2cid=85948161 }}</ref> == Mjerenje genskog toka == Nivo protoka gena među populacijama može se procijeniti posmatranjem širenja jedinki i bilježenjem njihovog reproduktivnog uspjeha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Slatkin|first=Montgomery|date=1987|title=Gene Flow and the Geographic Structure of Natural Populations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1699930|journal=Science|volume=236|issue=4803|pages=787–792|doi=10.1126/science.3576198|jstor=1699930|pmid=3576198|bibcode=1987Sci...236..787S |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams JR, Vucetich LM, Hedrick PW, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA | title = Genomic sweep and potential genetic rescue during limiting environmental conditions in an isolated wolf population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1723 | pages = 3336–44 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21450731 | pmc = 3177630 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.0261 }}</ref> Ova direktna metoda je pogodna samo za neke vrste organizama; češće se koriste indirektne metode koje zaključuju o toku gena poređenjem frekvencija alela među [[uzorak|uzorcima]] populacije.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Što su dvije populacije genetički diferenciranije, to je niža procjena genskog toka, jer protok gena ima homogenizirajući učinak. Izolacija populacija dovodi do divergencije zbog [[genetički drift|drifta]], dok migracija smanjuje divergenciju. Genski tok može se mjeriti korištenjem [[efektivna veličina populacije|efektivne veličine populacije]] (<math>N_e</math>) i neto stope migracije po [[generacija|generaciji]] (m). Koristeći aproksimaciju zasnovanu na Island modelu, učinak migracije može se izračunati za populaciju u smislu stepena genetičke diferencijacije (<math>F_{ST}</math>).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neigel |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Parameters From Genetic Data |pages=329–346 |chapter-url={{Google books|QI8sdCHszY0C|pages=329|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Thomas B. |editor2-last=Wayne |editor2-first=Robert K. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular Genetic Approaches in Conservation |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534466-0 }}</ref> Ova formula objašnjava proporciju ukupne varijacije [[molekularni marker|molekularnih markera]] među populacijama, [[prosjek|usrednjene]] po [[lokus (genetika)|lokusima]].<ref>Rogers, D. L., & Montalvo, A. M. (2004). Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity. University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO.&nbsp;''www. f s I ed. u s/ r'',&nbsp;''2''.</ref> Kada postoji jedan migrant po generaciji, <math>F_{ST}</math> je jednako 0,2. Međutim, kada postoji manje od jednog migranta po generaciji (nema migracije), [[koeficijent inbridinga]] brzo raste, što rezultira fiksacijom i potpunom divergencijom.(<math>F_{ST}</math> = 1). Najčešći <math>F_{ST} je < 0,25. To znači da postoji određena migracija. Mjere strukture populacije kreću se od 0 do 1. Kada se genski tok dogodi putem migracije, štetni efekti [[inbriding]]a mogu se ublažiti.<ref name=":0" /><math>F_{ST}</math> = 1/(4N_em +1)</math> Formula se može modificirati da bi se izračunala brzina migracije kada je <math>F_{ST}</math> poznat: :<math>Nm= ((1/F_{ST})-1)/4 = \tfrac{1 - F_{ST}}{4 * F_{ST}}</math>, Nm = broj migranata.<ref name=":0" /> == Prepreke genskom toku== === Alopatrijska specijacija === [[Datoteka:Speciation modes edit.svg|thumb| Primjeri specijacije koja utiče na genski tok]] Kada je genski tok blokiran fizičkim barijerama, rezultat je [[alopatrijska specijacija]] ili geografska izolacija, koja ne dozvoljava populacijama iste vrste da razmjenjuju genetički materijal. Fizičke barijere protoku gena su obično prirodne. Primjeri uključuju neprohodne planinske lance, okeane ili prostrane pustinje. Međutim, u nekim slučajevima, one mogu biti napravljene ljudskim djelovanjem, poput [[Kineski zid|Kineskog zida]], koji je ometao protok gena autohtonih biljnih populacija.<ref name="pmid12634804"/> Jedna od ovih autohtonih biljaka, ''[[Ulmus pumila]]'', pokazala je nižu prevalenciju genetičke diferencijacije od biljaka ''Vitex negundo'', ''Ziziphus jujuba'', ''Heteropappus hispidus'' i ''Prunus armeniaca'' čije se [[stanište]] nalazi na suprotnoj strani Kineskog zida gdje raste ''Ulmus pumila''.<ref name="pmid12634804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su H, Qu LJ, He K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Chen Z, Gu H | title = The Great Wall of China: a physical barrier to gene flow? | journal = Heredity | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–9 |date=March 2003 | pmid = 12634804 | doi = 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800237| bibcode = 2003Hered..90..212S | s2cid = 13367320 }}</ref> === Simpatrička specijacija === Barijere genskom toku ne moraju uvijek biti fizičke. [[Simpatrička specijacija]] se događa kada se nove vrste od istih predačkih vrsta pojave duž istog područja. To je često rezultat reproduktivne barijere. Naprimjer, utvrđeno je da dvije vrste palmi ''Howea'' pronađene na ostrvu Lord Howe imaju znatno različita vremena cvjetanja povezana s preferencijama tla, što rezultira reproduktivnom barijerom koja inhibira tok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Savolainen V, Anstett MC, Lexer C, Hutton I, Clarkson JJ, Norup MV, Powell MP, Springate D, Salamin N, Baker WJ |author1-link=Vincent Savolainen| display-authors = 6 | title = Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7090 | pages = 210–3 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16467788 | doi = 10.1038/nature04566 | s2cid = 867216 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..210S }}</ref> Vrste mogu živjeti u istom okruženju, ali ipak pokazivati vrlo ograničen genski tok zbog reproduktivnih barijera, fragmentacije, specijaliziranih oprašivača ili ograničene hibridizacije ili hibridizacije koja daje nepodobne hibride. Kriptična [[vrsta]] je ona koju ljudi ne mogu razlikovati bez upotrebe genetike. Štaviše, genski tok između hibridnih i divljih populacija može rezultirati gubitkom genetičke raznolikosti putem [[genetičko zagađenje|genetičkog zagađenja]], [[asortativno parenje| asortativnog parenja]] i [[autbriding]]a. U ljudskim populacijama, genetička diferencijacija može također biti rezultat [[endogamija|endogamije]], zbog razlika u kasti, etničkoj pripadnosti, običajima i religiji. == Genski tok potpomognut čovjekom == === Genetičko spašavanje === Genski tok se također može koristiti za pomoć vrstama kojima prijeti [[izumiranje]]. Kada vrsta postoji u malim populacijama, postoji povećan rizik od inbridinga i veća podložnost gubitku raznolikosti zbog drifta. Ove populacije mogu imati velike koristi od uvođenja nesrodnih jedinki<ref name=":2"/> koje mogu povećati raznolikost<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasselgren M, Angerbjörn A, Eide NE, Erlandsson R, Flagstad Ø, Landa A, Wallén J, Norén K | display-authors = 6 | title = Vulpes lagopus) population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1875 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29593110 | pmc = 5897638 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2814 }}</ref> i smanjiti veličinu uticaja [[inbriding]]a, te potencijalno povećati veličinu populacije.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hedrick PW, Fredrickson R |date=2010|title=Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthers |journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=615–626|doi=10.1007/s10592-009-9999-5|bibcode=2010ConG...11..615H |s2cid=23194498|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> Ovo je demonstrirano u laboratoriji s dva soja ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' s uskim grlom, kod kojih su križanja između dvije populacije poništila efekte inbridinga i dovela do većih šansi za preživljavanje ne samo u jednoj generaciji već u dvije.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heber S, Briskie JV, Apiolaza LA | title = A test of the 'genetic rescue' technique using bottlenecked donor populations of Drosophila melanogaster | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | date = 13 August 2012 | pmid = 22912802 | pmc = 3418252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043113 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743113H | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Potpomognuti genski tok === Slično genetičkom spašavanju, [[potpomognuti genski tok]] je strategija upravljanja koja se može koristiti za očuvanje ugroženih vrsta, simuliranjem prirodnih procesa protoka gena. Premještanjem jedinki ili [[gamet]]a između populacija unutar postojećeg [[areal|područja rasprostranjenosti]] vrste, potpomognuti protok gena može pomoći u ublažavanju efekata klimatskih promjena olakšavanjem prilagođavanja projektovanim lokalnim [[klima]]tskim uslovima. Potpomognuti genski tok može uvesti [[genotip]]ove koji su prethodno prilagođeni željenim klimatskim uslovima ili povećati učestalost postojećih genotipova prilagođenih klimi, povećavajući ukupnu genetičku sposobnost populacija koje se suočavaju s brzim klimatskim promjenama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Sally N. |last2=Whitlock |first2=Michael C. |date=2013 |title=Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=367–388 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |issn=1543-592X}}</ref> Iako se strategija može koristiti za spašavanje vrsta koje se suočavaju s problemima smanjenja populacije, njena primjena je relevantna za bilo koju vrstu čije će [[stanište]] pretrpjeti značajne promjene u okolišu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grummer |first=Jared A. |last2=Booker |first2=Tom R. |last3=Matthey‐Doret |first3=Remi |last4=Nietlisbach |first4=Pirmin |last5=Thomaz |first5=Andréa T. |last6=Whitlock |first6=Michael C. |date=2022 |title=The immediate costs and long‐term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13911 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13911 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> ===Genetičko zagađenje=== {{Glavni|Genetičko zagađenje}} Ljudske aktivnosti poput kretanja vrsta i modifikacije krajolika mogu rezultirati genetičim zagađenjem, hibridizacijom, introgresijom i genetičkim preplavljivanjem. Ovi procesi mogu dovesti do homogenizacije ili zamjene lokalnih [[genotip]]ova kao rezultat numeričke i/ili prednosti unesene biljke ili životinje u pogledu sposobnosti prilagođavanja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest |vauthors=Aubry C, Shoal R, Erickson V |publisher=USDA Forest Service; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology |year=2005 |location=Corvallis, OR |pages=26–27 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530092809/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref> Alohtone vrste mogu ugroziti autohtone [[biljke]] i [[životinje]] [[izumiranje]]m, hibridizacijom i introgresijom, bilo namjernim uvođenjem od strane ljudi ili modifikacijom staništa, dovodeći prethodno izolirane vrste u kontakt. Ove pojave mogu biti posebno štetne za rijetke vrste koje dolaze u kontakt s obilnijim, što se može dogoditi između otočnih i kopnenih vrsta. Križanje između vrsta može uzrokovati 'preplavljivanje' [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] rjeđih vrsta, stvarajući hibride koji zamjenjuju autohtone vrste. Ovo je direktan rezultat evolucijskih sila poput [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao i [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]], koji dovode do sve veće prevalencije povoljnih osobina i homogenizacije. Obim ove pojave nije uvijek očigledan samo iz [[morfologija|vanjskog izgleda]]. Dok se određeni stepen protoka gena javlja tokom normalne evolucije, [[hibridizacija]] sa ili bez introgresije može ugroziti opstanak rijetke vrste.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rhymer JM, Simberloff D |year=1996|title=Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=83–109|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83|jstor=2097230|bibcode=1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Potts BM, Barbour RC, Hingston AB |date=September 2001|title=Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program|url=http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|publisher=Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation|isbn=978-0-642-58336-9|issn=1440-6845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102175403/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|archive-date=2004-01-02|work=RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF - 3A}}</ref> Na primjer, divlja patka ''[[Mallard]]'' je brojna vrsta patke koja se lahko križa sa širokim spektrom drugih pataka i predstavlja prijetnju integritetu nekih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulgarella M, Quenu M, Shepherd LD, Morgan-Richards M | title = The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck) | journal = International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–342 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30258780 | pmc = 6154467 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005 | bibcode = 2018IJPPW...7..335B | url = }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} ===Urbanizacija=== Postoje dva glavna modela o tome kako [[urbanizacija]] utiče na genski tok urbanih populacija. Prvi je kroz [[fragmentacija staništa| fragmentaciju staništa]], također nazvanu urbana fragmentacija, u kojoj promjene u pejzažu koje narušavaju ili fragmentiraju stanište smanjuju genetilčku raznolikost. Drugi se naziva model urbane facilitacije i sugerira da je u nekim populacijama genski tok omogućen antropogenim promjenama u krajoliku. Urbana facilitacija protoka gena povezuje populacije, smanjuje izolaciju i povećava genski tok u područje koje inače ne bi imalo ovaj specifični sastav [[genom]]a.<ref name = "test">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Rivkin LR, Johnson MT, Munshi-South J, Verrelli BC | title = Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 28 | issue = 18 | pages = 4138–4151 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31482608 | doi = 10.1111/mec.15221 | s2cid = 201831767 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2019MolEc..28.4138M }}</ref> Urbano olakšavanje može se dogoditi na mnogo različitih načina, ali većina mehanizama uključuje dovođenje prethodno razdvojenih vrsta u kontakt, direktno ili indirektno. Promjena staništa urbanizacijom uzrokovat će fragmentaciju staništa, ali bi također mogla potencijalno poremetiti barijere i stvoriti put ili koridor, koji može povezati dvije ranije razdvojene vrste. Učinkovitost ovoga ovisi o sposobnosti širenja pojedinačnih vrsta i njihovoj prilagodljivosti različitim okruženjima kako bi koristile antropogene strukture za putovanje. [[Klimatske promjene]] uzrokovane ljudskim djelovanjem su još jedan mehanizam kojim životinje koje žive na jugu mogu biti prisiljene seliti se na sjever, prema nižim temperaturama, gdje bi mogle doći u kontakt s drugim [[populacija]]ma koje ranije nisu bile u njihovom [[areal|području rasprostranjenosti]]. Direktnije, poznato je da ljudi uvode strane vrste u nova okruženja, što bi moglo dovesti do hibridizacije sličnih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crispo E, Moore JS, Lee-Yaw JA, Gray SM, Haller BC | title = Broken barriers: human-induced changes to gene flow and introgression in animals: an examination of the ways in which humans increase genetic exchange among populations and species and the consequences for biodiversity | journal = BioEssays | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 508–18 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21523794 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201000154 | s2cid = 205470356 }}</ref> Ovaj model urbane facilitacije testiran je na štetočini ljudskog zdravlja, zapadnom crnom udovičkom pauku (''Latrodectus hesperus''). Studija koju su proveli Miles i saradnici prikupila je podatke o varijacijama cijelog genoma [[SNP|jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] u urbanim i ruralnim populacijama pauka i pronašla dokaze o povećanom genskom toku kod urbanih zapadnih [[crna udovica (pauk)|crnohudovičkih pauka]] u poređenju sa ruralnim populacijama. Osim toga, genom ovih pauka bio je sličniji u ruralnim, nego u urbanim populacijama, što ukazuje na povećanu raznolikost, a samim tim i adaptaciju, u urbanim populacijama zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka. [[Fenotip]]ski, urbani pauci su veći, tamniji i agresivniji, što bi moglo dovesti do povećanog preživljavanja u urbanim okruženjima. Ovi nalazi pokazuju podršku urbanoj facilitaciji, jer se ovi pauci zapravo mogu brže širiti i diverzificirati u urbanim okruženjima nego što bi to učinili u ruralnom. Međutim, to je također primjer kako urbana facilitacija, uprkos povećanju genskog toka, nije nužno korisna za okoliš, jer zapadni crni hudovički pauci imaju vrlo toksičan [[otrov]] i stoga predstavljaju rizik za ljudsko zdravlje.<ref name = "hi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Johnson JC, Dyer RJ, Verrelli BC | title = Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 27 | issue = 16 | pages = 3219–3230 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29972610 | doi = 10.1111/mec.14783 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018MolEc..27.3219M }}</ref> Još jedan primjer urbane facilitacije je migracija [[ris]]a (''[[Lynx rufus]]'') na sjeveru SAD-a i jugu Kanade. Studija koju su proveli Marrote i saradnici sekvencirala je četrnaest različitih [[mikrosatelit]]skih lokusa kod risova u regiji [[Velika jezera|Velikih jezera]] i otkrila da [[geografska dužina]] utiče na interakciju između antropogenih promjena pejzaža i genskog toka populacije risa. Dok rastuće globalne temperature guraju populacije risa na sjevernu teritoriju, povećana ljudska aktivnost također omogućava migraciju risa prema sjeveru. Povećana ljudska aktivnost donosi povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja, ali i povećava održavanje puteva, ralica i sabijanje snijega, nenamjerno čisteći put za kretanje risova. Antropogeni uticaj na migracijske puteve risa primjer je urbane facilitacije otvaranjem koridora za genski tok. Međutim, u južnom području rasprostranjenosti risa, povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja povezano je sa smanjenjem šumskog pokrivača, što ometa protok gena populacije risa kroz ova područja. Pomalo ironično, kretanje risova prema sjeveru uzrokovano je globalnim zagrijavanjem, zbog ljudskog djelovanja, ali je također omogućeno povećanom antropogenom aktivnošću u sjevernim područjima koja ova staništa čine pogodnijim za risove.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marrotte RR, Bowman J, Wilson PJ | title = Climate connectivity of the bobcat in the Great Lakes region | journal = Ecology and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 2131–2144 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32128144 | pmc = 7042766 | doi = 10.1002/ece3.6049 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020EcoEv..10.2131M }}</ref> Posljedice urbane facilitacije variraju od vrste do vrste. Pozitivni efekti urbane facilitacije mogu se javiti kada povećani genski tok omogućava bolju adaptaciju i uvodi korisne [[alel]]e, te bi idealno povećao [[bioraznolikost]]. To ima implikacije za konzervaciju: naprimjer, urbana facilitacija koristi ugroženoj vrsti tarantule i mogla bi pomoći u povećanju populacije. Negativni efekti bi se javili kada je povećani protok gena maladaptivan i uzrokuje gubitak korisnih alela. U najgorem slučaju, to bi dovelo do [[genom]]skog [[izumiranje|izumiranja]] kroz [[hibridni roj]]. Također je važno napomenuti da u shemi ukupnog zdravlja ekosistema i biodiverziteta, urbana facilitacija nije nužno korisna i općenito se odnosi na urbane adaptivne štetočine.<ref name="hi"/> Ovakvi primjeri uključuju prethodno spomenutog zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka, a također i [[krastača|krastaču]], koja je mogla koristiti načine za putovanje i prenaseliti [[Australija| Australiju]].<ref name="test"/> == Genski tok između vrsta == === Horizontalni transfer gena === {{Glavni|Horizontalni transfer gena}} [[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) odnosi se na transfer gena između organizama na način koji nije tradicionalna reprodukcija, bilo putem [[Transformacija (genetika)|transformacija]] (direktno preuzimanje genetičkog materijala od strane ćelije iz njene okoline), [[bakterijska konjugacija|konjugacija]] (transdukcija [[plazmid|genetičkog materijala]] između dvije bakterijske ćelije u direktnom kontaktu), [[transdukcija (genetika)|transdukcijom]] (ubrizgavanje strane [[DNK]] od strane [[bakteriofagnog]]nog virusa u ćeliju domaćina) ili [[Agens za transfer gena|GTA-posredovana transdukcija]] (transfer pomoću virusu sličnog elementa koji proizvodi bakterija).<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP | title = Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–96 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24509783 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | s2cid = 23559881 }}</ref><ref name="Langeetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang AS, Zhaxybayeva O, Beatty JT | title = Gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 472–82 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683880 | pmc = 3626599 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2802 }}</ref> [[Virusi]] mogu prenositi gene između [[vrsta]].<ref>[https://non.fiction.org/lj/community/ref_courses/3484/enmicro.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dead link]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] mogu inkorporirati gene iz mrtvih bakterija, razmjenjivati gene sa živim bakterijama i razmjenjivati [[plazmid]]e preko granica vrsta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218071130/http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18 }}</ref> "Poređenja sekvenci ukazuju na nedavni horizontalni transfer mnogih [[gen]]a među različitim vrstama, uključujući i preko granica [[filogenetika|filogenetičkih]] 'domena'. Stoga se filogenetička historija vrste ne može konačno utvrditi određivanjem evolucijskih stabala za pojedinačne gene." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016110855/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |archive-date=2005-10-16 }}</ref> Biolog Gogarten smatra da "originalna metafora drveta više ne odgovara podacima iz nedavnih istraživanja genoma". Biolozi bi umjesto toga trebali koristiti metaforu mozaika kako bi opisali različite historije kombinovane u pojedinačnim genomima i koristiti metaforu isprepletene mreže kako bi vizualizirali bogatu razmjenu i kooperativne efekte [[horizontalni transfer gena| horizontalnog transfera gena]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (from Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-date=2012-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 }}</ref> "Korištenjem pojedinačnih [[gen]]a kao [[genetički marker|filogenetskih markera]], teško je pratiti organizačnu [[filogenija|filogenezu]] u prisustvu HGT-a. Kombinacija jednostavnog [[koalescencija (genetika)|koalescencije]] modela [[kladogeneza|kladogeneze]] s rijetkim HGT događajima sugerira da nije postojao jedan [[posljednji zajednički predak]] koji je sadržavao sve gene predačke onih koji su zajednički trima domenima [[život]]a. Svaka savremena [[molekula]] ima svoju historiju i vodi poreklo od pojedinačne molekule [[predak|pretka]]. Međutim, ovi molekularni preci su vjerovatno bili prisutni u različitim organizmima u različito vrijeme."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (From Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |archive-date=2012-07-21 }}</ref> === Hibridizacija === U nekim slučajevima, kada vrsta ima [[sestrinska vrsta|sestrinsku vrstu]] i mogućnosti razmnožavanja su moguće zbog uklanjanja prethodnih barijera ili uvođenjem usljed ljudske intervencije, vrste mogu hibridizirati i razmjenjivati gene i odgovarajuće osobine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallet|first=James|date=2005|title=Hybridization as an invasion of the genome|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=20|issue=5|pages=229–237|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010|pmid=16701374|bibcode=2005TEcoE..20..229M }}</ref> Ova razmjena nije uvijek jasna, jer ponekad hibridi [[Fenotip|fenotipski]] mogu izgledati identično originalnoj vrsti, ali nakon testiranja [[mtDNK]] očigledno je da je došlo do hibridizacije. Diferencijalna hibridizacija se također javlja jer se neke osobine i DNK lakše razmjenjuju od drugih, a to je rezultat [[selekcijski pritisak|selekcijskog pritiska]] ili njegovog odsustva koji omogućava lakšu transakciju. U slučajevima kada [[unesena vrsta]] počne zamjenjivati domaću vrstu, domaća vrsta postaje ugrožena i biodiverzitet se smanjuje, što ovaj fenomen čini negativnim, a ne pozitivnim slučajem genskog toka koji povećava genetičku raznolikost.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Allendorf FW, Leary RF, Spruell P, Wenburg JK |date=2001-11-01|title=The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=16|issue=11|pages=613–622|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X }}</ref> Introgresija je zamjena [[alel]]a jedne vrste alelom vrste osvajača. Hibridi su ponekad manje "prilagođeni" od svoje roditeljske generacije,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steeves TE, Maloney RF, Hale ML, Tylianakis JM, Gemmell NJ | title = Genetic analyses reveal hybridization but no hybrid swarm in one of the world's rarest birds | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 19 | issue = 23 | pages = 5090–100 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21050294 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04895.x | bibcode = 2010MolEc..19.5090S }}</ref> i kao rezultat toga, to je pomno praćeno genetičko pitanje, budući da je krajnji cilj [[konzervacijska genetika|konzervacijske genetike]] održavanje genetičkog integriteta vrste i očuvanje biodiverziteta. == Primjeri == [[Datoteka:Marineiguana03.jpg|thumb|[[Morska iguana]] sa [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] evoluirala je putem [[alopatrijska specijacija|alopatrijske specijacije]], kroz ograničen genski tok i geografsku izolaciju. Iako genski tok može značajno poboljšati sposobnost populacije za život, on također može imati negativne posljedice ovisno o populaciji i okruženju u kojem obitavaju. Efekti protoka gena zavise od konteksta. * '''Fragmentirana populacija''': fragmentirani pejzaži poput [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] idealno su mjesto za pojavu [[adaptivna radijacija|adaptivne radijacije]], kao rezultat različite geografije. [[Darvinove zebe]] su vjerovatno dijelom iskusile alopatrijsku specijaciju zbog različite geografije, ali to ne objašnjava zašto vidimo toliko različitih vrsta zeba na istom ostrvu. To je zbog adaptivne radijacije ili evolucije različitih osobina u svjetlu konkurencije za resurse. Genski tok kreće se u smjeru resursa koji su obilni u datom periodu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Grant PR, Grant BR |s2cid=36303685|date=2002-04-26 |title=Unpredictable Evolution in a 30-Year Study of Darwin's Finches |journal=Science | volume=296 |issue=5568|pages=707–711 |doi=10.1126/science.1070315 |pmid=11976447|bibcode=2002Sci...296..707G}}</ref> * '''Ostrvska populacija''': [[morska iguana]] je endemska vrsta Galapagoskih ostrva, ali se razvila od kopnenog pretka kopnene iguane. Zbog geografske izolacije, protok gena između dvije vrste bio je ograničen, a različita okruženja uzrokovala su evoluciju morske iguane kako bi se prilagodila ostrvskom okruženju. Naprimjer, oni su jedina iguana koja je razvila sposobnost plivanja. * '''Ljudske populacije''': U Evropi se ''[[Homo sapien]]s'' križao sa [[neandertalci]]ma, što je rezultiralo genskim tokom između ovih populacija.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PL, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S | display-authors = 6 | title = The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481 | pages = 43–9 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24352235 | doi = 10.1038/nature12886 | url= | pmc = 4031459 | bibcode = 2014Natur.505...43P }}</ref> Ovaj genski tok rezultirao je neandertalskim alelima u modernoj evropskoj populaciji.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jagoda E, Lawson DJ, Wall JD, Lambert D, Muller C, Westaway M, Leavesley M, Capellini TD, Mirazón Lahr M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, Migliano AB, Willerslev E, Metspalu M, Pagani L | display-authors = 6 | title = Disentangling Immediate Adaptive Introgression from Selection on Standing Introgressed Variation in Humans | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–630 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29220488 | pmc = 5850494 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx314 }}</ref> Postoje dvije teorije o [[evolucija čovjeka|ljudskoj evoluciji]] širom svijeta. Prva je poznata kao multiregionalni model u kojem se moderna ljudska varijacija vidi kao proizvod radijacije ''[[Homo erectus]]'' iz Afrike, nakon čega je lokalna diferencijacija dovela do uspostavljanja regionalne populacije kakvu vidimo danas.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tobias PV, Strong V, White W |title=Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January-4th February 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=A.R. Liss |isbn=978-0-8451-4202-8 }}</ref><ref name=pmid3125610>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringer CB, Andrews P | title = Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans | journal = Science | volume = 239 | issue = 4845 | pages = 1263–8 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 3125610 | doi = 10.1126/science.3125610 | bibcode = 1988Sci...239.1263S | jstor = 1700885 }}</ref> Genski tok ima važnu ulogu u održavanju stepena sličnosti i sprečavanju specijacije. Nasuprot tome, teorija jedinstvenog porijekla pretpostavlja da je postojala zajednička populacija predaka ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' koja je porijeklom iz Afrike već pokazivala anatomske karakteristike koje danas vidimo. Ova teorija minimizira količinu paralelne evolucije koja je potrebna.<ref name=pmid3125610/> * '''Leptiri''': Poređenja između [[simpatrijska evolucija|simpatrijskih]] i alopatrijskih populacija ''[[Heliconius melpomene]]'', ''H. cydno'' i ''H. timareta'' otkrila su trend povećane zajedničke varijacije u simpatriji na nivou cijelog [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na sveprisutni međuvrstni protok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies | journal = Genome Research | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 1817–28 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24045163 | pmc = 3814882 | doi = 10.1101/gr.159426.113 }}</ref>&nbsp; * '''Genski tok posredovan čovjekom''': Genetičko upravljanje ugroženim vrstama u zatočeništvu jedini je način na koji ljudi pokušavaju izazvati genski tok u ''[[ex situ]]'' situaciji. Jedan primjer je [[divovska panda]] koja je dio međunarodnog programa uzgoja u kojem se genetički materijal dijeli između zooloških organizacija kako bi se povećala genetička raznolikost u malim populacijama. Kao rezultat niskog reproduktivnog uspjeha, razvijena je vještačka [[oplodnja]] svježom/smrznutom-odmrznutom spermom koja je povećala stopu preživljavanja mladunaca. Studija iz 2014. godine otkrila je da su u centrima za uzgoj procijenjeni visoki nivoi genetičke raznolikosti i niski nivoi [[inbriding]]a.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan L, Hu Y, Zhu L, Yan L, Wang C, Li D, Jin X, Zhang C, Wei F | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–71 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25015646 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu210 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Biljke''': Utvrđeno je da dvije populacije [[Erythranthe|majmunkog cvijeća]] koriste različite oprašivače (pčele i kolibriće) koji su ograničili genski tok, što je rezultiralo genetičkom izolacijom, te na kraju proizvelo dvije različite vrste, ''[[Mimulus lewisii]]'' i ''[[Mimulus cardinalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schemske DW, Bradshaw HD | title = Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus) | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 21 | pages = 11910–5 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10518550 | pmc = 18386 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611910S | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Sika jelen''': Sika jelen je uvezen u Zapadnu Evropu i lahko se razmnožava s domaćim crvenim jelenom. Ovo preseljenje sika jelena dovelo je do introgresije i više nema "čistih" crvenih jelena u regiji, a svi se mogu klasificirati kao hibridi.<ref>Storfer, Andrew. "Gene Flow and Endangered Species Translocations: a Topic Revisited." ''Elsevier'', Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, May 1998.</ref> * '''Bijela prepelica''': Bijele prepelice su preseljene iz južnog dijela Sjedinjenih Država u [[Ontario]], kako bi se povećao broj populacije i divljači za lov. Hibridi koji su nastali ovim preseljenjem bili su manje prilagođeni od domaće populacije i nisu bili prilagođeni za preživljavanje sjevernih zima.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Storfer |first1=Andrew |title=Gene flow and endangered species translocations: a topic revisited |journal=Biological Conservation |date=February 1999 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00066-4 |bibcode=1999BCons..87..173S }}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Biološko širenje]] * [[Genetička erozija]] * [[Genetsička primjesa]] ==Reference== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Gene flow}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181449/http://www.coextra.eu/research_themes/topics188.html Co-Extra research on gene flow mitigation] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926114337/http://www.transcontainer.org/UK/ Transcontainer research on biocontainment]}} * [http://www.inra.fr/sigmea SIGMEA research on the biosafety of GMOs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040403/http://www.inra.fr/sigmea |date=2011-10-07 }} {{genetika}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gene Flow}} [[Kategorija:Populacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Konzervacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Evolucija]] ixmim4lptmi93fp4psyjlmjmdc5ozgf 3839643 3839642 2026-05-05T10:32:44Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 3839643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{evolucija}} [[Slika:Gene flow final.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5| Protok gena je prijenos alela iz jedne populacije u drugu putem imigracije jedinki.]] U [[populacijska genetika|populacijskoj genetici]], '''genski tok ''' (također poznat kao '''[[genska migracija]]''' i '''[[tok alela]]''') je prijenos genetičkog materijala iz jedne populacije u drugu. Ako je brzina protoka gena dovoljno visoka, tada će dvije populacije imati ekvivalentne frekvencije alela i stoga se mogu smatrati jednom efektivnom populacijom. Pokazalo se da je potreban samo "jedan migrant po generaciji" da bi se spriječilo [[divergentna evolucija|divergencija]] [[populacija]] zbog [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-XB8hqZ4s8C&q=conservation+genetics&pg=PR13|title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|last2=Briscoe|first2=David A.|last3=Ballou|first3=Jonathan D. | name-list-style = vanc |date=2002-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63985-9|language=en}}</ref> Populacije se mogu razdvojiti zbog [[Prirodno odabiranje|selekcije]] čak i kada razmjenjuju [[alel]]e, ako je [[selekcijski pritisak]] dovoljno jak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankowski S | title = Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 2726–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23506623 | doi = 10.1111/mec.12287 | bibcode = 2013MolEc..22.2726S | s2cid = 39592922 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.12287 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gemmell MR, Trewick SA, Crampton JS, Vaux F, Hills SF, Daly EE, Marshall BA, Beu AG, Morgan-Richards M |date=2018-11-26|title=Genetic structure and shell shape variation within a rocky shore whelk suggest both diverging and constraining selection with gene flow |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=125|issue=4|pages=827–843|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly142|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genski tok je važan mehanizam za prenos [[genetička raznolikost|genetičke raznolikosti]] među populacijama. Migranti mijenjaju distribuciju genetičke raznolikosti među populacijama modificiranjem [[frekvencija alela]] (udio članova koji nose određenu varijantu gena). Visoke stope genskog toka mogu smanjiti genetičku diferencijaciju između dvije grupe, povećavajući homogenost.<ref name=":1"/> Smatra se da genski tok ograničava [[specijacija|specijaciju]] i sprječava širenje područja rasprostranjenosti kombiniranjem [[genski fond|genskih fondova]] grupa, čime se sprječava razvoj razlika u genetičkim varijacijama koje bi dovele do diferencijacije i [[adaptacija]] iz ovog razloga. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bolnick DI, Nosil P | title = Natural selection in populations subject to a migration load | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 2229–43 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17767592 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00179.x | s2cid = 25685919 | doi-access = }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, širenje koje rezultira genskim tokom može također rezultirati dodavanjem novih genetičkih varijanti pod pozitivnom selekcijom u [[genski fond]] vrste ili populacije (adaptivna introgresija).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Song Y, Endepols S, Klemann N, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Shih CH, Nachman MW, Kohn MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive introgression of anticoagulant rodent poison resistance by hybridization between old world mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 15 | pages = 1296–301 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21782438 | pmc = 3152605 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.043 | bibcode = 2011CBio...21.1296S }}</ref><ref name="Hornikova2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Horníková | first1 = M. | last2 = Lanier | first2 = H. C. | last3 = Marková | first3 = S. | last4 = Escalante | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Searle | first5 = J. B. | last6 = Kotlík | first6 = P. | year = 2024 | title = Genetic admixture drives climate adaptation in the bank vole | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-024-06425-9}}</ref>) Postoji niz faktora koji utiču na brzinu genskog toka između različitih [[populacija]]. Očekuje se da će protok gena biti niži kod [[vrsta]] koje imaju nisku disperziju ili mobilnost, koje se javljaju u fragmentiranim staništima, gdje postoje velike udaljenosti između populacija i kada su populacije male veličine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hastings A, Harrison S |title=Metapopulation Dynamics and Genetics |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1994 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001123 |bibcode=1994AnRES..25..167H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=January 1997 |volume=351 |issue=1345 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1996.0112 }}</ref> Mobilnost ima važnu ulogu u brzini širenja, jer visoko pokretne jedinke imaju tendenciju da imaju veće izglede za kretanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Charles |last2=Parra |first2=Jorge E |last3=Coals |first3=Lucy |last4=Beltrán |first4=Marcela |last5=Zefania |first5=Sama |last6=Székely |first6=Tamás |date=2018 |title=Social interactions predict genetic diversification: an experimental manipulation in shorebirds |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/29/3/609/4858583 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=609–618 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary012 |issn=1045-2249 |pmc=5946871 |pmid=29769794}}</ref> Iako se smatra da su [[životinje]] pokretljivije od [[biljke|biljaka]], [[polen]] i [[sjeme]]nke mogu se prenositi na velike udaljenosti životinjama, vodom ili vjetrom. Kada je genski tok ometan, može doći do povećanja [[inbriding]]a, mjerenog [[koeficijent inbridinga| koeficijentom inbridinga (F)]] unutar populacije. Naprimjer, mnoge otočne populacije imaju niske stope protoka gena, zbog geografske izolacije i male veličine populacije. Crnonogi kameni valabi ima nekoliko inbriding populacija koje žive na raznim otocima uz obalu Australije. Populacija je toliko snažno izolirana da je nedostatak genskog toka doveo do visokih stopa inbridinga.<ref name="EldridgeKing1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eldridge MD, King JM, Loupis AK, Spencer PB, Taylor AC, Pope LC, Hall GP |title=Unprecedented Low Levels of Genetic Variation and Inbreeding Depression in an Island Population of the Black-Footed Rock-Wallaby |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 1999 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98115.x |bibcode=1999ConBi..13..531E |s2cid=85948161 }}</ref> == Mjerenje genskog toka == Nivo protoka gena među populacijama može se procijeniti posmatranjem širenja jedinki i bilježenjem njihovog reproduktivnog uspjeha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Slatkin|first=Montgomery|date=1987|title=Gene Flow and the Geographic Structure of Natural Populations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1699930|journal=Science|volume=236|issue=4803|pages=787–792|doi=10.1126/science.3576198|jstor=1699930|pmid=3576198|bibcode=1987Sci...236..787S |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams JR, Vucetich LM, Hedrick PW, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA | title = Genomic sweep and potential genetic rescue during limiting environmental conditions in an isolated wolf population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1723 | pages = 3336–44 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21450731 | pmc = 3177630 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.0261 }}</ref> Ova direktna metoda je pogodna samo za neke vrste organizama; češće se koriste indirektne metode koje zaključuju o toku gena poređenjem frekvencija alela među [[uzorak|uzorcima]] populacije.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Što su dvije populacije genetički diferenciranije, to je niža procjena genskog toka, jer protok gena ima homogenizirajući učinak. Izolacija populacija dovodi do divergencije zbog [[genetički drift|drifta]], dok migracija smanjuje divergenciju. Genski tok može se mjeriti korištenjem [[efektivna veličina populacije|efektivne veličine populacije]] (<math>N_e</math>) i neto stope migracije po [[generacija|generaciji]] (m). Koristeći aproksimaciju zasnovanu na Island modelu, učinak migracije može se izračunati za populaciju u smislu stepena genetičke diferencijacije (<math>F_{ST}</math>).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neigel |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Parameters From Genetic Data |pages=329–346 |chapter-url={{Google books|QI8sdCHszY0C|pages=329|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Thomas B. |editor2-last=Wayne |editor2-first=Robert K. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular Genetic Approaches in Conservation |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534466-0 }}</ref> Ova formula objašnjava proporciju ukupne varijacije [[molekularni marker|molekularnih markera]] među populacijama, [[prosjek|usrednjene]] po [[lokus (genetika)|lokusima]].<ref>Rogers, D. L., & Montalvo, A. M. (2004). Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity. University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO.&nbsp;''www. f s I ed. u s/ r'',&nbsp;''2''.</ref> Kada postoji jedan migrant po generaciji, <math>F_{ST}</math> je jednako 0,2. Međutim, kada postoji manje od jednog migranta po generaciji (nema migracije), [[koeficijent inbridinga]] brzo raste, što rezultira fiksacijom i potpunom divergencijom.(<math>F_{ST}</math> = 1). Najčešći <math>F_{ST} je < 0,25. To znači da postoji određena migracija. Mjere strukture populacije kreću se od 0 do 1. Kada se genski tok dogodi putem migracije, štetni efekti [[inbriding]]a mogu se ublažiti.<ref name=":0" /><math>F_{ST}</math> = 1/(4N_em +1)</math> Formula se može modificirati da bi se izračunala brzina migracije kada je <math>F_{ST}</math> poznat: :<math>Nm= ((1/F_{ST})-1)/4 = \tfrac{1 - F_{ST}}{4 * F_{ST}}</math>, Nm = broj migranata.<ref name=":0" /> == Prepreke genskom toku== === Alopatrijska specijacija === [[Datoteka:Speciation modes edit.svg|thumb| Primjeri specijacije koja utiče na genski tok]] Kada je genski tok blokiran fizičkim barijerama, rezultat je [[alopatrijska specijacija]] ili geografska izolacija, koja ne dozvoljava populacijama iste vrste da razmjenjuju genetički materijal. Fizičke barijere protoku gena su obično prirodne. Primjeri uključuju neprohodne planinske lance, okeane ili prostrane pustinje. Međutim, u nekim slučajevima, one mogu biti napravljene ljudskim djelovanjem, poput [[Kineski zid|Kineskog zida]], koji je ometao protok gena autohtonih biljnih populacija.<ref name="pmid12634804"/> Jedna od ovih autohtonih biljaka, ''[[Ulmus pumila]]'', pokazala je nižu prevalenciju genetičke diferencijacije od biljaka ''Vitex negundo'', ''Ziziphus jujuba'', ''Heteropappus hispidus'' i ''Prunus armeniaca'' čije se [[stanište]] nalazi na suprotnoj strani Kineskog zida gdje raste ''Ulmus pumila''.<ref name="pmid12634804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su H, Qu LJ, He K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Chen Z, Gu H | title = The Great Wall of China: a physical barrier to gene flow? | journal = Heredity | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–9 |date=March 2003 | pmid = 12634804 | doi = 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800237| bibcode = 2003Hered..90..212S | s2cid = 13367320 }}</ref> === Simpatrička specijacija === Barijere genskom toku ne moraju uvijek biti fizičke. [[Simpatrička specijacija]] se događa kada se nove vrste od istih predačkih vrsta pojave duž istog područja. To je često rezultat reproduktivne barijere. Naprimjer, utvrđeno je da dvije vrste palmi ''Howea'' pronađene na ostrvu Lord Howe imaju znatno različita vremena cvjetanja povezana s preferencijama tla, što rezultira reproduktivnom barijerom koja inhibira tok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Savolainen V, Anstett MC, Lexer C, Hutton I, Clarkson JJ, Norup MV, Powell MP, Springate D, Salamin N, Baker WJ |author1-link=Vincent Savolainen| display-authors = 6 | title = Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7090 | pages = 210–3 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16467788 | doi = 10.1038/nature04566 | s2cid = 867216 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..210S }}</ref> Vrste mogu živjeti u istom okruženju, ali ipak pokazivati vrlo ograničen genski tok zbog reproduktivnih barijera, fragmentacije, specijaliziranih oprašivača ili ograničene hibridizacije ili hibridizacije koja daje nepodobne hibride. Kriptična [[vrsta]] je ona koju ljudi ne mogu razlikovati bez upotrebe genetike. Štaviše, genski tok između hibridnih i divljih populacija može rezultirati gubitkom genetičke raznolikosti putem [[genetičko zagađenje|genetičkog zagađenja]], [[asortativno parenje| asortativnog parenja]] i [[autbriding]]a. U ljudskim populacijama, genetička diferencijacija može također biti rezultat [[endogamija|endogamije]], zbog razlika u kasti, etničkoj pripadnosti, običajima i religiji. == Genski tok potpomognut čovjekom == === Genetičko spašavanje === Genski tok se također može koristiti za pomoć vrstama kojima prijeti [[izumiranje]]. Kada vrsta postoji u malim populacijama, postoji povećan rizik od inbridinga i veća podložnost gubitku raznolikosti zbog drifta. Ove populacije mogu imati velike koristi od uvođenja nesrodnih jedinki<ref name=":2"/> koje mogu povećati raznolikost<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasselgren M, Angerbjörn A, Eide NE, Erlandsson R, Flagstad Ø, Landa A, Wallén J, Norén K | display-authors = 6 | title = Vulpes lagopus) population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1875 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29593110 | pmc = 5897638 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2814 }}</ref> i smanjiti veličinu uticaja [[inbriding]]a, te potencijalno povećati veličinu populacije.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hedrick PW, Fredrickson R |date=2010|title=Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthers |journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=615–626|doi=10.1007/s10592-009-9999-5|bibcode=2010ConG...11..615H |s2cid=23194498|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> Ovo je demonstrirano u laboratoriji s dva soja ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' s uskim grlom, kod kojih su križanja između dvije populacije poništila efekte inbridinga i dovela do većih šansi za preživljavanje ne samo u jednoj generaciji već u dvije.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heber S, Briskie JV, Apiolaza LA | title = A test of the 'genetic rescue' technique using bottlenecked donor populations of Drosophila melanogaster | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | date = 13 August 2012 | pmid = 22912802 | pmc = 3418252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043113 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743113H | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Potpomognuti genski tok === Slično genetičkom spašavanju, [[potpomognuti genski tok]] je strategija upravljanja koja se može koristiti za očuvanje ugroženih vrsta, simuliranjem prirodnih procesa protoka gena. Premještanjem jedinki ili [[gamet]]a između populacija unutar postojećeg [[areal|područja rasprostranjenosti]] vrste, potpomognuti protok gena može pomoći u ublažavanju efekata klimatskih promjena olakšavanjem prilagođavanja projektovanim lokalnim [[klima]]tskim uslovima. Potpomognuti genski tok može uvesti [[genotip]]ove koji su prethodno prilagođeni željenim klimatskim uslovima ili povećati učestalost postojećih genotipova prilagođenih klimi, povećavajući ukupnu genetičku sposobnost populacija koje se suočavaju s brzim klimatskim promjenama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Sally N. |last2=Whitlock |first2=Michael C. |date=2013 |title=Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=367–388 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |issn=1543-592X}}</ref> Iako se strategija može koristiti za spašavanje vrsta koje se suočavaju s problemima smanjenja populacije, njena primjena je relevantna za bilo koju vrstu čije će [[stanište]] pretrpjeti značajne promjene u okolišu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grummer |first=Jared A. |last2=Booker |first2=Tom R. |last3=Matthey‐Doret |first3=Remi |last4=Nietlisbach |first4=Pirmin |last5=Thomaz |first5=Andréa T. |last6=Whitlock |first6=Michael C. |date=2022 |title=The immediate costs and long‐term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13911 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13911 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> ===Genetičko zagađenje=== {{Glavni|Genetičko zagađenje}} Ljudske aktivnosti poput kretanja vrsta i modifikacije krajolika mogu rezultirati genetičim zagađenjem, hibridizacijom, introgresijom i genetičkim preplavljivanjem. Ovi procesi mogu dovesti do homogenizacije ili zamjene lokalnih [[genotip]]ova kao rezultat numeričke i/ili prednosti unesene biljke ili životinje u pogledu sposobnosti prilagođavanja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest |vauthors=Aubry C, Shoal R, Erickson V |publisher=USDA Forest Service; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology |year=2005 |location=Corvallis, OR |pages=26–27 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530092809/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref> Alohtone vrste mogu ugroziti autohtone [[biljke]] i [[životinje]] [[izumiranje]]m, hibridizacijom i introgresijom, bilo namjernim uvođenjem od strane ljudi ili modifikacijom staništa, dovodeći prethodno izolirane vrste u kontakt. Ove pojave mogu biti posebno štetne za rijetke vrste koje dolaze u kontakt s obilnijim, što se može dogoditi između otočnih i kopnenih vrsta. Križanje između vrsta može uzrokovati 'preplavljivanje' [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] rjeđih vrsta, stvarajući hibride koji zamjenjuju autohtone vrste. Ovo je direktan rezultat evolucijskih sila poput [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao i [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]], koji dovode do sve veće prevalencije povoljnih osobina i homogenizacije. Obim ove pojave nije uvijek očigledan samo iz [[morfologija|vanjskog izgleda]]. Dok se određeni stepen protoka gena javlja tokom normalne evolucije, [[hibridizacija]] sa ili bez introgresije može ugroziti opstanak rijetke vrste.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rhymer JM, Simberloff D |year=1996|title=Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=83–109|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83|jstor=2097230|bibcode=1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Potts BM, Barbour RC, Hingston AB |date=September 2001|title=Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program|url=http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|publisher=Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation|isbn=978-0-642-58336-9|issn=1440-6845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102175403/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|archive-date=2004-01-02|work=RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF - 3A}}</ref> Na primjer, divlja patka ''[[Mallard]]'' je brojna vrsta patke koja se lahko križa sa širokim spektrom drugih pataka i predstavlja prijetnju integritetu nekih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulgarella M, Quenu M, Shepherd LD, Morgan-Richards M | title = The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck) | journal = International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–342 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30258780 | pmc = 6154467 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005 | bibcode = 2018IJPPW...7..335B | url = }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} ===Urbanizacija=== Postoje dva glavna modela o tome kako [[urbanizacija]] utiče na genski tok urbanih populacija. Prvi je kroz [[fragmentacija staništa| fragmentaciju staništa]], također nazvanu urbana fragmentacija, u kojoj promjene u pejzažu koje narušavaju ili fragmentiraju stanište smanjuju genetilčku raznolikost. Drugi se naziva model urbane facilitacije i sugerira da je u nekim populacijama genski tok omogućen antropogenim promjenama u krajoliku. Urbana facilitacija protoka gena povezuje populacije, smanjuje izolaciju i povećava genski tok u područje koje inače ne bi imalo ovaj specifični sastav [[genom]]a.<ref name = "test">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Rivkin LR, Johnson MT, Munshi-South J, Verrelli BC | title = Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 28 | issue = 18 | pages = 4138–4151 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31482608 | doi = 10.1111/mec.15221 | s2cid = 201831767 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2019MolEc..28.4138M }}</ref> Urbano olakšavanje može se dogoditi na mnogo različitih načina, ali većina mehanizama uključuje dovođenje prethodno razdvojenih vrsta u kontakt, direktno ili indirektno. Promjena staništa urbanizacijom uzrokovat će fragmentaciju staništa, ali bi također mogla potencijalno poremetiti barijere i stvoriti put ili koridor, koji može povezati dvije ranije razdvojene vrste. Učinkovitost ovoga ovisi o sposobnosti širenja pojedinačnih vrsta i njihovoj prilagodljivosti različitim okruženjima kako bi koristile antropogene strukture za putovanje. [[Klimatske promjene]] uzrokovane ljudskim djelovanjem su još jedan mehanizam kojim životinje koje žive na jugu mogu biti prisiljene seliti se na sjever, prema nižim temperaturama, gdje bi mogle doći u kontakt s drugim [[populacija]]ma koje ranije nisu bile u njihovom [[areal|području rasprostranjenosti]]. Direktnije, poznato je da ljudi uvode strane vrste u nova okruženja, što bi moglo dovesti do hibridizacije sličnih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crispo E, Moore JS, Lee-Yaw JA, Gray SM, Haller BC | title = Broken barriers: human-induced changes to gene flow and introgression in animals: an examination of the ways in which humans increase genetic exchange among populations and species and the consequences for biodiversity | journal = BioEssays | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 508–18 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21523794 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201000154 | s2cid = 205470356 }}</ref> Ovaj model urbane facilitacije testiran je na štetočini ljudskog zdravlja, zapadnom crnom udovičkom pauku (''Latrodectus hesperus''). Studija koju su proveli Miles i saradnici prikupila je podatke o varijacijama cijelog genoma [[SNP|jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] u urbanim i ruralnim populacijama pauka i pronašla dokaze o povećanom genskom toku kod urbanih zapadnih [[crna udovica (pauk)|crnohudovičkih pauka]] u poređenju sa ruralnim populacijama. Osim toga, genom ovih pauka bio je sličniji u ruralnim, nego u urbanim populacijama, što ukazuje na povećanu raznolikost, a samim tim i adaptaciju, u urbanim populacijama zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka. [[Fenotip]]ski, urbani pauci su veći, tamniji i agresivniji, što bi moglo dovesti do povećanog preživljavanja u urbanim okruženjima. Ovi nalazi pokazuju podršku urbanoj facilitaciji, jer se ovi pauci zapravo mogu brže širiti i diverzificirati u urbanim okruženjima nego što bi to učinili u ruralnom. Međutim, to je također primjer kako urbana facilitacija, uprkos povećanju genskog toka, nije nužno korisna za okoliš, jer zapadni crni hudovički pauci imaju vrlo toksičan [[otrov]] i stoga predstavljaju rizik za ljudsko zdravlje.<ref name = "hi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Johnson JC, Dyer RJ, Verrelli BC | title = Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 27 | issue = 16 | pages = 3219–3230 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29972610 | doi = 10.1111/mec.14783 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018MolEc..27.3219M }}</ref> Još jedan primjer urbane facilitacije je migracija [[ris]]a (''[[Lynx rufus]]'') na sjeveru SAD-a i jugu Kanade. Studija koju su proveli Marrote i saradnici sekvencirala je četrnaest različitih [[mikrosatelit]]skih lokusa kod risova u regiji [[Velika jezera|Velikih jezera]] i otkrila da [[geografska dužina]] utiče na interakciju između antropogenih promjena pejzaža i genskog toka populacije risa. Dok rastuće globalne temperature guraju populacije risa na sjevernu teritoriju, povećana ljudska aktivnost također omogućava migraciju risa prema sjeveru. Povećana ljudska aktivnost donosi povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja, ali i povećava održavanje puteva, ralica i sabijanje snijega, nenamjerno čisteći put za kretanje risova. Antropogeni uticaj na migracijske puteve risa primjer je urbane facilitacije otvaranjem koridora za genski tok. Međutim, u južnom području rasprostranjenosti risa, povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja povezano je sa smanjenjem šumskog pokrivača, što ometa protok gena populacije risa kroz ova područja. Pomalo ironično, kretanje risova prema sjeveru uzrokovano je globalnim zagrijavanjem, zbog ljudskog djelovanja, ali je također omogućeno povećanom antropogenom aktivnošću u sjevernim područjima koja ova staništa čine pogodnijim za risove.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marrotte RR, Bowman J, Wilson PJ | title = Climate connectivity of the bobcat in the Great Lakes region | journal = Ecology and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 2131–2144 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32128144 | pmc = 7042766 | doi = 10.1002/ece3.6049 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020EcoEv..10.2131M }}</ref> Posljedice urbane facilitacije variraju od vrste do vrste. Pozitivni efekti urbane facilitacije mogu se javiti kada povećani genski tok omogućava bolju adaptaciju i uvodi korisne [[alel]]e, te bi idealno povećao [[bioraznolikost]]. To ima implikacije za konzervaciju: naprimjer, urbana facilitacija koristi ugroženoj vrsti tarantule i mogla bi pomoći u povećanju populacije. Negativni efekti bi se javili kada je povećani protok gena maladaptivan i uzrokuje gubitak korisnih alela. U najgorem slučaju, to bi dovelo do [[genom]]skog [[izumiranje|izumiranja]] kroz [[hibridni roj]]. Također je važno napomenuti da u shemi ukupnog zdravlja ekosistema i biodiverziteta, urbana facilitacija nije nužno korisna i općenito se odnosi na urbane adaptivne štetočine.<ref name="hi"/> Ovakvi primjeri uključuju prethodno spomenutog zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka, a također i [[krastača|krastaču]], koja je mogla koristiti načine za putovanje i prenaseliti [[Australija| Australiju]].<ref name="test"/> == Genski tok između vrsta == === Horizontalni transfer gena === {{Glavni|Horizontalni transfer gena}} [[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) odnosi se na transfer gena između organizama na način koji nije tradicionalna reprodukcija, bilo putem [[Transformacija (genetika)|transformacija]] (direktno preuzimanje genetičkog materijala od strane ćelije iz njene okoline), [[bakterijska konjugacija|konjugacija]] (transdukcija [[plazmid|genetičkog materijala]] između dvije bakterijske ćelije u direktnom kontaktu), [[transdukcija (genetika)|transdukcijom]] (ubrizgavanje strane [[DNK]] od strane [[bakteriofagnog]]nog virusa u ćeliju domaćina) ili [[Agens za transfer gena|GTA-posredovana transdukcija]] (transfer pomoću virusu sličnog elementa koji proizvodi bakterija).<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP | title = Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–96 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24509783 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | s2cid = 23559881 }}</ref><ref name="Langeetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang AS, Zhaxybayeva O, Beatty JT | title = Gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 472–82 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683880 | pmc = 3626599 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2802 }}</ref> [[Virusi]] mogu prenositi gene između [[vrsta]].<ref>[https://non.fiction.org/lj/community/ref_courses/3484/enmicro.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dead link]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] mogu inkorporirati gene iz mrtvih bakterija, razmjenjivati gene sa živim bakterijama i razmjenjivati [[plazmid]]e preko granica vrsta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218071130/http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18 }}</ref> "Poređenja sekvenci ukazuju na nedavni horizontalni transfer mnogih [[gen]]a među različitim vrstama, uključujući i preko granica [[filogenetika|filogenetičkih]] 'domena'. Stoga se filogenetička historija vrste ne može konačno utvrditi određivanjem evolucijskih stabala za pojedinačne gene." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016110855/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |archive-date=2005-10-16 }}</ref> Biolog Gogarten smatra da "originalna metafora drveta više ne odgovara podacima iz nedavnih istraživanja genoma". Biolozi bi umjesto toga trebali koristiti metaforu mozaika kako bi opisali različite historije kombinovane u pojedinačnim genomima i koristiti metaforu isprepletene mreže kako bi vizualizirali bogatu razmjenu i kooperativne efekte [[horizontalni transfer gena| horizontalnog transfera gena]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (from Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-date=2012-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 }}</ref> "Korištenjem pojedinačnih [[gen]]a kao [[genetički marker|filogenetskih markera]], teško je pratiti organizačnu [[filogenija|filogenezu]] u prisustvu HGT-a. Kombinacija jednostavnog [[koalescencija (genetika)|koalescencije]] modela [[kladogeneza|kladogeneze]] s rijetkim HGT događajima sugerira da nije postojao jedan [[posljednji zajednički predak]] koji je sadržavao sve gene predačke onih koji su zajednički trima domenima [[život]]a. Svaka savremena [[molekula]] ima svoju historiju i vodi poreklo od pojedinačne molekule [[predak|pretka]]. Međutim, ovi molekularni preci su vjerovatno bili prisutni u različitim organizmima u različito vrijeme."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (From Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |archive-date=2012-07-21 }}</ref> === Hibridizacija === U nekim slučajevima, kada vrsta ima [[sestrinska vrsta|sestrinsku vrstu]] i mogućnosti razmnožavanja su moguće zbog uklanjanja prethodnih barijera ili uvođenjem usljed ljudske intervencije, vrste mogu hibridizirati i razmjenjivati gene i odgovarajuće osobine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallet|first=James|date=2005|title=Hybridization as an invasion of the genome|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=20|issue=5|pages=229–237|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010|pmid=16701374|bibcode=2005TEcoE..20..229M }}</ref> Ova razmjena nije uvijek jasna, jer ponekad hibridi [[Fenotip|fenotipski]] mogu izgledati identično originalnoj vrsti, ali nakon testiranja [[mtDNK]] očigledno je da je došlo do hibridizacije. Diferencijalna hibridizacija se također javlja jer se neke osobine i DNK lakše razmjenjuju od drugih, a to je rezultat [[selekcijski pritisak|selekcijskog pritiska]] ili njegovog odsustva koji omogućava lakšu transakciju. U slučajevima kada [[unesena vrsta]] počne zamjenjivati domaću vrstu, domaća vrsta postaje ugrožena i biodiverzitet se smanjuje, što ovaj fenomen čini negativnim, a ne pozitivnim slučajem genskog toka koji povećava genetičku raznolikost.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Allendorf FW, Leary RF, Spruell P, Wenburg JK |date=2001-11-01|title=The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=16|issue=11|pages=613–622|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X }}</ref> Introgresija je zamjena [[alel]]a jedne vrste alelom vrste osvajača. Hibridi su ponekad manje "prilagođeni" od svoje roditeljske generacije,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steeves TE, Maloney RF, Hale ML, Tylianakis JM, Gemmell NJ | title = Genetic analyses reveal hybridization but no hybrid swarm in one of the world's rarest birds | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 19 | issue = 23 | pages = 5090–100 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21050294 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04895.x | bibcode = 2010MolEc..19.5090S }}</ref> i kao rezultat toga, to je pomno praćeno genetičko pitanje, budući da je krajnji cilj [[konzervacijska genetika|konzervacijske genetike]] održavanje genetičkog integriteta vrste i očuvanje biodiverziteta. == Primjeri == [[Datoteka:Marineiguana03.jpg|thumb|[[Morska iguana]] sa [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] evoluirala je putem [[alopatrijska specijacija|alopatrijske specijacije]], kroz ograničen genski tok i geografsku izolaciju. Iako genski tok može značajno poboljšati sposobnost populacije za život, on također može imati negativne posljedice ovisno o populaciji i okruženju u kojem obitavaju. Efekti protoka gena zavise od konteksta. * '''Fragmentirana populacija''': fragmentirani pejzaži poput [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] idealno su mjesto za pojavu [[adaptivna radijacija|adaptivne radijacije]], kao rezultat različite geografije. [[Darvinove zebe]] su vjerovatno dijelom iskusile alopatrijsku specijaciju zbog različite geografije, ali to ne objašnjava zašto vidimo toliko različitih vrsta zeba na istom ostrvu. To je zbog adaptivne radijacije ili evolucije različitih osobina u svjetlu konkurencije za resurse. Genski tok kreće se u smjeru resursa koji su obilni u datom periodu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Grant PR, Grant BR |s2cid=36303685|date=2002-04-26 |title=Unpredictable Evolution in a 30-Year Study of Darwin's Finches |journal=Science | volume=296 |issue=5568|pages=707–711 |doi=10.1126/science.1070315 |pmid=11976447|bibcode=2002Sci...296..707G}}</ref> * '''Ostrvska populacija''': [[morska iguana]] je endemska vrsta Galapagoskih ostrva, ali se razvila od kopnenog pretka kopnene iguane. Zbog geografske izolacije, protok gena između dvije vrste bio je ograničen, a različita okruženja uzrokovala su evoluciju morske iguane kako bi se prilagodila ostrvskom okruženju. Naprimjer, oni su jedina iguana koja je razvila sposobnost plivanja. * '''Ljudske populacije''': U Evropi se ''[[Homo sapien]]s'' križao sa [[neandertalci]]ma, što je rezultiralo genskim tokom između ovih populacija.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PL, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S | display-authors = 6 | title = The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481 | pages = 43–9 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24352235 | doi = 10.1038/nature12886 | url= | pmc = 4031459 | bibcode = 2014Natur.505...43P }}</ref> Ovaj genski tok rezultirao je neandertalskim alelima u modernoj evropskoj populaciji.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jagoda E, Lawson DJ, Wall JD, Lambert D, Muller C, Westaway M, Leavesley M, Capellini TD, Mirazón Lahr M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, Migliano AB, Willerslev E, Metspalu M, Pagani L | display-authors = 6 | title = Disentangling Immediate Adaptive Introgression from Selection on Standing Introgressed Variation in Humans | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–630 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29220488 | pmc = 5850494 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx314 }}</ref> Postoje dvije teorije o [[evolucija čovjeka|ljudskoj evoluciji]] širom svijeta. Prva je poznata kao multiregionalni model u kojem se moderna ljudska varijacija vidi kao proizvod radijacije ''[[Homo erectus]]'' iz Afrike, nakon čega je lokalna diferencijacija dovela do uspostavljanja regionalne populacije kakvu vidimo danas.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tobias PV, Strong V, White W |title=Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January-4th February 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=A.R. Liss |isbn=978-0-8451-4202-8 }}</ref><ref name=pmid3125610>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringer CB, Andrews P | title = Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans | journal = Science | volume = 239 | issue = 4845 | pages = 1263–8 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 3125610 | doi = 10.1126/science.3125610 | bibcode = 1988Sci...239.1263S | jstor = 1700885 }}</ref> Genski tok ima važnu ulogu u održavanju stepena sličnosti i sprečavanju specijacije. Nasuprot tome, teorija jedinstvenog porijekla pretpostavlja da je postojala zajednička populacija predaka ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' koja je porijeklom iz Afrike već pokazivala anatomske karakteristike koje danas vidimo. Ova teorija minimizira količinu paralelne evolucije koja je potrebna.<ref name=pmid3125610/> * '''Leptiri''': Poređenja između [[simpatrijska evolucija|simpatrijskih]] i alopatrijskih populacija ''[[Heliconius melpomene]]'', ''H. cydno'' i ''H. timareta'' otkrila su trend povećane zajedničke varijacije u simpatriji na nivou cijelog [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na sveprisutni međuvrstni protok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies | journal = Genome Research | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 1817–28 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24045163 | pmc = 3814882 | doi = 10.1101/gr.159426.113 }}</ref>&nbsp; * '''Genski tok posredovan čovjekom''': Genetičko upravljanje ugroženim vrstama u zatočeništvu jedini je način na koji ljudi pokušavaju izazvati genski tok u ''[[ex situ]]'' situaciji. Jedan primjer je [[divovska panda]] koja je dio međunarodnog programa uzgoja u kojem se genetički materijal dijeli između zooloških organizacija kako bi se povećala genetička raznolikost u malim populacijama. Kao rezultat niskog reproduktivnog uspjeha, razvijena je vještačka [[oplodnja]] svježom/smrznutom-odmrznutom spermom koja je povećala stopu preživljavanja mladunaca. Studija iz 2014. godine otkrila je da su u centrima za uzgoj procijenjeni visoki nivoi genetičke raznolikosti i niski nivoi [[inbriding]]a.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan L, Hu Y, Zhu L, Yan L, Wang C, Li D, Jin X, Zhang C, Wei F | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–71 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25015646 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu210 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Biljke''': Utvrđeno je da dvije populacije [[Erythranthe|majmunkog cvijeća]] koriste različite oprašivače (pčele i kolibriće) koji su ograničili genski tok, što je rezultiralo genetičkom izolacijom, te na kraju proizvelo dvije različite vrste, ''[[Mimulus lewisii]]'' i ''[[Mimulus cardinalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schemske DW, Bradshaw HD | title = Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus) | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 21 | pages = 11910–5 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10518550 | pmc = 18386 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611910S | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Sika jelen''': Sika jelen je uvezen u Zapadnu Evropu i lahko se razmnožava s domaćim crvenim jelenom. Ovo preseljenje sika jelena dovelo je do introgresije i više nema "čistih" crvenih jelena u regiji, a svi se mogu klasificirati kao hibridi.<ref>Storfer, Andrew. "Gene Flow and Endangered Species Translocations: a Topic Revisited." ''Elsevier'', Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, May 1998.</ref> * '''Bijela prepelica''': Bijele prepelice su preseljene iz južnog dijela Sjedinjenih Država u [[Ontario]], kako bi se povećao broj populacije i divljači za lov. Hibridi koji su nastali ovim preseljenjem bili su manje prilagođeni od domaće populacije i nisu bili prilagođeni za preživljavanje sjevernih zima.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Storfer |first1=Andrew |title=Gene flow and endangered species translocations: a topic revisited |journal=Biological Conservation |date=February 1999 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00066-4 |bibcode=1999BCons..87..173S }}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Biološko širenje]] * [[Genetička erozija]] * [[Genetsička primjesa]] ==Reference== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Gene flow}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181449/http://www.coextra.eu/research_themes/topics188.html Co-Extra research on gene flow mitigation] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926114337/http://www.transcontainer.org/UK/ Transcontainer research on biocontainment]}} * [http://www.inra.fr/sigmea SIGMEA research on the biosafety of GMOs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040403/http://www.inra.fr/sigmea |date=2011-10-07 }} {{genetika}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gene Flow}} [[Kategorija:Populacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Konzervacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Evolucija]] r0zgscekv5cbn2kdsos6g1a1g9zbxm4 3839646 3839643 2026-05-05T10:37:17Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 3839646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{evolucija}} [[Slika:Gene flow final.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5| Protok gena je prijenos alela iz jedne populacije u drugu putem imigracije jedinki.]] U [[populacijska genetika|populacijskoj genetici]], '''genski tok ''' (također poznat kao '''genska migracija''' i '''tok alela''') je prijenos genetičkog materijala iz jedne populacije u drugu. Ako je brzina protoka gena dovoljno visoka, tada će dvije populacije imati ekvivalentne frekvencije alela i stoga se mogu smatrati jednom efektivnom populacijom. Pokazalo se da je potreban samo "jedan migrant po generaciji" da bi se spriječilo [[divergentna evolucija|divergencija]] [[populacija]] zbog [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-XB8hqZ4s8C&q=conservation+genetics&pg=PR13|title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|last2=Briscoe|first2=David A.|last3=Ballou|first3=Jonathan D. | name-list-style = vanc |date=2002-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63985-9|language=en}}</ref> Populacije se mogu razdvojiti zbog [[Prirodno odabiranje|selekcije]] čak i kada razmjenjuju [[alel]]e, ako je [[selekcijski pritisak]] dovoljno jak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankowski S | title = Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 2726–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23506623 | doi = 10.1111/mec.12287 | bibcode = 2013MolEc..22.2726S | s2cid = 39592922 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.12287 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gemmell MR, Trewick SA, Crampton JS, Vaux F, Hills SF, Daly EE, Marshall BA, Beu AG, Morgan-Richards M |date=2018-11-26|title=Genetic structure and shell shape variation within a rocky shore whelk suggest both diverging and constraining selection with gene flow |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=125|issue=4|pages=827–843|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly142|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genski tok je važan mehanizam za prenos [[genetička raznolikost|genetičke raznolikosti]] među populacijama. Migranti mijenjaju distribuciju genetičke raznolikosti među populacijama modificiranjem [[frekvencija alela]] (udio članova koji nose određenu varijantu gena). Visoke stope genskog toka mogu smanjiti genetičku diferencijaciju između dvije grupe, povećavajući homogenost.<ref name=":1"/> Smatra se da genski tok ograničava [[specijacija|specijaciju]] i sprječava širenje područja rasprostranjenosti kombiniranjem [[genski fond|genskih fondova]] grupa, čime se sprječava razvoj razlika u genetičkim varijacijama koje bi dovele do diferencijacije i [[adaptacija]] iz ovog razloga. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bolnick DI, Nosil P | title = Natural selection in populations subject to a migration load | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 2229–43 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17767592 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00179.x | s2cid = 25685919 | doi-access = }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, širenje koje rezultira genskim tokom može također rezultirati dodavanjem novih genetičkih varijanti pod pozitivnom selekcijom u [[genski fond]] vrste ili populacije (adaptivna introgresija).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Song Y, Endepols S, Klemann N, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Shih CH, Nachman MW, Kohn MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive introgression of anticoagulant rodent poison resistance by hybridization between old world mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 15 | pages = 1296–301 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21782438 | pmc = 3152605 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.043 | bibcode = 2011CBio...21.1296S }}</ref><ref name="Hornikova2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Horníková | first1 = M. | last2 = Lanier | first2 = H. C. | last3 = Marková | first3 = S. | last4 = Escalante | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Searle | first5 = J. B. | last6 = Kotlík | first6 = P. | year = 2024 | title = Genetic admixture drives climate adaptation in the bank vole | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-024-06425-9}}</ref>) Postoji niz faktora koji utiču na brzinu genskog toka između različitih [[populacija]]. Očekuje se da će protok gena biti niži kod [[vrsta]] koje imaju nisku disperziju ili mobilnost, koje se javljaju u fragmentiranim staništima, gdje postoje velike udaljenosti između populacija i kada su populacije male veličine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hastings A, Harrison S |title=Metapopulation Dynamics and Genetics |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1994 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001123 |bibcode=1994AnRES..25..167H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=January 1997 |volume=351 |issue=1345 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1996.0112 }}</ref> Mobilnost ima važnu ulogu u brzini širenja, jer visoko pokretne jedinke imaju tendenciju da imaju veće izglede za kretanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Charles |last2=Parra |first2=Jorge E |last3=Coals |first3=Lucy |last4=Beltrán |first4=Marcela |last5=Zefania |first5=Sama |last6=Székely |first6=Tamás |date=2018 |title=Social interactions predict genetic diversification: an experimental manipulation in shorebirds |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/29/3/609/4858583 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=609–618 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary012 |issn=1045-2249 |pmc=5946871 |pmid=29769794}}</ref> Iako se smatra da su [[životinje]] pokretljivije od [[biljke|biljaka]], [[polen]] i [[sjeme]]nke mogu se prenositi na velike udaljenosti životinjama, vodom ili vjetrom. Kada je genski tok ometan, može doći do povećanja [[inbriding]]a, mjerenog [[koeficijent inbridinga| koeficijentom inbridinga (F)]] unutar populacije. Naprimjer, mnoge otočne populacije imaju niske stope protoka gena, zbog geografske izolacije i male veličine populacije. Crnonogi kameni valabi ima nekoliko inbriding populacija koje žive na raznim otocima uz obalu Australije. Populacija je toliko snažno izolirana da je nedostatak genskog toka doveo do visokih stopa inbridinga.<ref name="EldridgeKing1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eldridge MD, King JM, Loupis AK, Spencer PB, Taylor AC, Pope LC, Hall GP |title=Unprecedented Low Levels of Genetic Variation and Inbreeding Depression in an Island Population of the Black-Footed Rock-Wallaby |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 1999 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98115.x |bibcode=1999ConBi..13..531E |s2cid=85948161 }}</ref> == Mjerenje genskog toka == Nivo protoka gena među populacijama može se procijeniti posmatranjem širenja jedinki i bilježenjem njihovog reproduktivnog uspjeha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Slatkin|first=Montgomery|date=1987|title=Gene Flow and the Geographic Structure of Natural Populations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1699930|journal=Science|volume=236|issue=4803|pages=787–792|doi=10.1126/science.3576198|jstor=1699930|pmid=3576198|bibcode=1987Sci...236..787S |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams JR, Vucetich LM, Hedrick PW, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA | title = Genomic sweep and potential genetic rescue during limiting environmental conditions in an isolated wolf population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1723 | pages = 3336–44 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21450731 | pmc = 3177630 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.0261 }}</ref> Ova direktna metoda je pogodna samo za neke vrste organizama; češće se koriste indirektne metode koje zaključuju o toku gena poređenjem frekvencija alela među [[uzorak|uzorcima]] populacije.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Što su dvije populacije genetički diferenciranije, to je niža procjena genskog toka, jer protok gena ima homogenizirajući učinak. Izolacija populacija dovodi do divergencije zbog [[genetički drift|drifta]], dok migracija smanjuje divergenciju. Genski tok može se mjeriti korištenjem [[efektivna veličina populacije|efektivne veličine populacije]] (<math>N_e</math>) i neto stope migracije po [[generacija|generaciji]] (m). Koristeći aproksimaciju zasnovanu na Island modelu, učinak migracije može se izračunati za populaciju u smislu stepena genetičke diferencijacije (<math>F_{ST}</math>).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neigel |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Parameters From Genetic Data |pages=329–346 |chapter-url={{Google books|QI8sdCHszY0C|pages=329|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Thomas B. |editor2-last=Wayne |editor2-first=Robert K. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular Genetic Approaches in Conservation |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534466-0 }}</ref> Ova formula objašnjava proporciju ukupne varijacije [[molekularni marker|molekularnih markera]] među populacijama, [[prosjek|usrednjene]] po [[lokus (genetika)|lokusima]].<ref>Rogers, D. L., & Montalvo, A. M. (2004). Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity. University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO.&nbsp;''www. f s I ed. u s/ r'',&nbsp;''2''.</ref> Kada postoji jedan migrant po generaciji, <math>F_{ST}</math> je jednako 0,2. Međutim, kada postoji manje od jednog migranta po generaciji (nema migracije), [[koeficijent inbridinga]] brzo raste, što rezultira fiksacijom i potpunom divergencijom.(<math>F_{ST}</math> = 1). Najčešći <math>F_{ST} je < 0,25. To znači da postoji određena migracija. Mjere strukture populacije kreću se od 0 do 1. Kada se genski tok dogodi putem migracije, štetni efekti [[inbriding]]a mogu se ublažiti.<ref name=":0" /><math>F_{ST}</math> = 1/(4N_em +1)</math> Formula se može modificirati da bi se izračunala brzina migracije kada je <math>F_{ST}</math> poznat: :<math>Nm= ((1/F_{ST})-1)/4 = \tfrac{1 - F_{ST}}{4 * F_{ST}}</math>, Nm = broj migranata.<ref name=":0" /> == Prepreke genskom toku== === Alopatrijska specijacija === [[Datoteka:Speciation modes edit.svg|thumb| Primjeri specijacije koja utiče na genski tok]] Kada je genski tok blokiran fizičkim barijerama, rezultat je [[alopatrijska specijacija]] ili geografska izolacija, koja ne dozvoljava populacijama iste vrste da razmjenjuju genetički materijal. Fizičke barijere protoku gena su obično prirodne. Primjeri uključuju neprohodne planinske lance, okeane ili prostrane pustinje. Međutim, u nekim slučajevima, one mogu biti napravljene ljudskim djelovanjem, poput [[Kineski zid|Kineskog zida]], koji je ometao protok gena autohtonih biljnih populacija.<ref name="pmid12634804"/> Jedna od ovih autohtonih biljaka, ''[[Ulmus pumila]]'', pokazala je nižu prevalenciju genetičke diferencijacije od biljaka ''Vitex negundo'', ''Ziziphus jujuba'', ''Heteropappus hispidus'' i ''Prunus armeniaca'' čije se [[stanište]] nalazi na suprotnoj strani Kineskog zida gdje raste ''Ulmus pumila''.<ref name="pmid12634804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su H, Qu LJ, He K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Chen Z, Gu H | title = The Great Wall of China: a physical barrier to gene flow? | journal = Heredity | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–9 |date=March 2003 | pmid = 12634804 | doi = 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800237| bibcode = 2003Hered..90..212S | s2cid = 13367320 }}</ref> === Simpatrička specijacija === Barijere genskom toku ne moraju uvijek biti fizičke. [[Simpatrička specijacija]] se događa kada se nove vrste od istih predačkih vrsta pojave duž istog područja. To je često rezultat reproduktivne barijere. Naprimjer, utvrđeno je da dvije vrste palmi ''Howea'' pronađene na ostrvu Lord Howe imaju znatno različita vremena cvjetanja povezana s preferencijama tla, što rezultira reproduktivnom barijerom koja inhibira tok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Savolainen V, Anstett MC, Lexer C, Hutton I, Clarkson JJ, Norup MV, Powell MP, Springate D, Salamin N, Baker WJ |author1-link=Vincent Savolainen| display-authors = 6 | title = Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7090 | pages = 210–3 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16467788 | doi = 10.1038/nature04566 | s2cid = 867216 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..210S }}</ref> Vrste mogu živjeti u istom okruženju, ali ipak pokazivati vrlo ograničen genski tok zbog reproduktivnih barijera, fragmentacije, specijaliziranih oprašivača ili ograničene hibridizacije ili hibridizacije koja daje nepodobne hibride. Kriptična [[vrsta]] je ona koju ljudi ne mogu razlikovati bez upotrebe genetike. Štaviše, genski tok između hibridnih i divljih populacija može rezultirati gubitkom genetičke raznolikosti putem [[genetičko zagađenje|genetičkog zagađenja]], [[asortativno parenje| asortativnog parenja]] i [[autbriding]]a. U ljudskim populacijama, genetička diferencijacija može također biti rezultat [[endogamija|endogamije]], zbog razlika u kasti, etničkoj pripadnosti, običajima i religiji. == Genski tok potpomognut čovjekom == === Genetičko spašavanje === Genski tok se također može koristiti za pomoć vrstama kojima prijeti [[izumiranje]]. Kada vrsta postoji u malim populacijama, postoji povećan rizik od inbridinga i veća podložnost gubitku raznolikosti zbog drifta. Ove populacije mogu imati velike koristi od uvođenja nesrodnih jedinki<ref name=":2"/> koje mogu povećati raznolikost<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasselgren M, Angerbjörn A, Eide NE, Erlandsson R, Flagstad Ø, Landa A, Wallén J, Norén K | display-authors = 6 | title = Vulpes lagopus) population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1875 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29593110 | pmc = 5897638 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2814 }}</ref> i smanjiti veličinu uticaja [[inbriding]]a, te potencijalno povećati veličinu populacije.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hedrick PW, Fredrickson R |date=2010|title=Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthers |journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=615–626|doi=10.1007/s10592-009-9999-5|bibcode=2010ConG...11..615H |s2cid=23194498|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> Ovo je demonstrirano u laboratoriji s dva soja ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' s uskim grlom, kod kojih su križanja između dvije populacije poništila efekte inbridinga i dovela do većih šansi za preživljavanje ne samo u jednoj generaciji već u dvije.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heber S, Briskie JV, Apiolaza LA | title = A test of the 'genetic rescue' technique using bottlenecked donor populations of Drosophila melanogaster | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | date = 13 August 2012 | pmid = 22912802 | pmc = 3418252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043113 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743113H | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Potpomognuti genski tok === Slično genetičkom spašavanju, [[potpomognuti genski tok]] je strategija upravljanja koja se može koristiti za očuvanje ugroženih vrsta, simuliranjem prirodnih procesa protoka gena. Premještanjem jedinki ili [[gamet]]a između populacija unutar postojećeg [[areal|područja rasprostranjenosti]] vrste, potpomognuti protok gena može pomoći u ublažavanju efekata klimatskih promjena olakšavanjem prilagođavanja projektovanim lokalnim [[klima]]tskim uslovima. Potpomognuti genski tok može uvesti [[genotip]]ove koji su prethodno prilagođeni željenim klimatskim uslovima ili povećati učestalost postojećih genotipova prilagođenih klimi, povećavajući ukupnu genetičku sposobnost populacija koje se suočavaju s brzim klimatskim promjenama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Sally N. |last2=Whitlock |first2=Michael C. |date=2013 |title=Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=367–388 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |issn=1543-592X}}</ref> Iako se strategija može koristiti za spašavanje vrsta koje se suočavaju s problemima smanjenja populacije, njena primjena je relevantna za bilo koju vrstu čije će [[stanište]] pretrpjeti značajne promjene u okolišu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grummer |first=Jared A. |last2=Booker |first2=Tom R. |last3=Matthey‐Doret |first3=Remi |last4=Nietlisbach |first4=Pirmin |last5=Thomaz |first5=Andréa T. |last6=Whitlock |first6=Michael C. |date=2022 |title=The immediate costs and long‐term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13911 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13911 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> ===Genetičko zagađenje=== {{Glavni|Genetičko zagađenje}} Ljudske aktivnosti poput kretanja vrsta i modifikacije krajolika mogu rezultirati genetičim zagađenjem, hibridizacijom, introgresijom i genetičkim preplavljivanjem. Ovi procesi mogu dovesti do homogenizacije ili zamjene lokalnih [[genotip]]ova kao rezultat numeričke i/ili prednosti unesene biljke ili životinje u pogledu sposobnosti prilagođavanja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest |vauthors=Aubry C, Shoal R, Erickson V |publisher=USDA Forest Service; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology |year=2005 |location=Corvallis, OR |pages=26–27 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530092809/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref> Alohtone vrste mogu ugroziti autohtone [[biljke]] i [[životinje]] [[izumiranje]]m, hibridizacijom i introgresijom, bilo namjernim uvođenjem od strane ljudi ili modifikacijom staništa, dovodeći prethodno izolirane vrste u kontakt. Ove pojave mogu biti posebno štetne za rijetke vrste koje dolaze u kontakt s obilnijim, što se može dogoditi između otočnih i kopnenih vrsta. Križanje između vrsta može uzrokovati 'preplavljivanje' [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] rjeđih vrsta, stvarajući hibride koji zamjenjuju autohtone vrste. Ovo je direktan rezultat evolucijskih sila poput [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao i [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]], koji dovode do sve veće prevalencije povoljnih osobina i homogenizacije. Obim ove pojave nije uvijek očigledan samo iz [[morfologija|vanjskog izgleda]]. Dok se određeni stepen protoka gena javlja tokom normalne evolucije, [[hibridizacija]] sa ili bez introgresije može ugroziti opstanak rijetke vrste.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rhymer JM, Simberloff D |year=1996|title=Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=83–109|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83|jstor=2097230|bibcode=1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Potts BM, Barbour RC, Hingston AB |date=September 2001|title=Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program|url=http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|publisher=Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation|isbn=978-0-642-58336-9|issn=1440-6845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102175403/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|archive-date=2004-01-02|work=RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF - 3A}}</ref> Na primjer, divlja patka ''[[Mallard]]'' je brojna vrsta patke koja se lahko križa sa širokim spektrom drugih pataka i predstavlja prijetnju integritetu nekih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulgarella M, Quenu M, Shepherd LD, Morgan-Richards M | title = The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck) | journal = International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–342 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30258780 | pmc = 6154467 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005 | bibcode = 2018IJPPW...7..335B | url = }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} ===Urbanizacija=== Postoje dva glavna modela o tome kako [[urbanizacija]] utiče na genski tok urbanih populacija. Prvi je kroz [[fragmentacija staništa| fragmentaciju staništa]], također nazvanu urbana fragmentacija, u kojoj promjene u pejzažu koje narušavaju ili fragmentiraju stanište smanjuju genetilčku raznolikost. Drugi se naziva model urbane facilitacije i sugerira da je u nekim populacijama genski tok omogućen antropogenim promjenama u krajoliku. Urbana facilitacija protoka gena povezuje populacije, smanjuje izolaciju i povećava genski tok u područje koje inače ne bi imalo ovaj specifični sastav [[genom]]a.<ref name = "test">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Rivkin LR, Johnson MT, Munshi-South J, Verrelli BC | title = Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 28 | issue = 18 | pages = 4138–4151 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31482608 | doi = 10.1111/mec.15221 | s2cid = 201831767 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2019MolEc..28.4138M }}</ref> Urbano olakšavanje može se dogoditi na mnogo različitih načina, ali većina mehanizama uključuje dovođenje prethodno razdvojenih vrsta u kontakt, direktno ili indirektno. Promjena staništa urbanizacijom uzrokovat će fragmentaciju staništa, ali bi također mogla potencijalno poremetiti barijere i stvoriti put ili koridor, koji može povezati dvije ranije razdvojene vrste. Učinkovitost ovoga ovisi o sposobnosti širenja pojedinačnih vrsta i njihovoj prilagodljivosti različitim okruženjima kako bi koristile antropogene strukture za putovanje. [[Klimatske promjene]] uzrokovane ljudskim djelovanjem su još jedan mehanizam kojim životinje koje žive na jugu mogu biti prisiljene seliti se na sjever, prema nižim temperaturama, gdje bi mogle doći u kontakt s drugim [[populacija]]ma koje ranije nisu bile u njihovom [[areal|području rasprostranjenosti]]. Direktnije, poznato je da ljudi uvode strane vrste u nova okruženja, što bi moglo dovesti do hibridizacije sličnih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crispo E, Moore JS, Lee-Yaw JA, Gray SM, Haller BC | title = Broken barriers: human-induced changes to gene flow and introgression in animals: an examination of the ways in which humans increase genetic exchange among populations and species and the consequences for biodiversity | journal = BioEssays | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 508–18 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21523794 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201000154 | s2cid = 205470356 }}</ref> Ovaj model urbane facilitacije testiran je na štetočini ljudskog zdravlja, zapadnom crnom udovičkom pauku (''Latrodectus hesperus''). Studija koju su proveli Miles i saradnici prikupila je podatke o varijacijama cijelog genoma [[SNP|jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] u urbanim i ruralnim populacijama pauka i pronašla dokaze o povećanom genskom toku kod urbanih zapadnih [[crna udovica (pauk)|crnohudovičkih pauka]] u poređenju sa ruralnim populacijama. Osim toga, genom ovih pauka bio je sličniji u ruralnim, nego u urbanim populacijama, što ukazuje na povećanu raznolikost, a samim tim i adaptaciju, u urbanim populacijama zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka. [[Fenotip]]ski, urbani pauci su veći, tamniji i agresivniji, što bi moglo dovesti do povećanog preživljavanja u urbanim okruženjima. Ovi nalazi pokazuju podršku urbanoj facilitaciji, jer se ovi pauci zapravo mogu brže širiti i diverzificirati u urbanim okruženjima nego što bi to učinili u ruralnom. Međutim, to je također primjer kako urbana facilitacija, uprkos povećanju genskog toka, nije nužno korisna za okoliš, jer zapadni crni hudovički pauci imaju vrlo toksičan [[otrov]] i stoga predstavljaju rizik za ljudsko zdravlje.<ref name = "hi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Johnson JC, Dyer RJ, Verrelli BC | title = Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 27 | issue = 16 | pages = 3219–3230 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29972610 | doi = 10.1111/mec.14783 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018MolEc..27.3219M }}</ref> Još jedan primjer urbane facilitacije je migracija [[ris]]a (''[[Lynx rufus]]'') na sjeveru SAD-a i jugu Kanade. Studija koju su proveli Marrote i saradnici sekvencirala je četrnaest različitih [[mikrosatelit]]skih lokusa kod risova u regiji [[Velika jezera|Velikih jezera]] i otkrila da [[geografska dužina]] utiče na interakciju između antropogenih promjena pejzaža i genskog toka populacije risa. Dok rastuće globalne temperature guraju populacije risa na sjevernu teritoriju, povećana ljudska aktivnost također omogućava migraciju risa prema sjeveru. Povećana ljudska aktivnost donosi povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja, ali i povećava održavanje puteva, ralica i sabijanje snijega, nenamjerno čisteći put za kretanje risova. Antropogeni uticaj na migracijske puteve risa primjer je urbane facilitacije otvaranjem koridora za genski tok. Međutim, u južnom području rasprostranjenosti risa, povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja povezano je sa smanjenjem šumskog pokrivača, što ometa protok gena populacije risa kroz ova područja. Pomalo ironično, kretanje risova prema sjeveru uzrokovano je globalnim zagrijavanjem, zbog ljudskog djelovanja, ali je također omogućeno povećanom antropogenom aktivnošću u sjevernim područjima koja ova staništa čine pogodnijim za risove.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marrotte RR, Bowman J, Wilson PJ | title = Climate connectivity of the bobcat in the Great Lakes region | journal = Ecology and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 2131–2144 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32128144 | pmc = 7042766 | doi = 10.1002/ece3.6049 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020EcoEv..10.2131M }}</ref> Posljedice urbane facilitacije variraju od vrste do vrste. Pozitivni efekti urbane facilitacije mogu se javiti kada povećani genski tok omogućava bolju adaptaciju i uvodi korisne [[alel]]e, te bi idealno povećao [[bioraznolikost]]. To ima implikacije za konzervaciju: naprimjer, urbana facilitacija koristi ugroženoj vrsti tarantule i mogla bi pomoći u povećanju populacije. Negativni efekti bi se javili kada je povećani protok gena maladaptivan i uzrokuje gubitak korisnih alela. U najgorem slučaju, to bi dovelo do [[genom]]skog [[izumiranje|izumiranja]] kroz [[hibridni roj]]. Također je važno napomenuti da u shemi ukupnog zdravlja ekosistema i biodiverziteta, urbana facilitacija nije nužno korisna i općenito se odnosi na urbane adaptivne štetočine.<ref name="hi"/> Ovakvi primjeri uključuju prethodno spomenutog zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka, a također i [[krastača|krastaču]], koja je mogla koristiti načine za putovanje i prenaseliti [[Australija| Australiju]].<ref name="test"/> == Genski tok između vrsta == === Horizontalni transfer gena === {{Glavni|Horizontalni transfer gena}} [[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) odnosi se na transfer gena između organizama na način koji nije tradicionalna reprodukcija, bilo putem [[Transformacija (genetika)|transformacija]] (direktno preuzimanje genetičkog materijala od strane ćelije iz njene okoline), [[bakterijska konjugacija|konjugacija]] (transdukcija [[plazmid|genetičkog materijala]] između dvije bakterijske ćelije u direktnom kontaktu), [[transdukcija (genetika)|transdukcijom]] (ubrizgavanje strane [[DNK]] od strane [[bakteriofagnog]]nog virusa u ćeliju domaćina) ili [[Agens za transfer gena|GTA-posredovana transdukcija]] (transfer pomoću virusu sličnog elementa koji proizvodi bakterija).<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP | title = Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–96 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24509783 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | s2cid = 23559881 }}</ref><ref name="Langeetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang AS, Zhaxybayeva O, Beatty JT | title = Gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 472–82 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683880 | pmc = 3626599 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2802 }}</ref> [[Virusi]] mogu prenositi gene između [[vrsta]].<ref>[https://non.fiction.org/lj/community/ref_courses/3484/enmicro.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dead link]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] mogu inkorporirati gene iz mrtvih bakterija, razmjenjivati gene sa živim bakterijama i razmjenjivati [[plazmid]]e preko granica vrsta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218071130/http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18 }}</ref> "Poređenja sekvenci ukazuju na nedavni horizontalni transfer mnogih [[gen]]a među različitim vrstama, uključujući i preko granica [[filogenetika|filogenetičkih]] 'domena'. Stoga se filogenetička historija vrste ne može konačno utvrditi određivanjem evolucijskih stabala za pojedinačne gene." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016110855/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |archive-date=2005-10-16 }}</ref> Biolog Gogarten smatra da "originalna metafora drveta više ne odgovara podacima iz nedavnih istraživanja genoma". Biolozi bi umjesto toga trebali koristiti metaforu mozaika kako bi opisali različite historije kombinovane u pojedinačnim genomima i koristiti metaforu isprepletene mreže kako bi vizualizirali bogatu razmjenu i kooperativne efekte [[horizontalni transfer gena| horizontalnog transfera gena]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (from Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-date=2012-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 }}</ref> "Korištenjem pojedinačnih [[gen]]a kao [[genetički marker|filogenetskih markera]], teško je pratiti organizačnu [[filogenija|filogenezu]] u prisustvu HGT-a. Kombinacija jednostavnog [[koalescencija (genetika)|koalescencije]] modela [[kladogeneza|kladogeneze]] s rijetkim HGT događajima sugerira da nije postojao jedan [[posljednji zajednički predak]] koji je sadržavao sve gene predačke onih koji su zajednički trima domenima [[život]]a. Svaka savremena [[molekula]] ima svoju historiju i vodi poreklo od pojedinačne molekule [[predak|pretka]]. Međutim, ovi molekularni preci su vjerovatno bili prisutni u različitim organizmima u različito vrijeme."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (From Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |archive-date=2012-07-21 }}</ref> === Hibridizacija === U nekim slučajevima, kada vrsta ima [[sestrinska vrsta|sestrinsku vrstu]] i mogućnosti razmnožavanja su moguće zbog uklanjanja prethodnih barijera ili uvođenjem usljed ljudske intervencije, vrste mogu hibridizirati i razmjenjivati gene i odgovarajuće osobine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallet|first=James|date=2005|title=Hybridization as an invasion of the genome|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=20|issue=5|pages=229–237|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010|pmid=16701374|bibcode=2005TEcoE..20..229M }}</ref> Ova razmjena nije uvijek jasna, jer ponekad hibridi [[Fenotip|fenotipski]] mogu izgledati identično originalnoj vrsti, ali nakon testiranja [[mtDNK]] očigledno je da je došlo do hibridizacije. Diferencijalna hibridizacija se također javlja jer se neke osobine i DNK lakše razmjenjuju od drugih, a to je rezultat [[selekcijski pritisak|selekcijskog pritiska]] ili njegovog odsustva koji omogućava lakšu transakciju. U slučajevima kada [[unesena vrsta]] počne zamjenjivati domaću vrstu, domaća vrsta postaje ugrožena i biodiverzitet se smanjuje, što ovaj fenomen čini negativnim, a ne pozitivnim slučajem genskog toka koji povećava genetičku raznolikost.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Allendorf FW, Leary RF, Spruell P, Wenburg JK |date=2001-11-01|title=The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=16|issue=11|pages=613–622|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X }}</ref> Introgresija je zamjena [[alel]]a jedne vrste alelom vrste osvajača. Hibridi su ponekad manje "prilagođeni" od svoje roditeljske generacije,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steeves TE, Maloney RF, Hale ML, Tylianakis JM, Gemmell NJ | title = Genetic analyses reveal hybridization but no hybrid swarm in one of the world's rarest birds | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 19 | issue = 23 | pages = 5090–100 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21050294 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04895.x | bibcode = 2010MolEc..19.5090S }}</ref> i kao rezultat toga, to je pomno praćeno genetičko pitanje, budući da je krajnji cilj [[konzervacijska genetika|konzervacijske genetike]] održavanje genetičkog integriteta vrste i očuvanje biodiverziteta. == Primjeri == [[Datoteka:Marineiguana03.jpg|thumb|[[Morska iguana]] sa [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] evoluirala je putem [[alopatrijska specijacija|alopatrijske specijacije]], kroz ograničen genski tok i geografsku izolaciju. Iako genski tok može značajno poboljšati sposobnost populacije za život, on također može imati negativne posljedice ovisno o populaciji i okruženju u kojem obitavaju. Efekti protoka gena zavise od konteksta. * '''Fragmentirana populacija''': fragmentirani pejzaži poput [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] idealno su mjesto za pojavu [[adaptivna radijacija|adaptivne radijacije]], kao rezultat različite geografije. [[Darvinove zebe]] su vjerovatno dijelom iskusile alopatrijsku specijaciju zbog različite geografije, ali to ne objašnjava zašto vidimo toliko različitih vrsta zeba na istom ostrvu. To je zbog adaptivne radijacije ili evolucije različitih osobina u svjetlu konkurencije za resurse. Genski tok kreće se u smjeru resursa koji su obilni u datom periodu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Grant PR, Grant BR |s2cid=36303685|date=2002-04-26 |title=Unpredictable Evolution in a 30-Year Study of Darwin's Finches |journal=Science | volume=296 |issue=5568|pages=707–711 |doi=10.1126/science.1070315 |pmid=11976447|bibcode=2002Sci...296..707G}}</ref> * '''Ostrvska populacija''': [[morska iguana]] je endemska vrsta Galapagoskih ostrva, ali se razvila od kopnenog pretka kopnene iguane. Zbog geografske izolacije, protok gena između dvije vrste bio je ograničen, a različita okruženja uzrokovala su evoluciju morske iguane kako bi se prilagodila ostrvskom okruženju. Naprimjer, oni su jedina iguana koja je razvila sposobnost plivanja. * '''Ljudske populacije''': U Evropi se ''[[Homo sapien]]s'' križao sa [[neandertalci]]ma, što je rezultiralo genskim tokom između ovih populacija.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PL, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S | display-authors = 6 | title = The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481 | pages = 43–9 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24352235 | doi = 10.1038/nature12886 | url= | pmc = 4031459 | bibcode = 2014Natur.505...43P }}</ref> Ovaj genski tok rezultirao je neandertalskim alelima u modernoj evropskoj populaciji.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jagoda E, Lawson DJ, Wall JD, Lambert D, Muller C, Westaway M, Leavesley M, Capellini TD, Mirazón Lahr M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, Migliano AB, Willerslev E, Metspalu M, Pagani L | display-authors = 6 | title = Disentangling Immediate Adaptive Introgression from Selection on Standing Introgressed Variation in Humans | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–630 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29220488 | pmc = 5850494 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx314 }}</ref> Postoje dvije teorije o [[evolucija čovjeka|ljudskoj evoluciji]] širom svijeta. Prva je poznata kao multiregionalni model u kojem se moderna ljudska varijacija vidi kao proizvod radijacije ''[[Homo erectus]]'' iz Afrike, nakon čega je lokalna diferencijacija dovela do uspostavljanja regionalne populacije kakvu vidimo danas.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tobias PV, Strong V, White W |title=Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January-4th February 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=A.R. Liss |isbn=978-0-8451-4202-8 }}</ref><ref name=pmid3125610>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringer CB, Andrews P | title = Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans | journal = Science | volume = 239 | issue = 4845 | pages = 1263–8 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 3125610 | doi = 10.1126/science.3125610 | bibcode = 1988Sci...239.1263S | jstor = 1700885 }}</ref> Genski tok ima važnu ulogu u održavanju stepena sličnosti i sprečavanju specijacije. Nasuprot tome, teorija jedinstvenog porijekla pretpostavlja da je postojala zajednička populacija predaka ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' koja je porijeklom iz Afrike već pokazivala anatomske karakteristike koje danas vidimo. Ova teorija minimizira količinu paralelne evolucije koja je potrebna.<ref name=pmid3125610/> * '''Leptiri''': Poređenja između [[simpatrijska evolucija|simpatrijskih]] i alopatrijskih populacija ''[[Heliconius melpomene]]'', ''H. cydno'' i ''H. timareta'' otkrila su trend povećane zajedničke varijacije u simpatriji na nivou cijelog [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na sveprisutni međuvrstni protok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies | journal = Genome Research | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 1817–28 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24045163 | pmc = 3814882 | doi = 10.1101/gr.159426.113 }}</ref>&nbsp; * '''Genski tok posredovan čovjekom''': Genetičko upravljanje ugroženim vrstama u zatočeništvu jedini je način na koji ljudi pokušavaju izazvati genski tok u ''[[ex situ]]'' situaciji. Jedan primjer je [[divovska panda]] koja je dio međunarodnog programa uzgoja u kojem se genetički materijal dijeli između zooloških organizacija kako bi se povećala genetička raznolikost u malim populacijama. Kao rezultat niskog reproduktivnog uspjeha, razvijena je vještačka [[oplodnja]] svježom/smrznutom-odmrznutom spermom koja je povećala stopu preživljavanja mladunaca. Studija iz 2014. godine otkrila je da su u centrima za uzgoj procijenjeni visoki nivoi genetičke raznolikosti i niski nivoi [[inbriding]]a.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan L, Hu Y, Zhu L, Yan L, Wang C, Li D, Jin X, Zhang C, Wei F | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–71 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25015646 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu210 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Biljke''': Utvrđeno je da dvije populacije [[Erythranthe|majmunkog cvijeća]] koriste različite oprašivače (pčele i kolibriće) koji su ograničili genski tok, što je rezultiralo genetičkom izolacijom, te na kraju proizvelo dvije različite vrste, ''[[Mimulus lewisii]]'' i ''[[Mimulus cardinalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schemske DW, Bradshaw HD | title = Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus) | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 21 | pages = 11910–5 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10518550 | pmc = 18386 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611910S | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Sika jelen''': Sika jelen je uvezen u Zapadnu Evropu i lahko se razmnožava s domaćim crvenim jelenom. Ovo preseljenje sika jelena dovelo je do introgresije i više nema "čistih" crvenih jelena u regiji, a svi se mogu klasificirati kao hibridi.<ref>Storfer, Andrew. "Gene Flow and Endangered Species Translocations: a Topic Revisited." ''Elsevier'', Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, May 1998.</ref> * '''Bijela prepelica''': Bijele prepelice su preseljene iz južnog dijela Sjedinjenih Država u [[Ontario]], kako bi se povećao broj populacije i divljači za lov. Hibridi koji su nastali ovim preseljenjem bili su manje prilagođeni od domaće populacije i nisu bili prilagođeni za preživljavanje sjevernih zima.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Storfer |first1=Andrew |title=Gene flow and endangered species translocations: a topic revisited |journal=Biological Conservation |date=February 1999 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00066-4 |bibcode=1999BCons..87..173S }}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Biološko širenje]] * [[Genetička erozija]] * [[Genetsička primjesa]] ==Reference== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Gene flow}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181449/http://www.coextra.eu/research_themes/topics188.html Co-Extra research on gene flow mitigation] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926114337/http://www.transcontainer.org/UK/ Transcontainer research on biocontainment]}} * [http://www.inra.fr/sigmea SIGMEA research on the biosafety of GMOs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040403/http://www.inra.fr/sigmea |date=2011-10-07 }} {{genetika}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gene Flow}} [[Kategorija:Populacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Evolucija]] 5rz28ndyfrvv1u46nljhi8a4o6wxhl7 3839648 3839646 2026-05-05T10:42:30Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 /* Genetičko zagađenje */ 3839648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{evolucija}} [[Slika:Gene flow final.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5| Protok gena je prijenos alela iz jedne populacije u drugu putem imigracije jedinki.]] U [[populacijska genetika|populacijskoj genetici]], '''genski tok ''' (također poznat kao '''genska migracija''' i '''tok alela''') je prijenos genetičkog materijala iz jedne populacije u drugu. Ako je brzina protoka gena dovoljno visoka, tada će dvije populacije imati ekvivalentne frekvencije alela i stoga se mogu smatrati jednom efektivnom populacijom. Pokazalo se da je potreban samo "jedan migrant po generaciji" da bi se spriječilo [[divergentna evolucija|divergencija]] [[populacija]] zbog [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-XB8hqZ4s8C&q=conservation+genetics&pg=PR13|title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|last2=Briscoe|first2=David A.|last3=Ballou|first3=Jonathan D. | name-list-style = vanc |date=2002-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63985-9|language=en}}</ref> Populacije se mogu razdvojiti zbog [[Prirodno odabiranje|selekcije]] čak i kada razmjenjuju [[alel]]e, ako je [[selekcijski pritisak]] dovoljno jak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankowski S | title = Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 2726–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23506623 | doi = 10.1111/mec.12287 | bibcode = 2013MolEc..22.2726S | s2cid = 39592922 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.12287 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gemmell MR, Trewick SA, Crampton JS, Vaux F, Hills SF, Daly EE, Marshall BA, Beu AG, Morgan-Richards M |date=2018-11-26|title=Genetic structure and shell shape variation within a rocky shore whelk suggest both diverging and constraining selection with gene flow |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=125|issue=4|pages=827–843|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly142|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genski tok je važan mehanizam za prenos [[genetička raznolikost|genetičke raznolikosti]] među populacijama. Migranti mijenjaju distribuciju genetičke raznolikosti među populacijama modificiranjem [[frekvencija alela]] (udio članova koji nose određenu varijantu gena). Visoke stope genskog toka mogu smanjiti genetičku diferencijaciju između dvije grupe, povećavajući homogenost.<ref name=":1"/> Smatra se da genski tok ograničava [[specijacija|specijaciju]] i sprječava širenje područja rasprostranjenosti kombiniranjem [[genski fond|genskih fondova]] grupa, čime se sprječava razvoj razlika u genetičkim varijacijama koje bi dovele do diferencijacije i [[adaptacija]] iz ovog razloga. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bolnick DI, Nosil P | title = Natural selection in populations subject to a migration load | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 2229–43 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17767592 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00179.x | s2cid = 25685919 | doi-access = }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, širenje koje rezultira genskim tokom može također rezultirati dodavanjem novih genetičkih varijanti pod pozitivnom selekcijom u [[genski fond]] vrste ili populacije (adaptivna introgresija).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Song Y, Endepols S, Klemann N, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Shih CH, Nachman MW, Kohn MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive introgression of anticoagulant rodent poison resistance by hybridization between old world mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 15 | pages = 1296–301 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21782438 | pmc = 3152605 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.043 | bibcode = 2011CBio...21.1296S }}</ref><ref name="Hornikova2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Horníková | first1 = M. | last2 = Lanier | first2 = H. C. | last3 = Marková | first3 = S. | last4 = Escalante | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Searle | first5 = J. B. | last6 = Kotlík | first6 = P. | year = 2024 | title = Genetic admixture drives climate adaptation in the bank vole | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-024-06425-9}}</ref>) Postoji niz faktora koji utiču na brzinu genskog toka između različitih [[populacija]]. Očekuje se da će protok gena biti niži kod [[vrsta]] koje imaju nisku disperziju ili mobilnost, koje se javljaju u fragmentiranim staništima, gdje postoje velike udaljenosti između populacija i kada su populacije male veličine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hastings A, Harrison S |title=Metapopulation Dynamics and Genetics |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1994 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001123 |bibcode=1994AnRES..25..167H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=January 1997 |volume=351 |issue=1345 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1996.0112 }}</ref> Mobilnost ima važnu ulogu u brzini širenja, jer visoko pokretne jedinke imaju tendenciju da imaju veće izglede za kretanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Charles |last2=Parra |first2=Jorge E |last3=Coals |first3=Lucy |last4=Beltrán |first4=Marcela |last5=Zefania |first5=Sama |last6=Székely |first6=Tamás |date=2018 |title=Social interactions predict genetic diversification: an experimental manipulation in shorebirds |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/29/3/609/4858583 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=609–618 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary012 |issn=1045-2249 |pmc=5946871 |pmid=29769794}}</ref> Iako se smatra da su [[životinje]] pokretljivije od [[biljke|biljaka]], [[polen]] i [[sjeme]]nke mogu se prenositi na velike udaljenosti životinjama, vodom ili vjetrom. Kada je genski tok ometan, može doći do povećanja [[inbriding]]a, mjerenog [[koeficijent inbridinga| koeficijentom inbridinga (F)]] unutar populacije. Naprimjer, mnoge otočne populacije imaju niske stope protoka gena, zbog geografske izolacije i male veličine populacije. Crnonogi kameni valabi ima nekoliko inbriding populacija koje žive na raznim otocima uz obalu Australije. Populacija je toliko snažno izolirana da je nedostatak genskog toka doveo do visokih stopa inbridinga.<ref name="EldridgeKing1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eldridge MD, King JM, Loupis AK, Spencer PB, Taylor AC, Pope LC, Hall GP |title=Unprecedented Low Levels of Genetic Variation and Inbreeding Depression in an Island Population of the Black-Footed Rock-Wallaby |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 1999 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98115.x |bibcode=1999ConBi..13..531E |s2cid=85948161 }}</ref> == Mjerenje genskog toka == Nivo protoka gena među populacijama može se procijeniti posmatranjem širenja jedinki i bilježenjem njihovog reproduktivnog uspjeha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Slatkin|first=Montgomery|date=1987|title=Gene Flow and the Geographic Structure of Natural Populations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1699930|journal=Science|volume=236|issue=4803|pages=787–792|doi=10.1126/science.3576198|jstor=1699930|pmid=3576198|bibcode=1987Sci...236..787S |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams JR, Vucetich LM, Hedrick PW, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA | title = Genomic sweep and potential genetic rescue during limiting environmental conditions in an isolated wolf population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1723 | pages = 3336–44 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21450731 | pmc = 3177630 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.0261 }}</ref> Ova direktna metoda je pogodna samo za neke vrste organizama; češće se koriste indirektne metode koje zaključuju o toku gena poređenjem frekvencija alela među [[uzorak|uzorcima]] populacije.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Što su dvije populacije genetički diferenciranije, to je niža procjena genskog toka, jer protok gena ima homogenizirajući učinak. Izolacija populacija dovodi do divergencije zbog [[genetički drift|drifta]], dok migracija smanjuje divergenciju. Genski tok može se mjeriti korištenjem [[efektivna veličina populacije|efektivne veličine populacije]] (<math>N_e</math>) i neto stope migracije po [[generacija|generaciji]] (m). Koristeći aproksimaciju zasnovanu na Island modelu, učinak migracije može se izračunati za populaciju u smislu stepena genetičke diferencijacije (<math>F_{ST}</math>).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neigel |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Parameters From Genetic Data |pages=329–346 |chapter-url={{Google books|QI8sdCHszY0C|pages=329|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Thomas B. |editor2-last=Wayne |editor2-first=Robert K. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular Genetic Approaches in Conservation |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534466-0 }}</ref> Ova formula objašnjava proporciju ukupne varijacije [[molekularni marker|molekularnih markera]] među populacijama, [[prosjek|usrednjene]] po [[lokus (genetika)|lokusima]].<ref>Rogers, D. L., & Montalvo, A. M. (2004). Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity. University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO.&nbsp;''www. f s I ed. u s/ r'',&nbsp;''2''.</ref> Kada postoji jedan migrant po generaciji, <math>F_{ST}</math> je jednako 0,2. Međutim, kada postoji manje od jednog migranta po generaciji (nema migracije), [[koeficijent inbridinga]] brzo raste, što rezultira fiksacijom i potpunom divergencijom.(<math>F_{ST}</math> = 1). Najčešći <math>F_{ST} je < 0,25. To znači da postoji određena migracija. Mjere strukture populacije kreću se od 0 do 1. Kada se genski tok dogodi putem migracije, štetni efekti [[inbriding]]a mogu se ublažiti.<ref name=":0" /><math>F_{ST}</math> = 1/(4N_em +1)</math> Formula se može modificirati da bi se izračunala brzina migracije kada je <math>F_{ST}</math> poznat: :<math>Nm= ((1/F_{ST})-1)/4 = \tfrac{1 - F_{ST}}{4 * F_{ST}}</math>, Nm = broj migranata.<ref name=":0" /> == Prepreke genskom toku== === Alopatrijska specijacija === [[Datoteka:Speciation modes edit.svg|thumb| Primjeri specijacije koja utiče na genski tok]] Kada je genski tok blokiran fizičkim barijerama, rezultat je [[alopatrijska specijacija]] ili geografska izolacija, koja ne dozvoljava populacijama iste vrste da razmjenjuju genetički materijal. Fizičke barijere protoku gena su obično prirodne. Primjeri uključuju neprohodne planinske lance, okeane ili prostrane pustinje. Međutim, u nekim slučajevima, one mogu biti napravljene ljudskim djelovanjem, poput [[Kineski zid|Kineskog zida]], koji je ometao protok gena autohtonih biljnih populacija.<ref name="pmid12634804"/> Jedna od ovih autohtonih biljaka, ''[[Ulmus pumila]]'', pokazala je nižu prevalenciju genetičke diferencijacije od biljaka ''Vitex negundo'', ''Ziziphus jujuba'', ''Heteropappus hispidus'' i ''Prunus armeniaca'' čije se [[stanište]] nalazi na suprotnoj strani Kineskog zida gdje raste ''Ulmus pumila''.<ref name="pmid12634804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su H, Qu LJ, He K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Chen Z, Gu H | title = The Great Wall of China: a physical barrier to gene flow? | journal = Heredity | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–9 |date=March 2003 | pmid = 12634804 | doi = 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800237| bibcode = 2003Hered..90..212S | s2cid = 13367320 }}</ref> === Simpatrička specijacija === Barijere genskom toku ne moraju uvijek biti fizičke. [[Simpatrička specijacija]] se događa kada se nove vrste od istih predačkih vrsta pojave duž istog područja. To je često rezultat reproduktivne barijere. Naprimjer, utvrđeno je da dvije vrste palmi ''Howea'' pronađene na ostrvu Lord Howe imaju znatno različita vremena cvjetanja povezana s preferencijama tla, što rezultira reproduktivnom barijerom koja inhibira tok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Savolainen V, Anstett MC, Lexer C, Hutton I, Clarkson JJ, Norup MV, Powell MP, Springate D, Salamin N, Baker WJ |author1-link=Vincent Savolainen| display-authors = 6 | title = Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7090 | pages = 210–3 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16467788 | doi = 10.1038/nature04566 | s2cid = 867216 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..210S }}</ref> Vrste mogu živjeti u istom okruženju, ali ipak pokazivati vrlo ograničen genski tok zbog reproduktivnih barijera, fragmentacije, specijaliziranih oprašivača ili ograničene hibridizacije ili hibridizacije koja daje nepodobne hibride. Kriptična [[vrsta]] je ona koju ljudi ne mogu razlikovati bez upotrebe genetike. Štaviše, genski tok između hibridnih i divljih populacija može rezultirati gubitkom genetičke raznolikosti putem [[genetičko zagađenje|genetičkog zagađenja]], [[asortativno parenje| asortativnog parenja]] i [[autbriding]]a. U ljudskim populacijama, genetička diferencijacija može također biti rezultat [[endogamija|endogamije]], zbog razlika u kasti, etničkoj pripadnosti, običajima i religiji. == Genski tok potpomognut čovjekom == === Genetičko spašavanje === Genski tok se također može koristiti za pomoć vrstama kojima prijeti [[izumiranje]]. Kada vrsta postoji u malim populacijama, postoji povećan rizik od inbridinga i veća podložnost gubitku raznolikosti zbog drifta. Ove populacije mogu imati velike koristi od uvođenja nesrodnih jedinki<ref name=":2"/> koje mogu povećati raznolikost<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasselgren M, Angerbjörn A, Eide NE, Erlandsson R, Flagstad Ø, Landa A, Wallén J, Norén K | display-authors = 6 | title = Vulpes lagopus) population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1875 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29593110 | pmc = 5897638 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2814 }}</ref> i smanjiti veličinu uticaja [[inbriding]]a, te potencijalno povećati veličinu populacije.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hedrick PW, Fredrickson R |date=2010|title=Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthers |journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=615–626|doi=10.1007/s10592-009-9999-5|bibcode=2010ConG...11..615H |s2cid=23194498|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> Ovo je demonstrirano u laboratoriji s dva soja ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' s uskim grlom, kod kojih su križanja između dvije populacije poništila efekte inbridinga i dovela do većih šansi za preživljavanje ne samo u jednoj generaciji već u dvije.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heber S, Briskie JV, Apiolaza LA | title = A test of the 'genetic rescue' technique using bottlenecked donor populations of Drosophila melanogaster | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | date = 13 August 2012 | pmid = 22912802 | pmc = 3418252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043113 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743113H | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Potpomognuti genski tok === Slično genetičkom spašavanju, [[potpomognuti genski tok]] je strategija upravljanja koja se može koristiti za očuvanje ugroženih vrsta, simuliranjem prirodnih procesa protoka gena. Premještanjem jedinki ili [[gamet]]a između populacija unutar postojećeg [[areal|područja rasprostranjenosti]] vrste, potpomognuti protok gena može pomoći u ublažavanju efekata klimatskih promjena olakšavanjem prilagođavanja projektovanim lokalnim [[klima]]tskim uslovima. Potpomognuti genski tok može uvesti [[genotip]]ove koji su prethodno prilagođeni željenim klimatskim uslovima ili povećati učestalost postojećih genotipova prilagođenih klimi, povećavajući ukupnu genetičku sposobnost populacija koje se suočavaju s brzim klimatskim promjenama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Sally N. |last2=Whitlock |first2=Michael C. |date=2013 |title=Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=367–388 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |issn=1543-592X}}</ref> Iako se strategija može koristiti za spašavanje vrsta koje se suočavaju s problemima smanjenja populacije, njena primjena je relevantna za bilo koju vrstu čije će [[stanište]] pretrpjeti značajne promjene u okolišu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grummer |first=Jared A. |last2=Booker |first2=Tom R. |last3=Matthey‐Doret |first3=Remi |last4=Nietlisbach |first4=Pirmin |last5=Thomaz |first5=Andréa T. |last6=Whitlock |first6=Michael C. |date=2022 |title=The immediate costs and long‐term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13911 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13911 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> ===Genetičko zagađenje=== {{Glavni|Genetičko zagađenje}} Ljudske aktivnosti poput kretanja vrsta i modifikacije krajolika mogu rezultirati genetičim zagađenjem, hibridizacijom, introgresijom i genetičkim preplavljivanjem. Ovi procesi mogu dovesti do homogenizacije ili zamjene lokalnih [[genotip]]ova kao rezultat numeričke i/ili prednosti unesene biljke ili životinje u pogledu sposobnosti prilagođavanja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest |vauthors=Aubry C, Shoal R, Erickson V |publisher=USDA Forest Service; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology |year=2005 |location=Corvallis, OR |pages=26–27 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530092809/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref> Alohtone vrste mogu ugroziti autohtone [[biljke]] i [[životinje]] [[izumiranje]]m, hibridizacijom i introgresijom, bilo namjernim uvođenjem od strane ljudi ili modifikacijom staništa, dovodeći prethodno izolirane vrste u kontakt. Ove pojave mogu biti posebno štetne za rijetke vrste koje dolaze u kontakt s obilnijim, što se može dogoditi između otočnih i kopnenih vrsta. Križanje između vrsta može uzrokovati 'preplavljivanje' [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] rjeđih vrsta, stvarajući hibride koji zamjenjuju autohtone vrste. Ovo je direktan rezultat evolucijskih sila poput [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao i [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]], koji dovode do sve veće prevalencije povoljnih osobina i homogenizacije. Obim ove pojave nije uvijek očigledan samo iz [[morfologija|vanjskog izgleda]]. Dok se određeni stepen protoka gena javlja tokom normalne evolucije, [[hibridizacija]] sa ili bez introgresije može ugroziti opstanak rijetke vrste.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rhymer JM, Simberloff D |year=1996|title=Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=83–109|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83|jstor=2097230|bibcode=1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Potts BM, Barbour RC, Hingston AB |date=September 2001|title=Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program|url=http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|publisher=Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation|isbn=978-0-642-58336-9|issn=1440-6845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102175403/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|archive-date=2004-01-02|work=RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF - 3A}}</ref> Na primjer, divlja patka ''[[Mallard]]'' je brojna vrsta patke koja se lahko križa sa širokim spektrom drugih pataka i predstavlja prijetnju integritetu nekih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulgarella M, Quenu M, Shepherd LD, Morgan-Richards M | title = The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck) | journal = International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–342 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30258780 | pmc = 6154467 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005 | bibcode = 2018IJPPW...7..335B | url = }}</ref> ===Urbanizacija=== Postoje dva glavna modela o tome kako [[urbanizacija]] utiče na genski tok urbanih populacija. Prvi je kroz [[fragmentacija staništa| fragmentaciju staništa]], također nazvanu urbana fragmentacija, u kojoj promjene u pejzažu koje narušavaju ili fragmentiraju stanište smanjuju genetilčku raznolikost. Drugi se naziva model urbane facilitacije i sugerira da je u nekim populacijama genski tok omogućen antropogenim promjenama u krajoliku. Urbana facilitacija protoka gena povezuje populacije, smanjuje izolaciju i povećava genski tok u područje koje inače ne bi imalo ovaj specifični sastav [[genom]]a.<ref name = "test">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Rivkin LR, Johnson MT, Munshi-South J, Verrelli BC | title = Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 28 | issue = 18 | pages = 4138–4151 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31482608 | doi = 10.1111/mec.15221 | s2cid = 201831767 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2019MolEc..28.4138M }}</ref> Urbano olakšavanje može se dogoditi na mnogo različitih načina, ali većina mehanizama uključuje dovođenje prethodno razdvojenih vrsta u kontakt, direktno ili indirektno. Promjena staništa urbanizacijom uzrokovat će fragmentaciju staništa, ali bi također mogla potencijalno poremetiti barijere i stvoriti put ili koridor, koji može povezati dvije ranije razdvojene vrste. Učinkovitost ovoga ovisi o sposobnosti širenja pojedinačnih vrsta i njihovoj prilagodljivosti različitim okruženjima kako bi koristile antropogene strukture za putovanje. [[Klimatske promjene]] uzrokovane ljudskim djelovanjem su još jedan mehanizam kojim životinje koje žive na jugu mogu biti prisiljene seliti se na sjever, prema nižim temperaturama, gdje bi mogle doći u kontakt s drugim [[populacija]]ma koje ranije nisu bile u njihovom [[areal|području rasprostranjenosti]]. Direktnije, poznato je da ljudi uvode strane vrste u nova okruženja, što bi moglo dovesti do hibridizacije sličnih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crispo E, Moore JS, Lee-Yaw JA, Gray SM, Haller BC | title = Broken barriers: human-induced changes to gene flow and introgression in animals: an examination of the ways in which humans increase genetic exchange among populations and species and the consequences for biodiversity | journal = BioEssays | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 508–18 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21523794 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201000154 | s2cid = 205470356 }}</ref> Ovaj model urbane facilitacije testiran je na štetočini ljudskog zdravlja, zapadnom crnom udovičkom pauku (''Latrodectus hesperus''). Studija koju su proveli Miles i saradnici prikupila je podatke o varijacijama cijelog genoma [[SNP|jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] u urbanim i ruralnim populacijama pauka i pronašla dokaze o povećanom genskom toku kod urbanih zapadnih [[crna udovica (pauk)|crnohudovičkih pauka]] u poređenju sa ruralnim populacijama. Osim toga, genom ovih pauka bio je sličniji u ruralnim, nego u urbanim populacijama, što ukazuje na povećanu raznolikost, a samim tim i adaptaciju, u urbanim populacijama zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka. [[Fenotip]]ski, urbani pauci su veći, tamniji i agresivniji, što bi moglo dovesti do povećanog preživljavanja u urbanim okruženjima. Ovi nalazi pokazuju podršku urbanoj facilitaciji, jer se ovi pauci zapravo mogu brže širiti i diverzificirati u urbanim okruženjima nego što bi to učinili u ruralnom. Međutim, to je također primjer kako urbana facilitacija, uprkos povećanju genskog toka, nije nužno korisna za okoliš, jer zapadni crni hudovički pauci imaju vrlo toksičan [[otrov]] i stoga predstavljaju rizik za ljudsko zdravlje.<ref name = "hi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Johnson JC, Dyer RJ, Verrelli BC | title = Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 27 | issue = 16 | pages = 3219–3230 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29972610 | doi = 10.1111/mec.14783 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018MolEc..27.3219M }}</ref> Još jedan primjer urbane facilitacije je migracija [[ris]]a (''[[Lynx rufus]]'') na sjeveru SAD-a i jugu Kanade. Studija koju su proveli Marrote i saradnici sekvencirala je četrnaest različitih [[mikrosatelit]]skih lokusa kod risova u regiji [[Velika jezera|Velikih jezera]] i otkrila da [[geografska dužina]] utiče na interakciju između antropogenih promjena pejzaža i genskog toka populacije risa. Dok rastuće globalne temperature guraju populacije risa na sjevernu teritoriju, povećana ljudska aktivnost također omogućava migraciju risa prema sjeveru. Povećana ljudska aktivnost donosi povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja, ali i povećava održavanje puteva, ralica i sabijanje snijega, nenamjerno čisteći put za kretanje risova. Antropogeni uticaj na migracijske puteve risa primjer je urbane facilitacije otvaranjem koridora za genski tok. Međutim, u južnom području rasprostranjenosti risa, povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja povezano je sa smanjenjem šumskog pokrivača, što ometa protok gena populacije risa kroz ova područja. Pomalo ironično, kretanje risova prema sjeveru uzrokovano je globalnim zagrijavanjem, zbog ljudskog djelovanja, ali je također omogućeno povećanom antropogenom aktivnošću u sjevernim područjima koja ova staništa čine pogodnijim za risove.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marrotte RR, Bowman J, Wilson PJ | title = Climate connectivity of the bobcat in the Great Lakes region | journal = Ecology and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 2131–2144 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32128144 | pmc = 7042766 | doi = 10.1002/ece3.6049 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020EcoEv..10.2131M }}</ref> Posljedice urbane facilitacije variraju od vrste do vrste. Pozitivni efekti urbane facilitacije mogu se javiti kada povećani genski tok omogućava bolju adaptaciju i uvodi korisne [[alel]]e, te bi idealno povećao [[bioraznolikost]]. To ima implikacije za konzervaciju: naprimjer, urbana facilitacija koristi ugroženoj vrsti tarantule i mogla bi pomoći u povećanju populacije. Negativni efekti bi se javili kada je povećani protok gena maladaptivan i uzrokuje gubitak korisnih alela. U najgorem slučaju, to bi dovelo do [[genom]]skog [[izumiranje|izumiranja]] kroz [[hibridni roj]]. Također je važno napomenuti da u shemi ukupnog zdravlja ekosistema i biodiverziteta, urbana facilitacija nije nužno korisna i općenito se odnosi na urbane adaptivne štetočine.<ref name="hi"/> Ovakvi primjeri uključuju prethodno spomenutog zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka, a također i [[krastača|krastaču]], koja je mogla koristiti načine za putovanje i prenaseliti [[Australija| Australiju]].<ref name="test"/> == Genski tok između vrsta == === Horizontalni transfer gena === {{Glavni|Horizontalni transfer gena}} [[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) odnosi se na transfer gena između organizama na način koji nije tradicionalna reprodukcija, bilo putem [[Transformacija (genetika)|transformacija]] (direktno preuzimanje genetičkog materijala od strane ćelije iz njene okoline), [[bakterijska konjugacija|konjugacija]] (transdukcija [[plazmid|genetičkog materijala]] između dvije bakterijske ćelije u direktnom kontaktu), [[transdukcija (genetika)|transdukcijom]] (ubrizgavanje strane [[DNK]] od strane [[bakteriofagnog]]nog virusa u ćeliju domaćina) ili [[Agens za transfer gena|GTA-posredovana transdukcija]] (transfer pomoću virusu sličnog elementa koji proizvodi bakterija).<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP | title = Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–96 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24509783 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | s2cid = 23559881 }}</ref><ref name="Langeetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang AS, Zhaxybayeva O, Beatty JT | title = Gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 472–82 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683880 | pmc = 3626599 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2802 }}</ref> [[Virusi]] mogu prenositi gene između [[vrsta]].<ref>[https://non.fiction.org/lj/community/ref_courses/3484/enmicro.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dead link]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] mogu inkorporirati gene iz mrtvih bakterija, razmjenjivati gene sa živim bakterijama i razmjenjivati [[plazmid]]e preko granica vrsta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218071130/http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18 }}</ref> "Poređenja sekvenci ukazuju na nedavni horizontalni transfer mnogih [[gen]]a među različitim vrstama, uključujući i preko granica [[filogenetika|filogenetičkih]] 'domena'. Stoga se filogenetička historija vrste ne može konačno utvrditi određivanjem evolucijskih stabala za pojedinačne gene." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016110855/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |archive-date=2005-10-16 }}</ref> Biolog Gogarten smatra da "originalna metafora drveta više ne odgovara podacima iz nedavnih istraživanja genoma". Biolozi bi umjesto toga trebali koristiti metaforu mozaika kako bi opisali različite historije kombinovane u pojedinačnim genomima i koristiti metaforu isprepletene mreže kako bi vizualizirali bogatu razmjenu i kooperativne efekte [[horizontalni transfer gena| horizontalnog transfera gena]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (from Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-date=2012-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 }}</ref> "Korištenjem pojedinačnih [[gen]]a kao [[genetički marker|filogenetskih markera]], teško je pratiti organizačnu [[filogenija|filogenezu]] u prisustvu HGT-a. Kombinacija jednostavnog [[koalescencija (genetika)|koalescencije]] modela [[kladogeneza|kladogeneze]] s rijetkim HGT događajima sugerira da nije postojao jedan [[posljednji zajednički predak]] koji je sadržavao sve gene predačke onih koji su zajednički trima domenima [[život]]a. Svaka savremena [[molekula]] ima svoju historiju i vodi poreklo od pojedinačne molekule [[predak|pretka]]. Međutim, ovi molekularni preci su vjerovatno bili prisutni u različitim organizmima u različito vrijeme."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (From Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |archive-date=2012-07-21 }}</ref> === Hibridizacija === U nekim slučajevima, kada vrsta ima [[sestrinska vrsta|sestrinsku vrstu]] i mogućnosti razmnožavanja su moguće zbog uklanjanja prethodnih barijera ili uvođenjem usljed ljudske intervencije, vrste mogu hibridizirati i razmjenjivati gene i odgovarajuće osobine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallet|first=James|date=2005|title=Hybridization as an invasion of the genome|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=20|issue=5|pages=229–237|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010|pmid=16701374|bibcode=2005TEcoE..20..229M }}</ref> Ova razmjena nije uvijek jasna, jer ponekad hibridi [[Fenotip|fenotipski]] mogu izgledati identično originalnoj vrsti, ali nakon testiranja [[mtDNK]] očigledno je da je došlo do hibridizacije. Diferencijalna hibridizacija se također javlja jer se neke osobine i DNK lakše razmjenjuju od drugih, a to je rezultat [[selekcijski pritisak|selekcijskog pritiska]] ili njegovog odsustva koji omogućava lakšu transakciju. U slučajevima kada [[unesena vrsta]] počne zamjenjivati domaću vrstu, domaća vrsta postaje ugrožena i biodiverzitet se smanjuje, što ovaj fenomen čini negativnim, a ne pozitivnim slučajem genskog toka koji povećava genetičku raznolikost.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Allendorf FW, Leary RF, Spruell P, Wenburg JK |date=2001-11-01|title=The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=16|issue=11|pages=613–622|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X }}</ref> Introgresija je zamjena [[alel]]a jedne vrste alelom vrste osvajača. Hibridi su ponekad manje "prilagođeni" od svoje roditeljske generacije,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steeves TE, Maloney RF, Hale ML, Tylianakis JM, Gemmell NJ | title = Genetic analyses reveal hybridization but no hybrid swarm in one of the world's rarest birds | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 19 | issue = 23 | pages = 5090–100 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21050294 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04895.x | bibcode = 2010MolEc..19.5090S }}</ref> i kao rezultat toga, to je pomno praćeno genetičko pitanje, budući da je krajnji cilj [[konzervacijska genetika|konzervacijske genetike]] održavanje genetičkog integriteta vrste i očuvanje biodiverziteta. == Primjeri == [[Datoteka:Marineiguana03.jpg|thumb|[[Morska iguana]] sa [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] evoluirala je putem [[alopatrijska specijacija|alopatrijske specijacije]], kroz ograničen genski tok i geografsku izolaciju. Iako genski tok može značajno poboljšati sposobnost populacije za život, on također može imati negativne posljedice ovisno o populaciji i okruženju u kojem obitavaju. Efekti protoka gena zavise od konteksta. * '''Fragmentirana populacija''': fragmentirani pejzaži poput [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] idealno su mjesto za pojavu [[adaptivna radijacija|adaptivne radijacije]], kao rezultat različite geografije. [[Darvinove zebe]] su vjerovatno dijelom iskusile alopatrijsku specijaciju zbog različite geografije, ali to ne objašnjava zašto vidimo toliko različitih vrsta zeba na istom ostrvu. To je zbog adaptivne radijacije ili evolucije različitih osobina u svjetlu konkurencije za resurse. Genski tok kreće se u smjeru resursa koji su obilni u datom periodu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Grant PR, Grant BR |s2cid=36303685|date=2002-04-26 |title=Unpredictable Evolution in a 30-Year Study of Darwin's Finches |journal=Science | volume=296 |issue=5568|pages=707–711 |doi=10.1126/science.1070315 |pmid=11976447|bibcode=2002Sci...296..707G}}</ref> * '''Ostrvska populacija''': [[morska iguana]] je endemska vrsta Galapagoskih ostrva, ali se razvila od kopnenog pretka kopnene iguane. Zbog geografske izolacije, protok gena između dvije vrste bio je ograničen, a različita okruženja uzrokovala su evoluciju morske iguane kako bi se prilagodila ostrvskom okruženju. Naprimjer, oni su jedina iguana koja je razvila sposobnost plivanja. * '''Ljudske populacije''': U Evropi se ''[[Homo sapien]]s'' križao sa [[neandertalci]]ma, što je rezultiralo genskim tokom između ovih populacija.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PL, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S | display-authors = 6 | title = The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481 | pages = 43–9 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24352235 | doi = 10.1038/nature12886 | url= | pmc = 4031459 | bibcode = 2014Natur.505...43P }}</ref> Ovaj genski tok rezultirao je neandertalskim alelima u modernoj evropskoj populaciji.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jagoda E, Lawson DJ, Wall JD, Lambert D, Muller C, Westaway M, Leavesley M, Capellini TD, Mirazón Lahr M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, Migliano AB, Willerslev E, Metspalu M, Pagani L | display-authors = 6 | title = Disentangling Immediate Adaptive Introgression from Selection on Standing Introgressed Variation in Humans | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–630 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29220488 | pmc = 5850494 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx314 }}</ref> Postoje dvije teorije o [[evolucija čovjeka|ljudskoj evoluciji]] širom svijeta. Prva je poznata kao multiregionalni model u kojem se moderna ljudska varijacija vidi kao proizvod radijacije ''[[Homo erectus]]'' iz Afrike, nakon čega je lokalna diferencijacija dovela do uspostavljanja regionalne populacije kakvu vidimo danas.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tobias PV, Strong V, White W |title=Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January-4th February 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=A.R. Liss |isbn=978-0-8451-4202-8 }}</ref><ref name=pmid3125610>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringer CB, Andrews P | title = Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans | journal = Science | volume = 239 | issue = 4845 | pages = 1263–8 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 3125610 | doi = 10.1126/science.3125610 | bibcode = 1988Sci...239.1263S | jstor = 1700885 }}</ref> Genski tok ima važnu ulogu u održavanju stepena sličnosti i sprečavanju specijacije. Nasuprot tome, teorija jedinstvenog porijekla pretpostavlja da je postojala zajednička populacija predaka ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' koja je porijeklom iz Afrike već pokazivala anatomske karakteristike koje danas vidimo. Ova teorija minimizira količinu paralelne evolucije koja je potrebna.<ref name=pmid3125610/> * '''Leptiri''': Poređenja između [[simpatrijska evolucija|simpatrijskih]] i alopatrijskih populacija ''[[Heliconius melpomene]]'', ''H. cydno'' i ''H. timareta'' otkrila su trend povećane zajedničke varijacije u simpatriji na nivou cijelog [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na sveprisutni međuvrstni protok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies | journal = Genome Research | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 1817–28 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24045163 | pmc = 3814882 | doi = 10.1101/gr.159426.113 }}</ref>&nbsp; * '''Genski tok posredovan čovjekom''': Genetičko upravljanje ugroženim vrstama u zatočeništvu jedini je način na koji ljudi pokušavaju izazvati genski tok u ''[[ex situ]]'' situaciji. Jedan primjer je [[divovska panda]] koja je dio međunarodnog programa uzgoja u kojem se genetički materijal dijeli između zooloških organizacija kako bi se povećala genetička raznolikost u malim populacijama. Kao rezultat niskog reproduktivnog uspjeha, razvijena je vještačka [[oplodnja]] svježom/smrznutom-odmrznutom spermom koja je povećala stopu preživljavanja mladunaca. Studija iz 2014. godine otkrila je da su u centrima za uzgoj procijenjeni visoki nivoi genetičke raznolikosti i niski nivoi [[inbriding]]a.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan L, Hu Y, Zhu L, Yan L, Wang C, Li D, Jin X, Zhang C, Wei F | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–71 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25015646 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu210 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Biljke''': Utvrđeno je da dvije populacije [[Erythranthe|majmunkog cvijeća]] koriste različite oprašivače (pčele i kolibriće) koji su ograničili genski tok, što je rezultiralo genetičkom izolacijom, te na kraju proizvelo dvije različite vrste, ''[[Mimulus lewisii]]'' i ''[[Mimulus cardinalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schemske DW, Bradshaw HD | title = Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus) | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 21 | pages = 11910–5 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10518550 | pmc = 18386 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611910S | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Sika jelen''': Sika jelen je uvezen u Zapadnu Evropu i lahko se razmnožava s domaćim crvenim jelenom. Ovo preseljenje sika jelena dovelo je do introgresije i više nema "čistih" crvenih jelena u regiji, a svi se mogu klasificirati kao hibridi.<ref>Storfer, Andrew. "Gene Flow and Endangered Species Translocations: a Topic Revisited." ''Elsevier'', Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, May 1998.</ref> * '''Bijela prepelica''': Bijele prepelice su preseljene iz južnog dijela Sjedinjenih Država u [[Ontario]], kako bi se povećao broj populacije i divljači za lov. Hibridi koji su nastali ovim preseljenjem bili su manje prilagođeni od domaće populacije i nisu bili prilagođeni za preživljavanje sjevernih zima.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Storfer |first1=Andrew |title=Gene flow and endangered species translocations: a topic revisited |journal=Biological Conservation |date=February 1999 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00066-4 |bibcode=1999BCons..87..173S }}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Biološko širenje]] * [[Genetička erozija]] * [[Genetsička primjesa]] ==Reference== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Gene flow}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181449/http://www.coextra.eu/research_themes/topics188.html Co-Extra research on gene flow mitigation] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926114337/http://www.transcontainer.org/UK/ Transcontainer research on biocontainment]}} * [http://www.inra.fr/sigmea SIGMEA research on the biosafety of GMOs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040403/http://www.inra.fr/sigmea |date=2011-10-07 }} {{genetika}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gene Flow}} [[Kategorija:Populacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Evolucija]] hdo3klas93x9vq6kyucnjjcftri273r 3839649 3839648 2026-05-05T10:45:19Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 /* Primjeri */ 3839649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{evolucija}} [[Slika:Gene flow final.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5| Protok gena je prijenos alela iz jedne populacije u drugu putem imigracije jedinki.]] U [[populacijska genetika|populacijskoj genetici]], '''genski tok ''' (također poznat kao '''genska migracija''' i '''tok alela''') je prijenos genetičkog materijala iz jedne populacije u drugu. Ako je brzina protoka gena dovoljno visoka, tada će dvije populacije imati ekvivalentne frekvencije alela i stoga se mogu smatrati jednom efektivnom populacijom. Pokazalo se da je potreban samo "jedan migrant po generaciji" da bi se spriječilo [[divergentna evolucija|divergencija]] [[populacija]] zbog [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-XB8hqZ4s8C&q=conservation+genetics&pg=PR13|title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics|last1=Frankham|first1=Richard|last2=Briscoe|first2=David A.|last3=Ballou|first3=Jonathan D. | name-list-style = vanc |date=2002-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63985-9|language=en}}</ref> Populacije se mogu razdvojiti zbog [[Prirodno odabiranje|selekcije]] čak i kada razmjenjuju [[alel]]e, ako je [[selekcijski pritisak]] dovoljno jak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankowski S | title = Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 2726–41 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23506623 | doi = 10.1111/mec.12287 | bibcode = 2013MolEc..22.2726S | s2cid = 39592922 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.12287 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gemmell MR, Trewick SA, Crampton JS, Vaux F, Hills SF, Daly EE, Marshall BA, Beu AG, Morgan-Richards M |date=2018-11-26|title=Genetic structure and shell shape variation within a rocky shore whelk suggest both diverging and constraining selection with gene flow |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=125|issue=4|pages=827–843|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/bly142|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genski tok je važan mehanizam za prenos [[genetička raznolikost|genetičke raznolikosti]] među populacijama. Migranti mijenjaju distribuciju genetičke raznolikosti među populacijama modificiranjem [[frekvencija alela]] (udio članova koji nose određenu varijantu gena). Visoke stope genskog toka mogu smanjiti genetičku diferencijaciju između dvije grupe, povećavajući homogenost.<ref name=":1"/> Smatra se da genski tok ograničava [[specijacija|specijaciju]] i sprječava širenje područja rasprostranjenosti kombiniranjem [[genski fond|genskih fondova]] grupa, čime se sprječava razvoj razlika u genetičkim varijacijama koje bi dovele do diferencijacije i [[adaptacija]] iz ovog razloga. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bolnick DI, Nosil P | title = Natural selection in populations subject to a migration load | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 2229–43 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17767592 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00179.x | s2cid = 25685919 | doi-access = }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, širenje koje rezultira genskim tokom može također rezultirati dodavanjem novih genetičkih varijanti pod pozitivnom selekcijom u [[genski fond]] vrste ili populacije (adaptivna introgresija).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Song Y, Endepols S, Klemann N, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Shih CH, Nachman MW, Kohn MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive introgression of anticoagulant rodent poison resistance by hybridization between old world mice | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 15 | pages = 1296–301 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21782438 | pmc = 3152605 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.043 | bibcode = 2011CBio...21.1296S }}</ref><ref name="Hornikova2024">{{Cite journal | last1 = Horníková | first1 = M. | last2 = Lanier | first2 = H. C. | last3 = Marková | first3 = S. | last4 = Escalante | first4 = M. A. | last5 = Searle | first5 = J. B. | last6 = Kotlík | first6 = P. | year = 2024 | title = Genetic admixture drives climate adaptation in the bank vole | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-024-06425-9}}</ref>) Postoji niz faktora koji utiču na brzinu genskog toka između različitih [[populacija]]. Očekuje se da će protok gena biti niži kod [[vrsta]] koje imaju nisku disperziju ili mobilnost, koje se javljaju u fragmentiranim staništima, gdje postoje velike udaljenosti između populacija i kada su populacije male veličine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hastings A, Harrison S |title=Metapopulation Dynamics and Genetics |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1994 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001123 |bibcode=1994AnRES..25..167H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=January 1997 |volume=351 |issue=1345 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1996.0112 }}</ref> Mobilnost ima važnu ulogu u brzini širenja, jer visoko pokretne jedinke imaju tendenciju da imaju veće izglede za kretanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Charles |last2=Parra |first2=Jorge E |last3=Coals |first3=Lucy |last4=Beltrán |first4=Marcela |last5=Zefania |first5=Sama |last6=Székely |first6=Tamás |date=2018 |title=Social interactions predict genetic diversification: an experimental manipulation in shorebirds |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/29/3/609/4858583 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=609–618 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary012 |issn=1045-2249 |pmc=5946871 |pmid=29769794}}</ref> Iako se smatra da su [[životinje]] pokretljivije od [[biljke|biljaka]], [[polen]] i [[sjeme]]nke mogu se prenositi na velike udaljenosti životinjama, vodom ili vjetrom. Kada je genski tok ometan, može doći do povećanja [[inbriding]]a, mjerenog [[koeficijent inbridinga| koeficijentom inbridinga (F)]] unutar populacije. Naprimjer, mnoge otočne populacije imaju niske stope protoka gena, zbog geografske izolacije i male veličine populacije. Crnonogi kameni valabi ima nekoliko inbriding populacija koje žive na raznim otocima uz obalu Australije. Populacija je toliko snažno izolirana da je nedostatak genskog toka doveo do visokih stopa inbridinga.<ref name="EldridgeKing1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eldridge MD, King JM, Loupis AK, Spencer PB, Taylor AC, Pope LC, Hall GP |title=Unprecedented Low Levels of Genetic Variation and Inbreeding Depression in an Island Population of the Black-Footed Rock-Wallaby |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 1999 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98115.x |bibcode=1999ConBi..13..531E |s2cid=85948161 }}</ref> == Mjerenje genskog toka == Nivo protoka gena među populacijama može se procijeniti posmatranjem širenja jedinki i bilježenjem njihovog reproduktivnog uspjeha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Slatkin|first=Montgomery|date=1987|title=Gene Flow and the Geographic Structure of Natural Populations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1699930|journal=Science|volume=236|issue=4803|pages=787–792|doi=10.1126/science.3576198|jstor=1699930|pmid=3576198|bibcode=1987Sci...236..787S |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams JR, Vucetich LM, Hedrick PW, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA | title = Genomic sweep and potential genetic rescue during limiting environmental conditions in an isolated wolf population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1723 | pages = 3336–44 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21450731 | pmc = 3177630 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.0261 }}</ref> Ova direktna metoda je pogodna samo za neke vrste organizama; češće se koriste indirektne metode koje zaključuju o toku gena poređenjem frekvencija alela među [[uzorak|uzorcima]] populacije.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Što su dvije populacije genetički diferenciranije, to je niža procjena genskog toka, jer protok gena ima homogenizirajući učinak. Izolacija populacija dovodi do divergencije zbog [[genetički drift|drifta]], dok migracija smanjuje divergenciju. Genski tok može se mjeriti korištenjem [[efektivna veličina populacije|efektivne veličine populacije]] (<math>N_e</math>) i neto stope migracije po [[generacija|generaciji]] (m). Koristeći aproksimaciju zasnovanu na Island modelu, učinak migracije može se izračunati za populaciju u smislu stepena genetičke diferencijacije (<math>F_{ST}</math>).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neigel |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Parameters From Genetic Data |pages=329–346 |chapter-url={{Google books|QI8sdCHszY0C|pages=329|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Thomas B. |editor2-last=Wayne |editor2-first=Robert K. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular Genetic Approaches in Conservation |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534466-0 }}</ref> Ova formula objašnjava proporciju ukupne varijacije [[molekularni marker|molekularnih markera]] među populacijama, [[prosjek|usrednjene]] po [[lokus (genetika)|lokusima]].<ref>Rogers, D. L., & Montalvo, A. M. (2004). Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity. University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO.&nbsp;''www. f s I ed. u s/ r'',&nbsp;''2''.</ref> Kada postoji jedan migrant po generaciji, <math>F_{ST}</math> je jednako 0,2. Međutim, kada postoji manje od jednog migranta po generaciji (nema migracije), [[koeficijent inbridinga]] brzo raste, što rezultira fiksacijom i potpunom divergencijom.(<math>F_{ST}</math> = 1). Najčešći <math>F_{ST} je < 0,25. To znači da postoji određena migracija. Mjere strukture populacije kreću se od 0 do 1. Kada se genski tok dogodi putem migracije, štetni efekti [[inbriding]]a mogu se ublažiti.<ref name=":0" /><math>F_{ST}</math> = 1/(4N_em +1)</math> Formula se može modificirati da bi se izračunala brzina migracije kada je <math>F_{ST}</math> poznat: :<math>Nm= ((1/F_{ST})-1)/4 = \tfrac{1 - F_{ST}}{4 * F_{ST}}</math>, Nm = broj migranata.<ref name=":0" /> == Prepreke genskom toku== === Alopatrijska specijacija === [[Datoteka:Speciation modes edit.svg|thumb| Primjeri specijacije koja utiče na genski tok]] Kada je genski tok blokiran fizičkim barijerama, rezultat je [[alopatrijska specijacija]] ili geografska izolacija, koja ne dozvoljava populacijama iste vrste da razmjenjuju genetički materijal. Fizičke barijere protoku gena su obično prirodne. Primjeri uključuju neprohodne planinske lance, okeane ili prostrane pustinje. Međutim, u nekim slučajevima, one mogu biti napravljene ljudskim djelovanjem, poput [[Kineski zid|Kineskog zida]], koji je ometao protok gena autohtonih biljnih populacija.<ref name="pmid12634804"/> Jedna od ovih autohtonih biljaka, ''[[Ulmus pumila]]'', pokazala je nižu prevalenciju genetičke diferencijacije od biljaka ''Vitex negundo'', ''Ziziphus jujuba'', ''Heteropappus hispidus'' i ''Prunus armeniaca'' čije se [[stanište]] nalazi na suprotnoj strani Kineskog zida gdje raste ''Ulmus pumila''.<ref name="pmid12634804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su H, Qu LJ, He K, Zhang Z, Wang J, Chen Z, Gu H | title = The Great Wall of China: a physical barrier to gene flow? | journal = Heredity | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–9 |date=March 2003 | pmid = 12634804 | doi = 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800237| bibcode = 2003Hered..90..212S | s2cid = 13367320 }}</ref> === Simpatrička specijacija === Barijere genskom toku ne moraju uvijek biti fizičke. [[Simpatrička specijacija]] se događa kada se nove vrste od istih predačkih vrsta pojave duž istog područja. To je često rezultat reproduktivne barijere. Naprimjer, utvrđeno je da dvije vrste palmi ''Howea'' pronađene na ostrvu Lord Howe imaju znatno različita vremena cvjetanja povezana s preferencijama tla, što rezultira reproduktivnom barijerom koja inhibira tok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Savolainen V, Anstett MC, Lexer C, Hutton I, Clarkson JJ, Norup MV, Powell MP, Springate D, Salamin N, Baker WJ |author1-link=Vincent Savolainen| display-authors = 6 | title = Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7090 | pages = 210–3 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16467788 | doi = 10.1038/nature04566 | s2cid = 867216 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..210S }}</ref> Vrste mogu živjeti u istom okruženju, ali ipak pokazivati vrlo ograničen genski tok zbog reproduktivnih barijera, fragmentacije, specijaliziranih oprašivača ili ograničene hibridizacije ili hibridizacije koja daje nepodobne hibride. Kriptična [[vrsta]] je ona koju ljudi ne mogu razlikovati bez upotrebe genetike. Štaviše, genski tok između hibridnih i divljih populacija može rezultirati gubitkom genetičke raznolikosti putem [[genetičko zagađenje|genetičkog zagađenja]], [[asortativno parenje| asortativnog parenja]] i [[autbriding]]a. U ljudskim populacijama, genetička diferencijacija može također biti rezultat [[endogamija|endogamije]], zbog razlika u kasti, etničkoj pripadnosti, običajima i religiji. == Genski tok potpomognut čovjekom == === Genetičko spašavanje === Genski tok se također može koristiti za pomoć vrstama kojima prijeti [[izumiranje]]. Kada vrsta postoji u malim populacijama, postoji povećan rizik od inbridinga i veća podložnost gubitku raznolikosti zbog drifta. Ove populacije mogu imati velike koristi od uvođenja nesrodnih jedinki<ref name=":2"/> koje mogu povećati raznolikost<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasselgren M, Angerbjörn A, Eide NE, Erlandsson R, Flagstad Ø, Landa A, Wallén J, Norén K | display-authors = 6 | title = Vulpes lagopus) population | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1875 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29593110 | pmc = 5897638 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2814 }}</ref> i smanjiti veličinu uticaja [[inbriding]]a, te potencijalno povećati veličinu populacije.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hedrick PW, Fredrickson R |date=2010|title=Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthers |journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=615–626|doi=10.1007/s10592-009-9999-5|bibcode=2010ConG...11..615H |s2cid=23194498|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> Ovo je demonstrirano u laboratoriji s dva soja ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' s uskim grlom, kod kojih su križanja između dvije populacije poništila efekte inbridinga i dovela do većih šansi za preživljavanje ne samo u jednoj generaciji već u dvije.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heber S, Briskie JV, Apiolaza LA | title = A test of the 'genetic rescue' technique using bottlenecked donor populations of Drosophila melanogaster | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | date = 13 August 2012 | pmid = 22912802 | pmc = 3418252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043113 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743113H | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Potpomognuti genski tok === Slično genetičkom spašavanju, [[potpomognuti genski tok]] je strategija upravljanja koja se može koristiti za očuvanje ugroženih vrsta, simuliranjem prirodnih procesa protoka gena. Premještanjem jedinki ili [[gamet]]a između populacija unutar postojećeg [[areal|područja rasprostranjenosti]] vrste, potpomognuti protok gena može pomoći u ublažavanju efekata klimatskih promjena olakšavanjem prilagođavanja projektovanim lokalnim [[klima]]tskim uslovima. Potpomognuti genski tok može uvesti [[genotip]]ove koji su prethodno prilagođeni željenim klimatskim uslovima ili povećati učestalost postojećih genotipova prilagođenih klimi, povećavajući ukupnu genetičku sposobnost populacija koje se suočavaju s brzim klimatskim promjenama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Sally N. |last2=Whitlock |first2=Michael C. |date=2013 |title=Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=367–388 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747 |issn=1543-592X}}</ref> Iako se strategija može koristiti za spašavanje vrsta koje se suočavaju s problemima smanjenja populacije, njena primjena je relevantna za bilo koju vrstu čije će [[stanište]] pretrpjeti značajne promjene u okolišu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grummer |first=Jared A. |last2=Booker |first2=Tom R. |last3=Matthey‐Doret |first3=Remi |last4=Nietlisbach |first4=Pirmin |last5=Thomaz |first5=Andréa T. |last6=Whitlock |first6=Michael C. |date=2022 |title=The immediate costs and long‐term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13911 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13911 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> ===Genetičko zagađenje=== {{Glavni|Genetičko zagađenje}} Ljudske aktivnosti poput kretanja vrsta i modifikacije krajolika mogu rezultirati genetičim zagađenjem, hibridizacijom, introgresijom i genetičkim preplavljivanjem. Ovi procesi mogu dovesti do homogenizacije ili zamjene lokalnih [[genotip]]ova kao rezultat numeričke i/ili prednosti unesene biljke ili životinje u pogledu sposobnosti prilagođavanja.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest |vauthors=Aubry C, Shoal R, Erickson V |publisher=USDA Forest Service; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology |year=2005 |location=Corvallis, OR |pages=26–27 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530092809/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/documents/cultivars_maindoc_040405_appendices.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-16 }}</ref> Alohtone vrste mogu ugroziti autohtone [[biljke]] i [[životinje]] [[izumiranje]]m, hibridizacijom i introgresijom, bilo namjernim uvođenjem od strane ljudi ili modifikacijom staništa, dovodeći prethodno izolirane vrste u kontakt. Ove pojave mogu biti posebno štetne za rijetke vrste koje dolaze u kontakt s obilnijim, što se može dogoditi između otočnih i kopnenih vrsta. Križanje između vrsta može uzrokovati 'preplavljivanje' [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] rjeđih vrsta, stvarajući hibride koji zamjenjuju autohtone vrste. Ovo je direktan rezultat evolucijskih sila poput [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao i [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]], koji dovode do sve veće prevalencije povoljnih osobina i homogenizacije. Obim ove pojave nije uvijek očigledan samo iz [[morfologija|vanjskog izgleda]]. Dok se određeni stepen protoka gena javlja tokom normalne evolucije, [[hibridizacija]] sa ili bez introgresije može ugroziti opstanak rijetke vrste.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rhymer JM, Simberloff D |year=1996|title=Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=83–109|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83|jstor=2097230|bibcode=1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Potts BM, Barbour RC, Hingston AB |date=September 2001|title=Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program|url=http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|publisher=Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation|isbn=978-0-642-58336-9|issn=1440-6845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102175403/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf|archive-date=2004-01-02|work=RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF - 3A}}</ref> Na primjer, divlja patka ''[[Mallard]]'' je brojna vrsta patke koja se lahko križa sa širokim spektrom drugih pataka i predstavlja prijetnju integritetu nekih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulgarella M, Quenu M, Shepherd LD, Morgan-Richards M | title = The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck) | journal = International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 335–342 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30258780 | pmc = 6154467 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005 | bibcode = 2018IJPPW...7..335B | url = }}</ref> ===Urbanizacija=== Postoje dva glavna modela o tome kako [[urbanizacija]] utiče na genski tok urbanih populacija. Prvi je kroz [[fragmentacija staništa| fragmentaciju staništa]], također nazvanu urbana fragmentacija, u kojoj promjene u pejzažu koje narušavaju ili fragmentiraju stanište smanjuju genetilčku raznolikost. Drugi se naziva model urbane facilitacije i sugerira da je u nekim populacijama genski tok omogućen antropogenim promjenama u krajoliku. Urbana facilitacija protoka gena povezuje populacije, smanjuje izolaciju i povećava genski tok u područje koje inače ne bi imalo ovaj specifični sastav [[genom]]a.<ref name = "test">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Rivkin LR, Johnson MT, Munshi-South J, Verrelli BC | title = Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 28 | issue = 18 | pages = 4138–4151 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31482608 | doi = 10.1111/mec.15221 | s2cid = 201831767 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2019MolEc..28.4138M }}</ref> Urbano olakšavanje može se dogoditi na mnogo različitih načina, ali većina mehanizama uključuje dovođenje prethodno razdvojenih vrsta u kontakt, direktno ili indirektno. Promjena staništa urbanizacijom uzrokovat će fragmentaciju staništa, ali bi također mogla potencijalno poremetiti barijere i stvoriti put ili koridor, koji može povezati dvije ranije razdvojene vrste. Učinkovitost ovoga ovisi o sposobnosti širenja pojedinačnih vrsta i njihovoj prilagodljivosti različitim okruženjima kako bi koristile antropogene strukture za putovanje. [[Klimatske promjene]] uzrokovane ljudskim djelovanjem su još jedan mehanizam kojim životinje koje žive na jugu mogu biti prisiljene seliti se na sjever, prema nižim temperaturama, gdje bi mogle doći u kontakt s drugim [[populacija]]ma koje ranije nisu bile u njihovom [[areal|području rasprostranjenosti]]. Direktnije, poznato je da ljudi uvode strane vrste u nova okruženja, što bi moglo dovesti do hibridizacije sličnih vrsta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crispo E, Moore JS, Lee-Yaw JA, Gray SM, Haller BC | title = Broken barriers: human-induced changes to gene flow and introgression in animals: an examination of the ways in which humans increase genetic exchange among populations and species and the consequences for biodiversity | journal = BioEssays | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 508–18 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21523794 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201000154 | s2cid = 205470356 }}</ref> Ovaj model urbane facilitacije testiran je na štetočini ljudskog zdravlja, zapadnom crnom udovičkom pauku (''Latrodectus hesperus''). Studija koju su proveli Miles i saradnici prikupila je podatke o varijacijama cijelog genoma [[SNP|jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] u urbanim i ruralnim populacijama pauka i pronašla dokaze o povećanom genskom toku kod urbanih zapadnih [[crna udovica (pauk)|crnohudovičkih pauka]] u poređenju sa ruralnim populacijama. Osim toga, genom ovih pauka bio je sličniji u ruralnim, nego u urbanim populacijama, što ukazuje na povećanu raznolikost, a samim tim i adaptaciju, u urbanim populacijama zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka. [[Fenotip]]ski, urbani pauci su veći, tamniji i agresivniji, što bi moglo dovesti do povećanog preživljavanja u urbanim okruženjima. Ovi nalazi pokazuju podršku urbanoj facilitaciji, jer se ovi pauci zapravo mogu brže širiti i diverzificirati u urbanim okruženjima nego što bi to učinili u ruralnom. Međutim, to je također primjer kako urbana facilitacija, uprkos povećanju genskog toka, nije nužno korisna za okoliš, jer zapadni crni hudovički pauci imaju vrlo toksičan [[otrov]] i stoga predstavljaju rizik za ljudsko zdravlje.<ref name = "hi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miles LS, Johnson JC, Dyer RJ, Verrelli BC | title = Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 27 | issue = 16 | pages = 3219–3230 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29972610 | doi = 10.1111/mec.14783 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018MolEc..27.3219M }}</ref> Još jedan primjer urbane facilitacije je migracija [[ris]]a (''[[Lynx rufus]]'') na sjeveru SAD-a i jugu Kanade. Studija koju su proveli Marrote i saradnici sekvencirala je četrnaest različitih [[mikrosatelit]]skih lokusa kod risova u regiji [[Velika jezera|Velikih jezera]] i otkrila da [[geografska dužina]] utiče na interakciju između antropogenih promjena pejzaža i genskog toka populacije risa. Dok rastuće globalne temperature guraju populacije risa na sjevernu teritoriju, povećana ljudska aktivnost također omogućava migraciju risa prema sjeveru. Povećana ljudska aktivnost donosi povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja, ali i povećava održavanje puteva, ralica i sabijanje snijega, nenamjerno čisteći put za kretanje risova. Antropogeni uticaj na migracijske puteve risa primjer je urbane facilitacije otvaranjem koridora za genski tok. Međutim, u južnom području rasprostranjenosti risa, povećanje broja puteva i saobraćaja povezano je sa smanjenjem šumskog pokrivača, što ometa protok gena populacije risa kroz ova područja. Pomalo ironično, kretanje risova prema sjeveru uzrokovano je globalnim zagrijavanjem, zbog ljudskog djelovanja, ali je također omogućeno povećanom antropogenom aktivnošću u sjevernim područjima koja ova staništa čine pogodnijim za risove.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marrotte RR, Bowman J, Wilson PJ | title = Climate connectivity of the bobcat in the Great Lakes region | journal = Ecology and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 2131–2144 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32128144 | pmc = 7042766 | doi = 10.1002/ece3.6049 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020EcoEv..10.2131M }}</ref> Posljedice urbane facilitacije variraju od vrste do vrste. Pozitivni efekti urbane facilitacije mogu se javiti kada povećani genski tok omogućava bolju adaptaciju i uvodi korisne [[alel]]e, te bi idealno povećao [[bioraznolikost]]. To ima implikacije za konzervaciju: naprimjer, urbana facilitacija koristi ugroženoj vrsti tarantule i mogla bi pomoći u povećanju populacije. Negativni efekti bi se javili kada je povećani protok gena maladaptivan i uzrokuje gubitak korisnih alela. U najgorem slučaju, to bi dovelo do [[genom]]skog [[izumiranje|izumiranja]] kroz [[hibridni roj]]. Također je važno napomenuti da u shemi ukupnog zdravlja ekosistema i biodiverziteta, urbana facilitacija nije nužno korisna i općenito se odnosi na urbane adaptivne štetočine.<ref name="hi"/> Ovakvi primjeri uključuju prethodno spomenutog zapadnog crnog hudovičkog pauka, a također i [[krastača|krastaču]], koja je mogla koristiti načine za putovanje i prenaseliti [[Australija| Australiju]].<ref name="test"/> == Genski tok između vrsta == === Horizontalni transfer gena === {{Glavni|Horizontalni transfer gena}} [[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) odnosi se na transfer gena između organizama na način koji nije tradicionalna reprodukcija, bilo putem [[Transformacija (genetika)|transformacija]] (direktno preuzimanje genetičkog materijala od strane ćelije iz njene okoline), [[bakterijska konjugacija|konjugacija]] (transdukcija [[plazmid|genetičkog materijala]] između dvije bakterijske ćelije u direktnom kontaktu), [[transdukcija (genetika)|transdukcijom]] (ubrizgavanje strane [[DNK]] od strane [[bakteriofagnog]]nog virusa u ćeliju domaćina) ili [[Agens za transfer gena|GTA-posredovana transdukcija]] (transfer pomoću virusu sličnog elementa koji proizvodi bakterija).<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP | title = Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–96 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24509783 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3199 | s2cid = 23559881 }}</ref><ref name="Langeetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lang AS, Zhaxybayeva O, Beatty JT | title = Gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 472–82 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683880 | pmc = 3626599 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2802 }}</ref> [[Virusi]] mogu prenositi gene između [[vrsta]].<ref>[https://non.fiction.org/lj/community/ref_courses/3484/enmicro.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dead link]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] mogu inkorporirati gene iz mrtvih bakterija, razmjenjivati gene sa živim bakterijama i razmjenjivati [[plazmid]]e preko granica vrsta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218071130/http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18 }}</ref> "Poređenja sekvenci ukazuju na nedavni horizontalni transfer mnogih [[gen]]a među različitim vrstama, uključujući i preko granica [[filogenetika|filogenetičkih]] 'domena'. Stoga se filogenetička historija vrste ne može konačno utvrditi određivanjem evolucijskih stabala za pojedinačne gene." <ref>{{cite web |url=http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016110855/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |archive-date=2005-10-16 }}</ref> Biolog Gogarten smatra da "originalna metafora drveta više ne odgovara podacima iz nedavnih istraživanja genoma". Biolozi bi umjesto toga trebali koristiti metaforu mozaika kako bi opisali različite historije kombinovane u pojedinačnim genomima i koristiti metaforu isprepletene mreže kako bi vizualizirali bogatu razmjenu i kooperativne efekte [[horizontalni transfer gena| horizontalnog transfera gena]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (from Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-date=2012-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 }}</ref> "Korištenjem pojedinačnih [[gen]]a kao [[genetički marker|filogenetskih markera]], teško je pratiti organizačnu [[filogenija|filogenezu]] u prisustvu HGT-a. Kombinacija jednostavnog [[koalescencija (genetika)|koalescencije]] modela [[kladogeneza|kladogeneze]] s rijetkim HGT događajima sugerira da nije postojao jedan [[posljednji zajednički predak]] koji je sadržavao sve gene predačke onih koji su zajednički trima domenima [[život]]a. Svaka savremena [[molekula]] ima svoju historiju i vodi poreklo od pojedinačne molekule [[predak|pretka]]. Međutim, ovi molekularni preci su vjerovatno bili prisutni u različitim organizmima u različito vrijeme."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology (From Evolutionary Theory Conference Summary), Esalen Center for Theory & Research |access-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721232310/http://www.esalenctr.org/display/confpage.cfm?confid=10&pageid=105&pgtype=1 |archive-date=2012-07-21 }}</ref> === Hibridizacija === U nekim slučajevima, kada vrsta ima [[sestrinska vrsta|sestrinsku vrstu]] i mogućnosti razmnožavanja su moguće zbog uklanjanja prethodnih barijera ili uvođenjem usljed ljudske intervencije, vrste mogu hibridizirati i razmjenjivati gene i odgovarajuće osobine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallet|first=James|date=2005|title=Hybridization as an invasion of the genome|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=20|issue=5|pages=229–237|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010|pmid=16701374|bibcode=2005TEcoE..20..229M }}</ref> Ova razmjena nije uvijek jasna, jer ponekad hibridi [[Fenotip|fenotipski]] mogu izgledati identično originalnoj vrsti, ali nakon testiranja [[mtDNK]] očigledno je da je došlo do hibridizacije. Diferencijalna hibridizacija se također javlja jer se neke osobine i DNK lakše razmjenjuju od drugih, a to je rezultat [[selekcijski pritisak|selekcijskog pritiska]] ili njegovog odsustva koji omogućava lakšu transakciju. U slučajevima kada [[unesena vrsta]] počne zamjenjivati domaću vrstu, domaća vrsta postaje ugrožena i biodiverzitet se smanjuje, što ovaj fenomen čini negativnim, a ne pozitivnim slučajem genskog toka koji povećava genetičku raznolikost.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Allendorf FW, Leary RF, Spruell P, Wenburg JK |date=2001-11-01|title=The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=16|issue=11|pages=613–622|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02290-X }}</ref> Introgresija je zamjena [[alel]]a jedne vrste alelom vrste osvajača. Hibridi su ponekad manje "prilagođeni" od svoje roditeljske generacije,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steeves TE, Maloney RF, Hale ML, Tylianakis JM, Gemmell NJ | title = Genetic analyses reveal hybridization but no hybrid swarm in one of the world's rarest birds | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 19 | issue = 23 | pages = 5090–100 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21050294 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04895.x | bibcode = 2010MolEc..19.5090S }}</ref> i kao rezultat toga, to je pomno praćeno genetičko pitanje, budući da je krajnji cilj [[konzervacijska genetika|konzervacijske genetike]] održavanje genetičkog integriteta vrste i očuvanje biodiverziteta. == Primjeri == [[Datoteka:Marineiguana03.jpg|thumb|[[Morska iguana]] sa [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] evoluirala je putem [[alopatrijska specijacija|alopatrijske specijacije]], kroz ograničen genski tok i geografsku izolaciju. Iako genski tok može značajno poboljšati sposobnost populacije za život, on također može imati negativne posljedice ovisno o populaciji i okruženju u kojem obitavaju. Efekti protoka gena zavise od konteksta.]] * '''Fragmentirana populacija''': fragmentirani pejzaži poput [[Galapagos|Galapagoskih ostrva]] idealno su mjesto za pojavu [[adaptivna radijacija|adaptivne radijacije]], kao rezultat različite geografije. [[Darvinove zebe]] su vjerovatno dijelom iskusile alopatrijsku specijaciju zbog različite geografije, ali to ne objašnjava zašto vidimo toliko različitih vrsta zeba na istom ostrvu. To je zbog adaptivne radijacije ili evolucije različitih osobina u svjetlu konkurencije za resurse. Genski tok kreće se u smjeru resursa koji su obilni u datom periodu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Grant PR, Grant BR |s2cid=36303685|date=2002-04-26 |title=Unpredictable Evolution in a 30-Year Study of Darwin's Finches |journal=Science | volume=296 |issue=5568|pages=707–711 |doi=10.1126/science.1070315 |pmid=11976447|bibcode=2002Sci...296..707G}}</ref> * '''Ostrvska populacija''': [[morska iguana]] je endemska vrsta Galapagoskih ostrva, ali se razvila od kopnenog pretka kopnene iguane. Zbog geografske izolacije, protok gena između dvije vrste bio je ograničen, a različita okruženja uzrokovala su evoluciju morske iguane kako bi se prilagodila ostrvskom okruženju. Naprimjer, oni su jedina iguana koja je razvila sposobnost plivanja. * '''Ljudske populacije''': U Evropi se ''[[Homo sapien]]s'' križao sa [[neandertalci]]ma, što je rezultiralo genskim tokom između ovih populacija.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PL, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S | display-authors = 6 | title = The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains | journal = Nature | volume = 505 | issue = 7481 | pages = 43–9 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24352235 | doi = 10.1038/nature12886 | url= | pmc = 4031459 | bibcode = 2014Natur.505...43P }}</ref> Ovaj genski tok rezultirao je neandertalskim alelima u modernoj evropskoj populaciji.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jagoda E, Lawson DJ, Wall JD, Lambert D, Muller C, Westaway M, Leavesley M, Capellini TD, Mirazón Lahr M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, Migliano AB, Willerslev E, Metspalu M, Pagani L | display-authors = 6 | title = Disentangling Immediate Adaptive Introgression from Selection on Standing Introgressed Variation in Humans | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–630 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29220488 | pmc = 5850494 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx314 }}</ref> Postoje dvije teorije o [[evolucija čovjeka|ljudskoj evoluciji]] širom svijeta. Prva je poznata kao multiregionalni model u kojem se moderna ljudska varijacija vidi kao proizvod radijacije ''[[Homo erectus]]'' iz Afrike, nakon čega je lokalna diferencijacija dovela do uspostavljanja regionalne populacije kakvu vidimo danas.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tobias PV, Strong V, White W |title=Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January-4th February 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=A.R. Liss |isbn=978-0-8451-4202-8 }}</ref><ref name=pmid3125610>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringer CB, Andrews P | title = Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans | journal = Science | volume = 239 | issue = 4845 | pages = 1263–8 | date = March 1988 | pmid = 3125610 | doi = 10.1126/science.3125610 | bibcode = 1988Sci...239.1263S | jstor = 1700885 }}</ref> Genski tok ima važnu ulogu u održavanju stepena sličnosti i sprečavanju specijacije. Nasuprot tome, teorija jedinstvenog porijekla pretpostavlja da je postojala zajednička populacija predaka ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' koja je porijeklom iz Afrike već pokazivala anatomske karakteristike koje danas vidimo. Ova teorija minimizira količinu paralelne evolucije koja je potrebna.<ref name=pmid3125610/> * '''Leptiri''': Poređenja između [[simpatrijska evolucija|simpatrijskih]] i alopatrijskih populacija ''[[Heliconius melpomene]]'', ''H. cydno'' i ''H. timareta'' otkrila su trend povećane zajedničke varijacije u simpatriji na nivou cijelog [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na sveprisutni međuvrstni protok gena.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD | display-authors = 6 | title = Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies | journal = Genome Research | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 1817–28 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24045163 | pmc = 3814882 | doi = 10.1101/gr.159426.113 }}</ref>&nbsp; * '''Genski tok posredovan čovjekom''': Genetičko upravljanje ugroženim vrstama u zatočeništvu jedini je način na koji ljudi pokušavaju izazvati genski tok u ''[[ex situ]]'' situaciji. Jedan primjer je [[divovska panda]] koja je dio međunarodnog programa uzgoja u kojem se genetički materijal dijeli između zooloških organizacija kako bi se povećala genetička raznolikost u malim populacijama. Kao rezultat niskog reproduktivnog uspjeha, razvijena je vještačka [[oplodnja]] svježom/smrznutom-odmrznutom spermom koja je povećala stopu preživljavanja mladunaca. Studija iz 2014. godine otkrila je da su u centrima za uzgoj procijenjeni visoki nivoi genetičke raznolikosti i niski nivoi [[inbriding]]a.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan L, Hu Y, Zhu L, Yan L, Wang C, Li D, Jin X, Zhang C, Wei F | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale genetic survey provides insights into the captive management and reintroduction of giant pandas | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–71 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25015646 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu210 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Biljke''': Utvrđeno je da dvije populacije [[Erythranthe|majmunkog cvijeća]] koriste različite oprašivače (pčele i kolibriće) koji su ograničili genski tok, što je rezultiralo genetičkom izolacijom, te na kraju proizvelo dvije različite vrste, ''[[Mimulus lewisii]]'' i ''[[Mimulus cardinalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schemske DW, Bradshaw HD | title = Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus) | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 21 | pages = 11910–5 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10518550 | pmc = 18386 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611910S | doi-access = free }}</ref> * '''Sika jelen''': Sika jelen je uvezen u Zapadnu Evropu i lahko se razmnožava s domaćim crvenim jelenom. Ovo preseljenje sika jelena dovelo je do introgresije i više nema "čistih" crvenih jelena u regiji, a svi se mogu klasificirati kao hibridi.<ref>Storfer, Andrew. "Gene Flow and Endangered Species Translocations: a Topic Revisited." ''Elsevier'', Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, May 1998.</ref> * '''Bijela prepelica''': Bijele prepelice su preseljene iz južnog dijela Sjedinjenih Država u [[Ontario]], kako bi se povećao broj populacije i divljači za lov. Hibridi koji su nastali ovim preseljenjem bili su manje prilagođeni od domaće populacije i nisu bili prilagođeni za preživljavanje sjevernih zima.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Storfer |first1=Andrew |title=Gene flow and endangered species translocations: a topic revisited |journal=Biological Conservation |date=February 1999 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00066-4 |bibcode=1999BCons..87..173S }}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Biološko širenje]] * [[Genetička erozija]] * [[Genetsička primjesa]] ==Reference== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Gene flow}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181449/http://www.coextra.eu/research_themes/topics188.html Co-Extra research on gene flow mitigation] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110926114337/http://www.transcontainer.org/UK/ Transcontainer research on biocontainment]}} * [http://www.inra.fr/sigmea SIGMEA research on the biosafety of GMOs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040403/http://www.inra.fr/sigmea |date=2011-10-07 }} {{genetika}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gene Flow}} [[Kategorija:Populacijska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Evolucija]] 08vjsmkjaqfs3mdm7o1qs05i6gjk71z 14 395022 3839465 3174721 2026-05-04T14:21:16Z Z1KA 87045 (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Jugoslavija|Društvo]] [[Kategorija:Društvo po državama|Jugoslavensko]] [[Kategorija:Evropsko društvo po bivšim državama|Jugoslavija]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Crne Gore]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Hrvatske]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Kosova]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Sjeverne Makedonije]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Slovenije]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Srbije]] n7gkx2p1ui47qro8614d4khlblsksyj 0 402006 3839570 3838978 2026-05-04T22:34:50Z Mhare 481 /* Jezik */ 3839570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija etnička grupa | grupa = Bošnjaci u Turskoj | zastava = | opis_zastave = | ukupno = 106.000<br> ~ 2 miliona (bošnjačko porijeklo)<ref name="Sofos2023">{{cite report |last=Sofos |first=Spyros A. |title=Turkey's Presence in the Western Balkans |publisher=PeaceRep: The Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform |year=2023 |url=https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Turkeys-Presence-in-the-Western-Balkans-DIGITAL.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> | regija1 = | pop1 = | regija2 = | pop2 = | regija3 = | pop3 = | regija4 = | pop4 = | jezici = [[Turski jezik|turski]], [[bosanski jezik|bosanski]] | vjera = pretežno [[islam]] }} '''Bošnjaci u Turskoj''' jesu stanovnici [[Turska|Turske]] bošnjačkog porijekla, odnosno potomci [[Bošnjaci|Bošnjaka]] doseljenih iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Sandžak]]a, [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], [[Srbija|Srbije]], [[Kosovo|Kosova]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Sjeverne Makedonije]] i drugih područja bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]]. Njihovo prisustvo u Turskoj oblikovano je dugim procesom migracija [[Musliman|muslimanskog]] stanovništva s Balkana u [[Osmansko Carstvo]], a zatim u [[Turska|Republiku Tursku]], posebno od 1878. do druge polovine 20. stoljeća.<ref name="Demirel">{{cite journal |last=Demirel |first=Muammer |title=Türkiye'de Bosna Göçmenleri |journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=285–306 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunisosbil/article/38079 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Dedeic2013">{{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri |journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi |issue=35 |year=2013 |url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bošnjačka zajednica u Turskoj nije nastala jednim preseljenjem, nego nizom valova potaknutih ratovima, promjenama granica, agrarnim i političkim pritiscima, gubitkom osmanske vlasti na Balkanu i kasnijim jugoslavensko-turskim migracijskim aranžmanima. U brojnim porodicama, mahalama, selima i udruženjima očuvani posebni oblici bošnjačkog porijekla, sjećanja na zavičaj, [[Bosanska kuhinja|ishrane]], usmene tradicije i [[Bosanski jezik|jezika]].<ref name="Giesel2023">{{cite book |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |chapter=The Bosniaks in Turkey Between Assimilation and Ethnic Revival: Social and Political Issues Since the Migration to the Present Day |title=Ethnocultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |year=2023 |pages=105–142 |url=https://austriaca.at/?arp=0x003e0c8c |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Kırbaç2012">{{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Bosniaks in Turkey in the context of history, tradition and culture |journal=International Journal of Human Sciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=2012 |url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245/880 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Terminologija i identitet == U osmanskom i turskom kontekstu doseljenici iz Bosne često se nazivaju ''Boşnak ili'' ''Bosnalı''. Izraz ''Boşnak'' u turskom jeziku obično označava Bošnjake kao etničku i kulturnu zajednicu, dok ''Bosnalı'' može označavati i šire bosansko porijeklo, bez nužnog razlikovanja savremenih nacionalnih identiteta.<ref name="Giesel2023"/> U Turskoj su Bošnjaci dugo bili uključeni u državni i društveni okvir [[Tursko državljanstvo|turskog građanskog identiteta]]. Od kraja 20. stoljeća, naročito nakon [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] i intenzivnijih veza između Turske i Bosne i Hercegovine, u dijelu zajednice ojačalo je zanimanje za bošnjačko porijeklo, bosanski jezik, sjećanje na migraciju i veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Schad2015">{{cite report |last=Schad |first=Thomas |title=The Rediscovery of the Balkans? A Bosniak-Turkish Figuration in the Third Space Between İstanbul and Sarajevo |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University, European Institute |year=2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/150274131/The_rediscovery_of_the_Balkans_a_Bosniak_Turkish_figuration_in_the_third_space_between_%C4%B0stanbul_and_Sarajevo |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Promjena prezimena među Bošnjacima u Turskoj povezana je s procesom uključivanja izbjeglica u osmanski, a zatim republikanski administrativni sistem. U osmanskom periodu porodice su se često bilježile po ličnom imenu, očevom imenu, nadimku, zavičaju ili oznaci porijekla, dok savremeni sistem obaveznih porodičnih prezimena u Turskoj nastaje nakon donošenja [[Zakon o prezimenima (Turska)|Zakona o prezimenima]] 1934.<ref name="Lewis1999">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/40444589|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-823856-0|location=Oxford|language=en|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Zakon o prezimenima obavezao je sve građane Turske da uzmu stalno nasljedno prezime na turskom građanskom obrascu. Za doseljene bošnjačke porodice to je značilo da su ranija prezimena često skraćivana, fonetski prilagođavana turskom jeziku ili potpuno zamjenjivana novim prezimenima. Zbog toga se među potomcima Bošnjaka u Turskoj javljaju prezimena kao što su ''Boşnak'', ''Bosna'', ''Bosnalı'', ''Sancaklı'', ''Yenipazarlı'', ''Akova'', ''Mostarlı'' ili druga prezimena koja upućuju na Bosnu, Sandžak, [[Novi Pazar]], [[Bijelo Polje]] i druge krajeve porijekla.<ref name="Kırbaç20122">{{cite journal|last=Dedeić-Kırbaç|first=Amra|year=2012|title=Tarih ve Gelenek Bağlamında Türkiye'de Boşnaklar|trans-title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj u kontekstu historije i tradicije|url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245|journal=Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Promjene nisu bile rezultat prisile usmjerene posebno protiv Bošnjaka, nego dio opće republikanske politike pod [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemalom Ataturkom]] i stvaranja jedinstvenog sistema državljanstva, administracije i turskog jezičkog standarda. Terenska istraživanja u Karamürselu i Halilbejliju, naprimjer, bilježe porodična stabla, promjene prezimena i sjećanja na mjesta porijekla.<ref name="Hadziomerovic2025">{{cite web|url=https://preporod.info/bs/article/67526/zlatko-hadziomerovic-bosnjaci-u-turskoj-cuvaju-jezik-i-sjecanje-na-bosnu|title=Zlatko Hadžiomerović: Bošnjaci u Turskoj čuvaju jezik i sjećanje na Bosnu|date=22. 10. 2025|website=Preporod.info|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Historijska pozadina i migracijski valovi == Prvi veliki migracijski pritisci bili su posljedica ratova i promjene granica u 19. stoljeću. Nakon [[Berlinski kongres|Berlinskog kongresa]] 1878. [[Austro-Ugarska]] je okupirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu, dok su [[Kraljevina Srbija|Srbija]] i [[Kraljevina Crna Gora|Crna Gora]] dobile međunarodno priznanje i teritorijalna proširenja. Muslimansko stanovništvo iz [[Bosna (regija)|Bosne]], [[Hercegovina|Hercegovine]], [[Nikšić|Nikšića]], [[Podgorica|Podgorice]], [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bara]] i drugih krajeva našlo se u novim političkim okolnostima, što je potaklo iseljavanje prema preostalim osmanskim oblastima i [[Anadolija|Anadoliji]].<ref name="Demirel" /><ref name="Mrduljas2018">{{cite journal |last=Mrduljaš |first=Saša |title=Broj Bošnjaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Turskoj |journal=Polemos |volume=21 |issue=41 |year=2018 |pages=13–31 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/339967 |language=hr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U osmanskoj administraciji doseljenici su tretirani kao [[Izbjeglica|izbjeglice]] i doseljenici iz izgubljenih ili nesigurnih krajeva carstva. Njihovo naseljavanje nije bilo isključivo spontano: osmanske vlasti su ih upućivale prema područjima gdje su postojale potrebe za stanovništvom, [[Poljoprivreda|zemljom za obradu]], vojnim i sigurnosnim naseljavanjem ili obnovom opustošenih naselja.<ref name="Demirel" /> === Prvi val: nakon 1878. === Prvi veliki val bošnjačkog iseljavanja prema osmanskim područjima nastao je nakon 1878, kada je Austro-Ugarska okupirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Dio muslimanskog stanovništva novu vlast doživljavao je kao gubitak dotadašnjeg državnog i pravnog poretka, a dodatni pritisci nastajali su zbog neizvjesnosti oko zemljišnih odnosa, vojne obaveze, poreza i političkog položaja muslimana u novonastalim okolnostima. Iseljavanje iz Bosne i Hercegovine u tom periodu nije bilo jednokratno, nego se nastavilo tokom austrougarske uprave.<ref name="Demirel"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018"/> Demirel navodi da su bosanski muhadžiri nakon 1878. naseljavani u više osmanskih oblasti, uključujući [[Edirne]], [[Tekirdağ]], [[Kırklareli]], [[Bursa|Bursu]], [[Izmit]], [[Adapazarı]], [[Izmir]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Ankara|Ankaru]] i [[Adana|Adanu]]. Dio doseljenika privremeno se zadržavao u Istanbulu i Trakiji, a dio je premještan u unutrašnjost Anadolije.<ref name="Demirel"/> Dio stanovništva odlazak je shvatao kao [[Hidžra|hidžru]] iz zemlje koja više nije bila pod muslimanskom vlašću, dok su vjerski autoriteti, pisci i javni radnici nastojali pokazati da ostanak u domovini nije vjerski sporan i da masovno napuštanje zemlje slabi muslimansku zajednicu u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Lavic1996">{{cite journal|last=Lavić|first=Osman|year=1996|title=Iseljavanje Bošnjaka muslimana iz BiH za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske vladavine i risala Mehmeda Teufika Azapagića|url=https://www.anali-ghb.com/index.php/aghb/article/view/404/789|journal=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Protiv iseljavanja su djelovali i književnici. [[Aleksa Šantić]] je 1896. objavio pjesmu "Ostajte ovdje", u kojoj se obraća onima koji napuštaju zavičaj i odlaze u tuđinu. Pjesma je postala jedan od najpoznatijih književnih odgovora na muhadžirske valove iz Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Santic1896">{{cite web|url=https://www.spiritofbosnia.org/bs/volume-1-no-4-2006-october/stay-here/|title=Ostajte ovdje|last=Šantić|first=Aleksa|website=Spirit of Bosnia / Duh Bosne|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Prema austrougarskoj evidenciji, do 1911. iz BiH se trajno iselilo 57.119 Bošnjaka.<ref name="Mrduljas2018" /> === Drugi val: aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine 1908. === [[Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine|Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine]] 1908. bila je novi politički poticaj iseljavanju. Formalno uključivanje Bosne i Hercegovine u Austro-Ugarsku kod dijela muslimanskog stanovništva pojačalo je osjećaj trajnog odvajanja od osmanskog političkog prostora.<ref name="Dedeic2013"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018" /> Novi talas iseljavanja ponovo je otvorio pitanje opstanka Bošnjaka u domovini. [[Osman Đikić]] se tom temom bavio u publicističkim tekstovima i u drami ''Muhadžir'', izvedenoj u Mostaru 1909. Drama je nastala kao angažirani pokušaj da se zaustavi iseljavanje mostarskih Bošnjaka u Tursku nakon aneksije.<ref name="BiserjeDjikic">{{cite web|url=https://www.biserje.ba/godisnjica-smrti-osmana-djikica-pisca-bosnjacke-preporodne-knjizevnosti/|title=110. godišnjica smrti Osmana Đikića, pisca bošnjačke preporodne književnosti|website=Biserje|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Treći val: Balkanski ratovi i gubitak osmanske Rumelije === [[Balkanski ratovi]] 1912–1913. pogodili su muslimansko stanovništvo Sandžaka, Kosova, Makedonije i drugih područja koja su izašla iz osmanskog sastava. Ovaj val nije obuhvatao samo stanovništvo iz Bosne i Hercegovine, nego i Bošnjake i slavenske muslimane iz drugih krajeva tadašnjeg balkanskog prostora.<ref name="Emgili2012">{{cite journal |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri 1878–1934 |journal=History Studies |year=2012 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/144769 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Giesel2022">{{cite journal |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |title=Uvod u selektivne historijske, sociološke, političke i kulturne aspekte Bošnjaka u Turskoj |journal=Godišnjak BZK Preporod |year=2022 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1062673 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Četvrti val: međuratna Jugoslavija === U vrijeme Kraljevine SHS i [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]] Bošnjaci u Tursku su odlazili zbog kombinacije političke nesigurnosti, [[Agrarna reforma u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji|agrarnih odnosa]], nacionalnih pritisaka i očekivanja da će u Turskoj živjeti u poznatom muslimanskom i osmanskom kulturnom okruženju.<ref name="Emgili2012"/><ref name="Emgili20123">{{cite journal|last=Emgili|first=Fahriye|year=2012|title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri 1878–1934|trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku 1878–1934|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/144769|journal=History Studies|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Dedeic20133">{{cite journal|last=Dedeić-Kırbaç|first=Amra|year=2013|title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri|trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku|url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf|journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi|language=tr|issue=35|pages=1–19|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U prvim godinama nove države muslimansko stanovništvo u dijelovima Bosne i Hercegovine, Sandžaka, Crne Gore i južne Srbije bilo je izloženo nasilju, pljački, pritiscima na prodaju imovine i slaboj zaštiti državnih vlasti.<ref name="Purivatra1974">{{cite book|last=Purivatra|first=Atif|url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/26562567|title=Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|publisher=Svjetlost|year=1974|location=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jahic2014">{{cite book|last=Jahić|first=Adnan|url=https://www.katalog.kgz.hr/pagesresults/bibliografskiZapis.aspx?selectedId=42008894|title=Vrijeme izazova: Bošnjaci u prvoj polovini XX stoljeća|publisher=Bošnjačka nacionalna zajednica za Grad Zagreb i Zagrebačku županiju; Bošnjački institut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića|year=2014|location=Zagreb; Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Poseban pritisak stvaralo je agrarno pitanje. [[Mehmed Spaho]] je već 1919. ostavku u prvoj vladi Kraljevine SHS obrazlagao neslaganjem s provođenjem agrarne reforme, tvrdeći da se posjedi oduzimaju prvenstveno muslimanskim zemljoposjednicima, dok se pitanje naknade odgađa na neodređeno vrijeme.<ref name="Kamberovic2009">{{cite book|last=Kamberović|first=Husnija|url=https://www.calameo.com/books/005453518c45f14d7f595|title=Mehmed Spaho: politička biografija 1883–1939|publisher=Vijeće Kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca|year=2009|location=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Peti val: socijalistička Jugoslavija i migracije nakon 1950-ih === Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] migracije prema Turskoj nisu prestale. U socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji dio muslimanskog stanovništva iz Sandžaka odlazio je u Tursku na osnovu porodičnih veza, administrativnih procedura i pritisaka koji su se mijenjali po periodima. U literaturi se naročito ističu pedesete i šezdesete godine 20. stoljeća, kada su mnoge porodice iz Sandžaka i drugih krajeva prešle u Tursku.<ref name="Giesel2022"/><ref name="Dedeic2013"/> Giesel navodi da se velik dio Bošnjaka u Istanbulu porijeklom vezuje za Sandžak, iz kojeg su njihove porodice odlazile uglavnom 1950-ih i 1960-ih.<ref name="Giesel2022"/> === Šesti val: rat u Bosni i Hercegovini i savremene veze === [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992–1995]]. nije proizveo trajnu migraciju u Tursku u razmjerama ranijih valova, ali je snažno utjecao na obnovu javnog bošnjačkog identiteta u Turskoj. Turska je primila dio izbjeglica, a brojne bošnjačke porodice u Turskoj obnovile su veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom kroz humanitarnu pomoć, udruženja, kulturne programe, komemoracije i medijsko praćenje rata.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Schad2015"/> Nakon rata razvijaju se institucionalne, kulturne i obrazovne veze između bošnjačkih udruženja u Turskoj i institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Schad2015"/> == Rasprostranjenost == Njihove zajednice nalaze se u velikim gradovima, prigradskim mahalama, manjim [[Kasaba|kasabama]] i selima.<ref name="Kırbaç2012"/><ref name="Hodzic2014">{{cite book |last1=Hodžić |first1=Amir |last2=Kalajdžić |first2=Mirsad |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=2014 |isbn=978-9958-23-380-7}}</ref> Knjiga ''Bošnjaci u Turskoj'' Amira Hodžića i Mirsada Kalajdžića zasnovana je na višegodišnjim posjetama i istraživanjima u Turskoj od 2008. do 2013. i obuhvata bošnjačke zajednice u više turskih općina i njihovoj okolini.<ref name="Smajlovic2015">{{cite journal |last=Smajlović |first=Salih |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |journal=Novi Muallim |volume=16 |issue=61 |year=2015 |pages=125–126 |url=https://ilmijja.ba/ojs/index.php/casopis1/article/download/184/156/335 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="COBISS">{{cite web |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj / Amir Hodžić, Mirsad Kalajdžić |website=COBISS+ |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/21297158 |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Istanbul === [[Datoteka:Yenibosna metro station platform.jpg|mini|Metrostanica u Yenibosni]] Bošnjaci se u [[Istanbul|Istanbulu]] nalaze u više četvrti i mahala, među kojima su [[Bayrampaşa]], [[Pendik]], [[Kartal]], [[Zeytinburnu]], [[Küçükköy]], [[Alibeyköy]], [[Fatih]], [[Edirnekapı]] i [[Yenibosna]].<ref name="Kırbaç2012" /> Bayrampaşa se posebno ističe kao prostor koncentracije stanovništva porijeklom s Balkana, uključujući Bošnjake iz Sandžaka i Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Giesel2023" /> U Istanbulu je bošnjački identitet često više urban i udruženički nego seoski. Održavaju se kulturni programi, komemoracije, sportske aktivnosti i kontakti s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, a bosanski jezik iako nije korišten u svakodnevnici, ostaje simbol porijekla, naročito kroz pjesme, porodične izraze, nazive hrane i javne kulturne manifestacije.<ref name="Schad2015"/> === Marmarska regija === [[Datoteka:Karamürsel.jpg|mini|Karamürsel, grad sa bošnjačkim četvrtima]] U [[Marmara|Marmarskoj regiji]] Bošnjaci su prisutni u Istanbulu, [[Bursa|Bursi]], [[Kocaeli (pokrajina)|Kocaeliju]], [[Sakarya (pokrajina)|Sakaryi]], Yalovi, [[Karamürsel|Karamürselu]], [[Düzce (pokrajina)|Düzceu]], [[Kırklareli (pokrajina)|Kırklareliju]] i [[Tekirdağ (pokrajina)|Tekirdağu]]. Ova regija bila je privlačna zbog blizine evropskog dijela Osmanskog Carstva, razvijenih komunikacija, poljoprivrednih mogućnosti i kasnijeg industrijskog razvoja.<ref name="Demirel"/><ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> [[Sakarya]] i [[Kocaeli]] važni su i zbog podataka o bosanskom jeziku iz turskog popisa 1965, u kojem su upravo ove provincije imale vidljivije udjele stanovništva koje je bosanski navelo kao prvi jezik.<ref name="Virtanen2003">{{cite report |last=Virtanen |first=Özlem Eraydin |title=Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation |publisher=Mercator Education |year=2003 |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479897 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Egejska regija i zapadna Anadolija === U [[Egejsko more|Egejskoj]] regiji i zapadnoj Anadoliji bošnjačko stanovništvo nalazi se u [[İzmir|Izmiru]], [[Balıkesir (pokrajina)|Balıkesiru]], [[Ayvalık|Ayvalıku]], [[Burhaniye|Burhaniyeu]], [[Havran|Havranu]], [[Edremit|Edremitu]] i okolnim naseljima. Ova područja bila su uključena u osmanske i republikanske politike naseljavanja muhadžira, a kasnije su se pojedine zajednice uklopile u lokalni gradski i poljoprivredni život.<ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> U zapadnoj Anadoliji važan je i [[Eskişehir]], posebno zbog sela i naselja koja su osnovali ili naselili bošnjački doseljenici. Studije o selu [[Lütfiye]] kod [[Mihalıççık|Mihalıççıka]] pokazuju kako su bošnjački doseljenici krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća oblikovali lokalnu zajednicu u kojoj su se održavali elementi jezika, ishrane i običaja.<ref name="Sahin">{{cite journal |last1=Şahin |first1=İsmail |last2=Şahin |first2=Cemile |title=Eskişehir'in kültürel yapısında Boşnaklar: Lütfiye Köyü örneği |journal=Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi |year=2010 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/105716 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Centralna i južna Anadolija === U Centralnoj Anadoliji i južnim područjima Bošnjaci se spominju u [[Ankara|Ankari]], [[Niğde (pokrajina)|Niğdeu]], [[Adana|Adani]], [[Konya|Konji]] i drugim mjestima. U ovim krajevima bošnjačke porodice često su naseljavane zajedno s drugim muslimanskim izbjeglicama s [[Balkan|Balkana]] i [[Kavkaz (regija)|Kavkaza]].<ref name="Hodzic2014"/><ref name="Smajlovic2015"/> === Sela i lokalne zajednice === Bošnjačka sela u Turskoj nastajala su na nekoliko načina: osnivanjem novih muhadžirskih sela, naseljavanjem napuštenih ili djelimično naseljenih sela, te doseljavanjem u već postojeća naselja. U osmanskim i republikanskim izvorima pojedina sela nose nazive koji upućuju na porijeklo stanovnika, kao što su [[Boşnak|Boşnak Köyü]] (sada [[Kesikkavak]], kod [[Hayman|Haymane]]), [[Boşnaklı]] (kod [[Vakfıkebir|Vakfıkebira]]) ili [[Yenibosna]], ali su mnogi nazivi kasnije promijenjeni u okviru turskih administrativnih i toponimskih reformi.<ref name="Demirel"/> Primjer sela [[Lütfiye]] u okolini [[Eskişehir (pokrajina)|Eskişehira]] pokazuje tipičan obrazac ruralne bošnjačke zajednice u Anadoliji. Doseljenici su donijeli porodična predanja o Bosni, zavičajne običaje, elemente bosanskog govora i tradicionalnu ishranu, ali su se tokom generacija sve više uključivali u turski jezički i obrazovni sistem. U takvim selima bosanski se duže održavao nego u velikim gradovima, ali je i ondje postepeno slabio kod mlađih generacija.<ref name="Sahin"/> Prema neformalnoj listi, u Turskoj postoji 299 sela s bošnjačkim stanovništvom.<ref name="BosnackaSela299">{{cite web|url=https://bosnakhaber.com/300-bosnjackih-mjesta-u-turskoj/|title=300 bošnjačkih mjesta u Turskoj|date=30. 6. 2023|website=Boşnak Haber|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Brojnost === Ne postoji pouzdan savremeni službeni podatak o ukupnom broju Bošnjaka u Turskoj. Republika Turska u savremenim popisima stanovništva ne objavljuje etničku strukturu na način koji bi omogućio precizno utvrđivanje broja Bošnjaka. Zbog toga se pojavljuju vrlo različite procjene, od nekoliko stotina hiljada do više miliona osoba bošnjačkog porijekla.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018"/> Jedan od rijetkih kvantitativnih pokazatelja odnosi se na jezik. Prema podacima turskog popisa iz 1965, 17.627 stanovnika navelo je bosanski kao prvi jezik, a 34.892 kao drugi jezik. Ti podaci ne predstavljaju ukupan broj Bošnjaka, jer su mnogi Bošnjaci već tada govorili turski kao prvi jezik ili se u popisnim kategorijama nisu iskazivali kroz bosanski jezik.<ref name="Virtanen2003"/> == Jezik == [[Datoteka:Mother language in 1965 Turkey census - Bosniak.png|mini|Maternji jezik prema popisu iz 1965.]] Bošnjaci u Turskoj tradicionalno su govorili [[bosanski jezik]], ali je tokom 20. stoljeća u većini porodica došlo do prelaska na [[turski jezik]]. Taj proces nije bio jednak u svim sredinama. U selima i zbijenim mahalama bosanski se održavao duže, naročito među starijim generacijama, dok je u gradovima turski brže postao glavni jezik obrazovanja, rada, javnog života i međugeneracijske komunikacije.<ref name="Karahan2004">{{cite journal |last=Karahan |first=Firdevs |title=Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, social network and codeswitching: the case of Bosnian-Turks living in Sakarya, Turkey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |volume=2004 |issue=165 |year=2004 |pages=59–92 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2004.007 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> Karahanovo Istraživanje pokazuje da bosanski u takvim zajednicama može imati snažnu simboličku vrijednost, ali da svakodnevna upotreba jezika zavisi od porodične mreže, starosti govornika, obrazovanja, braka i intenziteta kontakta s drugim govornicima bosanskog.<ref name="Karahan2004"/> Govor Bošnjaka u Turskoj nije jedinstven, jer odražava različita područja porijekla doseljeničkih porodica. U istraživanju govora Bošnjaka u Turskoj [[Alma Genjac-Nakičević]] utvrdila je da su neke porodice očuvale zapadnobosanske i srednjobosanske [[Ikavski govor|ikavske]] osobine, druge [[Istočnohercegovački dijalekt|istočnohercegovački]] [[Ijekavski govor|jekavski]] govor, dok se kod trećih javljaju [[Istočnobosanski dijalekt|istočnobosanske]] akcenatske osobine s ikavskim i [[Ekavski govor|ekavskim]] elementima, naprimjer oblici "lipše", "ne smiš" i "ovde".<ref name="GenjacNakicevic2012">{{cite journal|last=Genjac-Nakičević|first=Alma|year=2012|title=Govor Bošnjaka u Turskoj: Fonetsko-fonološke osobenosti|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1116426|journal=Bosanskohercegovački slavistički kongres|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Prva generacija doseljenika često je bila pretežno bosanskojezična, uz postepeno učenje turskog. Druga generacija obično je bila dvojezična, naročito ako je živjela u bošnjačkim selima ili mahalama. Treća i kasnije generacije sve češće su turski usvajale kao prvi jezik, dok se bosanski svodio na porodične izraze, razumijevanje starijih, pjesme, viceve, poslovice, nazive hrane i povremene razgovore s rodbinom.<ref name="Karahan2004"/><ref name="Sargın2025">{{cite journal |last1=Sargın |first1=Saliha |last2=Karakaş |first2=Mehmet |title=Boşnak Kültürünün Türkiye'deki Sürdürülebilirliği |journal=İçtimaiyat |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=819–833 |doi=10.33709/ictimaiyat.1528810 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4125146 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U mnogim porodicama bošnjačko porijeklo održava se kroz sjećanje na "Bosnu", kroz kulinarske običaje, porodične priče, [[Sevdalinka|tradicionalne pjesme]] i udruženja.<ref name="Giesel2023" /> Udruženje [[Türkiye Bosna Sancak Derneği]] organizira kurseve i online nastavu bosanskog jezika koji obično traju četiri mjeseca.<ref name="TBSKurs2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.turkiyebosnasancak.com.tr/etkinlikdetay/2022-2023-bosnakca-kurslarimiz|title=2022–2023 Boşnakça Kurslarımız|date=23. 2. 2023|website=Türkiye Bosna Sancak Derneği|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Kultura == Bošnjačka kultura u Turskoj održava se kroz porodična predanja, udruženja, vjerske običaje, kulinarstvo, muziku, igre, sjećanje na zavičaj i javne manifestacije. Među najčešće spominjanim elementima su [[burek]], [[ćevapi]], [[Kolo (igra)|kolo]], teferič, porodična okupljanja i posebni izrazi koji su ušli u lokalni govor zajednice.<ref name="Schad2015"/><ref name="Sargın2025"/> Sargın i Karakaş u radu o održivosti [[Kultura Bošnjaka|bošnjačke kulture]] u Turskoj naglašavaju da se kulturni identitet održava kroz kombinaciju usmenog predanja porodične historije i savremenih udruženja. Kulturni elementi nisu jednako očuvani u svim sredinama: u nekim porodicama naglašeni su jezik i rodbinske veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, dok se u drugim bošnjačko porijeklo prvenstveno prepoznaje kroz ishranu, prezime ili priče starijih.<ref name="Sargın2025"/> U udruženjima se održavaju kursevi bosanskog jezika, večeri [[Sevdalinka|sevdalinke]], folklorne i književne aktivnosti.<ref name="Preporod2023">{{cite web|url=https://preporod.info/bs/article/47849/bosnjaci-u-turskoj-vazno-nam-je-da-bosna-zna-da-postojimo|title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj: Važno nam je da Bosna zna da postojimo|date=3. 12. 2023|website=Preporod.info|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Poznate osobe bošnjačkog porijekla u Turskoj == [[Datoteka:Sabiha gokcen2.jpg|mini|227x227piksel|[[Sabiha Gökçen]]]] [[Datoteka:Hedo Turkoglu 11-27-08.jpg|mini|250x250piksel|[[Hedo Türkoğlu]]]] U turskom javnom životu djelovao je veći broj osoba koje se u biografskim, publicističkim ili zajedničkim izvorima navode kao osobe bošnjačkog porijekla. {{colbegin|2}} * [[Ajda Pekkan]], pjevačica * [[Almir Gegić]], košarkaški trener * [[Arif Şentürk]], pjevač * [[Asım Pars]], košarkaš * [[Ayşe Kulin]], književnica * [[Ayşegül Aldinç]], pjevačica i glumica * [[Banu Alkan]], glumica * [[Birkan Sokullu]], glumac * [[Bülent Ecevit]], političar i premijer Turske * [[Canan Ergüder]], glumica * [[Cedi Osman]], košarkaš * [[Cem Adrian]], pjevač * [[Cem Uzan]], poslovni čovjek i političar * [[Cihat Arslan]], nogometaš i trener * [[Cihangir İslam]], političar * [[Çağatay Ulusoy]], glumac * [[Demet Akalın]], pjevačica * [[Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu]], nogometaš * [[Ekrem Akurgal]], arheolog * [[Emir Preldžić]], košarkaš * [[Emina Jahović]], pjevačica * [[Erdem Şanlı]], glumac * [[Erkan Baş]], političar * [[Farah Zeynep Abdullah]], glumica * [[Faruk Süren]], sportski funkcioner * [[Fatih Artman]], glumac * [[Furkan Andıç]], glumac * [[Handan Sultan]], osmanska sultanija * [[Hedo Türkoğlu]], košarkaš * [[Hüsrev Gerede]], vojnik i diplomata * [[Hüseyin Beşok]], košarkaš * [[Kaan Yıldırım]], glumac * [[Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ]], glumac * [[Melek Bilge]], košarkašica * [[Melih Mahmutoğlu]], košarkaš * [[Meliha İsmailoğlu]], odbojkašica * [[Metin Boşnak]], univerzitetski profesor * [[Mete Horozoğlu]], glumac * [[Mirsad Türkcan]], košarkaš * [[Müge Boz]], glumica * [[Nazlı Ecevit]], slikarica * [[Nevzat Tandoğan]], političar i guverner * [[Ömer Çatkıç]], nogometaš * [[Parti Pehlivan]], rukometašica * [[Sabiha Gökçen]], aviatičarka * [[Saffet Sancaklı]], nogometaš i političar * [[Sead Halilagić]], nogometaš * [[Seda Bakan]], glumica * [[Sedef Avcı]], glumica * [[Semih Erden]], košarkaš * [[Suat Atalık]], šahist * [[Sümeyra Koç]], rukometašica * [[Şarık Tara]], poslovni čovjek * [[Tuğçe Kazaz]], manekenka i glumica * [[Tuncel Kurtiz]], glumac * [[Zehra Güneş]], odbojkašica {{colend}} == Literatura == {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last=Demirel |first=Muammer |title=Türkiye'de Bosna Göçmenleri |trans-title=Bosanski doseljenici u Turskoj |journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |year=2008 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunisosbil/article/38079 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Tarih ve Gelenek Bağlamında Türkiye'de Boşnaklar |trans-title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj u kontekstu historije i tradicije |journal=Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi |year=2012 |url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri |trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku |journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi |year=2013 |url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Yeniden Kurulan Hayatlar: Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri (1878–1934) |trans-title=Ponovo uspostavljeni životi: migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku (1878–1934) |publisher=Bilge Kültür Sanat |location=Istanbul |year=2012 |isbn=978-605-5261-08-5 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/yeniden-kurulan-hayatlar-bosnaklarn-turkiyeye-gocleri-1878-1934/oclc/813837710 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite thesis |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Bosna Hersek'ten Türkiye'ye Göç (1878–1934) |trans-title=Migracija iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Tursku (1878–1934) |type=doktorska disertacija |publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü |location=Ankara |year=2011 |url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Çoban |first=Melih |title=Caught Between the Notions of Ethnicity, Citizenship and Diaspora: The Case of the Bosniaks in Turkey |journal=Poligrafi |year=2021 |doi=10.35469/poligrafi.2021.286 |url=https://ojs.zrs-kp.si/index.php/poligrafi/article/view/286 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |chapter=The Bosniaks in Turkey Between Assimilation and Ethnic Revival: Social and Political Issues Since the Migration to the Present Day |title=Ethnocultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus |editor1-last=Aminian Jazi |editor1-first=Ioana |editor2-last=Kahl |editor2-first=Thede |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |location=Vienna |year=2023 |url=https://austriaca.at/?arp=0x003e0c8c |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite report |last=Schad |first=Thomas |title=The Rediscovery of the Balkans? A Bosniak-Turkish Figuration in the Third Space Between İstanbul and Sarajevo |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University, European Institute |series=Working Paper Series |location=Istanbul |year=2015 |url=https://eu.bilgi.edu.tr/media/files/WORKING_PAPER_8-041215.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Karahan |first=Firdevs |title=Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, social network and codeswitching: the case of Bosnian-Turks living in Sakarya, Turkey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |year=2004 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2004.007 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.2004.007/html |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite report |last=Virtanen |first=Özlem Eraydin |title=Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation |publisher=Mercator Education |year=2003 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED479897.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last1=Şahin |first1=İsmail |last2=Şahin |first2=Cemile |title=Avusturya'nın Bosna-Hersek'i İşgalinden Sonra Anadolu'ya Yapılan Boşnak Göçleri: Eskişehir Lütfiye Köyü Örneği |trans-title=Bošnjačke migracije u Anadoliju nakon austrijske okupacije Bosne i Hercegovine: primjer sela Lütfiye kod Eskişehira |journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları |year=2014 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/karadearas/article/123929 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sargın |first1=Saliha |last2=Karakaş |first2=Mehmet |title=Boşnak Kültürünün Türkiye'deki Sürdürülebilirliği |trans-title=Održivost bošnjačke kulture u Turskoj |journal=İçtimaiyat |year=2025 |doi=10.33709/ictimaiyat.1528810 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ictimaiyat/article/1528810 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Mrduljaš |first=Saša |title=Broj Bošnjaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Turskoj |journal=Polemos |year=2018 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/339967 |language=hr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last1=Hodžić |first1=Amir |last2=Kalajdžić |first2=Mirsad |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=2014 |isbn=978-9958-23-380-7 |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/21297158 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Smajlović |first=Salih |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |journal=Novi Muallim |year=2015 |url=https://ilmijja.ba/ojs/index.php/casopis1/article/download/184/156/335 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Babuna |first=Aydın |title=Bir Ulusun Doğuşu: Geçmişten Günümüze Boşnaklar |trans-title=Rođenje jedne nacije: Bošnjaci od prošlosti do danas |publisher=Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2000 |isbn=978-975-333-132-6 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bir-ulusun-dogusu-gecmisten-gunumuze-bosnaklar/oclc/48100178 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Gündüz |first=Tufan |title=Alahimanet Bosna: Boşnakların Osmanlı Topraklarına Göçü (1879–1912) |trans-title=Alahimanet Bosno: migracija Bošnjaka u osmanske zemlje (1879–1912) |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |year=2012 |isbn=978-605-5200-16-9 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/alahimanet-bosna-bosnaklarn-osmanl-topraklarna-gocu-1879-1912/oclc/819318057 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Kaçapor |first=Sait |title=Boşnaklar Türkiye'nin Sadık Vatandaşları |trans-title=Bošnjaci: odani građani Turske |publisher=Kastaş Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |year=2014 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Bo%C5%9Fnaklar+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Sad%C4%B1k+Vatanda%C5%9Flar%C4%B1 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Kolaşinli |first=Hayri |title=Muhacirlerin İzinde: Boşnakların Trajik Göç Tarihinden Kesitler |trans-title=Tragom muhadžira: isječci iz tragične historije migracija Bošnjaka |publisher=Lotus Yayınevi |location=Ankara |year=2003 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Muhacirlerin+%C4%B0zinde+Bo%C5%9Fnaklar%C4%B1n+Trajik+G%C3%B6%C3%A7+Tarihinden+Kesitler |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Tekin |first=Cemile |title=Yugoslavya'dan Türkiye'ye Göçün Nedenleri (1950–1958) |trans-title=Uzroci migracije iz Jugoslavije u Tursku (1950–1958) |journal=Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |year=2018 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susbed/issue/61823/925038 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Karpat |first=Kemal H. |title=Osmanlı'dan Günümüze Etnik Yapılanma ve Göçler |trans-title=Etnička struktura i migracije od Osmanlija do danas |publisher=Timaş Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2013 |isbn=978-605-08-1046-2 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/osmanldan-gunumuze-etnik-yaplanma-ve-gocler/oclc/879604586 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Lavić |first=Osman |title=Iseljavanje Bošnjaka muslimana iz BiH za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske vladavine i risala Mehemda Teufika Azapagića |journal=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke |year=1996 |url=https://www.anali-ghb.com/index.php/aghb/article/view/404 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite web |last=Özsu |first=Umut |title=Adaptation of the 1858 Ottoman Land Code in Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian Rule, 1878–1918 |website=Islamic Law Blog |publisher=Harvard Law School |date=16. 2. 2024 |url=https://islamiclaw.blog/2024/02/16/adaptation-of-the-1858-ottoman-land-code-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina-under-austro-hungarian-rule-1878-1918/ |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Imamović |first=Mustafa |title=Historija Bošnjaka |publisher=Bošnjačka zajednica kulture Preporod |location=Sarajevo |year=1997 |isbn=9958-815-00-1}} * {{cite book |last=Purivatra |first=Atif |title=Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca |publisher=Svjetlost |location=Sarajevo |year=1974}} * {{cite book |last=Karčić |first=Fikret |title=The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg Times |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=1999 |isbn=9958-23-064-X}} {{Refend}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Bošnjaci}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosnjaci u Turskoj}} [[Kategorija:Bošnjaci]] [[Kategorija:Bošnjačka dijaspora]] [[Kategorija:Islam u Turskoj]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] thdeli568qah9zefe7ywfkv6wjvr0c2 3839576 3839570 2026-05-04T23:09:12Z Mhare 481 /* Poznate osobe bošnjačkog porijekla u Turskoj */ 3839576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija etnička grupa | grupa = Bošnjaci u Turskoj | zastava = | opis_zastave = | ukupno = 106.000<br> ~ 2 miliona (bošnjačko porijeklo)<ref name="Sofos2023">{{cite report |last=Sofos |first=Spyros A. |title=Turkey's Presence in the Western Balkans |publisher=PeaceRep: The Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform |year=2023 |url=https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Turkeys-Presence-in-the-Western-Balkans-DIGITAL.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> | regija1 = | pop1 = | regija2 = | pop2 = | regija3 = | pop3 = | regija4 = | pop4 = | jezici = [[Turski jezik|turski]], [[bosanski jezik|bosanski]] | vjera = pretežno [[islam]] }} '''Bošnjaci u Turskoj''' jesu stanovnici [[Turska|Turske]] bošnjačkog porijekla, odnosno potomci [[Bošnjaci|Bošnjaka]] doseljenih iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Sandžak]]a, [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], [[Srbija|Srbije]], [[Kosovo|Kosova]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Sjeverne Makedonije]] i drugih područja bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]]. Njihovo prisustvo u Turskoj oblikovano je dugim procesom migracija [[Musliman|muslimanskog]] stanovništva s Balkana u [[Osmansko Carstvo]], a zatim u [[Turska|Republiku Tursku]], posebno od 1878. do druge polovine 20. stoljeća.<ref name="Demirel">{{cite journal |last=Demirel |first=Muammer |title=Türkiye'de Bosna Göçmenleri |journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=285–306 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunisosbil/article/38079 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Dedeic2013">{{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri |journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi |issue=35 |year=2013 |url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bošnjačka zajednica u Turskoj nije nastala jednim preseljenjem, nego nizom valova potaknutih ratovima, promjenama granica, agrarnim i političkim pritiscima, gubitkom osmanske vlasti na Balkanu i kasnijim jugoslavensko-turskim migracijskim aranžmanima. U brojnim porodicama, mahalama, selima i udruženjima očuvani posebni oblici bošnjačkog porijekla, sjećanja na zavičaj, [[Bosanska kuhinja|ishrane]], usmene tradicije i [[Bosanski jezik|jezika]].<ref name="Giesel2023">{{cite book |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |chapter=The Bosniaks in Turkey Between Assimilation and Ethnic Revival: Social and Political Issues Since the Migration to the Present Day |title=Ethnocultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |year=2023 |pages=105–142 |url=https://austriaca.at/?arp=0x003e0c8c |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Kırbaç2012">{{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Bosniaks in Turkey in the context of history, tradition and culture |journal=International Journal of Human Sciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=2012 |url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245/880 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Terminologija i identitet == U osmanskom i turskom kontekstu doseljenici iz Bosne često se nazivaju ''Boşnak ili'' ''Bosnalı''. Izraz ''Boşnak'' u turskom jeziku obično označava Bošnjake kao etničku i kulturnu zajednicu, dok ''Bosnalı'' može označavati i šire bosansko porijeklo, bez nužnog razlikovanja savremenih nacionalnih identiteta.<ref name="Giesel2023"/> U Turskoj su Bošnjaci dugo bili uključeni u državni i društveni okvir [[Tursko državljanstvo|turskog građanskog identiteta]]. Od kraja 20. stoljeća, naročito nakon [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] i intenzivnijih veza između Turske i Bosne i Hercegovine, u dijelu zajednice ojačalo je zanimanje za bošnjačko porijeklo, bosanski jezik, sjećanje na migraciju i veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Schad2015">{{cite report |last=Schad |first=Thomas |title=The Rediscovery of the Balkans? A Bosniak-Turkish Figuration in the Third Space Between İstanbul and Sarajevo |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University, European Institute |year=2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/150274131/The_rediscovery_of_the_Balkans_a_Bosniak_Turkish_figuration_in_the_third_space_between_%C4%B0stanbul_and_Sarajevo |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Promjena prezimena među Bošnjacima u Turskoj povezana je s procesom uključivanja izbjeglica u osmanski, a zatim republikanski administrativni sistem. U osmanskom periodu porodice su se često bilježile po ličnom imenu, očevom imenu, nadimku, zavičaju ili oznaci porijekla, dok savremeni sistem obaveznih porodičnih prezimena u Turskoj nastaje nakon donošenja [[Zakon o prezimenima (Turska)|Zakona o prezimenima]] 1934.<ref name="Lewis1999">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/40444589|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-823856-0|location=Oxford|language=en|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Zakon o prezimenima obavezao je sve građane Turske da uzmu stalno nasljedno prezime na turskom građanskom obrascu. Za doseljene bošnjačke porodice to je značilo da su ranija prezimena često skraćivana, fonetski prilagođavana turskom jeziku ili potpuno zamjenjivana novim prezimenima. Zbog toga se među potomcima Bošnjaka u Turskoj javljaju prezimena kao što su ''Boşnak'', ''Bosna'', ''Bosnalı'', ''Sancaklı'', ''Yenipazarlı'', ''Akova'', ''Mostarlı'' ili druga prezimena koja upućuju na Bosnu, Sandžak, [[Novi Pazar]], [[Bijelo Polje]] i druge krajeve porijekla.<ref name="Kırbaç20122">{{cite journal|last=Dedeić-Kırbaç|first=Amra|year=2012|title=Tarih ve Gelenek Bağlamında Türkiye'de Boşnaklar|trans-title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj u kontekstu historije i tradicije|url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245|journal=Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Promjene nisu bile rezultat prisile usmjerene posebno protiv Bošnjaka, nego dio opće republikanske politike pod [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemalom Ataturkom]] i stvaranja jedinstvenog sistema državljanstva, administracije i turskog jezičkog standarda. Terenska istraživanja u Karamürselu i Halilbejliju, naprimjer, bilježe porodična stabla, promjene prezimena i sjećanja na mjesta porijekla.<ref name="Hadziomerovic2025">{{cite web|url=https://preporod.info/bs/article/67526/zlatko-hadziomerovic-bosnjaci-u-turskoj-cuvaju-jezik-i-sjecanje-na-bosnu|title=Zlatko Hadžiomerović: Bošnjaci u Turskoj čuvaju jezik i sjećanje na Bosnu|date=22. 10. 2025|website=Preporod.info|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Historijska pozadina i migracijski valovi == Prvi veliki migracijski pritisci bili su posljedica ratova i promjene granica u 19. stoljeću. Nakon [[Berlinski kongres|Berlinskog kongresa]] 1878. [[Austro-Ugarska]] je okupirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu, dok su [[Kraljevina Srbija|Srbija]] i [[Kraljevina Crna Gora|Crna Gora]] dobile međunarodno priznanje i teritorijalna proširenja. Muslimansko stanovništvo iz [[Bosna (regija)|Bosne]], [[Hercegovina|Hercegovine]], [[Nikšić|Nikšića]], [[Podgorica|Podgorice]], [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bara]] i drugih krajeva našlo se u novim političkim okolnostima, što je potaklo iseljavanje prema preostalim osmanskim oblastima i [[Anadolija|Anadoliji]].<ref name="Demirel" /><ref name="Mrduljas2018">{{cite journal |last=Mrduljaš |first=Saša |title=Broj Bošnjaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Turskoj |journal=Polemos |volume=21 |issue=41 |year=2018 |pages=13–31 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/339967 |language=hr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U osmanskoj administraciji doseljenici su tretirani kao [[Izbjeglica|izbjeglice]] i doseljenici iz izgubljenih ili nesigurnih krajeva carstva. Njihovo naseljavanje nije bilo isključivo spontano: osmanske vlasti su ih upućivale prema područjima gdje su postojale potrebe za stanovništvom, [[Poljoprivreda|zemljom za obradu]], vojnim i sigurnosnim naseljavanjem ili obnovom opustošenih naselja.<ref name="Demirel" /> === Prvi val: nakon 1878. === Prvi veliki val bošnjačkog iseljavanja prema osmanskim područjima nastao je nakon 1878, kada je Austro-Ugarska okupirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Dio muslimanskog stanovništva novu vlast doživljavao je kao gubitak dotadašnjeg državnog i pravnog poretka, a dodatni pritisci nastajali su zbog neizvjesnosti oko zemljišnih odnosa, vojne obaveze, poreza i političkog položaja muslimana u novonastalim okolnostima. Iseljavanje iz Bosne i Hercegovine u tom periodu nije bilo jednokratno, nego se nastavilo tokom austrougarske uprave.<ref name="Demirel"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018"/> Demirel navodi da su bosanski muhadžiri nakon 1878. naseljavani u više osmanskih oblasti, uključujući [[Edirne]], [[Tekirdağ]], [[Kırklareli]], [[Bursa|Bursu]], [[Izmit]], [[Adapazarı]], [[Izmir]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Ankara|Ankaru]] i [[Adana|Adanu]]. Dio doseljenika privremeno se zadržavao u Istanbulu i Trakiji, a dio je premještan u unutrašnjost Anadolije.<ref name="Demirel"/> Dio stanovništva odlazak je shvatao kao [[Hidžra|hidžru]] iz zemlje koja više nije bila pod muslimanskom vlašću, dok su vjerski autoriteti, pisci i javni radnici nastojali pokazati da ostanak u domovini nije vjerski sporan i da masovno napuštanje zemlje slabi muslimansku zajednicu u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Lavic1996">{{cite journal|last=Lavić|first=Osman|year=1996|title=Iseljavanje Bošnjaka muslimana iz BiH za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske vladavine i risala Mehmeda Teufika Azapagića|url=https://www.anali-ghb.com/index.php/aghb/article/view/404/789|journal=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Protiv iseljavanja su djelovali i književnici. [[Aleksa Šantić]] je 1896. objavio pjesmu "Ostajte ovdje", u kojoj se obraća onima koji napuštaju zavičaj i odlaze u tuđinu. Pjesma je postala jedan od najpoznatijih književnih odgovora na muhadžirske valove iz Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Santic1896">{{cite web|url=https://www.spiritofbosnia.org/bs/volume-1-no-4-2006-october/stay-here/|title=Ostajte ovdje|last=Šantić|first=Aleksa|website=Spirit of Bosnia / Duh Bosne|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Prema austrougarskoj evidenciji, do 1911. iz BiH se trajno iselilo 57.119 Bošnjaka.<ref name="Mrduljas2018" /> === Drugi val: aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine 1908. === [[Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine|Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine]] 1908. bila je novi politički poticaj iseljavanju. Formalno uključivanje Bosne i Hercegovine u Austro-Ugarsku kod dijela muslimanskog stanovništva pojačalo je osjećaj trajnog odvajanja od osmanskog političkog prostora.<ref name="Dedeic2013"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018" /> Novi talas iseljavanja ponovo je otvorio pitanje opstanka Bošnjaka u domovini. [[Osman Đikić]] se tom temom bavio u publicističkim tekstovima i u drami ''Muhadžir'', izvedenoj u Mostaru 1909. Drama je nastala kao angažirani pokušaj da se zaustavi iseljavanje mostarskih Bošnjaka u Tursku nakon aneksije.<ref name="BiserjeDjikic">{{cite web|url=https://www.biserje.ba/godisnjica-smrti-osmana-djikica-pisca-bosnjacke-preporodne-knjizevnosti/|title=110. godišnjica smrti Osmana Đikića, pisca bošnjačke preporodne književnosti|website=Biserje|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Treći val: Balkanski ratovi i gubitak osmanske Rumelije === [[Balkanski ratovi]] 1912–1913. pogodili su muslimansko stanovništvo Sandžaka, Kosova, Makedonije i drugih područja koja su izašla iz osmanskog sastava. Ovaj val nije obuhvatao samo stanovništvo iz Bosne i Hercegovine, nego i Bošnjake i slavenske muslimane iz drugih krajeva tadašnjeg balkanskog prostora.<ref name="Emgili2012">{{cite journal |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri 1878–1934 |journal=History Studies |year=2012 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/144769 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Giesel2022">{{cite journal |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |title=Uvod u selektivne historijske, sociološke, političke i kulturne aspekte Bošnjaka u Turskoj |journal=Godišnjak BZK Preporod |year=2022 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1062673 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Četvrti val: međuratna Jugoslavija === U vrijeme Kraljevine SHS i [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]] Bošnjaci u Tursku su odlazili zbog kombinacije političke nesigurnosti, [[Agrarna reforma u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji|agrarnih odnosa]], nacionalnih pritisaka i očekivanja da će u Turskoj živjeti u poznatom muslimanskom i osmanskom kulturnom okruženju.<ref name="Emgili2012"/><ref name="Emgili20123">{{cite journal|last=Emgili|first=Fahriye|year=2012|title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri 1878–1934|trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku 1878–1934|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/144769|journal=History Studies|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Dedeic20133">{{cite journal|last=Dedeić-Kırbaç|first=Amra|year=2013|title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri|trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku|url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf|journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi|language=tr|issue=35|pages=1–19|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U prvim godinama nove države muslimansko stanovništvo u dijelovima Bosne i Hercegovine, Sandžaka, Crne Gore i južne Srbije bilo je izloženo nasilju, pljački, pritiscima na prodaju imovine i slaboj zaštiti državnih vlasti.<ref name="Purivatra1974">{{cite book|last=Purivatra|first=Atif|url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/26562567|title=Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|publisher=Svjetlost|year=1974|location=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jahic2014">{{cite book|last=Jahić|first=Adnan|url=https://www.katalog.kgz.hr/pagesresults/bibliografskiZapis.aspx?selectedId=42008894|title=Vrijeme izazova: Bošnjaci u prvoj polovini XX stoljeća|publisher=Bošnjačka nacionalna zajednica za Grad Zagreb i Zagrebačku županiju; Bošnjački institut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića|year=2014|location=Zagreb; Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Poseban pritisak stvaralo je agrarno pitanje. [[Mehmed Spaho]] je već 1919. ostavku u prvoj vladi Kraljevine SHS obrazlagao neslaganjem s provođenjem agrarne reforme, tvrdeći da se posjedi oduzimaju prvenstveno muslimanskim zemljoposjednicima, dok se pitanje naknade odgađa na neodređeno vrijeme.<ref name="Kamberovic2009">{{cite book|last=Kamberović|first=Husnija|url=https://www.calameo.com/books/005453518c45f14d7f595|title=Mehmed Spaho: politička biografija 1883–1939|publisher=Vijeće Kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca|year=2009|location=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Peti val: socijalistička Jugoslavija i migracije nakon 1950-ih === Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] migracije prema Turskoj nisu prestale. U socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji dio muslimanskog stanovništva iz Sandžaka odlazio je u Tursku na osnovu porodičnih veza, administrativnih procedura i pritisaka koji su se mijenjali po periodima. U literaturi se naročito ističu pedesete i šezdesete godine 20. stoljeća, kada su mnoge porodice iz Sandžaka i drugih krajeva prešle u Tursku.<ref name="Giesel2022"/><ref name="Dedeic2013"/> Giesel navodi da se velik dio Bošnjaka u Istanbulu porijeklom vezuje za Sandžak, iz kojeg su njihove porodice odlazile uglavnom 1950-ih i 1960-ih.<ref name="Giesel2022"/> === Šesti val: rat u Bosni i Hercegovini i savremene veze === [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992–1995]]. nije proizveo trajnu migraciju u Tursku u razmjerama ranijih valova, ali je snažno utjecao na obnovu javnog bošnjačkog identiteta u Turskoj. Turska je primila dio izbjeglica, a brojne bošnjačke porodice u Turskoj obnovile su veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom kroz humanitarnu pomoć, udruženja, kulturne programe, komemoracije i medijsko praćenje rata.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Schad2015"/> Nakon rata razvijaju se institucionalne, kulturne i obrazovne veze između bošnjačkih udruženja u Turskoj i institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Schad2015"/> == Rasprostranjenost == Njihove zajednice nalaze se u velikim gradovima, prigradskim mahalama, manjim [[Kasaba|kasabama]] i selima.<ref name="Kırbaç2012"/><ref name="Hodzic2014">{{cite book |last1=Hodžić |first1=Amir |last2=Kalajdžić |first2=Mirsad |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=2014 |isbn=978-9958-23-380-7}}</ref> Knjiga ''Bošnjaci u Turskoj'' Amira Hodžića i Mirsada Kalajdžića zasnovana je na višegodišnjim posjetama i istraživanjima u Turskoj od 2008. do 2013. i obuhvata bošnjačke zajednice u više turskih općina i njihovoj okolini.<ref name="Smajlovic2015">{{cite journal |last=Smajlović |first=Salih |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |journal=Novi Muallim |volume=16 |issue=61 |year=2015 |pages=125–126 |url=https://ilmijja.ba/ojs/index.php/casopis1/article/download/184/156/335 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="COBISS">{{cite web |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj / Amir Hodžić, Mirsad Kalajdžić |website=COBISS+ |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/21297158 |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Istanbul === [[Datoteka:Yenibosna metro station platform.jpg|mini|Metrostanica u Yenibosni]] Bošnjaci se u [[Istanbul|Istanbulu]] nalaze u više četvrti i mahala, među kojima su [[Bayrampaşa]], [[Pendik]], [[Kartal]], [[Zeytinburnu]], [[Küçükköy]], [[Alibeyköy]], [[Fatih]], [[Edirnekapı]] i [[Yenibosna]].<ref name="Kırbaç2012" /> Bayrampaşa se posebno ističe kao prostor koncentracije stanovništva porijeklom s Balkana, uključujući Bošnjake iz Sandžaka i Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Giesel2023" /> U Istanbulu je bošnjački identitet često više urban i udruženički nego seoski. Održavaju se kulturni programi, komemoracije, sportske aktivnosti i kontakti s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, a bosanski jezik iako nije korišten u svakodnevnici, ostaje simbol porijekla, naročito kroz pjesme, porodične izraze, nazive hrane i javne kulturne manifestacije.<ref name="Schad2015"/> === Marmarska regija === [[Datoteka:Karamürsel.jpg|mini|Karamürsel, grad sa bošnjačkim četvrtima]] U [[Marmara|Marmarskoj regiji]] Bošnjaci su prisutni u Istanbulu, [[Bursa|Bursi]], [[Kocaeli (pokrajina)|Kocaeliju]], [[Sakarya (pokrajina)|Sakaryi]], Yalovi, [[Karamürsel|Karamürselu]], [[Düzce (pokrajina)|Düzceu]], [[Kırklareli (pokrajina)|Kırklareliju]] i [[Tekirdağ (pokrajina)|Tekirdağu]]. Ova regija bila je privlačna zbog blizine evropskog dijela Osmanskog Carstva, razvijenih komunikacija, poljoprivrednih mogućnosti i kasnijeg industrijskog razvoja.<ref name="Demirel"/><ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> [[Sakarya]] i [[Kocaeli]] važni su i zbog podataka o bosanskom jeziku iz turskog popisa 1965, u kojem su upravo ove provincije imale vidljivije udjele stanovništva koje je bosanski navelo kao prvi jezik.<ref name="Virtanen2003">{{cite report |last=Virtanen |first=Özlem Eraydin |title=Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation |publisher=Mercator Education |year=2003 |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479897 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Egejska regija i zapadna Anadolija === U [[Egejsko more|Egejskoj]] regiji i zapadnoj Anadoliji bošnjačko stanovništvo nalazi se u [[İzmir|Izmiru]], [[Balıkesir (pokrajina)|Balıkesiru]], [[Ayvalık|Ayvalıku]], [[Burhaniye|Burhaniyeu]], [[Havran|Havranu]], [[Edremit|Edremitu]] i okolnim naseljima. Ova područja bila su uključena u osmanske i republikanske politike naseljavanja muhadžira, a kasnije su se pojedine zajednice uklopile u lokalni gradski i poljoprivredni život.<ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> U zapadnoj Anadoliji važan je i [[Eskişehir]], posebno zbog sela i naselja koja su osnovali ili naselili bošnjački doseljenici. Studije o selu [[Lütfiye]] kod [[Mihalıççık|Mihalıççıka]] pokazuju kako su bošnjački doseljenici krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća oblikovali lokalnu zajednicu u kojoj su se održavali elementi jezika, ishrane i običaja.<ref name="Sahin">{{cite journal |last1=Şahin |first1=İsmail |last2=Şahin |first2=Cemile |title=Eskişehir'in kültürel yapısında Boşnaklar: Lütfiye Köyü örneği |journal=Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi |year=2010 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/105716 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Centralna i južna Anadolija === U Centralnoj Anadoliji i južnim područjima Bošnjaci se spominju u [[Ankara|Ankari]], [[Niğde (pokrajina)|Niğdeu]], [[Adana|Adani]], [[Konya|Konji]] i drugim mjestima. U ovim krajevima bošnjačke porodice često su naseljavane zajedno s drugim muslimanskim izbjeglicama s [[Balkan|Balkana]] i [[Kavkaz (regija)|Kavkaza]].<ref name="Hodzic2014"/><ref name="Smajlovic2015"/> === Sela i lokalne zajednice === Bošnjačka sela u Turskoj nastajala su na nekoliko načina: osnivanjem novih muhadžirskih sela, naseljavanjem napuštenih ili djelimično naseljenih sela, te doseljavanjem u već postojeća naselja. U osmanskim i republikanskim izvorima pojedina sela nose nazive koji upućuju na porijeklo stanovnika, kao što su [[Boşnak|Boşnak Köyü]] (sada [[Kesikkavak]], kod [[Hayman|Haymane]]), [[Boşnaklı]] (kod [[Vakfıkebir|Vakfıkebira]]) ili [[Yenibosna]], ali su mnogi nazivi kasnije promijenjeni u okviru turskih administrativnih i toponimskih reformi.<ref name="Demirel"/> Primjer sela [[Lütfiye]] u okolini [[Eskişehir (pokrajina)|Eskişehira]] pokazuje tipičan obrazac ruralne bošnjačke zajednice u Anadoliji. Doseljenici su donijeli porodična predanja o Bosni, zavičajne običaje, elemente bosanskog govora i tradicionalnu ishranu, ali su se tokom generacija sve više uključivali u turski jezički i obrazovni sistem. U takvim selima bosanski se duže održavao nego u velikim gradovima, ali je i ondje postepeno slabio kod mlađih generacija.<ref name="Sahin"/> Prema neformalnoj listi, u Turskoj postoji 299 sela s bošnjačkim stanovništvom.<ref name="BosnackaSela299">{{cite web|url=https://bosnakhaber.com/300-bosnjackih-mjesta-u-turskoj/|title=300 bošnjačkih mjesta u Turskoj|date=30. 6. 2023|website=Boşnak Haber|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Brojnost === Ne postoji pouzdan savremeni službeni podatak o ukupnom broju Bošnjaka u Turskoj. Republika Turska u savremenim popisima stanovništva ne objavljuje etničku strukturu na način koji bi omogućio precizno utvrđivanje broja Bošnjaka. Zbog toga se pojavljuju vrlo različite procjene, od nekoliko stotina hiljada do više miliona osoba bošnjačkog porijekla.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018"/> Jedan od rijetkih kvantitativnih pokazatelja odnosi se na jezik. Prema podacima turskog popisa iz 1965, 17.627 stanovnika navelo je bosanski kao prvi jezik, a 34.892 kao drugi jezik. Ti podaci ne predstavljaju ukupan broj Bošnjaka, jer su mnogi Bošnjaci već tada govorili turski kao prvi jezik ili se u popisnim kategorijama nisu iskazivali kroz bosanski jezik.<ref name="Virtanen2003"/> == Jezik == [[Datoteka:Mother language in 1965 Turkey census - Bosniak.png|mini|Maternji jezik prema popisu iz 1965.]] Bošnjaci u Turskoj tradicionalno su govorili [[bosanski jezik]], ali je tokom 20. stoljeća u većini porodica došlo do prelaska na [[turski jezik]]. Taj proces nije bio jednak u svim sredinama. U selima i zbijenim mahalama bosanski se održavao duže, naročito među starijim generacijama, dok je u gradovima turski brže postao glavni jezik obrazovanja, rada, javnog života i međugeneracijske komunikacije.<ref name="Karahan2004">{{cite journal |last=Karahan |first=Firdevs |title=Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, social network and codeswitching: the case of Bosnian-Turks living in Sakarya, Turkey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |volume=2004 |issue=165 |year=2004 |pages=59–92 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2004.007 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> Karahanovo Istraživanje pokazuje da bosanski u takvim zajednicama može imati snažnu simboličku vrijednost, ali da svakodnevna upotreba jezika zavisi od porodične mreže, starosti govornika, obrazovanja, braka i intenziteta kontakta s drugim govornicima bosanskog.<ref name="Karahan2004"/> Govor Bošnjaka u Turskoj nije jedinstven, jer odražava različita područja porijekla doseljeničkih porodica. U istraživanju govora Bošnjaka u Turskoj [[Alma Genjac-Nakičević]] utvrdila je da su neke porodice očuvale zapadnobosanske i srednjobosanske [[Ikavski govor|ikavske]] osobine, druge [[Istočnohercegovački dijalekt|istočnohercegovački]] [[Ijekavski govor|jekavski]] govor, dok se kod trećih javljaju [[Istočnobosanski dijalekt|istočnobosanske]] akcenatske osobine s ikavskim i [[Ekavski govor|ekavskim]] elementima, naprimjer oblici "lipše", "ne smiš" i "ovde".<ref name="GenjacNakicevic2012">{{cite journal|last=Genjac-Nakičević|first=Alma|year=2012|title=Govor Bošnjaka u Turskoj: Fonetsko-fonološke osobenosti|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1116426|journal=Bosanskohercegovački slavistički kongres|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Prva generacija doseljenika često je bila pretežno bosanskojezična, uz postepeno učenje turskog. Druga generacija obično je bila dvojezična, naročito ako je živjela u bošnjačkim selima ili mahalama. Treća i kasnije generacije sve češće su turski usvajale kao prvi jezik, dok se bosanski svodio na porodične izraze, razumijevanje starijih, pjesme, viceve, poslovice, nazive hrane i povremene razgovore s rodbinom.<ref name="Karahan2004"/><ref name="Sargın2025">{{cite journal |last1=Sargın |first1=Saliha |last2=Karakaş |first2=Mehmet |title=Boşnak Kültürünün Türkiye'deki Sürdürülebilirliği |journal=İçtimaiyat |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=819–833 |doi=10.33709/ictimaiyat.1528810 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4125146 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U mnogim porodicama bošnjačko porijeklo održava se kroz sjećanje na "Bosnu", kroz kulinarske običaje, porodične priče, [[Sevdalinka|tradicionalne pjesme]] i udruženja.<ref name="Giesel2023" /> Udruženje [[Türkiye Bosna Sancak Derneği]] organizira kurseve i online nastavu bosanskog jezika koji obično traju četiri mjeseca.<ref name="TBSKurs2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.turkiyebosnasancak.com.tr/etkinlikdetay/2022-2023-bosnakca-kurslarimiz|title=2022–2023 Boşnakça Kurslarımız|date=23. 2. 2023|website=Türkiye Bosna Sancak Derneği|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Kultura == Bošnjačka kultura u Turskoj održava se kroz porodična predanja, udruženja, vjerske običaje, kulinarstvo, muziku, igre, sjećanje na zavičaj i javne manifestacije. Među najčešće spominjanim elementima su [[burek]], [[ćevapi]], [[Kolo (igra)|kolo]], teferič, porodična okupljanja i posebni izrazi koji su ušli u lokalni govor zajednice.<ref name="Schad2015"/><ref name="Sargın2025"/> Sargın i Karakaş u radu o održivosti [[Kultura Bošnjaka|bošnjačke kulture]] u Turskoj naglašavaju da se kulturni identitet održava kroz kombinaciju usmenog predanja porodične historije i savremenih udruženja. Kulturni elementi nisu jednako očuvani u svim sredinama: u nekim porodicama naglašeni su jezik i rodbinske veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, dok se u drugim bošnjačko porijeklo prvenstveno prepoznaje kroz ishranu, prezime ili priče starijih.<ref name="Sargın2025"/> U udruženjima se održavaju kursevi bosanskog jezika, večeri [[Sevdalinka|sevdalinke]], folklorne i književne aktivnosti.<ref name="Preporod2023">{{cite web|url=https://preporod.info/bs/article/47849/bosnjaci-u-turskoj-vazno-nam-je-da-bosna-zna-da-postojimo|title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj: Važno nam je da Bosna zna da postojimo|date=3. 12. 2023|website=Preporod.info|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Poznate osobe bošnjačkog porijekla u Turskoj == [[Datoteka:Sabiha gokcen2.jpg|mini|227x227piksel|[[Sabiha Gökçen]]]] [[Datoteka:Hedo Turkoglu 11-27-08.jpg|mini|250x250piksel|[[Hedo Türkoğlu]]]] U turskom javnom životu djelovao je veći broj osoba koje se u biografskim, publicističkim ili zajedničkim izvorima navode kao osobe bošnjačkog porijekla. {{colbegin|2}} * [[Ajda Pekkan]], pjevačica * [[Almir Gegić]], košarkaški trener * [[Arif Şentürk]], pjevač * [[Asım Pars]], košarkaš * [[Ayşe Kulin]], književnica * [[Ayşegül Aldinç]], pjevačica i glumica * [[Banu Alkan]], glumica * [[Birkan Sokullu]], glumac * [[Bülent Ecevit]], političar i premijer Turske * [[Canan Ergüder]], glumica * [[Cedi Osman]], košarkaš * [[Cem Adrian]], pjevač * [[Cem Uzan]], poslovni čovjek i političar * [[Cihat Arslan]], nogometaš i trener * [[Cihangir İslam]], političar * [[Çağatay Ulusoy]], glumac * [[Demet Akalın]], pjevačica * [[Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu]], nogometaš * [[Ekrem Akurgal]], arheolog * [[Emir Preldžić]], košarkaš * [[Emina Jahović]], pjevačica * [[Erdem Şanlı]], glumac * [[Erkan Baş]], političar * [[Farah Zeynep Abdullah]], glumica * [[Faruk Süren]], sportski funkcioner * [[Fatih Artman]], glumac * [[Furkan Andıç]], glumac * [[Handan Sultan]], osmanska sultanija * [[Hedo Türkoğlu]], košarkaš * [[Hüsrev Gerede]], vojnik i diplomata * [[Hüseyin Beşok]], košarkaš * [[Kaan Yıldırım]], glumac * [[Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ]], glumac * [[Melek Bilge]], košarkašica * [[Melih Mahmutoğlu]], košarkaš * [[Meliha İsmailoğlu]], odbojkašica * [[Metin Boşnak]], univerzitetski profesor * [[Mete Horozoğlu]], glumac * [[Mirsad Türkcan]], košarkaš * [[Müge Boz]], glumica * [[Nazlı Ecevit]], slikarica * [[Nevzat Tandoğan]], političar i guverner * [[Ömer Çatkıç]], nogometaš * [[Parti Pehlivan]], hrvač * [[Sabiha Gökçen]], aviatičarka * [[Saffet Sancaklı]], nogometaš i političar * [[Sead Halilagić]], nogometaš * [[Seda Bakan]], glumica * [[Sedef Avcı]], glumica * [[Semih Erden]], košarkaš * [[Suat Atalık]], šahist * [[Sümeyra Koç]], rukometašica * [[Şarık Tara]], poslovni čovjek * [[Tuğçe Kazaz]], manekenka i glumica * [[Tuncel Kurtiz]], glumac * [[Zehra Güneş]], odbojkašica {{colend}} == Literatura == {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last=Demirel |first=Muammer |title=Türkiye'de Bosna Göçmenleri |trans-title=Bosanski doseljenici u Turskoj |journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |year=2008 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunisosbil/article/38079 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Tarih ve Gelenek Bağlamında Türkiye'de Boşnaklar |trans-title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj u kontekstu historije i tradicije |journal=Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi |year=2012 |url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri |trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku |journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi |year=2013 |url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Yeniden Kurulan Hayatlar: Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri (1878–1934) |trans-title=Ponovo uspostavljeni životi: migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku (1878–1934) |publisher=Bilge Kültür Sanat |location=Istanbul |year=2012 |isbn=978-605-5261-08-5 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/yeniden-kurulan-hayatlar-bosnaklarn-turkiyeye-gocleri-1878-1934/oclc/813837710 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite thesis |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Bosna Hersek'ten Türkiye'ye Göç (1878–1934) |trans-title=Migracija iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Tursku (1878–1934) |type=doktorska disertacija |publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü |location=Ankara |year=2011 |url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Çoban |first=Melih |title=Caught Between the Notions of Ethnicity, Citizenship and Diaspora: The Case of the Bosniaks in Turkey |journal=Poligrafi |year=2021 |doi=10.35469/poligrafi.2021.286 |url=https://ojs.zrs-kp.si/index.php/poligrafi/article/view/286 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |chapter=The Bosniaks in Turkey Between Assimilation and Ethnic Revival: Social and Political Issues Since the Migration to the Present Day |title=Ethnocultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus |editor1-last=Aminian Jazi |editor1-first=Ioana |editor2-last=Kahl |editor2-first=Thede |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |location=Vienna |year=2023 |url=https://austriaca.at/?arp=0x003e0c8c |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite report |last=Schad |first=Thomas |title=The Rediscovery of the Balkans? A Bosniak-Turkish Figuration in the Third Space Between İstanbul and Sarajevo |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University, European Institute |series=Working Paper Series |location=Istanbul |year=2015 |url=https://eu.bilgi.edu.tr/media/files/WORKING_PAPER_8-041215.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Karahan |first=Firdevs |title=Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, social network and codeswitching: the case of Bosnian-Turks living in Sakarya, Turkey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |year=2004 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2004.007 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.2004.007/html |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite report |last=Virtanen |first=Özlem Eraydin |title=Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation |publisher=Mercator Education |year=2003 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED479897.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last1=Şahin |first1=İsmail |last2=Şahin |first2=Cemile |title=Avusturya'nın Bosna-Hersek'i İşgalinden Sonra Anadolu'ya Yapılan Boşnak Göçleri: Eskişehir Lütfiye Köyü Örneği |trans-title=Bošnjačke migracije u Anadoliju nakon austrijske okupacije Bosne i Hercegovine: primjer sela Lütfiye kod Eskişehira |journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları |year=2014 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/karadearas/article/123929 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sargın |first1=Saliha |last2=Karakaş |first2=Mehmet |title=Boşnak Kültürünün Türkiye'deki Sürdürülebilirliği |trans-title=Održivost bošnjačke kulture u Turskoj |journal=İçtimaiyat |year=2025 |doi=10.33709/ictimaiyat.1528810 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ictimaiyat/article/1528810 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Mrduljaš |first=Saša |title=Broj Bošnjaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Turskoj |journal=Polemos |year=2018 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/339967 |language=hr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last1=Hodžić |first1=Amir |last2=Kalajdžić |first2=Mirsad |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=2014 |isbn=978-9958-23-380-7 |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/21297158 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Smajlović |first=Salih |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |journal=Novi Muallim |year=2015 |url=https://ilmijja.ba/ojs/index.php/casopis1/article/download/184/156/335 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Babuna |first=Aydın |title=Bir Ulusun Doğuşu: Geçmişten Günümüze Boşnaklar |trans-title=Rođenje jedne nacije: Bošnjaci od prošlosti do danas |publisher=Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2000 |isbn=978-975-333-132-6 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bir-ulusun-dogusu-gecmisten-gunumuze-bosnaklar/oclc/48100178 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Gündüz |first=Tufan |title=Alahimanet Bosna: Boşnakların Osmanlı Topraklarına Göçü (1879–1912) |trans-title=Alahimanet Bosno: migracija Bošnjaka u osmanske zemlje (1879–1912) |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |year=2012 |isbn=978-605-5200-16-9 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/alahimanet-bosna-bosnaklarn-osmanl-topraklarna-gocu-1879-1912/oclc/819318057 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Kaçapor |first=Sait |title=Boşnaklar Türkiye'nin Sadık Vatandaşları |trans-title=Bošnjaci: odani građani Turske |publisher=Kastaş Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |year=2014 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Bo%C5%9Fnaklar+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Sad%C4%B1k+Vatanda%C5%9Flar%C4%B1 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Kolaşinli |first=Hayri |title=Muhacirlerin İzinde: Boşnakların Trajik Göç Tarihinden Kesitler |trans-title=Tragom muhadžira: isječci iz tragične historije migracija Bošnjaka |publisher=Lotus Yayınevi |location=Ankara |year=2003 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Muhacirlerin+%C4%B0zinde+Bo%C5%9Fnaklar%C4%B1n+Trajik+G%C3%B6%C3%A7+Tarihinden+Kesitler |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Tekin |first=Cemile |title=Yugoslavya'dan Türkiye'ye Göçün Nedenleri (1950–1958) |trans-title=Uzroci migracije iz Jugoslavije u Tursku (1950–1958) |journal=Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |year=2018 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susbed/issue/61823/925038 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Karpat |first=Kemal H. |title=Osmanlı'dan Günümüze Etnik Yapılanma ve Göçler |trans-title=Etnička struktura i migracije od Osmanlija do danas |publisher=Timaş Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2013 |isbn=978-605-08-1046-2 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/osmanldan-gunumuze-etnik-yaplanma-ve-gocler/oclc/879604586 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Lavić |first=Osman |title=Iseljavanje Bošnjaka muslimana iz BiH za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske vladavine i risala Mehemda Teufika Azapagića |journal=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke |year=1996 |url=https://www.anali-ghb.com/index.php/aghb/article/view/404 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite web |last=Özsu |first=Umut |title=Adaptation of the 1858 Ottoman Land Code in Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian Rule, 1878–1918 |website=Islamic Law Blog |publisher=Harvard Law School |date=16. 2. 2024 |url=https://islamiclaw.blog/2024/02/16/adaptation-of-the-1858-ottoman-land-code-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina-under-austro-hungarian-rule-1878-1918/ |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Imamović |first=Mustafa |title=Historija Bošnjaka |publisher=Bošnjačka zajednica kulture Preporod |location=Sarajevo |year=1997 |isbn=9958-815-00-1}} * {{cite book |last=Purivatra |first=Atif |title=Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca |publisher=Svjetlost |location=Sarajevo |year=1974}} * {{cite book |last=Karčić |first=Fikret |title=The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg Times |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=1999 |isbn=9958-23-064-X}} {{Refend}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Bošnjaci}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosnjaci u Turskoj}} [[Kategorija:Bošnjaci]] [[Kategorija:Bošnjačka dijaspora]] [[Kategorija:Islam u Turskoj]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] 5lho70l4bzuwudvns7cvkz0wf1yuu1q 3839591 3839576 2026-05-05T00:05:57Z Mhare 481 3839591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija etnička grupa | grupa = Bošnjaci u Turskoj | zastava = | opis_zastave = | ukupno = 106.000<br> ~ 2 miliona (bošnjačko porijeklo)<ref name="Sofos2023">{{cite report |last=Sofos |first=Spyros A. |title=Turkey's Presence in the Western Balkans |publisher=PeaceRep: The Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform |year=2023 |url=https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Turkeys-Presence-in-the-Western-Balkans-DIGITAL.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> | regija1 = | pop1 = | regija2 = | pop2 = | regija3 = | pop3 = | regija4 = | pop4 = | jezici = [[Turski jezik|turski]], [[bosanski jezik|bosanski]] | vjera = pretežno [[islam]] }} '''Bošnjaci u Turskoj''' jesu stanovnici [[Turska|Turske]] bošnjačkog porijekla, odnosno potomci [[Bošnjaci|Bošnjaka]] doseljenih iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Sandžak]]a, [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], [[Srbija|Srbije]], [[Kosovo|Kosova]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Sjeverne Makedonije]] i drugih područja bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]]. Njihovo prisustvo u Turskoj oblikovano je dugim procesom migracija [[Musliman|muslimanskog]] stanovništva s Balkana u [[Osmansko Carstvo]], a zatim u [[Turska|Republiku Tursku]], posebno od 1878. do druge polovine 20. stoljeća.<ref name="Demirel">{{cite journal |last=Demirel |first=Muammer |title=Türkiye'de Bosna Göçmenleri |journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=285–306 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunisosbil/article/38079 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Dedeic2013">{{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri |journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi |issue=35 |year=2013 |url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bošnjačka zajednica u Turskoj nije nastala jednim preseljenjem, nego nizom valova potaknutih ratovima, promjenama granica, agrarnim i političkim pritiscima, gubitkom osmanske vlasti na Balkanu i kasnijim jugoslavensko-turskim migracijskim aranžmanima. U brojnim porodicama, mahalama, selima i udruženjima očuvani posebni oblici bošnjačkog porijekla, sjećanja na zavičaj, [[Bosanska kuhinja|ishrane]], usmene tradicije i [[Bosanski jezik|jezika]].<ref name="Giesel2023">{{cite book |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |chapter=The Bosniaks in Turkey Between Assimilation and Ethnic Revival: Social and Political Issues Since the Migration to the Present Day |title=Ethnocultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |year=2023 |pages=105–142 |url=https://austriaca.at/?arp=0x003e0c8c |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Kırbaç2012">{{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Bosniaks in Turkey in the context of history, tradition and culture |journal=International Journal of Human Sciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=2012 |url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245/880 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Terminologija i identitet == [[Datoteka:Za_doselenicite_od_Bosna,_1911.pdf|lijevo|mini|283x283piksel|Izvještaj iz 1911. o doseljenicima iz Bosne i naseljavanju muhadžira.]] U osmanskom i turskom kontekstu doseljenici iz Bosne često se nazivaju ''Boşnak ili'' ''Bosnalı''. Izraz ''Boşnak'' u turskom jeziku obično označava Bošnjake kao etničku i kulturnu zajednicu, dok ''Bosnalı'' može označavati i šire bosansko porijeklo, bez nužnog razlikovanja savremenih nacionalnih identiteta.<ref name="Giesel2023"/> U Turskoj su Bošnjaci dugo bili uključeni u državni i društveni okvir [[Tursko državljanstvo|turskog građanskog identiteta]]. Od kraja 20. stoljeća, naročito nakon [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] i intenzivnijih veza između Turske i Bosne i Hercegovine, u dijelu zajednice ojačalo je zanimanje za bošnjačko porijeklo, bosanski jezik, sjećanje na migraciju i veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Schad2015">{{cite report |last=Schad |first=Thomas |title=The Rediscovery of the Balkans? A Bosniak-Turkish Figuration in the Third Space Between İstanbul and Sarajevo |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University, European Institute |year=2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/150274131/The_rediscovery_of_the_Balkans_a_Bosniak_Turkish_figuration_in_the_third_space_between_%C4%B0stanbul_and_Sarajevo |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Promjena prezimena među Bošnjacima u Turskoj povezana je s procesom uključivanja izbjeglica u osmanski, a zatim republikanski administrativni sistem. U osmanskom periodu porodice su se često bilježile po ličnom imenu, očevom imenu, nadimku, zavičaju ili oznaci porijekla, dok savremeni sistem obaveznih porodičnih prezimena u Turskoj nastaje nakon donošenja [[Zakon o prezimenima (Turska)|Zakona o prezimenima]] 1934.<ref name="Lewis1999">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/40444589|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-823856-0|location=Oxford|language=en|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Zakon o prezimenima obavezao je sve građane Turske da uzmu stalno nasljedno prezime na turskom građanskom obrascu. Za doseljene bošnjačke porodice to je značilo da su ranija prezimena često skraćivana, fonetski prilagođavana turskom jeziku ili potpuno zamjenjivana novim prezimenima. Zbog toga se među potomcima Bošnjaka u Turskoj javljaju prezimena kao što su ''Boşnak'', ''Bosna'', ''Bosnalı'', ''Sancaklı'', ''Yenipazarlı'', ''Akova'', ''Mostarlı'' ili druga prezimena koja upućuju na Bosnu, Sandžak, [[Novi Pazar]], [[Bijelo Polje]] i druge krajeve porijekla.<ref name="Kırbaç20122">{{cite journal|last=Dedeić-Kırbaç|first=Amra|year=2012|title=Tarih ve Gelenek Bağlamında Türkiye'de Boşnaklar|trans-title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj u kontekstu historije i tradicije|url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245|journal=Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Promjene nisu bile rezultat prisile usmjerene posebno protiv Bošnjaka, nego dio opće republikanske politike pod [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemalom Ataturkom]] i stvaranja jedinstvenog sistema državljanstva, administracije i turskog jezičkog standarda. Terenska istraživanja u Karamürselu i Halilbejliju, naprimjer, bilježe porodična stabla, promjene prezimena i sjećanja na mjesta porijekla.<ref name="Hadziomerovic2025">{{cite web|url=https://preporod.info/bs/article/67526/zlatko-hadziomerovic-bosnjaci-u-turskoj-cuvaju-jezik-i-sjecanje-na-bosnu|title=Zlatko Hadžiomerović: Bošnjaci u Turskoj čuvaju jezik i sjećanje na Bosnu|date=22. 10. 2025|website=Preporod.info|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Historijska pozadina i migracijski valovi == [[Datoteka:Muhajir.jpg|desno|mini|Balkanske muslimanske izbjeglice u Turskoj tokom Prvog balkanskog rata, 1912.]] Prvi veliki migracijski pritisci bili su posljedica ratova i promjene granica u 19. stoljeću. Nakon [[Berlinski kongres|Berlinskog kongresa]] 1878. [[Austro-Ugarska]] je okupirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu, dok su [[Kraljevina Srbija|Srbija]] i [[Kraljevina Crna Gora|Crna Gora]] dobile međunarodno priznanje i teritorijalna proširenja. Muslimansko stanovništvo iz [[Bosna (regija)|Bosne]], [[Hercegovina|Hercegovine]], [[Nikšić|Nikšića]], [[Podgorica|Podgorice]], [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bara]] i drugih krajeva našlo se u novim političkim okolnostima, što je potaklo iseljavanje prema preostalim osmanskim oblastima i [[Anadolija|Anadoliji]].<ref name="Demirel" /><ref name="Mrduljas2018">{{cite journal |last=Mrduljaš |first=Saša |title=Broj Bošnjaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Turskoj |journal=Polemos |volume=21 |issue=41 |year=2018 |pages=13–31 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/339967 |language=hr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U osmanskoj administraciji doseljenici su tretirani kao [[Izbjeglica|izbjeglice]] i doseljenici iz izgubljenih ili nesigurnih krajeva carstva. Njihovo naseljavanje nije bilo isključivo spontano: osmanske vlasti su ih upućivale prema područjima gdje su postojale potrebe za stanovništvom, [[Poljoprivreda|zemljom za obradu]], vojnim i sigurnosnim naseljavanjem ili obnovom opustošenih naselja.<ref name="Demirel" /> === Prvi val: nakon 1878. === Prvi veliki val bošnjačkog iseljavanja prema osmanskim područjima nastao je nakon 1878, kada je Austro-Ugarska okupirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Dio muslimanskog stanovništva novu vlast doživljavao je kao gubitak dotadašnjeg državnog i pravnog poretka, a dodatni pritisci nastajali su zbog neizvjesnosti oko zemljišnih odnosa, vojne obaveze, poreza i političkog položaja muslimana u novonastalim okolnostima. Iseljavanje iz Bosne i Hercegovine u tom periodu nije bilo jednokratno, nego se nastavilo tokom austrougarske uprave.<ref name="Demirel"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018"/> Demirel navodi da su bosanski muhadžiri nakon 1878. naseljavani u više osmanskih oblasti, uključujući [[Edirne]], [[Tekirdağ]], [[Kırklareli]], [[Bursa|Bursu]], [[Izmit]], [[Adapazarı]], [[Izmir]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Ankara|Ankaru]] i [[Adana|Adanu]]. Dio doseljenika privremeno se zadržavao u Istanbulu i Trakiji, a dio je premještan u unutrašnjost Anadolije.<ref name="Demirel"/> Dio stanovništva odlazak je shvatao kao [[Hidžra|hidžru]] iz zemlje koja više nije bila pod muslimanskom vlašću, dok su vjerski autoriteti, pisci i javni radnici nastojali pokazati da ostanak u domovini nije vjerski sporan i da masovno napuštanje zemlje slabi muslimansku zajednicu u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Lavic1996">{{cite journal|last=Lavić|first=Osman|year=1996|title=Iseljavanje Bošnjaka muslimana iz BiH za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske vladavine i risala Mehmeda Teufika Azapagića|url=https://www.anali-ghb.com/index.php/aghb/article/view/404/789|journal=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Protiv iseljavanja su djelovali i književnici. [[Aleksa Šantić]] je 1896. objavio pjesmu "Ostajte ovdje", u kojoj se obraća onima koji napuštaju zavičaj i odlaze u tuđinu. Pjesma je postala jedan od najpoznatijih književnih odgovora na muhadžirske valove iz Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Santic1896">{{cite web|url=https://www.spiritofbosnia.org/bs/volume-1-no-4-2006-october/stay-here/|title=Ostajte ovdje|last=Šantić|first=Aleksa|website=Spirit of Bosnia / Duh Bosne|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Prema austrougarskoj evidenciji, do 1911. iz BiH se trajno iselilo 57.119 Bošnjaka.<ref name="Mrduljas2018" /> === Drugi val: aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine 1908. === [[Datoteka:Balkan_Göçmenleri_Karaköy'de_(1912).jpg|desno|mini|Balkanske izbjeglice u Karaköyu u Istanbulu, 1912.]] [[Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine|Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine]] 1908. bila je novi politički poticaj iseljavanju. Formalno uključivanje Bosne i Hercegovine u Austro-Ugarsku kod dijela muslimanskog stanovništva pojačalo je osjećaj trajnog odvajanja od osmanskog političkog prostora.<ref name="Dedeic2013"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018" /> Novi talas iseljavanja ponovo je otvorio pitanje opstanka Bošnjaka u domovini. [[Osman Đikić]] se tom temom bavio u publicističkim tekstovima i u drami ''Muhadžir'', izvedenoj u Mostaru 1909. Drama je nastala kao angažirani pokušaj da se zaustavi iseljavanje mostarskih Bošnjaka u Tursku nakon aneksije.<ref name="BiserjeDjikic">{{cite web|url=https://www.biserje.ba/godisnjica-smrti-osmana-djikica-pisca-bosnjacke-preporodne-knjizevnosti/|title=110. godišnjica smrti Osmana Đikića, pisca bošnjačke preporodne književnosti|website=Biserje|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Treći val: Balkanski ratovi i gubitak osmanske Rumelije === [[Balkanski ratovi]] 1912–1913. pogodili su muslimansko stanovništvo Sandžaka, Kosova, Makedonije i drugih područja koja su izašla iz osmanskog sastava. Ovaj val nije obuhvatao samo stanovništvo iz Bosne i Hercegovine, nego i Bošnjake i slavenske muslimane iz drugih krajeva tadašnjeg balkanskog prostora.<ref name="Emgili2012">{{cite journal |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri 1878–1934 |journal=History Studies |year=2012 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/144769 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Giesel2022">{{cite journal |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |title=Uvod u selektivne historijske, sociološke, političke i kulturne aspekte Bošnjaka u Turskoj |journal=Godišnjak BZK Preporod |year=2022 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1062673 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Četvrti val: međuratna Jugoslavija === U vrijeme Kraljevine SHS i [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]] Bošnjaci u Tursku su odlazili zbog kombinacije političke nesigurnosti, [[Agrarna reforma u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji|agrarnih odnosa]], nacionalnih pritisaka i očekivanja da će u Turskoj živjeti u poznatom muslimanskom i osmanskom kulturnom okruženju.<ref name="Emgili2012"/><ref name="Emgili20123">{{cite journal|last=Emgili|first=Fahriye|year=2012|title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri 1878–1934|trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku 1878–1934|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/144769|journal=History Studies|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Dedeic20133">{{cite journal|last=Dedeić-Kırbaç|first=Amra|year=2013|title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri|trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku|url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf|journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi|language=tr|issue=35|pages=1–19|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U prvim godinama nove države muslimansko stanovništvo u dijelovima Bosne i Hercegovine, Sandžaka, Crne Gore i južne Srbije bilo je izloženo nasilju, pljački, pritiscima na prodaju imovine i slaboj zaštiti državnih vlasti.<ref name="Purivatra1974">{{cite book|last=Purivatra|first=Atif|url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/26562567|title=Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|publisher=Svjetlost|year=1974|location=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jahic2014">{{cite book|last=Jahić|first=Adnan|url=https://www.katalog.kgz.hr/pagesresults/bibliografskiZapis.aspx?selectedId=42008894|title=Vrijeme izazova: Bošnjaci u prvoj polovini XX stoljeća|publisher=Bošnjačka nacionalna zajednica za Grad Zagreb i Zagrebačku županiju; Bošnjački institut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića|year=2014|location=Zagreb; Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Poseban pritisak stvaralo je agrarno pitanje. [[Mehmed Spaho]] je već 1919. ostavku u prvoj vladi Kraljevine SHS obrazlagao neslaganjem s provođenjem agrarne reforme, tvrdeći da se posjedi oduzimaju prvenstveno muslimanskim zemljoposjednicima, dok se pitanje naknade odgađa na neodređeno vrijeme.<ref name="Kamberovic2009">{{cite book|last=Kamberović|first=Husnija|url=https://www.calameo.com/books/005453518c45f14d7f595|title=Mehmed Spaho: politička biografija 1883–1939|publisher=Vijeće Kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca|year=2009|location=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Peti val: socijalistička Jugoslavija i migracije nakon 1950-ih === Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] migracije prema Turskoj nisu prestale. U socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji dio muslimanskog stanovništva iz Sandžaka odlazio je u Tursku na osnovu porodičnih veza, administrativnih procedura i pritisaka koji su se mijenjali po periodima. U literaturi se naročito ističu pedesete i šezdesete godine 20. stoljeća, kada su mnoge porodice iz Sandžaka i drugih krajeva prešle u Tursku.<ref name="Giesel2022"/><ref name="Dedeic2013"/> Giesel navodi da se velik dio Bošnjaka u Istanbulu porijeklom vezuje za Sandžak, iz kojeg su njihove porodice odlazile uglavnom 1950-ih i 1960-ih.<ref name="Giesel2022"/> === Šesti val: rat u Bosni i Hercegovini i savremene veze === [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992–1995]]. nije proizveo trajnu migraciju u Tursku u razmjerama ranijih valova, ali je snažno utjecao na obnovu javnog bošnjačkog identiteta u Turskoj. Turska je primila dio izbjeglica, a brojne bošnjačke porodice u Turskoj obnovile su veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom kroz humanitarnu pomoć, udruženja, kulturne programe, komemoracije i medijsko praćenje rata.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Schad2015"/> Nakon rata razvijaju se institucionalne, kulturne i obrazovne veze između bošnjačkih udruženja u Turskoj i institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref name="Schad2015"/> == Rasprostranjenost == Njihove zajednice nalaze se u velikim gradovima, prigradskim mahalama, manjim [[Kasaba|kasabama]] i selima.<ref name="Kırbaç2012"/><ref name="Hodzic2014">{{cite book |last1=Hodžić |first1=Amir |last2=Kalajdžić |first2=Mirsad |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=2014 |isbn=978-9958-23-380-7}}</ref> Knjiga ''Bošnjaci u Turskoj'' Amira Hodžića i Mirsada Kalajdžića zasnovana je na višegodišnjim posjetama i istraživanjima u Turskoj od 2008. do 2013. i obuhvata bošnjačke zajednice u više turskih općina i njihovoj okolini.<ref name="Smajlovic2015">{{cite journal |last=Smajlović |first=Salih |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |journal=Novi Muallim |volume=16 |issue=61 |year=2015 |pages=125–126 |url=https://ilmijja.ba/ojs/index.php/casopis1/article/download/184/156/335 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="COBISS">{{cite web |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj / Amir Hodžić, Mirsad Kalajdžić |website=COBISS+ |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/21297158 |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Istanbul === [[Datoteka:Yenibosna metro station platform.jpg|mini|Metrostanica u Yenibosni]] Bošnjaci se u [[Istanbul|Istanbulu]] nalaze u više četvrti i mahala, među kojima su [[Bayrampaşa]], [[Pendik]], [[Kartal]], [[Zeytinburnu]], [[Küçükköy]], [[Alibeyköy]], [[Fatih]], [[Edirnekapı]] i [[Yenibosna]].<ref name="Kırbaç2012" /> Bayrampaşa se posebno ističe kao prostor koncentracije stanovništva porijeklom s Balkana, uključujući Bošnjake iz Sandžaka i Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Giesel2023" /> U Istanbulu je bošnjački identitet često više urban i udruženički nego seoski. Održavaju se kulturni programi, komemoracije, sportske aktivnosti i kontakti s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, a bosanski jezik iako nije korišten u svakodnevnici, ostaje simbol porijekla, naročito kroz pjesme, porodične izraze, nazive hrane i javne kulturne manifestacije.<ref name="Schad2015"/> === Marmarska regija === [[Datoteka:Karamürsel.jpg|mini|Karamürsel, grad sa bošnjačkim četvrtima]] U [[Marmara|Marmarskoj regiji]] Bošnjaci su prisutni u Istanbulu, [[Bursa|Bursi]], [[Kocaeli (pokrajina)|Kocaeliju]], [[Sakarya (pokrajina)|Sakaryi]], Yalovi, [[Karamürsel|Karamürselu]], [[Düzce (pokrajina)|Düzceu]], [[Kırklareli (pokrajina)|Kırklareliju]] i [[Tekirdağ (pokrajina)|Tekirdağu]]. Ova regija bila je privlačna zbog blizine evropskog dijela Osmanskog Carstva, razvijenih komunikacija, poljoprivrednih mogućnosti i kasnijeg industrijskog razvoja.<ref name="Demirel"/><ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> [[Sakarya]] i [[Kocaeli]] važni su i zbog podataka o bosanskom jeziku iz turskog popisa 1965, u kojem su upravo ove provincije imale vidljivije udjele stanovništva koje je bosanski navelo kao prvi jezik.<ref name="Virtanen2003">{{cite report |last=Virtanen |first=Özlem Eraydin |title=Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation |publisher=Mercator Education |year=2003 |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479897 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Egejska regija i zapadna Anadolija === U [[Egejsko more|Egejskoj]] regiji i zapadnoj Anadoliji bošnjačko stanovništvo nalazi se u [[İzmir|Izmiru]], [[Balıkesir (pokrajina)|Balıkesiru]], [[Ayvalık|Ayvalıku]], [[Burhaniye|Burhaniyeu]], [[Havran|Havranu]], [[Edremit|Edremitu]] i okolnim naseljima. Ova područja bila su uključena u osmanske i republikanske politike naseljavanja muhadžira, a kasnije su se pojedine zajednice uklopile u lokalni gradski i poljoprivredni život.<ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> U zapadnoj Anadoliji važan je i [[Eskişehir]], posebno zbog sela i naselja koja su osnovali ili naselili bošnjački doseljenici. Studije o selu [[Lütfiye]] kod [[Mihalıççık|Mihalıççıka]] pokazuju kako su bošnjački doseljenici krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća oblikovali lokalnu zajednicu u kojoj su se održavali elementi jezika, ishrane i običaja.<ref name="Sahin">{{cite journal |last1=Şahin |first1=İsmail |last2=Şahin |first2=Cemile |title=Eskişehir'in kültürel yapısında Boşnaklar: Lütfiye Köyü örneği |journal=Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi |year=2010 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/105716 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Centralna i južna Anadolija === U Centralnoj Anadoliji i južnim područjima Bošnjaci se spominju u [[Ankara|Ankari]], [[Niğde (pokrajina)|Niğdeu]], [[Adana|Adani]], [[Konya|Konji]] i drugim mjestima. U ovim krajevima bošnjačke porodice često su naseljavane zajedno s drugim muslimanskim izbjeglicama s [[Balkan|Balkana]] i [[Kavkaz (regija)|Kavkaza]].<ref name="Hodzic2014"/><ref name="Smajlovic2015"/> === Sela i lokalne zajednice === Bošnjačka sela u Turskoj nastajala su na nekoliko načina: osnivanjem novih muhadžirskih sela, naseljavanjem napuštenih ili djelimično naseljenih sela, te doseljavanjem u već postojeća naselja. U osmanskim i republikanskim izvorima pojedina sela nose nazive koji upućuju na porijeklo stanovnika, kao što su [[Boşnak|Boşnak Köyü]] (sada [[Kesikkavak]], kod [[Hayman|Haymane]]), [[Boşnaklı]] (kod [[Vakfıkebir|Vakfıkebira]]) ili [[Yenibosna]], ali su mnogi nazivi kasnije promijenjeni u okviru turskih administrativnih i toponimskih reformi.<ref name="Demirel"/> Primjer sela [[Lütfiye]] u okolini [[Eskişehir (pokrajina)|Eskişehira]] pokazuje tipičan obrazac ruralne bošnjačke zajednice u Anadoliji. Doseljenici su donijeli porodična predanja o Bosni, zavičajne običaje, elemente bosanskog govora i tradicionalnu ishranu, ali su se tokom generacija sve više uključivali u turski jezički i obrazovni sistem. U takvim selima bosanski se duže održavao nego u velikim gradovima, ali je i ondje postepeno slabio kod mlađih generacija.<ref name="Sahin"/> Prema neformalnoj listi, u Turskoj postoji 299 sela s bošnjačkim stanovništvom.<ref name="BosnackaSela299">{{cite web|url=https://bosnakhaber.com/300-bosnjackih-mjesta-u-turskoj/|title=300 bošnjačkih mjesta u Turskoj|date=30. 6. 2023|website=Boşnak Haber|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> === Brojnost === Ne postoji pouzdan savremeni službeni podatak o ukupnom broju Bošnjaka u Turskoj. Republika Turska u savremenim popisima stanovništva ne objavljuje etničku strukturu na način koji bi omogućio precizno utvrđivanje broja Bošnjaka. Zbog toga se pojavljuju vrlo različite procjene, od nekoliko stotina hiljada do više miliona osoba bošnjačkog porijekla.<ref name="Giesel2023"/><ref name="Mrduljas2018"/> Jedan od rijetkih kvantitativnih pokazatelja odnosi se na jezik. Prema podacima turskog popisa iz 1965, 17.627 stanovnika navelo je bosanski kao prvi jezik, a 34.892 kao drugi jezik. Ti podaci ne predstavljaju ukupan broj Bošnjaka, jer su mnogi Bošnjaci već tada govorili turski kao prvi jezik ili se u popisnim kategorijama nisu iskazivali kroz bosanski jezik.<ref name="Virtanen2003"/> == Jezik == [[Datoteka:Mother language in 1965 Turkey census - Bosniak.png|mini|Maternji jezik prema popisu iz 1965.]] Bošnjaci u Turskoj tradicionalno su govorili [[bosanski jezik]], ali je tokom 20. stoljeća u većini porodica došlo do prelaska na [[turski jezik]]. Taj proces nije bio jednak u svim sredinama. U selima i zbijenim mahalama bosanski se održavao duže, naročito među starijim generacijama, dok je u gradovima turski brže postao glavni jezik obrazovanja, rada, javnog života i međugeneracijske komunikacije.<ref name="Karahan2004">{{cite journal |last=Karahan |first=Firdevs |title=Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, social network and codeswitching: the case of Bosnian-Turks living in Sakarya, Turkey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |volume=2004 |issue=165 |year=2004 |pages=59–92 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2004.007 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kırbaç2012"/> Karahanovo Istraživanje pokazuje da bosanski u takvim zajednicama može imati snažnu simboličku vrijednost, ali da svakodnevna upotreba jezika zavisi od porodične mreže, starosti govornika, obrazovanja, braka i intenziteta kontakta s drugim govornicima bosanskog.<ref name="Karahan2004"/> Govor Bošnjaka u Turskoj nije jedinstven, jer odražava različita područja porijekla doseljeničkih porodica. U istraživanju govora Bošnjaka u Turskoj [[Alma Genjac-Nakičević]] utvrdila je da su neke porodice očuvale zapadnobosanske i srednjobosanske [[Ikavski govor|ikavske]] osobine, druge [[Istočnohercegovački dijalekt|istočnohercegovački]] [[Ijekavski govor|jekavski]] govor, dok se kod trećih javljaju [[Istočnobosanski dijalekt|istočnobosanske]] akcenatske osobine s ikavskim i [[Ekavski govor|ekavskim]] elementima, naprimjer oblici "lipše", "ne smiš" i "ovde".<ref name="GenjacNakicevic2012">{{cite journal|last=Genjac-Nakičević|first=Alma|year=2012|title=Govor Bošnjaka u Turskoj: Fonetsko-fonološke osobenosti|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1116426|journal=Bosanskohercegovački slavistički kongres|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> Prva generacija doseljenika često je bila pretežno bosanskojezična, uz postepeno učenje turskog. Druga generacija obično je bila dvojezična, naročito ako je živjela u bošnjačkim selima ili mahalama. Treća i kasnije generacije sve češće su turski usvajale kao prvi jezik, dok se bosanski svodio na porodične izraze, razumijevanje starijih, pjesme, viceve, poslovice, nazive hrane i povremene razgovore s rodbinom.<ref name="Karahan2004"/><ref name="Sargın2025">{{cite journal |last1=Sargın |first1=Saliha |last2=Karakaş |first2=Mehmet |title=Boşnak Kültürünün Türkiye'deki Sürdürülebilirliği |journal=İçtimaiyat |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=2025 |pages=819–833 |doi=10.33709/ictimaiyat.1528810 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4125146 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> U mnogim porodicama bošnjačko porijeklo održava se kroz sjećanje na "Bosnu", kroz kulinarske običaje, porodične priče, [[Sevdalinka|tradicionalne pjesme]] i udruženja.<ref name="Giesel2023" /> Udruženje [[Türkiye Bosna Sancak Derneği]] organizira kurseve i online nastavu bosanskog jezika koji obično traju četiri mjeseca.<ref name="TBSKurs2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.turkiyebosnasancak.com.tr/etkinlikdetay/2022-2023-bosnakca-kurslarimiz|title=2022–2023 Boşnakça Kurslarımız|date=23. 2. 2023|website=Türkiye Bosna Sancak Derneği|language=tr|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Kultura == Bošnjačka kultura u Turskoj održava se kroz porodična predanja, udruženja, vjerske običaje, kulinarstvo, muziku, igre, sjećanje na zavičaj i javne manifestacije. Među najčešće spominjanim elementima su [[burek]], [[ćevapi]], [[Kolo (igra)|kolo]], teferič, porodična okupljanja i posebni izrazi koji su ušli u lokalni govor zajednice.<ref name="Schad2015"/><ref name="Sargın2025"/> Sargın i Karakaş u radu o održivosti [[Kultura Bošnjaka|bošnjačke kulture]] u Turskoj naglašavaju da se kulturni identitet održava kroz kombinaciju usmenog predanja porodične historije i savremenih udruženja. Kulturni elementi nisu jednako očuvani u svim sredinama: u nekim porodicama naglašeni su jezik i rodbinske veze s Bosnom i Hercegovinom, dok se u drugim bošnjačko porijeklo prvenstveno prepoznaje kroz ishranu, prezime ili priče starijih.<ref name="Sargın2025"/> U udruženjima se održavaju kursevi bosanskog jezika, večeri [[Sevdalinka|sevdalinke]], folklorne i književne aktivnosti.<ref name="Preporod2023">{{cite web|url=https://preporod.info/bs/article/47849/bosnjaci-u-turskoj-vazno-nam-je-da-bosna-zna-da-postojimo|title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj: Važno nam je da Bosna zna da postojimo|date=3. 12. 2023|website=Preporod.info|language=bs|access-date=2. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Poznate osobe bošnjačkog porijekla u Turskoj == [[Datoteka:Sabiha gokcen2.jpg|mini|227x227piksel|[[Sabiha Gökçen]]]] [[Datoteka:Hedo Turkoglu 11-27-08.jpg|mini|250x250piksel|[[Hedo Türkoğlu]]]] U turskom javnom životu djelovao je veći broj osoba koje se u biografskim, publicističkim ili zajedničkim izvorima navode kao osobe bošnjačkog porijekla. {{colbegin|2}} * [[Ajda Pekkan]], pjevačica * [[Almir Gegić]], košarkaški trener * [[Arif Şentürk]], pjevač * [[Asım Pars]], košarkaš * [[Ayşe Kulin]], književnica * [[Ayşegül Aldinç]], pjevačica i glumica * [[Banu Alkan]], glumica * [[Birkan Sokullu]], glumac * [[Bülent Ecevit]], političar i premijer Turske * [[Canan Ergüder]], glumica * [[Cedi Osman]], košarkaš * [[Cem Adrian]], pjevač * [[Cem Uzan]], poslovni čovjek i političar * [[Cihat Arslan]], nogometaš i trener * [[Cihangir İslam]], političar * [[Çağatay Ulusoy]], glumac * [[Demet Akalın]], pjevačica * [[Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu]], nogometaš * [[Ekrem Akurgal]], arheolog * [[Emir Preldžić]], košarkaš * [[Emina Jahović]], pjevačica * [[Erdem Şanlı]], glumac * [[Erkan Baş]], političar * [[Farah Zeynep Abdullah]], glumica * [[Faruk Süren]], sportski funkcioner * [[Fatih Artman]], glumac * [[Furkan Andıç]], glumac * [[Handan Sultan]], osmanska sultanija * [[Hedo Türkoğlu]], košarkaš * [[Hüsrev Gerede]], vojnik i diplomata * [[Hüseyin Beşok]], košarkaš * [[Kaan Yıldırım]], glumac * [[Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ]], glumac * [[Melek Bilge]], košarkašica * [[Melih Mahmutoğlu]], košarkaš * [[Meliha İsmailoğlu]], odbojkašica * [[Metin Boşnak]], univerzitetski profesor * [[Mete Horozoğlu]], glumac * [[Mirsad Türkcan]], košarkaš * [[Müge Boz]], glumica * [[Nazlı Ecevit]], slikarica * [[Nevzat Tandoğan]], političar i guverner * [[Ömer Çatkıç]], nogometaš * [[Parti Pehlivan]], hrvač * [[Sabiha Gökçen]], aviatičarka * [[Saffet Sancaklı]], nogometaš i političar * [[Sead Halilagić]], nogometaš * [[Seda Bakan]], glumica * [[Sedef Avcı]], glumica * [[Semih Erden]], košarkaš * [[Suat Atalık]], šahist * [[Sümeyra Koç]], rukometašica * [[Şarık Tara]], poslovni čovjek * [[Tuğçe Kazaz]], manekenka i glumica * [[Tuncel Kurtiz]], glumac * [[Zehra Güneş]], odbojkašica {{colend}} == Literatura == {{Refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last=Demirel |first=Muammer |title=Türkiye'de Bosna Göçmenleri |trans-title=Bosanski doseljenici u Turskoj |journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |year=2008 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunisosbil/article/38079 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Tarih ve Gelenek Bağlamında Türkiye'de Boşnaklar |trans-title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj u kontekstu historije i tradicije |journal=Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi |year=2012 |url=https://j-humansciences.com/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2245 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Dedeić-Kırbaç |first=Amra |title=Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri |trans-title=Migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku |journal=Akademik Bakış Dergisi |year=2013 |url=https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423867858.pdf |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Yeniden Kurulan Hayatlar: Boşnakların Türkiye'ye Göçleri (1878–1934) |trans-title=Ponovo uspostavljeni životi: migracije Bošnjaka u Tursku (1878–1934) |publisher=Bilge Kültür Sanat |location=Istanbul |year=2012 |isbn=978-605-5261-08-5 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/yeniden-kurulan-hayatlar-bosnaklarn-turkiyeye-gocleri-1878-1934/oclc/813837710 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite thesis |last=Emgili |first=Fahriye |title=Bosna Hersek'ten Türkiye'ye Göç (1878–1934) |trans-title=Migracija iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Tursku (1878–1934) |type=doktorska disertacija |publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü |location=Ankara |year=2011 |url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Çoban |first=Melih |title=Caught Between the Notions of Ethnicity, Citizenship and Diaspora: The Case of the Bosniaks in Turkey |journal=Poligrafi |year=2021 |doi=10.35469/poligrafi.2021.286 |url=https://ojs.zrs-kp.si/index.php/poligrafi/article/view/286 |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Giesel |first=Christoph |chapter=The Bosniaks in Turkey Between Assimilation and Ethnic Revival: Social and Political Issues Since the Migration to the Present Day |title=Ethnocultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus |editor1-last=Aminian Jazi |editor1-first=Ioana |editor2-last=Kahl |editor2-first=Thede |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |location=Vienna |year=2023 |url=https://austriaca.at/?arp=0x003e0c8c |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite report |last=Schad |first=Thomas |title=The Rediscovery of the Balkans? A Bosniak-Turkish Figuration in the Third Space Between İstanbul and Sarajevo |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University, European Institute |series=Working Paper Series |location=Istanbul |year=2015 |url=https://eu.bilgi.edu.tr/media/files/WORKING_PAPER_8-041215.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Karahan |first=Firdevs |title=Ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes, social network and codeswitching: the case of Bosnian-Turks living in Sakarya, Turkey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |year=2004 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2004.007 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.2004.007/html |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite report |last=Virtanen |first=Özlem Eraydin |title=Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation |publisher=Mercator Education |year=2003 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED479897.pdf |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last1=Şahin |first1=İsmail |last2=Şahin |first2=Cemile |title=Avusturya'nın Bosna-Hersek'i İşgalinden Sonra Anadolu'ya Yapılan Boşnak Göçleri: Eskişehir Lütfiye Köyü Örneği |trans-title=Bošnjačke migracije u Anadoliju nakon austrijske okupacije Bosne i Hercegovine: primjer sela Lütfiye kod Eskişehira |journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları |year=2014 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/karadearas/article/123929 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sargın |first1=Saliha |last2=Karakaş |first2=Mehmet |title=Boşnak Kültürünün Türkiye'deki Sürdürülebilirliği |trans-title=Održivost bošnjačke kulture u Turskoj |journal=İçtimaiyat |year=2025 |doi=10.33709/ictimaiyat.1528810 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ictimaiyat/article/1528810 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Mrduljaš |first=Saša |title=Broj Bošnjaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine u Turskoj |journal=Polemos |year=2018 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/339967 |language=hr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last1=Hodžić |first1=Amir |last2=Kalajdžić |first2=Mirsad |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=2014 |isbn=978-9958-23-380-7 |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/21297158 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Smajlović |first=Salih |title=Bošnjaci u Turskoj |journal=Novi Muallim |year=2015 |url=https://ilmijja.ba/ojs/index.php/casopis1/article/download/184/156/335 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Babuna |first=Aydın |title=Bir Ulusun Doğuşu: Geçmişten Günümüze Boşnaklar |trans-title=Rođenje jedne nacije: Bošnjaci od prošlosti do danas |publisher=Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2000 |isbn=978-975-333-132-6 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bir-ulusun-dogusu-gecmisten-gunumuze-bosnaklar/oclc/48100178 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Gündüz |first=Tufan |title=Alahimanet Bosna: Boşnakların Osmanlı Topraklarına Göçü (1879–1912) |trans-title=Alahimanet Bosno: migracija Bošnjaka u osmanske zemlje (1879–1912) |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |year=2012 |isbn=978-605-5200-16-9 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/alahimanet-bosna-bosnaklarn-osmanl-topraklarna-gocu-1879-1912/oclc/819318057 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Kaçapor |first=Sait |title=Boşnaklar Türkiye'nin Sadık Vatandaşları |trans-title=Bošnjaci: odani građani Turske |publisher=Kastaş Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |year=2014 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Bo%C5%9Fnaklar+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Sad%C4%B1k+Vatanda%C5%9Flar%C4%B1 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Kolaşinli |first=Hayri |title=Muhacirlerin İzinde: Boşnakların Trajik Göç Tarihinden Kesitler |trans-title=Tragom muhadžira: isječci iz tragične historije migracija Bošnjaka |publisher=Lotus Yayınevi |location=Ankara |year=2003 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Muhacirlerin+%C4%B0zinde+Bo%C5%9Fnaklar%C4%B1n+Trajik+G%C3%B6%C3%A7+Tarihinden+Kesitler |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Tekin |first=Cemile |title=Yugoslavya'dan Türkiye'ye Göçün Nedenleri (1950–1958) |trans-title=Uzroci migracije iz Jugoslavije u Tursku (1950–1958) |journal=Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi |year=2018 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susbed/issue/61823/925038 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Karpat |first=Kemal H. |title=Osmanlı'dan Günümüze Etnik Yapılanma ve Göçler |trans-title=Etnička struktura i migracije od Osmanlija do danas |publisher=Timaş Yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2013 |isbn=978-605-08-1046-2 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/osmanldan-gunumuze-etnik-yaplanma-ve-gocler/oclc/879604586 |language=tr |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite journal |last=Lavić |first=Osman |title=Iseljavanje Bošnjaka muslimana iz BiH za vrijeme Austro-Ugarske vladavine i risala Mehemda Teufika Azapagića |journal=Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke |year=1996 |url=https://www.anali-ghb.com/index.php/aghb/article/view/404 |language=bs |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite web |last=Özsu |first=Umut |title=Adaptation of the 1858 Ottoman Land Code in Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian Rule, 1878–1918 |website=Islamic Law Blog |publisher=Harvard Law School |date=16. 2. 2024 |url=https://islamiclaw.blog/2024/02/16/adaptation-of-the-1858-ottoman-land-code-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina-under-austro-hungarian-rule-1878-1918/ |language=en |access-date=2. 5. 2026}} * {{cite book |last=Imamović |first=Mustafa |title=Historija Bošnjaka |publisher=Bošnjačka zajednica kulture Preporod |location=Sarajevo |year=1997 |isbn=9958-815-00-1}} * {{cite book |last=Purivatra |first=Atif |title=Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija u političkom životu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca |publisher=Svjetlost |location=Sarajevo |year=1974}} * {{cite book |last=Karčić |first=Fikret |title=The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg Times |publisher=El-Kalem |location=Sarajevo |year=1999 |isbn=9958-23-064-X}} {{Refend}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Bošnjaci}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosnjaci u Turskoj}} [[Kategorija:Bošnjaci]] [[Kategorija:Bošnjačka dijaspora]] [[Kategorija:Islam u Turskoj]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] l4okpp18odof3p94l4g5d496gc9zydr 0 406004 3839622 3685466 2026-05-05T08:25:41Z Panasko 146730 3839622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} [[Datoteka:Fifo_queue.png|mini|350x350px|Prikaz rada FIFO algoritma. Od 1. do 5. slike ''dolazak/redanje'' procesa, a od 6. do 10. ''obrada/odlazak'' procesa.]] '''FIFO''' (''First In, First Out'') jest način organizacije i upravljanja podacima u kojem se prvi uneseni element obrađuje prvi. Ova politika često se susreće u svakodnevnom životu, kao što su: * Ljudi koji čekaju u redu u [[pozorište|pozorištu]] ili [[supermarket]]u. * Automobili na [[naplatna rampa|naplatnim rampama]]. * [[Proces (računarstvo)|Procesi]] koji čekaju na izvršenje u [[operativni sistem|operativnom sistemu]]. * Podaci koji čekaju na obradu u [[memorija računara|računarskoj memoriji]]. FIFO se koristi u mnogim oblastima [[računarstvo|računarstva]], uključujući [[Operativni sistem|operativne sisteme]], [[mreže računara]], [[elektronika|elektroniku]], [[Računarsko programiranje|programiranje]] i [[računarska arhitektura|računarsku arhitekturu]]. == FIFO u računarstvu == === Strukture podataka === [[Datoteka:Data_Queue.svg|mini|270x270px|Prezentacija FIFO (prvi ušao, prvi izašao) reda.]] FIFO se u [[računarske nauke|računarskim naukama]] implementira kao: * Red (Queue) – linearna [[struktura podataka]] gdje prvi dodani element biva uklonjen prvi. * Kružni bafer (Circular buffer) – memorijska struktura koja koristi FIFO način za pohranu podataka u kružnoj memoriji. * Baferi u mrežama – mrežni uređaji koriste FIFO za redove čekanja paketa podataka. * Operativni sistemi – FIFO redovi se koriste za upravljanje [[proces]]ima i [[ulazno/izlazne operacije|I/O operacijama]]. FIFO se može implementirati koristeći [[povezana lista|povezane liste]], [[polje (računarstvo)|nizove]] ili posebne hardverske strukture. === Implementacija u C++ === Sljedeći kod prikazuje jednostavnu implementaciju FIFO reda u [[C++]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> #include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> template <typename T> class FIFO { private: struct Node { T value; Node* next; Node(T _value) : value(_value), next(nullptr) {} }; Node* front; Node* back; public: FIFO() : front(nullptr), back(nullptr) {} ~FIFO() { while (front != nullptr) dequeue(); } void enqueue(T _value) { Node* newNode = new Node(_value); if (front == nullptr) front = newNode; else back->next = newNode; back = newNode; } T dequeue() { if (front == nullptr) throw std::underflow_error("Red je prazan!"); Node* temp = front; T result = front->value; front = front->next; delete temp; return result; } }; </syntaxhighlight> == FIFO u elektronici == [[Datoteka:Fifo_schedule.png|mini|FIFO raspored u elektronskim sklopovima]] U [[elektronika|elektronici]], FIFO se koristi za **buffering** i kontrolu protoka podataka između različitih hardverskih komponenti. Glavne upotrebe FIFO redova u elektronici uključuju: * Mrežni sklopovi – kontrola prijenosa podataka između različitih uređaja. * Memorijski kontroleri – organizacija podataka u [[RAM]] memoriji. * Procesori i magistrale – FIFO omogućava usklađivanje komunikacije između različitih dijelova [[Centralna procesorska jedinica|CPU-a]]. Postoje dva tipa FIFO sistema: * Sinhroni FIFO – koristi isti [[takt]] za čitanje i pisanje podataka. * Asinhroni FIFO – koristi različite taktove, omogućavajući efikasniji prijenos podataka između modula sa različitim brzinama obrade. Prvu poznatu FIFO implementaciju u elektronici osmislio je [[Peter Alfke]] 1969, koji je kasnije radio u [[Xilinx]]u. == Primjene FIFO algoritma == FIFO se koristi u različitim oblastima: * Operativni sistemi – planiranje procesa i upravljanje memorijom. * Mrežni protokoli – organizacija paketa podataka u redovima čekanja. * Baze podataka – kontrola transakcija i obrada zahtjeva. * Digitalna obrada signala (DSP) – FIFO se koristi u streaming aplikacijama i multimedijalnim sistemima. * Simulacije i modeliranje – modeliranje realnih sistema, poput saobraćaja i proizvodnih linija. == Suprotni koncept: LIFO == FIFO sistem suprotan je principu '''[[LIFO (računarstvo i elektronika)|LIFO]]''', koji se temelji na "posljednji ušao, prvi izašao" (''Last In, First Out'') pristupu. LIFO se koristi u [[stog (računarstvo)|stogovima]] (''stacks'') i rekurzivnim algoritmima. == Također pogledajte == * [[LIFO (računarstvo i elektronika)|LIFO]] * [[Struktura podataka]] * [[Red čekanja]] * [[Bafer]] * [[Memorijski sistem]] == Reference == * N. Husović, E. Brka, S. Ribić: ''Operativni sistemi'', Sarajevo, februar 2015. * Robert Sedgewick i Kevin Wayne: ''Algorithms'', Princeton University. * Stacks and its Applications. {{Commonscat|FIFO (computing)}} [[Kategorija:Kibernetika]] [[Kategorija:Strukture podataka]] [[Kategorija:Računarske nauke]] [[Kategorija:Elektronika]] [[Kategorija:Operativni sistemi]] 3t30o015c7rdbta3iwuayqdrxkj09vk 10 410858 3839507 3710279 2026-05-04T16:28:49Z KWiki 9400 3839507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija |ime = Nogometni prvaci Bosne i Hercegovine |naslov = [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine|<span style="color:#000000">Nogometni prvaci Bosne i Hercegovine</span>]] |naslovstil = background-color:#ffd700;color:#000000; |grupastil = background-color:#ffd700;color:#000000; |podaciklasa = hlist |grupa1 = |podaci1 = <div> *{{nowrap|[[NK Čelik|Čelik]] ([[Prva nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1994/1995.|1995]], [[Prva nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1995/1996.|1996]], [[Prva nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1996/1997.|1997]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]] ([[Prva nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1997/1998.|1998]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Sarajevo|Sarajevo]] ([[Prva nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1998/1999.|1999]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HNK Brotnjo Čitluk|Brotnjo]] ([[Prva nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1999/2000.|2000]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2000/2001.|2001]], [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2001/2002.|2002]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Leotar|Leotar]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2002/2003.|2003]])}} *{{nowrap|[[NK Široki Brijeg|Široki Brijeg]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2003/2004.|2004]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HŠK Zrinjski|Zrinjski]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2004/2005.|2005]])}} *{{nowrap|[[NK Široki Brijeg|Široki Brijeg]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2005/2006.|2006]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Sarajevo|Sarajevo]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2006/2007.|2007]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Modriča|Modriča]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2007/2008.|2008]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HŠK Zrinjski|Zrinjski]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2008/2009.|2009]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2009/2010.|2010]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Borac Banja Luka|Borac]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2010/2011.|2011]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2011/2012.|2012]], [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2012/2013.|2013]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HŠK Zrinjski|Zrinjski]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2013/2014.|2014]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Sarajevo|Sarajevo]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2014/2015.|2015]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HŠK Zrinjski|Zrinjski]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2015/2016.|2016]], [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2016/2017.|2017]], [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2017/2018.|2018]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Sarajevo|Sarajevo]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2018/2019.|2019]], [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2019/2020.|2020]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Borac Banja Luka|Borac]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2020/2021.|2021]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HŠK Zrinjski|Zrinjski]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2021/2022.|2022]], [[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2022/2023.|2023]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Borac Banja Luka|Borac]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2023/2024.|2024]])}} *{{nowrap|[[HŠK Zrinjski|Zrinjski]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2024/2025.|2025]])}} *{{nowrap|[[FK Borac Banja Luka|Borac]] ([[Premijer liga Bosne i Hercegovine 2025/2026.|2026]])}} </div> }}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Navkutije nogometnih liga|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Šabloni Premijer lige Bosne i Hercegovine]] </noinclude> b1ubjfpammknva34cwkxqws52d6amn1 0 412991 3839632 3200012 2026-05-05T08:35:57Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Južna Amerika)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Tocantins | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | slika = Tocantins_River.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = Pogled na Tocantins | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_opis = | dužina = 2.450 | nadmorska visina izvora = | izvor = | izvor_lat_d = | izvor_lat_m = | izvor_lat_s = | izvor_lat_NS = | izvor_long_d = | izvor_long_m = | izvor_long_s = | izvor_long_EW = | nadmorska visina ušća = | ušće = | ušće_lat_d = | ušće_lat_m = | ušće_lat_s = | ušće_lat_NS = | ušće_long_d = | ušće_long_m = | ušće_long_s = | ušće_long_EW = | ulijeva_se_u = [[Pará (rijeka)|Pará]] | etimologija = | prosječni protok = | površina sliva = 749.200 | riječni_sistem = | lijeve_pritoke = | desne_pritoke = | države kroz koje protiče ={{ZID|Brazil}} | gradovi kroz koje protiče = | sliv = [[Atlantski okean]] | plovnost = }} '''Tocantins''' je [[rijeka]] u [[Brazil]]u, centralna fluvijalna arterija zemlje. Teče od juga ka sjeveru, dužinom od 2.450 kilometra. Rijeka Tocantins nije ogranak [[Amazon]]a, iako se obično tako smatra. Protječe kroz četiri brazilske države: [[Goiás]], [[Maranhão]], [[Pará]] i [[Tocantins]], kojoj je i dala naziv i koja je jedna od najmlađih [[Države Brazila|država Brazila]], formirana 1988. godine, izdvajanjem iz države Goiás. == Tok == [[Datoteka:Tocantins watershed.png|250px|mini|desno|Tok rijek Tocantins na karti Brazila]] Tocantins izvire u planinskom okrugu Pireneus, zapadnom dijelu brazilskog [[Federalni Distrikt|Federalnog Distrikta]], dok njegova zapadna pritoka, rijeka Araguaia, izvire na padinama [[Serra dos Caiapos]]. Araguaia teče 1.670 kilometara prije ušća u Tocantins, sa kojim je gotovo jednaka po volumenu vode. Pored glavne pritoke, [[Rio das Mortes]], Araguaia ima dvadeset manjih pritoka. U svom toku do nizine, rijeka Araguaia pravi česte [[slap]]ove i brzake. Druge dvije pritoke, [[Maranhão]] i [[Paranatinga]], prikupljaju ogromne količine vode sa visoravni koje ih okružuju, pogotovo sa teritorije na jugu i jugoistoku. == Fauna == Sliv rijeke Tocantins (u koji se ubraja i rijeka Araguaia) je dom za nekoliko velikih vodenih sisara, kao što su [[amazonski lamantini]], [[Araguajanski riječni delfin]] kao i veći [[reptil]]i: [[crni kajman]], [[kajman naočar]] i [[žutopjegava riječna kornjača]].<ref name=Provete>Provete, D.B. (2013). ''[http://diogoprovete.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/3/6/17367099/tocantins_river.pdf Rijeka Tocantins]'' 1237-1239</ref> U slivu ove rijeke je registrovano više od 350 vrsta riba, uključujući i više od 175 [[Endemi|endemskih]] vrsta.<ref name=FEW>Hales, J., and P. Petry: ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/324 Tocantins - Araguaia]''. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 26 May 2014</ref> Postoji nekoliko vrsta riba koje zbog mriještenja migriraju duž rijeke, ali je njihova migracija dijelom spriječena zbog brane Tucurui.<ref name=Provete/><ref name=FEW/> Nakon izgradnje brane, tok rijeke je promijenjen. Neke vrste su ugroženi a došlo je i do značajnog smanjenja bogatstva životinjskih vrsta u pojedinim dijelovima rijeke.<ref name=Provete/><ref>Lambert de Brito Ribeiro, M.C.; Petrere Junior, M.; and Juras, A.A. (2006). ''Ecological integrity and fisheries ecology of the Araguaia—Tocantins River Basin, Brazil.'' Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, vol. 11(3-4): 325–350</ref> == Reference == {{refspisak}} {{Commonscat|Tocantins River}} [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Južna Amerika)]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Brazilu]] au14s7cwdzh4yyqk8t6f1jn6f1it6d6 0 413387 3839627 3839169 2026-05-05T08:31:52Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Afrika)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kagera | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | slika = KageraRuvubu.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = Ušće rijeke Ruvuvu u Kageru u blizini [[Rusumo vodopad]]a, na granica [[Ruanda|Ruande]] i [[Tanzanija|Tanzanije]] | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_opis = | dužina = oko 400 | nadmorska visina izvora = | izvor = u blizini jezera [[Jezero Tanganjika|Tanganjike]] | izvor_lat_d = | izvor_lat_m = | izvor_lat_s = | izvor_lat_NS = | izvor_long_d = | izvor_long_m = | izvor_long_s = | izvor_long_EW = | nadmorska visina ušća = | ušće = [[Viktorijino jezero]] | ušće_lat_d = | ušće_lat_m = | ušće_lat_s = | ušće_lat_NS = | ušće_long_d = | ušće_long_m = | ušće_long_s = | ušće_long_EW = | ulijeva_se_u = | etimologija = | prosječni protok = | površina sliva = | riječni_sistem = | lijeve_pritoke = | desne_pritoke = | države kroz koje protiče = {{ZID|Burundi}}, {{ZID|Ruanda}}, {{ZID|Tanzanija}}, {{ZID|Uganda}} | gradovi kroz koje protiče = | sliv = [[Sredozemno more]] | plovnost = }} '''Kagera''' (poznata i pod nazivom Akagera) je [[Istočna Afrika|istočnoafrička]] [[rijeka]]. Smatra se najudaljenijim izvorom rijeke [[Nil]]<ref>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> te stoga zajedno sa ovom rijekom čini najduži riječni sistem na svijetu. Posuđuje svoje ime Akagera nacionalnom parku koji se nalazi u sjevernoj Ruandi i Kagera regiji u Tanzaniji. Na rijeci, u blizini grada Rusumo, se nalazi Rusumo vodopad, važan prelaz između Ruande i Tanzanije. == Tok == Rijeka nastaje iz jezera Rweru, u blizini [[Jezero Tanganjika|jezera Tanganjike]], u [[Burundi]]ju. Od jezera, teče istočno duž granice između [[Ruanda|Ruande]] i Burundija kao i Ruande i [[Tanzanija|Tanzanije]] do mjesta gdje kao pritoku prima rijeku Ruvuvu. Rijeci se pridružuju dvije pritoke: [[Nyabarongo]] iz Ruande i Ruvubu iz Burundija. Nije poznato koje od ova dvije rijeke su duže, a samim time nije poznat ni krajnji izvor Nila, odnosno njegova ukupna dužina. Dalje teče ka sjeveru, duž granice Ruanda-Tanzanija, preko Rusumo vodopada i kroz [[Nacionalni park Akagera]]. Rijeka zatim zaokreće prema istoku, slijedeći granicu između Tanzanije i Ugande da bi se na kraju ulila u [[jezero Viktorija]] u Ugandi. Predstavlja najveći dotok vode u jezero što predstavlja oko 6,4 milijarde m³ vode godišnje ili oko 28% ukupnog priliva vode u jezero.<ref>Rangeley, str. 54</ref> == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Izvori == *{{Cite book | last = Rangeley | first = Robert | authorlink = | title = International river basin organizations in sub-Saharan Africa | publisher = World Bank Publications | year = 1994 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-gHMB8MPOBoC&pg=PA54 | isbn = 0-8213-2871-9}}, {{Commonscat|Kagera River}} [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Afrika)]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Burundiju]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Ruandi]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Tanzaniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Ugandi]] [[Kategorija:Međunarodne afričke rijeke]] [[Kategorija:Pogranične rijeke]] 8quyjctu2pmdfwu7p2je3k8da0t5hij 0 417502 3839476 3643658 2026-05-04T15:45:06Z ElPo94 168680 3839476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:BreadButterKnife.jpg|thumb|250px|Maslac se često servira kao namaz na [[hljeb]]u]] [[File:Een_Hollands_ontbijt,_Floris_van_Schooten,_17de_eeuw,_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen,_836.jpg|thumb|Floris van Schooten]] '''Maslac''' (poznat i kao [[posvojenica]], puter) je čvrsti [[mliječni proizvod]] koji se dobija putem tradicijskih ili industrijskog specijalnog uzburkvanja svježeg ili [[fermentacija|fermentiranog]] [[kajmak]]a ili [[mlijeko|mlijeka]], kada se izdvoji masnoća iz mlaćenice. Općenito se koristiti kao [[premaz]] na običnim ili tost proizvodima, hljebu i [[začin]]ima za kuhano povrće, te ostalim jelima. Maslac sadrži mliječnu [[mast]], [[protein]]e i [[Voda|vodu]]. Najčešće se dobija od [[govedo|kravljeg]] mlijeka, ali maslac može biti proizveden od mlijeka drugih [[sisar]]a, uključujući i [[ovca|ovce]], [[koza|koze]] i bivole. Maslacu se ponekad dodaju [[soli]], kao što je [[mliječna so|mliječna]], [[okus]]i i [[konzervans]]i. Kuhinjski maslac proizvodi prečišćavanjem u obliku koji je gotovo u potpunosti maslac. Maslac je [[emulzija]] vode u ulju, tačnije rezultat inverzije kajmaka ili pavlake; u ovoj emulziji, mliječni proteini su emulgatori. Maslac je i dalje čvrst u frižideru, ali omekšava za mazanje na [[sobna temperatura|sobnoj temperaturi]], a topi u tečnost na 32-35&nbsp;°C. Gustina putera je 911&nbsp;g/L.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/physics/matter/density/|work=The Physics Hypertextbook|title=Density|last=Elert|first=Glenn|access-date=24. 9. 2016|archive-date=3. 9. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903103226/http://hypertextbook.com/physics/matter/density/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Općenito je blijedo žut, ali varira od jako žute do skoro bijele boje. Nemodificirana boja zavisi od hrane za životinje, a u komercijalnim proizvodnim procesima, obično se manipulira [[bojenje hrane|bojama za hranu]], a najčešće su [[anato]] ili [[karoten]] ==Pregled== Maslac sadrži oko 84% mliječne masti, 14% vode te 2% [[laktoza|laktoze]], [[protein]]a i mineralnih [[soli]]. Masna tvar je emulzija u vodi, u vidu sitnih loptastih kapi, najčešćeg promjera od 1 do 5 μm. Zahvaljujući manjoj gustini (0,91 do 0,98 g/cm³), duljegim mirovanjem mlijeka, masnoća izdvaja na njegovoj površini u obliku ''slatke pavlake'' (vrhnja, milerama), koja se skida, a ostaje ostaje obrano mlijeko ili mlaćenica. U industrijskim uvjetima, slatko vrhnje mnogo se brže izdvaja s pomoću posebnih centrifuga za odvajanje od ostalih komponenti mlijeka Dalja obrada slatkoga vrhnja uključuje destabilizaciju emulzije masti u vodi u maslac, koji stabilizira emulziju vode u masti, a izvodi se u nekoliko koraka. Pavlaka, sa oko 40% masti, najprije se toplinski obrađuje (85 - 95&nbsp;°C), u trajanju od 10'' do 30'', da se unište mikroorganizmi i deaktiviraju [[lipaza|lipaze]], koje izazivaju užeglosti maslaca. Zatim se masa hladi sve dotle dok mliječna mast ne očvrsne, usljed [[kristal]]izacije [[glicerid]]a i postane pogodna za destabilizaciju. To se postiže snažnim lupanjem ili mlaćenjem, čime se neke masne globule spajaju u veće nakupine. Tako nastaju zrna maslaca, otprilike veličine zrna graška, a odvaja se mlaćenica ili ajran. Pomoću spiralnih vijaka, zrna se gnječe uz uklanjanje preostale mlaćenice ispiranjem hladnom vodom. U nastavku procesa, suhim gnječenjem postiže se ravnomjern raspored dopuštenog udjela vode i nastaje maslac polutvrdo-plastične konzistencije.<ref name=<“Volet“>{{cite book|authors=Voet D, Voet J. .|year= 1995|title= Biochemistry, 2nd Ed.|url=https://archive.org/details/solutionsmanualt0000voet|publisher= Wiley, http://www.wiley.com/college/math/chem/cg/sales/voet.html.}}</ref><ref name=<"Alberts">{{cite book|author=Alberts B. et al.|year=2002|title= Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Ed.|publisher= Garland Science|isbn=0-8153-4072-9}}</ref><ref name=<“Laider“>{{cite book|author=Laidler K. J.|year=1978|title=Physical chemistry with biological applications. Benjamin/Cummings|place= Menlo Park|isbn= 0-8053-5680-0}}</ref> Maslac se može proizvesti i putem koncentriranja mliječne masti u separacijskim centrifugama, u dvije faze, do potrebnog udjela masti u maslacu. Nakon toga se masa homogenizira i stabilizira hlađenjem, a može se dobiti i od kisele pavlake, vrenjem, uz dodatak kulture bakterija mliječnokiselinskog vrenja kiseline, čime se dobijaju jači [[okus]] i [[miris]].<ref name="Bajrović">{{Cite book |author=Bajrović K, Jevrić-Čaušević A., Hadžiselimović R., Eds.|title=Uvod u genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju|publisher=Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB) Sarajevo|year=2005|isbn= 9958-9344-1-8}}</ref> U [[BiH|bosanskohercegovačkoj]] tradiciji, svježe izdvojena masa mliječne masti, lupanjem u drvenoj napravi zvanoj ''stap'', dobijalo se ''mlado maslo'' (maslac). Njegovim topljenjem i stvrdnjavanjem dobija se ''maslo'', koje bezvodna mliječna mast, granulirane konzistencije, veoma ugodnog i prepoznatljivog okusa i mirisa. Za razliku od mladog masla (maslaca), koje se mora čuvati u zamrzivačima, maslo se nekada čuvalo na hladnom i tamnom mjestu (kao što su podrumi,npr.). Metafora za mlado(st), u smislu puter(ica), vezana je za asocijaciju sa mladim maslom. ==Također pogledajte== * [[Buterna kiselina]] *[[Mlijeko]] *[[Mliječni proizvodi]] * [[Spisak mliječnih proizvoda]] ==Reference== {{Refspisak}} ==Dopunska literatura== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=McGee|first=Harold|author-link=Harold McGee|title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen|url=https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge_e4f3|date=2004|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-684-80001-1|lccn=2004058999|oclc=56590708}} pp.&nbsp;33–39, "Butter and Margarine" * Michael Douma (editor). [http://webexhibits.org/butter WebExhibits' Butter pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202204532/http://www.webexhibits.org/butter/ |date=2. 12. 2016 }}. Retrieved 21 November 2005. * {{Cite book | author=Crawford, R. J. M. | title=The Technology of Traditional Milk Products in Developing Countries | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year=1990 | isbn=92-5-102899-0|display-authors=etal}} [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E00.htm Full text online] * Grigg, David B. (7 November 1974). [https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=16-ejysyRCgC&dq=butter+laval&prev=https://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Dbutter%2Blaval&lpg=PA196&pg=PA196&sig=FMjjtQ1Ex4GVeE4TE1rZpl2ESlw The Agricultural Systems of the World: An Evolutionary Approach], 196–198. Google Print. {{ISBN|0-521-09843-2}} (accessed 28 November 2005). Also available in print from Cambridge University Press. {{refend}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Butter}} * [http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/butter.html Manufacture of butter, The University of Guelph] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070323040945/http://food.oregonstate.edu/l/butter.html "Butter"], ''Food Resource, College of Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University'', 20 February 2007. – FAQ, links, and extensive bibliography of [[food science]] articles on butter. * [http://www.corkbutter.museum/ Cork Butter Museum: the story of Ireland’s most important food export and the world’s largest butter market] * [http://www.carnamah.com.au/milk-cream-butter.html Virtual Museum Exhibit on Milk, Cream & Butter] [[Kategorija:Maslac]] [[Kategorija:Mliječni proizvodi]] [[Kategorija:Kuhinjske masnoće]] [[Kategorija:Koloidi]] 88ief8gkgc8o4qrccyjjnksb26yypzj 0 420968 3839601 3825272 2026-05-05T07:50:38Z Srđan 73336 3839601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mson|Krka}} '''[[Hrvatska]]''': * [[Krka]], rijeka u [[Dalmacija|Dalmaciji]], ulijeva se u [[Jadransko more]] kod [[Skradin]]a, duga 73&nbsp;km * [[Manastir Krka]], srpskopravoslavni manastir u [[Dalmacija|Dalmaciji]] * [[Nacionalni park Krka]], nacionalni park u [[Dalmacija|Dalmaciji]] '''[[Slovenija]]''': * [[Krka (Sava)]], rijeka u južnom dijelu zemlje, desna pritoka [[Sava|Save]], duga 94&nbsp;km * [[Krka (Ivančna Gorica)]], naselje u općini [[Ivančna Gorica]], regija [[Srednjoslovenska statistička regija|Srednja Slovenija]] * [[Krka (kompanija)]], farmaceutska kompanija iz [[Novo Mesto|Novog Mesta]] * [[KK "Krka"]], košarkaški klub iz [[Novo Mesto|Novog Mesta]] * [[NK "Krka"]], nogometni klub iz [[Novo Mesto|Novog Mesta]] * [[Radio Krka]], radio-stanica iz [[Novo Mesto|Novog Mesta]] {{višeznačnica}} p2yod041amoohyj70xzz4ddsck7ley0 0 428757 3839457 3829872 2026-05-04T14:13:15Z Z1KA 87045 [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku''' jest programatsko-protestni tekst o zajedničkom jeziku koji se govori u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]], [[Crna Gora|Crnoj Gori]], [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]] i [[Srbija|Srbiji]], pripremljen krajem 2016. i početkom 2017. u krugovima lingvistâ, književnikâ i drugih stručnjaka iz sve četiri države i objavljen 30. marta 2017. s potpisom više od 200 istaknutih bosanskohercegovačkih, crnogorskih, hrvatskih i srpskih intelektualaca. Na tragu [[Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika]] iz 1967, čija je 50. godišnjica obilježena sredinom istog mjeseca, i pred zahtjevima novog doba i pojava koje je ono donijelo, Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku ukazuje na goruće teme vezane za [[standardni jezik|jezik]]. == Sadržaj ''Deklaracije'' == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Regionalni projekt "Jezici i nacionalizmi" == Deklaraciji je prethodio regionalni projekt "Jezici i nacionalizmi" u okviru kojeg su se tokom 2016. odvijale konferencije u četiri države čime je na terenu dobiven uvid u aktualno stanje i probleme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Konferencija ''Jezici i nacionalizmi'' |work=emisija Novi dan |url=http://ba.n1info.com/a123799/Video/Info/Konferencija-Jezici-i-nacionalizmi.html |publisher=[[N1 (televizija)|N1]] |date=22. 11. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |archive-date=28. 12. 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228221004/http://ba.n1info.com/a123799/Video/Info/Konferencija-Jezici-i-nacionalizmi.html |url-status=dead }} 15. minuta.</ref> Projekt je inspiraciju imao u knjizi ''[[Jezik i nacionalizam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Srbi, Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Crnogorci govore istim jezikom |work=emisija N1 na jedan |url=http://ba.n1info.com/a123713/Vijesti/Vijesti/Snjezana-Kordic-u-vezi-jezika.html |publisher=N1 |date=21. 11. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |archive-date=1. 12. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043043/http://ba.n1info.com/a123713/Vijesti/Vijesti/Snjezana-Kordic-u-vezi-jezika.html |url-status=dead }} 25. minuta.</ref> a organizirala su ga četiri nevladina udruženja iz svake od uključenih zemalja: [[P.E.N. Centar Bosne i Hercegovine|P.E.N. Centar u BiH]] iz [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]], udruga Kurs iz [[Split]]a, KROKODIL iz [[Beograd]]a te Centar za građansko obrazovanje iz [[Podgorica|Podgorice]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Regionalne ekspertske konferencije: Jezici i nacionalizmi |url=http://www.vijesti.me/caffe/regionalne-ekspertske-konferencije-jezici-i-nacionalizmi-881803 |publisher=[[Vijesti (Podgorica)|Vijesti]] |location=Podgorica |issn=1450-6181 |date=1. 4. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |archive-date=1. 12. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040852/http://www.vijesti.me/caffe/regionalne-ekspertske-konferencije-jezici-i-nacionalizmi-881803 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Organizirana interdisciplinarno, niz ekspertskih konferencija održana u Podgorici, Splitu, Beogradu i Sarajevu odvijala se tako da su uz [[lingvist]]e učestvovali i [[književnik|književnici]], [[novinar]]i, [[antropolog|antropolozi]] i dr.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzdizanje čistog govora vodi u lingvicizam |url=http://www.danas.rs/drustvo.55.html?news_id=329337&title=Uzdizanje+%C4%8Distog+govora+vodi+u+lingvicizam |publisher=[[Danas (novine)|Danas]] |archive-date=2. 3. 2017 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6of7iCYEa?url=http://www.danas.rs/drustvo.55.html?news_id=329337 |url-status=live |location=Beograd |issn=1450-538X |date=7. 10. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dragan |last=Banjac |title=Kradu li nacionalisti jezik? |url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/kradu-li-nacionalisti-jezik |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Balkans]] |archive-date=2. 3. 2017 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6of7n6xk5?url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/kradu-li-nacionalisti-jezik |url-status=live |date=9. 10. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Velik značaj dat je i uključivanju brojne publike.<ref>{{cite web |last=Duilo |first=Dražen |title=A što ako Srbi i Hrvati imaju zajednički jezik? |url=http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/scena/kultura/clanak/id/313000/a-sto-ako-srbi-i-hrvati-imaju-zajednicki-jezik |publisher=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |archive-date=2. 3. 2017 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6of8K4C8u?url=http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/scena/kultura/clanak/id/313000/a-sto-ako-srbi-i-hrvati-imaju-zajednicki-jezik |url-status=live |location=Split |issn=0350-4662 |date=19. 5. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dušan |last=Komarčević |title=Čiji je naš jezik? |url=http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/ciji-je-nas-jezik/28034800.html |publisher=[[Radio Slobodna Evropa]] |archive-date=2. 3. 2017 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6of8Q0SSM?url=http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/ciji-je-nas-jezik/28034800.html |url-status=live |date=6. 10. 2016 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Naslovi debatnih krugova u okviru konferencijâ bili su: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="3" | Niz regionalnih ekspertskih konferencije "Jezici i nacionalizmi" |- ! Mjesto ! Naziv debatnog kruga ! Datum |- | rowspan="2" | [[Podgorica]] | Govori li svaki narod u Crnoj Gori drugim jezikom? | 21. 4. 2016. |- | Kakav je smisao povećavanja jezičkih razlika? | 22. 4. 2016. |- | rowspan="2" | [[Split]] | Prijeti li anarhija ako ne propisujemo kako govoriti? | 19. 5. 2016. |- | Što ako Hrvati i Srbi imaju zajednički jezik? | 20. 5. 2016. |- | rowspan="2" | [[Beograd]] | Ko kome krade jezik? | 5. 10. 2016. |- | Ideologija ispravnog jezika | 6. 10. 2016. |- | rowspan="2" | [[Sarajevo]] | Političke manipulacije temom jezika | 23. 11. 2016. |- | Lektori kao utjerivači nacionalnosti | 24. 11. 2016. |} == Sastavljanje teksta Deklaracije == U sastavljanju teksta Deklaracije učestvovalo je preko 30 stručnjaka raznih profila i nacionalnosti iz sve četiri države, a proces pisanja je trajao više mjeseci. Inicijativa se pojavila neposredno nakon posljednje konferencije u Sarajevu kada je grupa mladih ljudi u tom gradu, koji su obrazovanje prošli kroz [[dvije škole pod jednim krovom]], došla na ideju da sastave tekst kojim bi potaknuli na promjenu jezične politike u sve četiri zemlje, a naslovili su ga Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku.<ref name="Lasic">{{cite web |last=Lasić |first=Igor |title=Četiri naziva uzgajaju zabludu o četiri jezika |url=http://www.portalnovosti.com/snjezana-kordic-cetiri-naziva-uzgajaju-zabludu-o-cetiri-jezika |publisher=[[Novosti (Hrvatska)|Novosti]] |pages=16–17 |archive-date=2. 3. 2017 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6oepFXjTa?url=http://www.portalnovosti.com/snjezana-kordic-cetiri-naziva-uzgajaju-zabludu-o-cetiri-jezika |url-status=live |location=Zagreb |issn=1845-8955 |date=13. 1. 2017 |access-date=1. 4. 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Poslije nekoliko još razrađenijih verzija prepustili su daljnju doradu profesionalnim [[lingvist]]ima, tako da je sljedećih mjeseci Deklaracija dorađivana u [[Zagreb]]u pa se zato može zvati i Zagrebačkom deklaracijom. Odlučeno je da izrada Deklaracije bude nastavak projekta "Jezici i nacionalizmi". [[Datoteka:Collecting signatures for the Declaration on the Common Language.jpg|mini|200px|Sakupljanje potpisa za deklaraciju]] Posljednju verziju u 2016. potpisalo je na individualno upućen poziv 40 istaknutih intelektualaca, velikim dijelom iz Hrvatske. Neočekivano brojan odaziv kao i nekoliko prijedloga u kojem smjeru fokusirati tekst naveli su na zaključak da u društvu postoji velika potreba za ovakvom [[deklaracija|deklaracijom]]. Nastavljen je rad formiranjem odbora stručnjaka različitih nacionalnosti iz sve četiri zemlje koji su 16. i 17. januara 2017. u Zagrebu radili na konačnoj verziji Deklaracije.<ref name="Lasic"/> Nakon sastanka je tekst upućen i na recenziu 20-ak konzultanata čiji su neki prijedlozi zatim ugrađeni u završnu formu teksta. Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku s više od 200 potpisa istaknutih intelektualaca iz [[Hrvatska|Hrvatske]], [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] i [[Srbija|Srbije]] istovremeno je predstavljena javnosti 30. marta 2017. u Zagrebu, Podgorici, Beogradu i u Sarajevu, gdje je upriličena i konferencija za medije i dva debatna kruga za javnost s naslovima ''Šta je zajednički jezik?'' i ''Jezik i budućnost''. Zatim je Deklaracija ponuđena za daljnje potpisivanje svim zainteresiranim osobama.<ref name="PEN"/> == Tekst == <blockquote> Suočeni s negativnim društvenim, kulturnim i ekonomskim posljedicama političkih manipulacija jezikom i aktualnih jezičnih politika u Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, mi, doljepotpisani, donosimo {{centar|'''DEKLARACIJU O ZAJEDNIČKOM JEZIKU'''}} Na pitanje da li se u Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji upotrebljava zajednički jezik – odgovor je potvrdan. Riječ je o zajedničkom standardnom jeziku policentričnog tipa – odnosno o jeziku kojim govori više naroda u više država s prepoznatljivim varijantama – kakvi su njemački, engleski, arapski, francuski, španjolski, portugalski i mnogi drugi. Tu činjenicu potvrđuju štokavica kao zajednička dijalekatska osnovica standardnog jezika, omjer istoga spram različitoga u jeziku i posljedična međusobna razumljivost. Korištenje četiri naziva za standardne varijante – bosanski, crnogorski, hrvatski i srpski – ne znači da su to i četiri različita jezika. Inzistiranje na malom broju postojećih razlika te nasilnom razdvajanju četiri standardne varijante dovodi do niza negativnih društvenih, kulturnih i političkih pojava, poput korištenja jezika kao argumenta za segregaciju djece u nekim višenacionalnim sredinama, nepotrebnih ”prevođenja” u administrativnoj upotrebi ili medijima, izmišljanja razlika gdje one ne postoje, birokratskih prisila, kao i cenzure (te nužno auto-cenzure), u kojima se jezično izražavanje nameće kao kriterij etno-nacionalne pripadnosti i sredstvo dokazivanja političke lojalnosti. Mi, potpisnici ove Deklaracije, smatramo da *činjenica postojanja zajedničkog policentričnog jezika ne dovodi u pitanje individualno pravo na iskazivanje pripadnosti različitim narodima, regijama ili državama; *svaka država, nacija, etno-nacionalna ili regionalna zajednica može slobodno i samostalno kodificirati svoju varijantu zajedničkog jezika; *sve četiri trenutno postojeće standardne varijante ravnopravne su i ne može se jedna od njih smatrati jezikom, a druge varijantama tog jezika; *policentrična standardizacija je demokratski oblik standardizacije najbliži stvarnoj upotrebi jezika; *činjenica da se radi o zajedničkom policentričnom standardnom jeziku ostavlja mogućnost svakom korisniku da ga imenuje kako želi; *između standardnih varijanti policentričnog jezika postoje razlike u jezičnim i kulturnim tradicijama i praksama, upotrebi pisma, rječničkom blagu kao i na ostalim jezičnim razinama, što mogu pokazati i različite standardne varijante zajedničkog jezika na kojima će ova Deklaracija biti objavljena i korištena; *standardne, dijalekatske i individualne razlike ne opravdavaju nasilno institucionalno razdvajanje, već naprotiv, doprinose ogromnom bogatstvu zajedničkog jezika. Stoga, mi, potpisnici ove Deklaracije, pozivamo na *ukidanje svih oblika jezične segregacije i jezične diskriminacije u obrazovnim i javnim ustanovama; *zaustavljanje represivnih, nepotrebnih i po govornike štetnih praksi razdvajanja jezika; *prestanak rigidnog definiranja standardnih varijanti; *izbjegavanje nepotrebnih, besmislenih i skupih ”prevođenja” u sudskoj i administrativnoj praksi kao i sredstvima javnog informiranja; *slobodu individualnog izbora i uvažavanje jezičnih raznovrsnosti; *jezičnu slobodu u književnosti, umjetnosti i medijima; *slobodu dijalekatske i regionalne upotrebe; *i, konačno, slobodu ''miješanja'', uzajamnu otvorenost te prožimanje različitih oblika i izričaja zajedničkog jezika na sveopću korist svih njegovih govornika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/ |title=Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku na jezicinacionalizmi.com |access-date=30. 3. 2017 |archive-date=2. 4. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082448/http://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> </blockquote> == Kritike == Deklaracija je negativno primljena u pojedinim političkim krugovima. U izjavi [[Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti|Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti]] (HAZU), koju je potpisao njen predsjednik [[Zvonko Kusić]], navodi se da su "apsurdne, uzaludne i besmislene svake inicijative koje bi dovodile u pitanje pravo hrvatskog naroda na svoj vlastiti jezik s njegovim nacionalnim imenom".<ref>{{cite web|author1=F. Ć.|title=HAZU komentirao Deklaraciju o zajedničkom jeziku: "Apsurdno, uzaludno, besmisleno..."|url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/hazu-komentirao-deklaraciju-o-zajednickom-jeziku-apsurdno-uzaludno-besmisleno/960207.aspx|website=index.hr|access-date=27. 1. 2018|date=30. 3. 2017}}</ref> [[Ministarstvo kutlure Hrvatske|Ministrica kulture Hrvatske]] [[Nina Obuljan Koržinek]], Deklaraciju je nazvala "političkom inicijativom",<ref>{{cite web|last1=Derk|first1=Denis|title=Ministrica Obuljen Koržinek: Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku politička je inicijativa|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/ministrica-nina-obuljen-korzinek-deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-politicka-je-inicijativa-1159385|website=vecernji.hr|access-date=27. 1. 2018}}</ref> dok je nekoliko portala objavilo komentare niskog kulturnog stila. [[Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske|Predsjednica Hrvatske]] [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]] nazvala je Deklaraciju "sasvim marginalnom stvari o kojoj uopće ne treba raspravljati", a za zajednički jezik izjavila da je "[bio] politički projekt koji je umro zajedno s bivšom Jugoslavijom i ona se više nikada neće ponoviti".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vecernji.ba/vijesti/grabar-kitarovic-deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-je-sasvim-marginalna-stvar-1159911 |title=Grabar- Kitarović: Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku je sasvim marginalna stvar |work=vecernji.ba |access-date=27. 1. 2018}}</ref> == Potpisnici == Do danas (''stanje 30. marta 2017''), Deklaraciju je potpisalo 225 intelektualaca, novinara, glumaca, književnika, režisera i historičara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jezicinacionalizmi.com/lista-potpisnika/ |title=Lista potpisnika na jezicinacionalizmi.com |access-date=30. 3. 2017 |archive-date=12. 6. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612035631/http://jezicinacionalizmi.com/lista-potpisnika/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Neki od prvih dvjesto potpisnika Deklaracije:<ref name="PEN">{{cite web |author=P.E.N. Centar u BiH |title=Deklaraciju o zajedničkom jeziku potpisalo više od dvjesto stručnjaka iz regije |url=http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/metromahala/teme/deklaraciju-o-zajednickom-jeziku-dosad-potpisalo-vise-od-dvjesto-strucnjaka-iz-regije/257664 |publisher=Radiosarajevo.ba |location=Sarajevo |date=24. 3. 2017 |access-date=24. 3. 2017}}</ref> {{Div col|3}} * [[Ivana Bodrožić]] * [[Boris Buden]] * [[Mirjana Karanović]] * [[Rajko Grlić]] * [[Željko Komšić]] * [[Bora Ćosić]] * [[Snježana Banović]] * [[Svetislav Basara]] * [[Filip David]] * [[Vladimir Arsenijević]] * [[Janko Baljak]] * [[Štefica Galić]] * [[Ivan Čolović]] * [[Snježana Kordić]] * [[Dubravka Ugrešić]] * [[Ante Tomić (književnik)|Ante Tomić]] * [[Boris Dežulović]] * [[Dragan Markovina]] * [[Enver Kazaz]] * [[Svetlana Lukić]] * [[Viktor Ivančić]] * [[Nihad Hasanović]] * [[Teofil Pančić]] * [[Srđan Srdić]] * [[Josip Mlakić]] * [[Borka Pavićević]] * [[Ranko Bugarski]] * [[Daša Drndić]] * [[Rade Šerbedžija]] * [[Svenka Savić]] * [[Biljana Srbljanović]] * [[Predrag Lucić]] * [[Dubravka Stojanović]] * [[Slobodan Šnajder]] * [[Nenad Veličković]] * [[Borka Rudić]] * [[Dritan Abazović]] * [[Dragan Velikić]] * [[Jasmila Žbanić]] {{Div col end}} == Također pogledajte == {{Div col|2}} * [[Srpskohrvatski jezik]] * [[Policentrični standardni jezik]] * ''[[Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika]]'' * [[Sociolingvistika]] * [[Standardni jezik]] * [[Historija srpskohrvatskog jezika]] * [[Novosadski dogovor]] * [[Bečki književni dogovor]] * [[Pravopis srpskohrvatskog jezika]] * [[Gramatika srpskohrvatskog jezika]] {{Div col end}} == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://jezicinacionalizmi.com Jezici i nacionalizmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809220921/http://jezicinacionalizmi.com/ |date=9. 8. 2018 }}, službeni sajt konferencije * [http://www.tacno.net/novosti/snjezana-kordic-pedeset-godina-od-deklaracije-o-nazivu-i-polozaju-hrvatskog-knjizevnog-jezika/ Kritička analiza stare Deklaracije] * {{YouTube|VJFBqZVXROM|Snimak konferencije ''Jezici i nacionalizmi'' u Beogradu}} {{kurzivan naslov}} {{Crna Gora portal}} [[Kategorija:Srpskohrvatski jezik]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski jezik]] [[Kategorija:Srpski jezik]] [[Kategorija:Bosanski jezik]] [[Kategorija:Crnogorski jezik]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski nacionalizam u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Bošnjački nacionalizam]] [[Kategorija:Sociolingvistika]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] jsi0r4wqg4vtuc7hzoqjm0t6owceq3h 14 429560 3839441 3571202 2026-05-04T13:19:46Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Za automatsku kategorizaciju koristi}} [[Kategorija:Planinski lanci|*]] [[Kategorija:Kategorije po državama|Planinski lanci]] [[Kategorija:Geografija po državama|*Planinski lanci]] [[Kategorija:Oblici reljefa po državama|*Planinski lanci]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] tsmxe1cbupn9899a1chrqe80yjy1sd4 0 430521 3839650 3605841 2026-05-05T10:51:54Z Makenzis 98619 3839650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #007e4d | Ime kluba = '''Europa FC''' | Puno ime = Europa Football Club | Grb = | Nadimak = ''The Green Machine'' | Osnovan = [[1925.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Gibraltar]] | Boje = {{colorbox|green}} {{colorbox|black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Gibraltara|GFA]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.footballgroundmap.com/ground/victoria-stadium/gibraltar |title=Juan Jose Gallardo|work=footballgroundmap.com|access-date= 19. 6. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 2.249 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 3. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2024/25. | Webstranica = [http://www.europafc.gi/ europafc.gi] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _black_stripes | uzorak_t1 = _blackstripes | uzorak_dr1 = _black_stripes | lijeva ruka1 = 007e4d | tijelo1 = 007e4d | desna ruka1 = 007e4d | šorc1 = 000000 | čarape1 = 007e4d | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = | uzorak_dr2 = | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = 000000 | čarape2 = FFFFFF | }} '''Europa FC''' je nogometni klub iz [[Gibraltar]]a. Takmiči se u [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|prvoj nogometnoj ligi Gibraltara]]. Klub je osnovan 1925. godine. Tradicionalne boje su zelena i crna. Domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]. ==Historija== Europa FC je osnovan 1925. godine. Bio je akivan do 1970. godine. Od 1980-ih se spaja sa ekipom ''College Cosmos''. Godine 2014. ponovo postaje samostalan. Sedam puta je bio prvak Gibraltara. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (7):''' 1928/29, 1929/30, 1931/32, 1932/33, 1937/38, 1951/52, 2016/17. *'''[[Rock kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (7):''' 1938, 1946, 1950, 1951, 1952, 2017, 2017/18. *'''[[Gibraltar Premier kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2014/15. ==Evropski nastupi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sezona ! Takmičenje ! Runda ! Protivnik ! Domaćin ! Gost ! Ukupno |- |- ! scope="row"| [[UEFA Evropska liga 2014/2015.|2014–15]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|LIH}} [[FC Vaduz|Vaduz]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–3 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–4''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! scope="row"| [[UEFA Evropska liga 2015/2016.|2015–16]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|SLK}} [[SK Slovan Bratislava|Slovan Bratislava]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–6 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–3 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–9''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Evropska liga 2016/2017.|2016–17]] | rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|ARM}} [[FK Pjunik|Pjunik]] | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2–0 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1–2 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3–2''' | [[File:Symbol keep vote.svg|17px]] |- | 2Q | {{Flagicon|ŠVE}} [[AIK Fotboll|AIK]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–2''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- ! scope="row"| [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2017/2018.|2017–18]] | [[UEFA Liga prvaka]] | 1Q | {{Flagicon|WAL}} [[The New Saints FC|The New Saints]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 1-3 | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| 2-1 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''3-4''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.europafc.gi/ Službena stranica] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1925.]] 0d7z0v2j7yutelapqdajhkmcdlx77o7 0 431035 3839652 3751569 2026-05-05T11:00:35Z Makenzis 98619 3839652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #0000FF | Ime kluba = '''St Joseph's FC''' | Puno ime = St Joseph's Football Club | Grb = | Nadimak = ''Sveci'' | Osnovan = [[1912.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Gibraltar]] | Boje = {{colorbox|blue}} {{colorbox|white}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Gibraltara|GFA]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.footballgroundmap.com/ground/victoria-stadium/gibraltar |title=Juan Jose Gallardo|work=footballgroundmap.com|access-date= 19. 6. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 2.249 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 2. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://stjosephsfcgib.com/ stjosephsfcgib.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _shoulder_stripes_white_stripes_alt | uzorak_t1 = | uzorak_dr1 = _shoulder_stripes_white_stripes_alt | lijeva ruka1 = 0000FF | tijelo1 = 0000FF | desna ruka1 = 0000FF | šorc1 = 0000FF | čarape1 = 0000FF | uzorak_lr2 = _shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes_alt | uzorak_t2 = | uzorak_dr2 = _shoulder_stripes_blue_stripes_alt | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = FFFFFF | čarape2 = FFFFFF | }} '''St Joseph's Football Club''' je nogometni klub iz [[Gibraltar]]a. Takmiči se u [[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|prvoj nogometnoj ligi Gibraltara]]. Klub je osnovan 1912. godine. Tradicionalne boje su plava i bijela. Domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadion Victoria (Gibraltar)|Victoria]]. ==Historija== St Joseph's FC je osnovan 1912. godine. Jedan je od najstarijih nogometnih klubova na Gibraltaru. U sezoni 2017-18. ostvaruje svoj prvi nastup u evropskim takmičenjima. Jedanput je bio prvak Gibraltara. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Prva nogometna liga Gibraltara|Prva liga]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 1995/96. *'''[[Rock kup]]''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (9):''' 1979, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1992, 1996, 2012, 2013. ==Evropski nastupi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sezona ! Takmičenje ! Runda ! Protivnik ! Domaćin ! Gost ! Ukupno |- |- ! [[UEFA Evropska liga 2017/2018.|2017–18]] | [[UEFA Evropska liga]] | 1Q | {{flagicon|KIP}} [[AEL Limassol]] | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–4 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| 0–6 | bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center;"| '''0–10''' | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|17px]] |- |} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://stjosephsfcgib.com/ Službena stranica] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Gibraltaru]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1912.]] 5zubjnv0rgu7783osore5sh5awj8k5d 0 436122 3839628 3549203 2026-05-05T08:32:52Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Madeira | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | slika = Rio_Madeira_09072007.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = Rijeka Madeira na periferiji Porto Velha | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_opis = | dužina = 3.380 | nadmorska visina izvora = 180 | izvor = nastaje spajanjem rijeka [[Beni]] i [[Mamoré]] | izvor_lat_d = 10 | izvor_lat_m = 39 | izvor_lat_s = 19 | izvor_lat_NS = S | izvor_long_d = 65 | izvor_long_m = 39 | izvor_long_s = 20 | izvor_long_EW = W | nadmorska visina ušća = 40 | ušće = [[Amazon]], [[Amazonas (brazilska savezna država)|Amazonas]], Brazil | ušće_lat_d = 3 | ušće_lat_m = 22 | ušće_lat_s = 32 | ušće_lat_NS = S | ušće_long_d = 58 | ušće_long_m = 46 | ušće_long_s = 23 | ušće_long_EW = W | ulijeva_se_u = [[Amazon]] | etimologija = | prosječni protok = 31.200 | površina sliva = 850.000 | riječni_sistem = | lijeve_pritoke =[[Beni (rijeka)|Beni]] | desne_pritoke = [[Mamoré]]<br>[[Ji-Paraná]]<br>[[Dos Marmelos]]<br>[[Manicoré]]<br>[[Mataurá]]<br>[[Mariepauá]]<br>[[Aripuanã]] | države kroz koje protiče ={{ZID|Bolivija}}<br>{{ZID|Brazil}} | gradovi kroz koje protiče = [[Nova Olinda do Norte]], [[Borba (Amazonas)|Borba]], [[Novo Aripuanã]], [[Manicoré]], [[Humaitá]], [[Porto Velho]] | sliv = [[Atlantski okean]] | plovnost = }} '''Madeira''' ([[Portugalski jezik|portugalski]]: Rio Madeira) je velika [[rijeka]] u [[Brazil]]u, dužine oko 3.380&nbsp;km i glavni vodeni put u [[Južna Amerika|Južnoj Americi]]. Madeira je jedna od najvećih pritoka [[Amazon]]a i čini oko 15% vode u slivu Amazona.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vode: Amazon|url=http://amazonwaters.org/waters/flows-and-floods/|publisher=amazonwaters.org/|access-date=2. 11. 2017|archive-date=29. 6. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629130803/http://amazonwaters.org/waters/flows-and-floods/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na karti Emanuela Bounena iz 1747. godine, koja se nalazi u kolekciji Mape Dejvida Rumseja, rijeka Madeira iz vremena pretkolonijalnog vremena nosi autohtoni naziv Cuyari.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Rumsey:Map Collection|url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2602~280018?id=1-1-2602-280018&name=Peru++Amazones|access-date=2. 11. 2017}}</ref> == Tok == Između Guajará-Mirima i vodopada Teotônio, Madeira prima vode sa sjeveroistočnih padina [[Andi|Anda]], od Santa Cruza de la Sierra do Cuzcoa, cjelokupne vode sa jugozapadnih padina brazilskog [[Mato Grosso]]a i sjeverne padine Chiquitosa. Ukupna površina sliva rijeke Madeira iznosi 850.000&nbsp;km²,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezbjednost vodenih tokova Latinske Amerike i Kariba|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/es/office-in-montevideo/ciencias-naturales/water-international-hydrological-programme/|publisher=unesco.org/|access-date=2. 11. 2017}}</ref> gotovo jednaka površini [[Francuska|Francuske]] i [[Španija|Španije]] zajedno. U Madeiru se ulijevaju vode mnogih velikih rijeka kao i vode drugih sekundarnih pritoka sa ipak velikim protokom, odnosno količinom vode. Klima na području gornjeg sliva varira od vlažna klime u zapadnom dijelu do polusušne klime u najjužnijem dijelu. Od izvora, koje nastaje spajanjem rijeka Beni i Mamoré, nizvodno do rijeke Abuna Madeira teče prema sjeveru formirajući pri tome granicu između Bolivije i Brazila. Nakon spajanja sa lijevom pritokom, rijeka mijenja pravac toka u sjeveroistočni, pri čemu teče kroz unutrašnjost [[Savezne države Brazila|brazilske savezne države]] [[Rondônia]]. Dio toka do grada Porto Velha ima značajan pad i nije plovna. Od ovog grada rijeka protiče kroz savezne države Rondônia i [[Amazonas]] do svoga ušća u rijeku Amazon. == Reference == {{refspisak}} {{Commonscat|Madeira River}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Boliviji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Brazilu]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Amazona]] gtmtky4atjssfmaldt9oa4k26iz8049 10 436297 3839429 3812082 2026-05-04T12:08:13Z KWiki 9400 3839429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = WTA brojevi 1 - parovi | naslov = WTA brojevi 1 – parovi | osnovastil = background-color:#465945; color:white; | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Martina Navratilova]] {{small|(1984 / 1990 – 237 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Pam Shriver]] {{small|(1985 / 1986 – 48 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Helena Suková]] {{small|(1990 / 1993 – 68 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Jana Novotná]] {{small|(1990 / 1999 – 67 s)}} * {{ZD|PUE|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Gigi Fernández]] {{small|(1991 / 1995 – 80 s)}} * {{ZD|BJE|1995|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Nataša Zvereva]] {{small|(1991 / 1999 – 124 s)}} * {{ZD|LAT|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Larisa Neiland]] {{small|(1992 – 4 s)}} * {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]] {{small|(1992 / 1997 – 111 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Lindsay Davenport]] {{small|(1997 / 2000 – 32 s)}} * {{ZD|ŠVI|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Martina Hingis]] {{small|(1998 / 2018 – 90 s)}} * {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ana Kurnjikova]] {{small|(1999 / 2000 – 10 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Corina Morariu]] {{small|(2000 – 7 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Lisa Raymond]] {{small|(2000 / 2012 – 137 s)}} * {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Rennae Stubbs]] {{small|(2000 – 3 s)}} * {{ZD|FRA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Julie Halard-Decugis]] {{small|(2000 – 14 s)}} * {{ZD|JAP|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Ai Sugiyama]] {{small|(2000 / 2003 – 45 s)}} * {{ZD|ARG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Paola Suárez]] {{small|(2002 / 2004 – 87 s)}} * {{ZD|BEL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Kim Clijsters]] {{small|(2003 – 4 s)}} * {{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Virginia Ruano Pascual]] {{small|(2003 / 2005 – 65 s)}} * {{ZD|ZIM|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Cara Black]] {{small|(2005 / 2010 – 163 s)}} * {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Samantha Stosur]] {{small|(2006 / 2007 – 61 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Liezel Huber]] {{small|(2007 / 2012 – 199 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Serena Williams]] {{small|(2010 – 8 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Venus Williams]] {{small|(2010 – 8 s)}} * {{ZD|ARG|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Gisela Dulko]] {{small|(2010 / 2011 – 24 s)}} * {{ZD|ITA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Flavia Pennetta]] {{small|(2011 – 18 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Květa Peschke]] {{small|(2011 – 10 s)}} * {{ZD|SLO|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Katarina Srebotnik]] {{small|(2011 – 10 s)}} * {{ZD|ITA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Sara Errani]] {{small|(2012 / 2015 – 87 s)}} * {{ZD|ITA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Roberta Vinci]] {{small|(2012 / 2015 – 110 s)}} * {{ZD|KIN|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Peng Shuai]] {{small|(2014 – 20 s)}} * {{ZD|KI TAI|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Hsieh Su-wei]] {{small|(2014 / 2024 – 59 s)}} * {{ZD|IND|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Sania Mirza]] {{small|(2015 / 2017 – 91 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] {{small|(2017 – 32 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Lucie Šafářová]] {{small|(2017 – 6 s)}} * {{ZD|KI TAI|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Latisha Chan]] {{small|(2017 / 2018 – 34 s)}} * {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Jekaterina Makarova]] {{small|(2018 – 5 s)}} * {{ZD|RUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Jelena Vesnina]] {{small|(2018 – 5 s)}} * {{ZD|MAĐ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Tímea Babos]] {{small|(2018 – 13 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Barbora Krejčíková]] {{small|(2018 / 2021 – 19 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;'''[[Kateřina Siniaková]] {{small|(2018 / 2026 – 181 s)'''}} * {{ZD|FRA|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Kristina Mladenović]] {{small|(2019 / 2021 – 12 s)}} * {{ZD|ČEŠ|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Barbora Strýcová]] {{small|(2019 / 2020 – 27 s)}} * {{ZD|BJE|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Arina Sabaljenka]] {{small|(2021 – 6 s)}} * {{ZD|BEL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Elise Mertens]] {{small|(2021 / 2026 – 52 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Coco Gauff]] {{small|(2022 / 2023 – 7 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Jessica Pegula]] {{small|(2023 – 3 s)}} * {{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Storm Hunter]] {{small|(2023 / 2024 – 12 s)}} * {{ZD|NZL|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Erin Routliffe]] {{small|(2024 – 8 s)}} * {{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}}&nbsp;[[Taylor Townsend]] {{small|(2025 – 8 s)}} | ispod = * WTA-lista parova vodi se od 4. 9. 1984 * (Prvi put na br. 1 / Posljednji put na br. 1 – broj sedmica na br. 1 / s / ) * Trenutni br. 1 podebljan(i) (do 4. 5. 2026)<noinclude><ref>https://www.wtatennis.com/rankings/doubles</ref></noinclude> }}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Teniski šabloni]] </noinclude> aky9m5pm0u579jhb7xgeu8tdxqg6l7j 10 436321 3839428 3830838 2026-05-04T12:06:55Z KWiki 9400 3839428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = ATP brojevi 1 - parovi | naslov = ATP brojevi 1 – parovi | osnovastil = background-color:#465945; color:white; | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * {{nowrap|{{ZD|JAR|1928|veličina=18px}} [[Bob Hewitt]] {{small|(1976 – 6 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|MEX|veličina=18px}} [[Raúl Ramírez]] {{small|(1976 / 1977 – 62 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|JAR|1928|veličina=18px}} [[Frew McMillan]] {{small|(1977 / 1979 – 85 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|NIZ|veličina=18px}} [[Tom Okker]] {{small|(1979 – 11 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[John McEnroe]] {{small|(1979 / 1989 – 269 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Stan Smith]] {{small|(1981 – 8 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[Paul McNamee]] {{small|(1981 – 3 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Peter Fleming (teniser)|Peter Fleming]] {{small|(1982 / 1984 – 17 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ČSSR|veličina=18px}} [[Tomáš Šmíd]] {{small|(1984 / 1985 – 34 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ŠVE|veličina=18px}} [[Anders Järryd]] {{small|(1985 / 1992 – 107 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Robert Seguso]] {{small|(1985 / 1988 – 62 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Ken Flach]] {{small|(1985 / 1986 – 5 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ŠVE|veličina=18px}} [[Stefan Edberg]] {{small|(1986 / 1987 – 15 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|FRA|veličina=18px}} [[Yannick Noah]] {{small|(1986 / 1987 – 19 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|JUG|veličina=18px}} [[Slobodan Živojinović]] {{small|(1986 – 7 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|EKV|veličina=18px}} [[Andrés Gómez]] {{small|(1986 – 13 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}} [[Emilio Sánchez]] {{small|(1989 – 6 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Jim Grabb]] {{small|(1989 / 1993 – 13 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Jim Pugh]] {{small|(1989 / 1990 – 26 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|JAR|1928|veličina=18px}} [[Danie Visser]] {{small|(1990 – 27 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Rick Leach]] {{small|(1990 – 9 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|JAR|1928|veličina=18px}} [[Pieter Aldrich]] {{small|(1990 – 19 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[David Pate]] {{small|(1991 – 25 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[John Fitzgerald (teniser)|John Fitzgerald]] {{small|(1991 / 1992 – 40 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[Todd Woodbridge]] {{small|(1992 / 2001 – 204 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Kelly Jones (teniser)|Kelly Jones]] {{small|(1992 – 1 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[Mark Woodforde]] {{small|(1992 / 2000 – 83 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Richey Reneberg]] {{small|(1993 – 5 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Patrick Galbraith]] {{small|(1993 / 1994 – 4 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Jonathan Stark (teniser)|Jonathan Stark]] {{small|(1994 – 6 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|KAN|veličina=18px}} [[Grant Connell]] {{small|(1993 / 1994 – 17 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|NIZ|veličina=18px}} [[Paul Haarhuis]] {{small|(1994 / 1999 – 71 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ZIM|veličina=18px}} [[Byron Black]] {{small|(1994 – 8 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|NIZ|veličina=18px}} [[Jacco Eltingh]] {{small|(1995 / 1998 – 63 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|IND|veličina=18px}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] {{small|(1999 – 4 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|IND|veličina=18px}} [[Leander Paes]] {{small|(1999 / 2000 – 39 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Jared Palmer]] {{small|(2000 / 2002 – 39 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Alex O'Brien]] {{small|(2000 – 5 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ŠVE|veličina=18px}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{small|(2000 / 2005 – 74 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Donald Johnson]] {{small|(2002 – 20 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|BAH|veličina=18px}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{small|(2002 / 2005 – 65 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|KAN|veličina=18px}} [[Daniel Nestor]] {{small|(2002 / 2012 – 108 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|BJE|veličina=18px}} [[Maks Mirni]] {{small|(2003 / 2012 – 57 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{small|(2003 / 2015 – 439 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Mike Bryan]] {{small|(2003 / 2019 – 506 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SRB|veličina=18px}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]] {{small|(2008 / 2010 – 40 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|BRA|veličina=18px}} [[Marcelo Melo]] {{small|(2015 / 2018 – 56 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|VB|veličina=18px}} [[Jamie Murray]] {{small|(2016 – 9 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|FRA|veličina=18px}} [[Nicolas Mahut]] {{small|(2016 / 2017 – 39 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|FIN|veličina=18px}} [[Henri Kontinen]] {{small|(2017 – 26 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|POLJ|veličina=18px}} [[Łukasz Kubot]] {{small|(2018 – 19 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|HRV|veličina=18px}} [[Mate Pavić]] {{small|(2018 / 2025 – 97 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|KOL|veličina=18px}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]] {{small|(2019 / 2020 – 29 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|KOL|veličina=18px}} [[Robert Farah (teniser)|Robert Farah]] {{small|(2019 / 2021 – 68 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|HRV|veličina=18px}} [[Nikola Mektić]] {{small|(2021 – 3 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|VB|veličina=18px}} [[Joe Salisbury]] {{small|(2022 – 26 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Rajeev Ram]] {{small|(2022 / 2023 – 9 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|NIZ|veličina=18px}} [[Wesley Koolhof]] {{small|(2022 / 2023 – 34 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|VB|veličina=18px}} '''[[Neal Skupski]] {{small|(2022 / 2026 – 46 s)'''}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAD|veličina=18px}} [[Austin Krajicek]] {{small|(2023 / 2024 – 26 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|IND|veličina=18px}} [[Rohan Bopanna]] {{small|(2024 – 8 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|AUS|veličina=18px}} [[Matthew Ebden]] {{small|(2024 – 9 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ŠPA|veličina=18px}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{small|(2024 – 22 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|ARG|veličina=18px}} [[Horacio Zeballos]] {{small|(2024 / 2026 – 25 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|SAL|veličina=18px}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] {{small|(2024 / 2025 – 40 s)}}}} * {{nowrap|{{ZD|VB|veličina=18px}} [[Lloyd Glasspool]] {{small|(2025 / 2026 – 24 s)}}}} | ispod = * ATP-lista parova vodi se od 1. 3. 1976 * (Prvi put na br. 1 / Posljednji put na br. 1 – broj sedmica na br. 1 / s / ) * Trenutni br. 1 podebljan(i) (do 4. 5. 2026)<noinclude><ref>https://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/doubles</ref></noinclude> }}<noinclude>[[Kategorija:Teniski šabloni|ATP brojevi 1 - parovi]]</noinclude> tsytwp4iwcrjq20qmm0tin236ycl0zj 0 447601 3839617 3611570 2026-05-05T08:22:41Z Srđan 73336 3839617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Druga upotreba|rijeku|Hudinja (rijeka)}} {{Geokutija naselje u Sloveniji <!-- *** Gornji dio *** --> |ime = Hudinja |vrsta = naselje <!-- *** Ime **** --> |službeni naziv = |slogan = |nadimak = <!-- *** Slika *** --> |slika = |opis_slike = |dimenzija_slike = <!-- *** Simboli *** --> |zastava = |grb = <!-- *** Države, regije i.t.d *** --> |statistička regija = [[Savinjska statistička regija|Savinjska]] |općina = [[Vitanje]] |općina1 = |općina2 = |općina3 = |općina4 = |općina5 = |općina6 = |općina7 = |općina8 = |općina9 = |općina10 = <!-- *** Položaj *** --> | širina_stepeni = 46| širina_minuta = 26| širina_sekundi = 10| širina_SJ = N | dužina_stepeni = 15| dužina_minuta = 17| dužina_sekundi = 55| dužina_IZ = E |najveća tačka = |najveća tačka metara = 1,075 <!-- *** Površina *** --> |površina grad = 16.803 |površina općina = <!-- *** Stanovništvo *** --> |stanovništvo općina = |stanovništvo grad = 212 |stanovništvo ukupno = |stanovništvo godina = [[2011]] |stanovništvo općina godina = |gustoća = |gustoća općina = <!-- *** Historija i administracija *** --> |osnovano = |gradonačelnik = |gradonačelnik stranka = <!-- *** Kod *** --> |poštanski broj = 3205 Vitanje |pozivni broj = (+386) 3 <!-- *** Karta *** --> | karta_lokacija = Slovenija | opis_karte = <!-- *** Web stranice *** --> | web stranice = <!-- *** Bilješka *** --> |bilješka = }} '''Hudinja''' ({{jez-de|Kötting in der Steiermark}}) je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine [[Vitanje]], regija [[Savinjska statistička regija|Savinjska]], [[Slovenija]]. ==Historija== Do teritorijalne reorganizacije u Sloveniji nalazila se u sastavu stare općine [[Slovenske Konjice]]. ==Stanovništvo== Na popisu stanovništva [[2011]]. godine, Hudinja je imala 212 stanovnika. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" |- ! colspan="3" | Broj stanovnika po popisima<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/ |title=Statistični urad Republike Slovenije |access-date=28. 7. 2018 |archive-date=24. 2. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224052913/http://www.stat.si/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[1991]] || [[2002]] || [[2011]] |- | 271 || 236 || 212 |- |} <small>'''Napomena''': ''U 1952. povećano za naselje '''Rakovec''' koje je ukinuto. U 1982. smanjeno za dio naselja koji je proglašen za novo samostalno naselje [[Rogla]] (općina [[Zreče]]).''</small> ==Reference== {{reference}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Hudinja, Vitanje}} {{stub-naselje-Slovenija}} {{Općina Vitanje}} [[Kategorija:Naselja u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Naselja u Savinjskoj regiji]] ixhprjn4t3mw8u5opz5sn2aydqp7nd7 14 451033 3839440 3226412 2026-05-04T13:19:43Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Mountain ranges by continent}} [[Kategorija:Kategorije po kontinentima|Planinski lanci]] [[Kategorija:Oblici reljefa po kontinentima|Planinski lanci]] [[Kategorija:Planine po kontinentima|Lanci]] [[Kategorija:Planinski lanci|Kontinenti]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] jn48ktwbbgzc4aghut4696lowmgkjcc 0 464504 3839459 3616652 2026-05-04T14:13:42Z Z1KA 87045 [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarajevska rezolucija''' bila je jedna od [[Muslimanske rezolucije|Muslimanskih rezolucija]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLLI2ntVnFY|title=Jugoslavija u ratu, 9. epizoda - NDH - Cvijet hrvatstva (Muslimanske rezolucije)|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=1991|year=|work=|publisher=Radio televizija Srbije|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2. 11. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref> koju je tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] (tada u sastavu [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|Nezavisne Države Hrvatske]]) usvojila skupština udruženja [[Ilmija|ilmije]] "[[El-Hidaja|El-Hidaje]]".<ref name="sarajevo.ba">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/cir/stream.php?kat=396|title=Internet sajt Grada Sarajeva, Istorija, Period 1918.-1945. god.|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128233913/http://sarajevo.ba/cir/stream.php?kat=396|archive-date=28. 11. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=7. 7. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.preporod.com/index.php/sve-vijesti/magazin/sjecanja/item/4467-sjecanje-na-sarajevsku-rezoluciju-el-hidaje|title=Sjećanje na Sarajevsku rezoluciju El-Hidaje|last=Redakcija|website=www.preporod.com|language=bs-ba|access-date=21. 6. 2020|archive-date=21. 6. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621162039/https://www.preporod.com/index.php/sve-vijesti/magazin/sjecanja/item/4467-sjecanje-na-sarajevsku-rezoluciju-el-hidaje|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ovom rezolucijom konstatuje se teška situacija u kojoj su se našli [[Islam u Bosni i Hercegovini|muslimani Bosne i Hercegovine]] a za koju se navodi da je posljedica smišljene politike ustaša da izazovu sukobe Srba i muslimana, javno se osuđuju zločini pojedinih muslimana nad [[Srbi]]ma, konstatuje obespravljenost muslimana koju sprovodi ustaški režim i zahtjeva uspostavljanje reda i mira, kažnjavanje odgovornih za zločine i pružanje pomoći žrtvama. Jedan od razloga donošenja rezolucije bili su i [[Zločini nad Bošnjacima u Drugom svjetskom ratu|masakri]] [[Jugoslavenska vojska u otadžbini|četničkih odreda Jugoslavenske vojske u otadžbini]] nad bošnjačkim civilima u istočnoj Bosni.   == Pozadina == Tokom Drugog svjetskog rata teritorija [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] pripala je državnoj tvorevini [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj]] čije je formiranje, uz podršku nacističke Njemačke, proglasio [[Slavko Kvaternik]] 10. aprila 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vojska.net/hrv/zivotopis/k/kvaternik/slavko/|title=Biografija Slavka Kvaternika|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|language=Hrvatski|format=|doi=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9. 7. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref> U Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj ubrzo je po njenom osnivanju započet [[genocid]] nad [[Srbi]]ma, [[Jevreji]]ma i [[Romi]]ma. U cilju sprovođenja politike genocida stvoren je veliki broj koncentracionih logora. Dio [[Muslimani (narod)|muslimanskog]] stanovništva svrstao se uz [[ustaše]] i učestvovao u vršenju genocida. Pored toga, smišljenim aktivnostima kao što su korištenje muslimanskih odjevnih predmeta tokom vršenja zločina nad Srbima i namjernim glasnim oslovljavanjem muslimanskim imenima ustaše su izazivale sukobe između Srba i Bošnjaka.<ref name="Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|title=Tačka 4 Sarajevske rezolucije skupštine „El-Hidaje“|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=5. 6. 2007|year=|work=|publisher=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224135305/http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|archive-date=24. 12. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 7. 2010|quote=|author=Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja“}}</ref> Ovakvi događaji uticali su na to da muslimani iz Bosne i Hercegovine usvoje čitav niz rezolucija koje su donosili u [[Zenica|Zenici]], [[Prijedor]]u, [[Mostar]]u, [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]], [[Tuzla|Tuzli]], [[Bijeljina|Bijeljini]] i [[Trebinje|Trebinju]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rijaset|2007}}{{quote|''Poslije Sarajevske rezolucije,... uslijedile su nove rezolucije koje su pisane po ...Prijedoru, Mostaru, Banja Luci, Bijeljini i Tuzli.''}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cetin|2010|pp=78, 79}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rijaset IZ|2007}}{{quote|Revoltirani ovim postupkom, Muslimani u Zenici izdali su 26. maja 1942. svoju rezoluciju, koju je potpisalo 27 uglednih zeničkih Muslimana}}</ref> U tekstu Sarajevske rezolucije konstatuje se da vlast [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|NDH]] smišljeno unosi razdor između muslimana i Srba time što se, na osnovu učešća pojedinih muslimana u ustaškim zločinima, za zločine ustaša okrivljuju muslimani kako bi se izazvala srpska odmazda prema muslimanima: {{Citat|Što je još najgore, poduzimaju se i poduzimani su od pojedinih vlasti takvi potezi koji samo više izazivaju oštre reakcije pobunjenika, pa je na taj način bijedno i nezaštićeno stanovništvo još više nedužno izloženo stradanjima. Sve ovo podrmava svako uvjerenje u sigurnost i daje povoda da se na temelju samog toka činjenica, stvara u širokim slojevima uvjerenje da je ovo sistem koji se smišljeno provodi. Mnogi katolici, svjesno, za svoja nedjela koja su provođena u posljednje vrijeme, bacaju odgovornost na muslimane i pretstavljaju ove događaje međusobnim razračunavanjem muslimana i pravoslavnih.|Tačka 1 i tačka 2 Sarajevske rezolucije.}} == Usvajanje i tekst Sarajevske rezolucije == Veliki broj muslimana, građana [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]] okupio se 12. oktobra 1941. i na tom skupu usvojio i potpisao rezoluciju čiji je sadržaj sličan sadržaju Sarajevske rezolucije koju je skupština udruženja ilmije "El-Hidaje" usvojila 14. augusta 1941. Inicijatori i idejni tvorci ove rezolucije bili su [[Mehmed Handžić|Mehmed ef. Handžić]] (istaknuti alim) i [[Kasim Dobrača|Kasim ef. Dobrača]] (predsjednik El-Hidaje).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1190:ulema-u-odbrani-rivota-i-vjeka-&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&Itemid=148|title=Ulema u odbrani života i čovjeka|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=5. 6. 2007|year=|work=|publisher=Rijaset Islamske zajednice Bosne i Hercegovine|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/62av7xorA?url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?option=com_content|archive-date=21. 10. 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=11. 7. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref> Tekst rezolucije sastoji se od tri tačke u kojima se iznose konstatacije i stavovi potpisnika rezolucije povodom aktuelne situacije u kojoj se nalaze muslimani Bosne i Hercegovine: * '''Prva tačka''' rezolucije konstatuje teško stanje u kojem su se našli muslimani [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] zbog smišljene politike izazivanja međunacionalnih sukoba i nepromišljenih napada uzbunjenih Srba na muslimane * '''Druga tačka''' rezolucije odriče odgovornost svih muslimana za zločine koje su pojedini muslimani počinili nad Srbima. Također, u drugoj tački rezolucije osuđuju se muslimani koji su činili nasilje i iznosi se stavi da je takvo nasilje rezultat djelovanja „neodgovornih elemenata i neodgojenih pojedinaca“ i odbija se prihvatanje da „ljaga“ zbog zločina padne na sve muslimane.<ref name="Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja"/> Konstatuje se da su u cilju izazivanja mržnje između Srba i muslimana organizatori zločina nad Srbima oblačili [[fes]] nemuslimanima koji su se tokom vršenja [[Ratni zločin|zločina]] međusobno oslovljavali muslimanskim imenima. * '''Treća tačka''' rezolucije konstatuje pojavu netrpeljivosti [[Rimokatolička crkva|katolika]] prema muslimanima koji su pretvoreni u građane drugog reda. Poslije konstatacija i stavova iznijetih u tri tačke rezolucije u posebnom dijelu rezolucije je spisak od '''sedam zahtjeva''' upućen odgovornim „čimbenicima“ i muslimanskim vjerskim i političkim predstavnicima. Ovim zahtjevima se traži uspostavljanje bezbjednosti i sigurnosti života i imovine svih građana, sprečavanje izazivanja međunacionalnih sukoba, suđenje odgovornima za zločine i pomoć žrtvama dotadašnjih sukoba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|title=Zahtevi Sarajevske rezolucije skupštine „El-Hidaje“|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=5. 6. 2007|year=|work=|publisher=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224135305/http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|archive-date=24. 12. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 7. 2010|quote=|author=Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja“}}</ref> Rezoluciju je potpisalo 108 muslimana koji su funkcioneri i članovi raznih vjerskih udruženja, [[profesor]]a, [[sudija]], zaposlenih u državnoj upravi, [[trgovac]]a, zemljoposjednika, [[student|studenata]] itd. Rezolucija je službeno predata ministru NDH [[Jozo Dumandžić|Jozi Dumandžiću]] prilikom njegove posjete Sarajevu.<ref>{{harvnb|Hadžijahić|1973|p=276}}</ref> == Posljedice rezolucije == Dumandžić je neuspješno pokušao prisiliti potpisnike da opozovu rezoluciju.<ref>{{harvnb|Hadžijahić|1973|p=281}}{{quote|''Dr Joso Dumandzic, kojemu je predata rezolucija, nastojao je, po Pavelićevim direktivama, da prijetnjama i zaastrašivanjima privoli potpisnike da opozovu potpise, ali mu to ni u jednom slucaju nije uspjelo.''}}</ref> U tom naumu nije uspio ni [[Džafer Kulenović]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hadžijahić|1973|p=281}}{{quote|''U istoj misiji Pavelic je bio poslao u Sarajevo i Dzafera Kulenovica, koji je na sastanku sa oko petnaestak potpisnika iznio prijetnje hapsenjima, ali je i taj pokusaj propao..''}}</ref> Potpisnicima je direktno prijetio i [[Jure Francetić]], ustaški pukovnik zadužen za upravljanje Bosnom i Hercegovinom, slanjem u jedne od koncentracionih logora.<ref>{{harvnb|Cetin|2010|p=80}}</ref> Neki konzervativni predstavnici muslimana u Bosni i Hercegovini nisu vjerovali da će rezolucije imati efekta na ustaški režim, pa su odustali od nada da će iste zaštiti njihove interese.<ref>{{harvnb|J. Donia|2006|p=187}}</ref> U augustu 1942. osnovali su Komitet za nacionalni spas i slali Hitleru peticiju tražeći zasebnu regiju za Bosnu koja bi bila pod direktnom upravom Njemačke. Neke od zahtjeva pravdali su rasnim argumentima.<ref>{{harvnb|J. Donia|2006|p=188}}</ref> Inicijatore i organizatore potpisivanja Sarajevske rezolucije komunističke vlasti su poslije Drugog svjetskog rata proglasile narodnim izdajnicima. Tadašnjeg predsjednika El-Hidaje, Kasima ef. Dobraču je po završetku Drugog svjetskog 26. septembra 1947. krivično vijeće okružnog suda u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] osudilo na 15 godina zatvora.<ref name="Nedžad Latić">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islambosna.ba/index.php/tekstovi-i-knjige/oziljci-vremena/7769-godinjica-smrti-kasima-ef-dobrae|title=Godišnjica smrti Kasima ef. Dobrače|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=31. 10. 2009|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530213737/http://www.islambosna.ba/index.php/tekstovi-i-knjige/oziljci-vremena/7769-godinjica-smrti-kasima-ef-dobrae|archive-date=30. 5. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=12. 7. 2010|quote=|author=Nedžad Latić}}</ref> Povodom poboljšanja odnosa [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] i [[Egipat|Egipta]], nekoliko muslimana pušteno je iz zatvora prije isteka kazne, na uslovnu slobodu. Među njima bio je i Kasim ef. Dobrača koji je poslije deset godina pušten na uslovnu slobodu, a umro je 3. novembra 1979, dva mjeseca poslije objavljivanja [[Parergon|feljtona Parergon]], autora [[Derviš Sušić|Derviša Sušića]] u sarajevskom dnevnom listu [[Oslobođenje]], a u kojem je Dobrača napadan kao pripadnik [[Islamska zajednica|Islamske zajednice]] koja je ovim feljtonom predstavljena kao profašistička organizacija koja je sarađivala sa [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlerom]].<ref name="Nedžad Latić" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islambih.net/knjige/BoJaPoViJeStI/m_03.html|title=Boja povjesti|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=249|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223184459/http://www.islambih.net/knjige/BoJaPoViJeStI/m_03.html|archive-date=23. 12. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=12. 7. 2010|quote=„|author=Mladi muslimani}}</ref> == Vanjski linkovi == *[http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article Tekst rezolucije koju su 12. oktobra u Sarajevu potpisali brojni muslimani, sličnog sadržaja kao i Sarajevska rezolucija, objavljen na sajtu Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091316/http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article |date=24. 9. 2015 }} == Reference == {{Refspisak|}} [[Kategorija:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska]] [[Kategorija:Bosna i Hercegovina u Drugom svjetskom ratu]] [[Kategorija:Historija Sarajeva]] [[Kategorija:1941. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Rezolucije]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] 4riw55ywfy4if241c0c44cr9cxsw3r6 3839460 3839459 2026-05-04T14:13:59Z Z1KA 87045 [[Kategorija:Rezolucije]] uklonjena (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarajevska rezolucija''' bila je jedna od [[Muslimanske rezolucije|Muslimanskih rezolucija]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLLI2ntVnFY|title=Jugoslavija u ratu, 9. epizoda - NDH - Cvijet hrvatstva (Muslimanske rezolucije)|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=1991|year=|work=|publisher=Radio televizija Srbije|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2. 11. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref> koju je tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] (tada u sastavu [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|Nezavisne Države Hrvatske]]) usvojila skupština udruženja [[Ilmija|ilmije]] "[[El-Hidaja|El-Hidaje]]".<ref name="sarajevo.ba">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/cir/stream.php?kat=396|title=Internet sajt Grada Sarajeva, Istorija, Period 1918.-1945. god.|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128233913/http://sarajevo.ba/cir/stream.php?kat=396|archive-date=28. 11. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=7. 7. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.preporod.com/index.php/sve-vijesti/magazin/sjecanja/item/4467-sjecanje-na-sarajevsku-rezoluciju-el-hidaje|title=Sjećanje na Sarajevsku rezoluciju El-Hidaje|last=Redakcija|website=www.preporod.com|language=bs-ba|access-date=21. 6. 2020|archive-date=21. 6. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621162039/https://www.preporod.com/index.php/sve-vijesti/magazin/sjecanja/item/4467-sjecanje-na-sarajevsku-rezoluciju-el-hidaje|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ovom rezolucijom konstatuje se teška situacija u kojoj su se našli [[Islam u Bosni i Hercegovini|muslimani Bosne i Hercegovine]] a za koju se navodi da je posljedica smišljene politike ustaša da izazovu sukobe Srba i muslimana, javno se osuđuju zločini pojedinih muslimana nad [[Srbi]]ma, konstatuje obespravljenost muslimana koju sprovodi ustaški režim i zahtjeva uspostavljanje reda i mira, kažnjavanje odgovornih za zločine i pružanje pomoći žrtvama. Jedan od razloga donošenja rezolucije bili su i [[Zločini nad Bošnjacima u Drugom svjetskom ratu|masakri]] [[Jugoslavenska vojska u otadžbini|četničkih odreda Jugoslavenske vojske u otadžbini]] nad bošnjačkim civilima u istočnoj Bosni.   == Pozadina == Tokom Drugog svjetskog rata teritorija [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] pripala je državnoj tvorevini [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj]] čije je formiranje, uz podršku nacističke Njemačke, proglasio [[Slavko Kvaternik]] 10. aprila 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vojska.net/hrv/zivotopis/k/kvaternik/slavko/|title=Biografija Slavka Kvaternika|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|language=Hrvatski|format=|doi=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9. 7. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref> U Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj ubrzo je po njenom osnivanju započet [[genocid]] nad [[Srbi]]ma, [[Jevreji]]ma i [[Romi]]ma. U cilju sprovođenja politike genocida stvoren je veliki broj koncentracionih logora. Dio [[Muslimani (narod)|muslimanskog]] stanovništva svrstao se uz [[ustaše]] i učestvovao u vršenju genocida. Pored toga, smišljenim aktivnostima kao što su korištenje muslimanskih odjevnih predmeta tokom vršenja zločina nad Srbima i namjernim glasnim oslovljavanjem muslimanskim imenima ustaše su izazivale sukobe između Srba i Bošnjaka.<ref name="Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|title=Tačka 4 Sarajevske rezolucije skupštine „El-Hidaje“|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=5. 6. 2007|year=|work=|publisher=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224135305/http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|archive-date=24. 12. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 7. 2010|quote=|author=Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja“}}</ref> Ovakvi događaji uticali su na to da muslimani iz Bosne i Hercegovine usvoje čitav niz rezolucija koje su donosili u [[Zenica|Zenici]], [[Prijedor]]u, [[Mostar]]u, [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]], [[Tuzla|Tuzli]], [[Bijeljina|Bijeljini]] i [[Trebinje|Trebinju]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rijaset|2007}}{{quote|''Poslije Sarajevske rezolucije,... uslijedile su nove rezolucije koje su pisane po ...Prijedoru, Mostaru, Banja Luci, Bijeljini i Tuzli.''}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cetin|2010|pp=78, 79}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rijaset IZ|2007}}{{quote|Revoltirani ovim postupkom, Muslimani u Zenici izdali su 26. maja 1942. svoju rezoluciju, koju je potpisalo 27 uglednih zeničkih Muslimana}}</ref> U tekstu Sarajevske rezolucije konstatuje se da vlast [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|NDH]] smišljeno unosi razdor između muslimana i Srba time što se, na osnovu učešća pojedinih muslimana u ustaškim zločinima, za zločine ustaša okrivljuju muslimani kako bi se izazvala srpska odmazda prema muslimanima: {{Citat|Što je još najgore, poduzimaju se i poduzimani su od pojedinih vlasti takvi potezi koji samo više izazivaju oštre reakcije pobunjenika, pa je na taj način bijedno i nezaštićeno stanovništvo još više nedužno izloženo stradanjima. Sve ovo podrmava svako uvjerenje u sigurnost i daje povoda da se na temelju samog toka činjenica, stvara u širokim slojevima uvjerenje da je ovo sistem koji se smišljeno provodi. Mnogi katolici, svjesno, za svoja nedjela koja su provođena u posljednje vrijeme, bacaju odgovornost na muslimane i pretstavljaju ove događaje međusobnim razračunavanjem muslimana i pravoslavnih.|Tačka 1 i tačka 2 Sarajevske rezolucije.}} == Usvajanje i tekst Sarajevske rezolucije == Veliki broj muslimana, građana [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]] okupio se 12. oktobra 1941. i na tom skupu usvojio i potpisao rezoluciju čiji je sadržaj sličan sadržaju Sarajevske rezolucije koju je skupština udruženja ilmije "El-Hidaje" usvojila 14. augusta 1941. Inicijatori i idejni tvorci ove rezolucije bili su [[Mehmed Handžić|Mehmed ef. Handžić]] (istaknuti alim) i [[Kasim Dobrača|Kasim ef. Dobrača]] (predsjednik El-Hidaje).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1190:ulema-u-odbrani-rivota-i-vjeka-&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&Itemid=148|title=Ulema u odbrani života i čovjeka|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=5. 6. 2007|year=|work=|publisher=Rijaset Islamske zajednice Bosne i Hercegovine|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/62av7xorA?url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?option=com_content|archive-date=21. 10. 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=11. 7. 2010|quote=|author=}}</ref> Tekst rezolucije sastoji se od tri tačke u kojima se iznose konstatacije i stavovi potpisnika rezolucije povodom aktuelne situacije u kojoj se nalaze muslimani Bosne i Hercegovine: * '''Prva tačka''' rezolucije konstatuje teško stanje u kojem su se našli muslimani [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] zbog smišljene politike izazivanja međunacionalnih sukoba i nepromišljenih napada uzbunjenih Srba na muslimane * '''Druga tačka''' rezolucije odriče odgovornost svih muslimana za zločine koje su pojedini muslimani počinili nad Srbima. Također, u drugoj tački rezolucije osuđuju se muslimani koji su činili nasilje i iznosi se stavi da je takvo nasilje rezultat djelovanja „neodgovornih elemenata i neodgojenih pojedinaca“ i odbija se prihvatanje da „ljaga“ zbog zločina padne na sve muslimane.<ref name="Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja"/> Konstatuje se da su u cilju izazivanja mržnje između Srba i muslimana organizatori zločina nad Srbima oblačili [[fes]] nemuslimanima koji su se tokom vršenja [[Ratni zločin|zločina]] međusobno oslovljavali muslimanskim imenima. * '''Treća tačka''' rezolucije konstatuje pojavu netrpeljivosti [[Rimokatolička crkva|katolika]] prema muslimanima koji su pretvoreni u građane drugog reda. Poslije konstatacija i stavova iznijetih u tri tačke rezolucije u posebnom dijelu rezolucije je spisak od '''sedam zahtjeva''' upućen odgovornim „čimbenicima“ i muslimanskim vjerskim i političkim predstavnicima. Ovim zahtjevima se traži uspostavljanje bezbjednosti i sigurnosti života i imovine svih građana, sprečavanje izazivanja međunacionalnih sukoba, suđenje odgovornima za zločine i pomoć žrtvama dotadašnjih sukoba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|title=Zahtevi Sarajevske rezolucije skupštine „El-Hidaje“|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=5. 6. 2007|year=|work=|publisher=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224135305/http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article|archive-date=24. 12. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 7. 2010|quote=|author=Skupština udruženja ilmija „El-Hidaja“}}</ref> Rezoluciju je potpisalo 108 muslimana koji su funkcioneri i članovi raznih vjerskih udruženja, [[profesor]]a, [[sudija]], zaposlenih u državnoj upravi, [[trgovac]]a, zemljoposjednika, [[student|studenata]] itd. Rezolucija je službeno predata ministru NDH [[Jozo Dumandžić|Jozi Dumandžiću]] prilikom njegove posjete Sarajevu.<ref>{{harvnb|Hadžijahić|1973|p=276}}</ref> == Posljedice rezolucije == Dumandžić je neuspješno pokušao prisiliti potpisnike da opozovu rezoluciju.<ref>{{harvnb|Hadžijahić|1973|p=281}}{{quote|''Dr Joso Dumandzic, kojemu je predata rezolucija, nastojao je, po Pavelićevim direktivama, da prijetnjama i zaastrašivanjima privoli potpisnike da opozovu potpise, ali mu to ni u jednom slucaju nije uspjelo.''}}</ref> U tom naumu nije uspio ni [[Džafer Kulenović]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hadžijahić|1973|p=281}}{{quote|''U istoj misiji Pavelic je bio poslao u Sarajevo i Dzafera Kulenovica, koji je na sastanku sa oko petnaestak potpisnika iznio prijetnje hapsenjima, ali je i taj pokusaj propao..''}}</ref> Potpisnicima je direktno prijetio i [[Jure Francetić]], ustaški pukovnik zadužen za upravljanje Bosnom i Hercegovinom, slanjem u jedne od koncentracionih logora.<ref>{{harvnb|Cetin|2010|p=80}}</ref> Neki konzervativni predstavnici muslimana u Bosni i Hercegovini nisu vjerovali da će rezolucije imati efekta na ustaški režim, pa su odustali od nada da će iste zaštiti njihove interese.<ref>{{harvnb|J. Donia|2006|p=187}}</ref> U augustu 1942. osnovali su Komitet za nacionalni spas i slali Hitleru peticiju tražeći zasebnu regiju za Bosnu koja bi bila pod direktnom upravom Njemačke. Neke od zahtjeva pravdali su rasnim argumentima.<ref>{{harvnb|J. Donia|2006|p=188}}</ref> Inicijatore i organizatore potpisivanja Sarajevske rezolucije komunističke vlasti su poslije Drugog svjetskog rata proglasile narodnim izdajnicima. Tadašnjeg predsjednika El-Hidaje, Kasima ef. Dobraču je po završetku Drugog svjetskog 26. septembra 1947. krivično vijeće okružnog suda u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] osudilo na 15 godina zatvora.<ref name="Nedžad Latić">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islambosna.ba/index.php/tekstovi-i-knjige/oziljci-vremena/7769-godinjica-smrti-kasima-ef-dobrae|title=Godišnjica smrti Kasima ef. Dobrače|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=31. 10. 2009|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530213737/http://www.islambosna.ba/index.php/tekstovi-i-knjige/oziljci-vremena/7769-godinjica-smrti-kasima-ef-dobrae|archive-date=30. 5. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=12. 7. 2010|quote=|author=Nedžad Latić}}</ref> Povodom poboljšanja odnosa [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] i [[Egipat|Egipta]], nekoliko muslimana pušteno je iz zatvora prije isteka kazne, na uslovnu slobodu. Među njima bio je i Kasim ef. Dobrača koji je poslije deset godina pušten na uslovnu slobodu, a umro je 3. novembra 1979, dva mjeseca poslije objavljivanja [[Parergon|feljtona Parergon]], autora [[Derviš Sušić|Derviša Sušića]] u sarajevskom dnevnom listu [[Oslobođenje]], a u kojem je Dobrača napadan kao pripadnik [[Islamska zajednica|Islamske zajednice]] koja je ovim feljtonom predstavljena kao profašistička organizacija koja je sarađivala sa [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlerom]].<ref name="Nedžad Latić" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islambih.net/knjige/BoJaPoViJeStI/m_03.html|title=Boja povjesti|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=249|language=|format=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223184459/http://www.islambih.net/knjige/BoJaPoViJeStI/m_03.html|archive-date=23. 12. 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=12. 7. 2010|quote=„|author=Mladi muslimani}}</ref> == Vanjski linkovi == *[http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article Tekst rezolucije koju su 12. oktobra u Sarajevu potpisali brojni muslimani, sličnog sadržaja kao i Sarajevska rezolucija, objavljen na sajtu Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091316/http://www.rijaset.ba/index.php?Itemid=148&catid=206:za-rivot-i-vjeka&id=1189:sarajevska-rezolucija-el-hidaje&option=com_content&view=article |date=24. 9. 2015 }} == Reference == {{Refspisak|}} [[Kategorija:Nezavisna Država Hrvatska]] [[Kategorija:Bosna i Hercegovina u Drugom svjetskom ratu]] [[Kategorija:Historija Sarajeva]] [[Kategorija:1941. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] 5qzkkn8s770qthichpajeej9kejy0q2 0 479481 3839654 3812250 2026-05-05T11:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija politički vođa | ime = Naftali Bennett | slika = Naftali Bennett official portrait.jpg | redoslijed = 13. [[premijer Izraela]] | vrijeme_na_vlasti = 13. juni 2021 – 30. juni 2022. | prethodnik = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] | nasljednik = [[Yair Lapid]] | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1972|03|25}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Haifa]], [[Izrael]] | politička_stranka = Nova desnica | supruga = Gilat Bennett <small>(1999–trenutno)</small> | djeca = 4 | obrazovanje = [[Hebrejski univerzitet u Jerusalem]]u | vjera = | potpis = }} '''Naftali Bennett''' (rođen 25. marta 1972) jest [[izrael]]ski političar i bivši [[premijer Izraela]]. Dužnost premijera počeo je obavljati 13. juna 2021. godine, naslijedivši dugogodišnjeg premijera [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Benjamina Netanyahua]]. [[Yair Lapid]] je naslijedio Bennetta kao premijera Izraela 1. juli 2022. godine. Vodi stranku Nova desnica od 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/yamina-party-officially-splits-into-new-right-jewish-home-national-union/|title=Yamina party officially splits into New Right, Jewish Home-National Union|work=The Times of Israel|date=10. 10. 2019|access-date=21. 10. 2019|first=Raoul|last=Wootliff}}</ref> ==Rani život i karijera== Rođen i odrastao u [[Haifa|Haifi]], sin imigranata iz [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]], Bennett je služio u jedinicama specijalnih snaga [[Sayeret Matkal]] i [[Maglan]] [[izrael]]skih odbrambenih snaga, zapovijedajući mnogim borbenim operacijama, a potom je postao softverski poduzetnik. 1999. godine suosnovao je i bio suvlasnik američke kompanije [[Cyota]]. Kompanija je prodana 2005. za 145 miliona [[Američki dolar|dolara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/israel-naftali-bennett-brings-fresh-skills-but-has-fewer-levers|title=For Naftali Bennett, It Was Never About the Money|website=BloombergQuint}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Također je bio izvršni direktor Solutoa, izraelske usluge [[Računarstvo u oblaku|računarstva u oblaku]], prodane 2013. godine za prijavljenih 100–130 miliona dolara.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-repeats-success-with-new-100-million-exit/ | title=Bennett repeats success with new $100 million exit | newspaper=The Times of Israel | date=30. 10. 2013 | access-date=1. 11. 2013 | last=Shamah|first=David}}</ref> ==Premijer== Dana 9. maja 2021. godine, objavljeno je da su Bennett i vođa opozicije i stranke [[Yesh Atida]], [[Yair Lapid]], postigli veliki napredak u koalicijskim pregovorima za formiranje nove izraelske vlade koja bi svrgnula [[Premijer Izraela|premijera]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Benjamina Netanyahua]].<ref>{{cite news|date=9. 5. 2021|title=Lapid, Bennett make major headway in coalition talks: reports|publisher=i24 News|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/politics/1620592930-lapid-bennett-make-major-headway-in-coalition-talks-reports|access-date=10. 5. 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shlezinger|first=Yehuda|date=10. 5. 2021|title=Report: Lapid, Bennett make major headway in coalition talks|publisher=Israel Hayom|url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/05/10/report-lapid-bennett-make-major-headway-in-coalition-talks/|access-date=10. 5. 2021}}</ref> Dana 30. maja, Bennett je najavio da će služiti kao premijer u rotacijskoj vladi do augusta 2023. godine, nakon čega će Lapid preuzeti funkciju premijera do 2025.<ref>{{cite web|date=30. 5. 2021|access-date=30. 5. 2021|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/yesh-atid-new-hope-teams-to-meet-669589|title=Bennett announces plan to form gov't with Lapid that will oust Netanyahu|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|author=Gil Hoffman}}</ref> Bennett je položio zakletvu 13. juna, okončavši Netanyahuov dvanaestogodišnji mandat.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wootliff|first=Raoul|date=13. 6. 2021|title=Bennett sworn in as prime minister, unseating Netanyahu after 12 years in power|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-unseating-netanyahu-after-12-years-in-power/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210614020741/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-unseating-netanyahu-after-12-years-in-power/|archive-date=14. 6. 2021|access-date=14. 6. 2021|newspaper=The Times of Israel}}</ref> [[Muhamed VI, kralj Maroka]] poslao je posebno čestitko premijeru Bennettu po njegovom stupanju na dužnost. Bennett je odgovorio da će "raditi na jačanju izraelsko-marokanskih odnosa u svim oblastima".<ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco's king congratulates PM Bennett, vows to promote peace in region |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy-defense/1623847398-morocco-s-king-congratulates-pm-bennett-vows-to-promote-peace-in-region |work=i24NEWS |date=16. 6. 2021}}</ref> Izrael i [[Maroko]] obnovili su diplomatske odnose 10. decembra 2020. godine, kao dio sporazuma o normalizaciji Izraela i Maroka koji uključuje Sjedinjene Američke Države, a koje su istovremeno priznale suverenitet Maroka nad spornom teritorijom [[Demokratska Arapska Republika Sahara|Zapadne Sahare]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas chief meets top politicians in Morocco after Gaza conflict |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/hamas-chief-meets-top-politicians-in-morocco-after-gaza-conflict/46713260 |work=[[Swissinfo]] |date=17. 6. 2021 |access-date=19. 7. 2021 |archive-date=31. 5. 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531232755/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/hamas-chief-meets-top-politicians-in-morocco-after-gaza-conflict/46713260 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Postom 9. Tiša beava 2021, dok su stotine Jevreja odlazile da tuguju na brdu hrama, gdje im je trenutno zabranjeno moliti,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hundreds of Jews visit contested holy site in Jerusalem|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-religion-jerusalem-b87218462ca854370b216798f62803a5}}</ref> napisao je: "Jevrejski narod dva puta je imao židovsku državu u izraelskoj zemlji, i oba puta nismo uspjeli dovršiti osmu deceniju kao nezavisna država, zbog unutrašnjih ratova i neutemeljene mržnje... U vrijeme [[Rimsko Carstvo|rimske]] opsade [[Jerusalem]]a, nacija je bila podijeljena, svaka grupa se ukorijenila u svoje položaj i spalili zalihe hrane ostalih, kao dio unutrašnje borbe za vlast, tako da su [[Vespazijan|Rimljani]] imali puno lakši zadatak. Gorki kraj koji svi znamo i do danas svake godine na ovaj datum žalimo za strašnim razaranjem koji su nas ljudi sa malo više neutemeljene ljubavi, suzdržanosti i slušanja mogli spasiti."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|date=17. 7. 2021|title=PM Bennett warns of historic danger of Jewish disunity on Tisha Be'av|work=Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/pm-bennett-warns-of-historic-danger-of-jewish-disunity-on-ninth-of-av-674193}}</ref> Dana 20. juna 2022. godine, Bennett je najavio da će pozvati na glasanje za raspuštanje [[Kneset]]a i povlačenje sa mjesta premijera ubrzo nakon njegovog raspuštanja, da bi ga naslijedio Lapid.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's prime minister is stepping down, sparking a new round of elections|date=20. 6. 2022|access-date=24. 6. 2022|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1106282784/israel-coalition-collapse-bennett-netanyahu|publisher=NPR|author=Estrin, Daniel}}</ref> On je 29. juna najavio da neće tražiti ponovni izbor u Domu na sljedećim izborima koji su zakazani za kasnije tokom godine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29. 6. 2022 |title=N12 – רה"מ נפתלי בנט הודיע: "לא אתמודד בבחירות הקרובות לכנסת" |trans-title=Prime Minister Naftali Bennett announced: 'I will not run in the next Knesset election' |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-israel-elections/election_2022/Article-20936e53d30b181027.htm |access-date=29. 6. 2022 |website=N12}}</ref> Lapid ga je naslijedio na poziciji premijera 1. jula 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/svijet/yair-lapid-i-zvanicno-preuzeo-premijersku-funkciju-vodit-ce-izrael-do-novembra/220701133|title=Yair Lapid i zvanično preuzeo premijersku funkciju, vodit će Izrael do novembra|work=Klix.ba|access-date=1. 7. 2022}}</ref> ==Reference== {{Refspisak}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Naftali Bennett}} *{{Official website|https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/}} {{Premijeri Izraela}} {{Izraelsko-palestinski sukob}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett, Naftali}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1972.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Haifa]] [[Kategorija:Izraelski političari]] n76wd2lchm2g1sjplw9ispkexm0626o 0 489068 3839634 3401941 2026-05-05T08:37:10Z Panasko 146730 3839634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Hiba Šerbić | slika = | alt_slike = | opis = | ime_pri_rođenju = | datum_rođenja = 1912. | mjesto_rođenja = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1975|||1912||}} | mjesto_smrti = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = Ljekar | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = Prva Muslimanka koja je diplomirala medicinu u Beogradu | značajna_djela = }} '''Hiba Šerbić''' ([[Tuzla]] 1912 - 1975) bila je prva [[Muslimani (narod)|Muslimanka]] koja je diplomirala medicinu u Beogradu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akos.ba/istaknute-bosnjakinje-kroz-historiju/|title=Istaknute Bošnjakinje kroz historiju|website=AKOS|language=en-US|access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bila je studentica medicine i diplomirala je u [[Beograd]]u 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stav.ba/vijest/hadziefendijina-hastahana-u-strmom-sokaku-prva-tuzlanska-bolnica/16739|title=Hadžiefendijina hastahana u Strmom sokaku: Prva tuzlanska bolnica|website=stav.ba|access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U beogradskom listu Politika je objavljeno da je Hiba Šerbić prva Muslimanka u Tuzli koja je stekla akademsku titulu. Kao ljekarka je radila 36 godina u [[Jajce|Jajcu]], Kasindolu i [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]]. Vodila je Prvu internu kliniku u Sarajevu. == Nagrade i priznanja == Dobitnica je mnogih priznanja, među kojima su najznačajnija: *Orden rada drugog reda *Orden republike sa srebrnim vijencem drugog reda *Orden zasluge za narod sa srebrnom zvijezdom *[[Šestoaprilska nagrada Grada Sarajeva|Šestoaprilsku nagradu Grada Sarajeva]] *Spomen plaketu grada Sarajeva *Diplomu počasnog člana Društva ljekara [[Bosna i Hercegovina|BiH]] *Povelju Saveza ljekarskih društava [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] Hiba je bila i učesnica Narodnooslobodilačkog pokreta u Bosni i Hercegovini. == Također pogledajte == *[[Narodnooslobodilačka borba Jugoslavije|NOB]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == *Gorica Ivić, Jasmina Čaušević, Selma Hadžihalilović, Leksikon o ženama koje su pomjerile granice u svojim zajednicama u Bosni i Hercegovini: 100 žena - 100 ulica po ženama, Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst e.V, Sarajevo, 2021, ISBN 978-9926-8431-1-3 {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Žene u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Medicina]] [[Kategorija:Šestoaprilska nagrada]] [[Kategorija:Muslimanke]] 97ezungscfwkfh92vmpvjbfibs5q7gf 14 491236 3839437 3415921 2026-05-04T13:19:16Z Panasko 146730 [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Terrestrial biomes}} [[Kategorija:Biogeografija|Kopneni biomi]] [[Kategorija:Biomi|Kopneni]] [[Kategorija:Ekoregije|Kopneni biomi]] [[Kategorija:Fitogeografija|Kopneni biomi]] [[Kategorija:Zemlja|Kopneni biomi]] [[Kategorija:Geografska područja]] 700gwai1pvkc3kdu0cbuyxoxfdil38e 0 494356 3839657 3742253 2026-05-05T11:24:58Z Panasko 146730 3839657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija pisac | ime = Robert A. Hainlein | slika = Heinlein-face.jpg | opis_slike = | puno_ime = | rođen_kao = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1907|7|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Butler (Missouri)|Butler]], [[Missouri]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1988|05|08|1907|07|07}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], [[Kalifornija]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | zanimanje = Pisac, aeronautički inženjer i mornarički oficir | jezik = | nacionalnost = Američko | obrazovanje = | period = 1939–1988. | žanr = [[Naučna fantastika]] [[Fantastika]] | poznata_djela = Stranger in a Strange Land <br/> The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress <br/> Zvjezdani jurišnici <br/ >Time Enough for Love | supružnik = Elinor Curry (v. 1929; raz. 1930) <br/> Leslyn MacDonald (v. 1932;raz. 1947) <br/> Virginia Gerstenfeld (v. 1948) | djeca = | nagrade = | potpis = | veb-sajt = }} '''Robert A. Hainlein''' [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američki]] je pisac, aeronautički inženjer i mornarički oficir. Ponekad nazivan "dekanom pisaca [[Naučna fantastika|naučne fantastike]]",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC|title=The Science Fiction Handbook|last2=Thomas|first2=Anne-Marie|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6205-0|series=Blackwell Guides to Literature Series|page=155|quote=Sometimes called the 'dean of science fiction writers,' Robert A. Heinlein was one of the leading figures of science fiction's Golden Age and one of the authors most responsible for establishing the science fiction novel as a publishing category.|access-date=27. 6. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705122833/https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC|archive-date=5. 7. 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> bio je među prvima koji je istakao naučnu tačnost u svojoj naučnoj fantastici, što ga je činilo pionirom podžanra [[Naučna fantastika#Tvrda NF|tvrde naučne fantastike]]. Njegovi objavljeni radovi, kako fikcija tako i publicistika, izražavaju divljenje kompetentnosti i naglašavaju vrijednost kritičkog mišljenja.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mendlesohn|first=Farah|title=The Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein|publisher=Unbound Publishing|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78352-678-9|location=London}}</ref> Njegovi zapleti često su predstavljali provokativne situacije koje su dovodile u pitanje konvencionalne društvene običaje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land|title=Robert Heinlein's softer side|date=12. 1. 2009|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182954/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land|archive-date=25. 1. 2021|url-status=live|access-date=5. 6. 2021}}</ref> Njegov rad nastavlja da utiče na žanr naučne fantastike i na modernu kulturu uopšte. Jedan je od prvih američkih pisaca naučne fantastike koji se probio u mainstrim časopise kao što je ''The Saturday Evening Post'' kasnih 1940-ih. Bio je jedan od najprodavanijih pisaca naučnih fantastika, a on, [[Isaac Asimov]] i [[Arthur C. Clarke]] često se smatraju "velikim triom" autora naučne fantastike na engleskom jeziku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfandfantasy.co.uk/php/the-big-3.php|title=The Big Three—Asimov—Clarke—Heinlein—A Bibliography|publisher=SFandFantasy.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901081434/http://www.sfandfantasy.co.uk/php/the-big-3.php|archive-date=1. 9. 2016|url-status=live|access-date=28. 8. 2016|quote=Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Heinlein are informally known as the "Big Three"—the best known members of the group of authors who brought science fiction into a Golden Age in the middle years of the twentieth century}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Parrinder|first=Patrick|title=Learning from Other Worlds: Estrangement, Cognition, and the Politics of Science Fiction and Utopia|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8223-2773-8|page=81|quote=This short discussion of Asimov, Clarke and Heinlein—the so-called Big Three, who largely dominated American (and, to a lesser extent, Anglo-American) science fiction during the 1940s, the 1950s and well into the 1960s—should serve to suggest the particularly complex affinity between science fiction and critical theory in its Blochian version.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm|title=Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: The Death of Science Fiction|website=SF writer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502235740/http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm|archive-date=2. 5. 2012|url-status=live|access-date=26. 11. 2017|quote=And yet, the publishers do whatever they can to continue to milk the big three: Asimov, Clarke, and Heinlein}}</ref> Značajni radovi uključuju ''[[Stranac u stranoj zemlji]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/64993/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land|title=15 Things You Might Not Know About ''Stranger in a Strange Land''|date=14. 7. 2015|website=Mental floss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150236/http://mentalfloss.com/article/64993/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land|archive-date=14. 4. 2017|url-status=live|access-date=26. 11. 2017}}</ref> ''[[Zvjezdani jurišnici]]'' (koji su pomogli u oblikovanju arhetipova svemirskih marinaca i mecha) i ''[[Luna je okrutna ljubavnica]]''. Njegov rad je ponekad imao kontroverzne aspekte, kao što je militarizam u ''Zvjezdanim jurišnicima'' i tehnološki kompetentni ženski likovi,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/books/review/heinleins-female-troubles.html|title=Heinlein's Female Troubles|first=M. G.|last=Lord|date=2. 10. 2005|access-date=26. 2. 2019|work=The New York Times|archive-date=13. 2. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123928/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/books/review/heinleins-female-troubles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ali često stereotipno ženstveni. Heinlein je koristio svoju naučnu fantastiku kao način da istraži provokativne društvene i političke ideje i da predviđa kako napredak u nauci i inženjerstvu može oblikovati budućnost politike, rase, religije i seksa.<ref name="mises1">{{cite web|url=https://mises.org/library/was-robert-heinlein-libertarian|title=Was Robert A. Heinlein a Libertarian?|date=18. 5. 2010|publisher=Mises Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211005829/https://mises.org/library/was-robert-heinlein-libertarian|archive-date=11. 12. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=5. 5. 2017}}</ref> U okviru svojih naučno-fantastičnih priča, Heinlein se više puta bavio određenim društvenim temama: važnost individualne slobode i samopouzdanja, priroda seksualnih odnosa, obaveze koje pojedinci imaju prema svojim društvima, utjecaj organizirane religije na kulturu i vlast, te sklonost društva da potiskuje nekonformističku misao. Također je spekulisao o uticaju svemirskih putovanja na ljudsku kulturu. == Život == Rođen je 7. 7. 1907. od roditelja Rexa Ivara Heinleina (računovođe) i Bam Lyle Heinleina, u mjestu Butler, [[Missouri]], bio je treće od sedmoro djece. Bio je šesta generacija njemačkih amerikanca; porodična tradicija je govorila da se Heinleins borio u svakom američkom ratu, počevši od [[Američki rat za nezavisnost|Rata za nezavisnost]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Patterson|first=William|title=Robert A. Heinlein: 1907–1948, learning curve|publisher=Tom Doherty Associates|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7653-1960-9|location=New York|chapter=Appendix 2|access-date=19. 6. 2014|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+cronkite&pg=PA13}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Djetinjstvo je proveo u [[Kansas City|Kansas Cityju]], [[Missouri]]. Pogled i vrijednosti ovog vremena i mjesta (po njegovim vlastitim riječima, "[[Biblijski pojas]]") imali su definitivan utjecaj na njegovu beletristiku, posebno u njegovim kasnijim djelima, jer se u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na svoje djetinjstvo u uspostavljanju ambijenta u djelima poput ''[[Dovoljno vremena za ljubav]]'' i ''[[Otploviti onkraj sumraka]]''. Pojava [[Halleyjeva kometa|Halejeve komete]] 1910. inspirisala je doživotno interesovanje malog deteta za astronomiju.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sci-fi Literature Genius Guide|date=14. 6. 2012|publisher=Imagine Publishing|isbn=9781908222183|chapter=3}}</ref> Kako porodica nije mogla priuštiti da pošalje Heinleina na koledž, on se upisao na vojnu akademiju. Kada je 1924. diplomirao na Central High School u Kansas Cityju, u početku mu je bilo onemogućeno da pohađa Pomorsku akademiju Sjedinjenih Država u Anapolisu jer je njegov stariji brat Rex tamo studirao, a propisi su obeshrabrivali više članova porodice da pohađaju akademiju istovremeno. Umjesto toga upisao je Community Collegeu u Kansas Cityju i počeo energično pisati senatoru iz Missourija Jamesu A. Reedu za imenovanje u Pomorsku akademiju. Djelomično zbog utjecaja Pendergastove mašine, Pomorska akademija ga je primila u junu 1925; Heinlein je kasnije rekao da mu je Reed rekao da ima 100 pisama preporuke od kojih je 50 za Heinleina.<ref name="suplee19840905">{{Cite news|last=Suplee|first=Curt|date=5. 9. 1984|title=In the Strange Land Of Robert Heinlein|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/09/05/in-the-strange-land-of-robert-heinlein/b7a2ee22-0a6e-4c29-8fc1-88b3e68ec08c/|access-date=29. 7. 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Heinleinovo iskustvo u američkoj mornarici imalo je snažan utjecaj na njegov karakter i pisanje. Godine 1929. diplomirao je na Pomorskoj akademiji sa manje-više ekvivalentom diplome inženjera (Akademija u to vrijeme nije davala diplome). Akademski je bio peti u svojoj klasi, ali dvadeseti od 243 zbog disciplinskih nedostataka. Američka mornarica ga je postavila za oficira ubrzo nakon diplomiranja. Napredovao je u čin mlađeg poručnika 1931. dok je služio na novom nosaču aviona [[USS Lexington]], gdje je radio u radio komunikacijama – tehnologiji koja je tada još bila u ranijim fazama. Kapetan ovog nosača, Ernest J. King, kasnije je služio kao šef pomorskih operacija i glavni komandant američke flote tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svetskog rata]]. Vojni historičari su često intervjuisali Heinleina tokom njegovih kasnijih godina i pitali ga o kapetanu Kingu i njegovoj službi kao komandantu prvog modernog nosača aviona američke mornarice. Također je služio kao topnički oficir na razaraču [[USS Roper]] 1933. i 1934, dostigavši ​​čin poručnika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k/entire_text/|title=Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers|website=oac.cdlib.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425055834/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k/entire_text/|archive-date=25. 4. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26. 2. 2019}}</ref> Njegov brat, Lawrence Heinlein, služio je u vojsci SAD-a, američkom ratnom vazduhoplovstvu i Nacionalnoj gardi Misurija, dostigavši ​​čin general-majora u Nacionalnoj gardi.<ref>&#x3C;/nowiki&#x3E;[http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/Gunn-GrandMaster-remarks.htm James Gunn, "Grand Master Award Remarks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929035817/http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/Gunn-GrandMaster-remarks.htm|date=29. 9. 2011}}; [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19660627&id=uUgrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ktQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3796,2847290 "Credit Col. Earp and Gen. Heinlein with the Reactivation of Nevada's Camp Clark", ''The Nevada Daily Mail'', 27.6.1966].</ref> Godine 1934. otpušten je iz mornarice zbog plućne tuberkuloze. Tokom duže hospitalizacije, inspirisan sopstvenim iskustvom dok je bio prikovan za krevet, razvio je dizajn vodenog kreveta. Nakon otpuštanja, pohađao je nekoliko sedmica postdiplomskih studija matematike i fizike na Kalifornijskom univerzitetu u Los Angelesu (UCLA), ali je ubrzo dao otkaz, bilo zbog svog zdravstvenog stanja ili zbog želje da uđe u politiku.<ref>Afterword to ''[[For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs]]'', 2004 edition, str. 245.</ref> Izdržavao se pomoću nekoliko zanimanja, uključujući prodaju nekretnina i rudarenje srebra, ali je nekoliko godina bio u finansijskim poteškoćama. Bio je aktivan u socijalističkom pokretu End Poverty in California (EPIC) Upton Sinclair-a ranih 1930-ih. Bio je zamjenik izdavača EPIC News-a, za koje je Heinlein primijetio da je "opozvao gradonačelnika, izbacio okružnog tužioca, zamijenio guvernera jednim po našem izboru."<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert A. Heinlein|title=Off the Main Sequence|url=https://archive.org/details/offmainsequenceo0000hein|date=2005|publisher=Science Fiction Book Club|isbn=1-58288-184-7|page=xiii|section=Foreword by Michael Cassutt}}</ref> Kada je Sinclair dobio demokratsku nominaciju za guvernera Kalifornije 1934, Heinlein je aktivno radio u kampanji. Sam Heinlein se kandidovao za skupštinu Kalifornije 1938. godine, ali nije bio uspješan. Kandidovao se kao ljevičarski demokrat u konzervativnom okrugu, i nikada nije prošao demokratske predizbore.<ref>(prodgovor za ''For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs'', 2004 edicija, str. 247, i priču "[[A Bathroom of Her Own]]").</ref> Iako nije bio siromašan nakon kampanje – imao je malu invalidsku penziju od mornarice – okrenuo se pisanju kako bi otplatio svoju hipoteku. Njegova prva objavljena priča, "''Linija života (engleski: Life Line)''", štampana je u izdanju [[Astounding Science Fiction]] iz augusta 1939. Prvobitno napisan za takmičenje, prodao ga je kompaniji Astounding za znatno više od prve nagrade na takmičenju. U novembru je uslijedila još jedna priča o budućoj historiji, "''Misfit''",. Neki su vidjeli Heinleinov talenat i slavu iz njegove prve priče,<ref name="earlyyears79_82">{{Cite book|last=Asimov|first=Isaac|url=https://archive.org/stream/earlyasimovorele00asim#page/78/mode/2up|title=The early Asimov; or, Eleven years of trying|publisher=Doubleday|year=1972|location=Garden City NY|pages=79–82}}</ref> i ubrzo je bio priznat kao vođa novog pokreta prema "društvenoj" [[Naučna fantastika|naučnoj fantastici]]. U Kaliforniji je bio domaćin Mañana Literary Society, serije neformalnih okupljanja novih autora 1940–41. Nakon završetka rata 1945, počeo je da preispituje svoju karijeru. [[Atomski napad na Hiroshimu i Nagasaki|Atomsko bombardovanje Hirošime i Nagasakija]], zajedno sa izbijanjem [[Hladni rat|Hladnog rata]], podstaklo ga je da piše publicistiku o političkim temama. Osim toga, želio je da se probije na bolje plaćena tržišta. Objavio je četiri uticajne kratke priče za časopis ''The Saturday Evening Post'', koji je u februaru 1947. započeo sa ''"Zelenim brdima Zemlje" (engleski: The Green Hills of Earth)''. Godine 1950, film ''Destination Moon'' – film nalik dokumentarcu za koji je napisao priču i scenario, koautor scenarija i izmislio mnoge efekte – osvojio je Oskara za specijalne efekte. Također, započeo je seriju romana za mlade za izdavačku kompaniju Charles Scribner's Sons koja je trajala od 1947. do 1959. i koja je izdavala po jednu knjigu svake jeseni, na vrijeme za božićne poklone tinejdžerima. Pisao je i za Boys' Life 1952. Heinlein je koristio aktualne materijale kroz svoje serije za mlade počevši od 1947, ali je 1958. prekinuo rad na ''Heretiku'' (radni naslov ''Stranger in a Strange Land'') da bi napisao i objavio knjigu koja istražuje ideje građanske vrline, u početku serijaliziranu kao ''Starship Soldiers'' . Godine 1959. njegov roman (sada pod nazivom ''Zvjezdani jurišnici (engleski: Starship Troopers)'' urednici i vlasnici Scribner'sa su smatrali previše kontroverznim za jednu od njegovih prestižnih linija, pa je odbijen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wegrokit.com/causost.htm|title=Citizenship at War|last=Causo|first=Roberto de Sousa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315171915/http://www.wegrokit.com/causost.htm|archive-date=15. 3. 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=4. 3. 2006}}</ref> Heinlein je pronašao drugog izdavača (Putnam), osjećajući se oslobođenim ograničenja pisanja romana za djecu. On je jednom novinaru rekao da ne želi da radi priče koje samo dodaju kategorije definisane drugim radovima. Umjesto toga, želio je da radi svoj posao, rekavši: "Želim da radim svoje stvari, na svoj način".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=William H. Jr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPHAgAAQBAJ|title=Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century: Volume 2, 1948–1988 The Man Who Learned Better|date=3. 6. 2014|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4299-8796-7|page=207|language=en|access-date=28. 8. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101172143/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPHAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=1. 1. 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Nastavio je s pisanjem niza izazovnih knjiga koje su ponovo iscrtale granice naučne fantastike, uključujući ''Stranac u stranoj zemlji'' (1962) i ''Luna je okrutna ljubavnica'' (1966). == Djela == Objavio je 32 romana, 59 kratkih priča i 16 zbirki priča. Devet filmova, dvije televizijske serije, nekoliko epizoda radijske serije i društvena igra proizašli su više-manje direktno iz njegovog rada. Napisao je scenario za jedan od filmova. Heinlein je uredio antologiju kratkih [[Naučna fantastika|naučno fantastičnih]] priča drugih pisaca. Posthumno su objavljene tri publicističke knjige i dvije pjesme. U septembru 2006. objavljena je ''Za nas živi: Komedija običaja''. Godine 2006. objavljena je ''Variable Star'' koju je napisao Spider Robinson na osnovu Heinleinovog opsežnog nacrta. Četiri zbirke su objavljene posthumno. === Serijali === Tokom svoje karijere, napisao je tri serijala koje se donekle preklapaju: * ''Buduća historija'' * ''Lazarus Long'' * ''Heinlein maloljetnici'' == Bibliografija == ==== Rani romani ==== * ''[[For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs]]'' (1939, objavljen posthumno 2003) * ''[[Beyond This Horizon]]'' (1942) * ''[[Rocket Ship Galileo]]'' (1947) * ''[[Space Cadet]]'' (1948) * ''[[Red Planet]]'' (1949) * ''[[Sixth Column]]'' (1949, objavljen i pod naslovom ''The Day After Tomorrow'') * ''[[Farmer in the Sky]]'' (1950) * ''[[Between Planets]]'' (1951) * ''[[The Puppet Masters]]'' (1951, u dopunjenom obliku ponovno objavljen poslije smrti autora 1990) * ''The Rolling Stones'' ili ''[[Space Family Stone]]'' (1952) * ''[[Starman Jones]]'' (1953) * ''[[The Star Beast]]'' (1954) * ''[[Tunnel in the Sky]]'' (1955) * ''[[Variable Star]]'' (1955, objavljen posthumno 2006) * ''[[Double Star]]'' (1956) * ''[[Time for the Stars]]'' (1956) * ''[[Građanin galaksije]]'' (Citizen of the Galaxy, 1957) * ''[[Vrata u ljeto]]'' (The Door into Summer, 1957) * ''[[Have Space Suit]]''&mdash;(Will Travel, 1958) * ''[[Metuzalemova djeca]]'' (Methuselah's Children, 1958) * ''[[Zvjezdani jurišnici]]'' (Starship Troopers, 1959) ==== ''Zreli'' romani ==== * ''[[Stranac u stranoj zemlji]]'' (1962) * ''[[Podkayne of Mars]]'' (1963) * ''[[Glory Road]]'' (1963) * ''[[Farnham's Freehold]]'' (1965) * ''[[Luna je okrutna ljubavnica]]'' (''The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress'', 1966) * ''[[I Will Fear No Evil]]'' (1970) * ''[[Dovoljno vremena za ljubav]]'' (1973) ==== Kasni romani ==== * ''[[Broj Zvijeri]]'' (The Number of the Beast, 1980) * ''[[Petak (Heinlein)|Petak]]'' (Friday, 1982) * ''[[Job: A Comedy of Justice]]'' (1984) * ''[[Mačka koja hoda kroz zidove]]'' (The Cat Who Walks Through Walls, 1985) * ''[[Otploviti onkraj sumraka]]'' (To Sail Beyond the Sunset, 1987) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == === Kritika === {{Refbegin}} * Bellagamba, Ugo and Picholle, Eric. 2008. ''Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, une Anatomie de Robert A. Heinlein''. Lyon, France: Les Moutons Electriques. {{ISBN|978-2915793376}}. * [[James Blish]], writing as William Atheling Jr. 1970. ''More Issues at Hand''. Chicago: Advent. * [[H. Bruce Franklin]]. 1980. ''Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0195027469}}. :: A critique of Heinlein from a Marxist perspective. Includes a biographical chapter, which incorporates some original research on Heinlein's family background. * James Gifford. 2000. ''Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion''. Sacramento: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101010072726/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/item-rarc.html Nitrosyncretic Press]. {{ISBN|0967987415}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0967987407}} (trade paperback). :: A comprehensive bibliography, with roughly one page of commentary on each of Heinlein's works. * Farah Mendlesohn (2019). ''Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein''. {{ISBN|978-1783526789}}. * [[Alexei Panshin]]. 1968. ''Heinlein in Dimension''. Advent. {{ISBN|978-0911682014}}. {{OCLC|7535112}}. * Patterson, William H. Jr., and Thornton, Andrew. 2001. ''The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land''. Sacramento: Nitrosyncretic Press. {{ISBN|0967987423}}. * Powell, Jim. 2000. ''The Triumph of Liberty''. New York: Free Press. See profile of Heinlein in the chapter "Out of this World". * [[Tom Shippey]]. 2000. "Starship Troopers, Galactic Heroes, Mercenary Princes: Ihe Military and Its Discontents in Science Fiction", in Alan Sandison and Robert Dingley, eds., ''Histories of the Future: Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction''. New York: Palgrave. {{ISBN|0312236042}}. * {{Cite book |last=Slusser |first=George Edgar |author-link=George Edgar Slusser |year=1977 |title=Robert A. Heinlein: Stranger in His Own Land |series=The Milford Series, Vol. 1 |location=San Bernardino, CA |publisher=Borgo Press |isbn=978-0893702106 |oclc=2910839}} * {{Cite book |last=Slusser |first=George Edgar |author-link=George Edgar Slusser |year=1977 |title=The Classic Years of Robert A. Heinlein |series=The Milford Series, Vol. 11 |location=San Bernardino, CA |publisher=Borgo Press |isbn=978-0893702168 |oclc=3186521}} {{Refend}} === Biografije === {{Refbegin}} * Heinlein, Robert A. 1980. ''[[Expanded Universe (Heinlein)|Expanded Universe]]''. New York: Ace. {{ISBN|0441218881}}. :: Autobiographical notes are interspersed between the pieces in the anthology. ::: Reprinted by Baen, hardcover 2003, {{ISBN|0743471598}}. ::: Reprinted by Baen, paperback 2005, {{ISBN|0743499158}}. * Heinlein, Robert A. 1989. ''Grumbles from the Grave''. New York: Del Rey. :: Incorporates a substantial biographical sketch by Virginia Heinlein, which hews closely to his earlier official bios, omitting the same facts (the first of his three marriages, his early left-wing political activities) and repeating the same fictional anecdotes (the short story contest). * Heinlein, Robert A. 2004. ''For Us, the Living''. New York: Scribner. {{ISBN|074325998X}}. :: Includes an introduction by Spider Robinson, an afterword by Robert E. James with a long biography, and a shorter biographical sketch. * [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ The Heinlein Society] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327204806/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ |date=March 27, 2012 }}) and their [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html FAQ] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034221/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html |date=April 22, 2019 }}). Retrieved May 30, 2005. :: Contains a shorter version of the Patterson bio. ::: <!-- {{Dead link|date=October 2008}} Electronic edition available at: [http://www.webscription.net/baen/order_singles.asp?filter=Robert%20A.%20Heinlein webscription.net] (not free) --> * {{Cite journal |author=Patterson, William H. Jr. |year=1999 |title=Robert Heinlein—A Biographical Sketch] |journal=The Heinlein Journal |volume=1999 |issue=5 |pages=7–36}} Also available at "[http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm 'Robert A. Heinlein': A Biographical Sketch]" ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010814232843/http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm |date=August 14, 2001 }}). Retrieved June 1, 2005. :: A lengthy essay that treats Heinlein's own autobiographical statements with skepticism. * Patterson, William H. Jr. 2010. ''Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue with His Century: 1907–1948: Learning Curve. An Authorized Biography, Volume I''. Tom Doherty Associates. {{ISBN|0765319608}}. * Patterson, William H. Jr. 2014. ''Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue with His Century: 1948–1988: The Man Who Learned Better. An Authorized Biography, Volume II''. Tom Doherty Associates. {{ISBN|0765319616}}. * Stover, Leon E. 1987. ''Robert A. Heinlein''. Boston: Twayne Publishers. {{ISBN|9780805775099}}. {{OCLC|15860299}}. * Vicary, Elizabeth Zoe. 2000. American National Biography Online article, [https://www.anb.org/display/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1602915 "Heinlein, Robert Anson"] {{subscription required}}. {{doi|10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1602915}} Retrieved June 1, 2005. == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ The Heinlein Society] * [http://www.heinleinarchives.net/ Heinlein Archives] * [http://www.heinleinprize.com/ Robert & Virginia Heinlein Prize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604095023/https://www.heinleinprize.com/ |date=4. 6. 2019 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221433/http://www.heinleincentennial.com/ Centennial Celebration in Kansas City], July 7, 2007. * [http://www.heinleinnexus.org/ Heinlein Nexus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152219/http://www.heinleinnexus.org/ |date=27. 10. 2020 }}, the community continuation of the Centennial effort. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106154437/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html 1952 ''Popular Mechanics'' tour of Heinlein's Colorado house.] accessed June 3, 2005 * [http://www.heinleinia.com/ Heinleinia.com, an interactive exploration of Heinlein's life and works] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoSnjYLw2A0 Heinlein giving the Guest of Honor speech] at the [[34th World Science Fiction Convention]], on [[YouTube]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100816055831/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/05/working-with-robert-a-heinlein/ Working with Robert A. Heinlein] * [https://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-robert-a-heinlein-by-william-h-patterson-jr-1403904500 Review & biographical essay on Heinlein] by Lee Sandlin, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', June 27, 2014. "Heinlein was the best sci-fi writer of all time—and then mysteriously he became the worst." * {{isfdb name |29}} * {{IBList|type=author|id=113|name=Robert A. Heinlein}} * {{OL author}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Anson Heinlein}} * {{IMDb name|374423}} * Finding aid for the [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers] {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hainlain, Robert}} [[Kategorija:Američki inženjeri]] [[Kategorija:Američki mornarički oficiri]] [[Kategorija:Američki pisci naučne fantastike]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Butler]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1907.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1988.]] dc9uftz3znb8kk3vxmuhefu01extsz5 3839661 3839657 2026-05-05T11:29:06Z Panasko 146730 3839661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija pisac | ime = Robert A. Hainlein | slika = Heinlein-face.jpg | opis_slike = | puno_ime = | rođen_kao = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1907|7|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Butler (Missouri)|Butler]], [[Missouri]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1988|05|08|1907|07|07}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Carmel-by-the-Sea]], [[Kalifornija]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | zanimanje = Pisac, aeronautički inženjer i mornarički oficir | jezik = | nacionalnost = Američko | obrazovanje = | period = 1939–1988. | žanr = [[Naučna fantastika]]<br/>[[Fantastika]] | poznata_djela = {{Plainlist| * ''[[Stranac u stranoj zemlji]]'' * ''[[Luna je okrutna ljubavnica]]'' * ''[[Zvjezdani jurišnici]]'' * ''[[Dovoljno vremena za ljubav]]'' }} | supružnik = {{Plainlist| * Elinor Curry (v. 1929; raz. 1930) * Leslyn MacDonald (v. 1932;raz. 1947) * Virginia Gerstenfeld (v. 1948) }} | djeca = | nagrade = | potpis = | veb-sajt = }} '''Robert A. Hainlein''' [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američki]] je pisac, aeronautički inženjer i mornarički oficir. Ponekad nazivan "dekanom pisaca [[Naučna fantastika|naučne fantastike]]",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC|title=The Science Fiction Handbook|last2=Thomas|first2=Anne-Marie|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6205-0|series=Blackwell Guides to Literature Series|page=155|quote=Sometimes called the 'dean of science fiction writers,' Robert A. Heinlein was one of the leading figures of science fiction's Golden Age and one of the authors most responsible for establishing the science fiction novel as a publishing category.|access-date=27. 6. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705122833/https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC|archive-date=5. 7. 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> bio je među prvima koji je istakao naučnu tačnost u svojoj naučnoj fantastici, što ga je činilo pionirom podžanra [[Naučna fantastika#Tvrda NF|tvrde naučne fantastike]]. Njegovi objavljeni radovi, kako fikcija tako i publicistika, izražavaju divljenje kompetentnosti i naglašavaju vrijednost kritičkog mišljenja.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mendlesohn|first=Farah|title=The Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein|publisher=Unbound Publishing|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78352-678-9|location=London}}</ref> Njegovi zapleti često su predstavljali provokativne situacije koje su dovodile u pitanje konvencionalne društvene običaje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land|title=Robert Heinlein's softer side|date=12. 1. 2009|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182954/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land|archive-date=25. 1. 2021|url-status=live|access-date=5. 6. 2021}}</ref> Njegov rad nastavlja da utiče na žanr naučne fantastike i na modernu kulturu uopšte. Jedan je od prvih američkih pisaca naučne fantastike koji se probio u mainstrim časopise kao što je ''The Saturday Evening Post'' kasnih 1940-ih. Bio je jedan od najprodavanijih pisaca naučnih fantastika, a on, [[Isaac Asimov]] i [[Arthur C. Clarke]] često se smatraju "velikim triom" autora naučne fantastike na engleskom jeziku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfandfantasy.co.uk/php/the-big-3.php|title=The Big Three—Asimov—Clarke—Heinlein—A Bibliography|publisher=SFandFantasy.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901081434/http://www.sfandfantasy.co.uk/php/the-big-3.php|archive-date=1. 9. 2016|url-status=live|access-date=28. 8. 2016|quote=Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Heinlein are informally known as the "Big Three"—the best known members of the group of authors who brought science fiction into a Golden Age in the middle years of the twentieth century}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Parrinder|first=Patrick|title=Learning from Other Worlds: Estrangement, Cognition, and the Politics of Science Fiction and Utopia|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8223-2773-8|page=81|quote=This short discussion of Asimov, Clarke and Heinlein—the so-called Big Three, who largely dominated American (and, to a lesser extent, Anglo-American) science fiction during the 1940s, the 1950s and well into the 1960s—should serve to suggest the particularly complex affinity between science fiction and critical theory in its Blochian version.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm|title=Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: The Death of Science Fiction|website=SF writer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502235740/http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm|archive-date=2. 5. 2012|url-status=live|access-date=26. 11. 2017|quote=And yet, the publishers do whatever they can to continue to milk the big three: Asimov, Clarke, and Heinlein}}</ref> Značajni radovi uključuju ''[[Stranac u stranoj zemlji]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/64993/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land|title=15 Things You Might Not Know About ''Stranger in a Strange Land''|date=14. 7. 2015|website=Mental floss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150236/http://mentalfloss.com/article/64993/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land|archive-date=14. 4. 2017|url-status=live|access-date=26. 11. 2017}}</ref> ''[[Zvjezdani jurišnici]]'' (koji su pomogli u oblikovanju arhetipova svemirskih marinaca i mecha) i ''[[Luna je okrutna ljubavnica]]''. Njegov rad je ponekad imao kontroverzne aspekte, kao što je militarizam u ''Zvjezdanim jurišnicima'' i tehnološki kompetentni ženski likovi,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/books/review/heinleins-female-troubles.html|title=Heinlein's Female Troubles|first=M. G.|last=Lord|date=2. 10. 2005|access-date=26. 2. 2019|work=The New York Times|archive-date=13. 2. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123928/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/books/review/heinleins-female-troubles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ali često stereotipno ženstveni. Heinlein je koristio svoju naučnu fantastiku kao način da istraži provokativne društvene i političke ideje i da predviđa kako napredak u nauci i inženjerstvu može oblikovati budućnost politike, rase, religije i seksa.<ref name="mises1">{{cite web|url=https://mises.org/library/was-robert-heinlein-libertarian|title=Was Robert A. Heinlein a Libertarian?|date=18. 5. 2010|publisher=Mises Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211005829/https://mises.org/library/was-robert-heinlein-libertarian|archive-date=11. 12. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=5. 5. 2017}}</ref> U okviru svojih naučno-fantastičnih priča, Heinlein se više puta bavio određenim društvenim temama: važnost individualne slobode i samopouzdanja, priroda seksualnih odnosa, obaveze koje pojedinci imaju prema svojim društvima, utjecaj organizirane religije na kulturu i vlast, te sklonost društva da potiskuje nekonformističku misao. Također je spekulisao o uticaju svemirskih putovanja na ljudsku kulturu. == Život == Rođen je 7. 7. 1907. od roditelja Rexa Ivara Heinleina (računovođe) i Bam Lyle Heinleina, u mjestu Butler, [[Missouri]], bio je treće od sedmoro djece. Bio je šesta generacija njemačkih amerikanca; porodična tradicija je govorila da se Heinleins borio u svakom američkom ratu, počevši od [[Američki rat za nezavisnost|Rata za nezavisnost]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Patterson|first=William|title=Robert A. Heinlein: 1907–1948, learning curve|publisher=Tom Doherty Associates|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7653-1960-9|location=New York|chapter=Appendix 2|access-date=19. 6. 2014|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+cronkite&pg=PA13}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Djetinjstvo je proveo u [[Kansas City|Kansas Cityju]], [[Missouri]]. Pogled i vrijednosti ovog vremena i mjesta (po njegovim vlastitim riječima, "[[Biblijski pojas]]") imali su definitivan utjecaj na njegovu beletristiku, posebno u njegovim kasnijim djelima, jer se u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na svoje djetinjstvo u uspostavljanju ambijenta u djelima poput ''[[Dovoljno vremena za ljubav]]'' i ''[[Otploviti onkraj sumraka]]''. Pojava [[Halleyjeva kometa|Halejeve komete]] 1910. inspirisala je doživotno interesovanje malog deteta za astronomiju.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sci-fi Literature Genius Guide|date=14. 6. 2012|publisher=Imagine Publishing|isbn=9781908222183|chapter=3}}</ref> Kako porodica nije mogla priuštiti da pošalje Heinleina na koledž, on se upisao na vojnu akademiju. Kada je 1924. diplomirao na Central High School u Kansas Cityju, u početku mu je bilo onemogućeno da pohađa Pomorsku akademiju Sjedinjenih Država u Anapolisu jer je njegov stariji brat Rex tamo studirao, a propisi su obeshrabrivali više članova porodice da pohađaju akademiju istovremeno. Umjesto toga upisao je Community Collegeu u Kansas Cityju i počeo energično pisati senatoru iz Missourija Jamesu A. Reedu za imenovanje u Pomorsku akademiju. Djelomično zbog utjecaja Pendergastove mašine, Pomorska akademija ga je primila u junu 1925; Heinlein je kasnije rekao da mu je Reed rekao da ima 100 pisama preporuke od kojih je 50 za Heinleina.<ref name="suplee19840905">{{Cite news|last=Suplee|first=Curt|date=5. 9. 1984|title=In the Strange Land Of Robert Heinlein|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/09/05/in-the-strange-land-of-robert-heinlein/b7a2ee22-0a6e-4c29-8fc1-88b3e68ec08c/|access-date=29. 7. 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Heinleinovo iskustvo u američkoj mornarici imalo je snažan utjecaj na njegov karakter i pisanje. Godine 1929. diplomirao je na Pomorskoj akademiji sa manje-više ekvivalentom diplome inženjera (Akademija u to vrijeme nije davala diplome). Akademski je bio peti u svojoj klasi, ali dvadeseti od 243 zbog disciplinskih nedostataka. Američka mornarica ga je postavila za oficira ubrzo nakon diplomiranja. Napredovao je u čin mlađeg poručnika 1931. dok je služio na novom nosaču aviona [[USS Lexington]], gdje je radio u radio komunikacijama – tehnologiji koja je tada još bila u ranijim fazama. Kapetan ovog nosača, Ernest J. King, kasnije je služio kao šef pomorskih operacija i glavni komandant američke flote tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svetskog rata]]. Vojni historičari su često intervjuisali Heinleina tokom njegovih kasnijih godina i pitali ga o kapetanu Kingu i njegovoj službi kao komandantu prvog modernog nosača aviona američke mornarice. Također je služio kao topnički oficir na razaraču [[USS Roper]] 1933. i 1934, dostigavši ​​čin poručnika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k/entire_text/|title=Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers|website=oac.cdlib.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425055834/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k/entire_text/|archive-date=25. 4. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26. 2. 2019}}</ref> Njegov brat, Lawrence Heinlein, služio je u vojsci SAD-a, američkom ratnom vazduhoplovstvu i Nacionalnoj gardi Misurija, dostigavši ​​čin general-majora u Nacionalnoj gardi.<ref>&#x3C;/nowiki&#x3E;[http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/Gunn-GrandMaster-remarks.htm James Gunn, "Grand Master Award Remarks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929035817/http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/Gunn-GrandMaster-remarks.htm|date=29. 9. 2011}}; [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19660627&id=uUgrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ktQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3796,2847290 "Credit Col. Earp and Gen. Heinlein with the Reactivation of Nevada's Camp Clark", ''The Nevada Daily Mail'', 27.6.1966].</ref> Godine 1934. otpušten je iz mornarice zbog plućne tuberkuloze. Tokom duže hospitalizacije, inspirisan sopstvenim iskustvom dok je bio prikovan za krevet, razvio je dizajn vodenog kreveta. Nakon otpuštanja, pohađao je nekoliko sedmica postdiplomskih studija matematike i fizike na Kalifornijskom univerzitetu u Los Angelesu (UCLA), ali je ubrzo dao otkaz, bilo zbog svog zdravstvenog stanja ili zbog želje da uđe u politiku.<ref>Afterword to ''[[For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs]]'', 2004 edition, str. 245.</ref> Izdržavao se pomoću nekoliko zanimanja, uključujući prodaju nekretnina i rudarenje srebra, ali je nekoliko godina bio u finansijskim poteškoćama. Bio je aktivan u socijalističkom pokretu End Poverty in California (EPIC) Upton Sinclair-a ranih 1930-ih. Bio je zamjenik izdavača EPIC News-a, za koje je Heinlein primijetio da je "opozvao gradonačelnika, izbacio okružnog tužioca, zamijenio guvernera jednim po našem izboru."<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert A. Heinlein|title=Off the Main Sequence|url=https://archive.org/details/offmainsequenceo0000hein|date=2005|publisher=Science Fiction Book Club|isbn=1-58288-184-7|page=xiii|section=Foreword by Michael Cassutt}}</ref> Kada je Sinclair dobio demokratsku nominaciju za guvernera Kalifornije 1934, Heinlein je aktivno radio u kampanji. Sam Heinlein se kandidovao za skupštinu Kalifornije 1938. godine, ali nije bio uspješan. Kandidovao se kao ljevičarski demokrat u konzervativnom okrugu, i nikada nije prošao demokratske predizbore.<ref>(prodgovor za ''For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs'', 2004 edicija, str. 247, i priču "[[A Bathroom of Her Own]]").</ref> Iako nije bio siromašan nakon kampanje – imao je malu invalidsku penziju od mornarice – okrenuo se pisanju kako bi otplatio svoju hipoteku. Njegova prva objavljena priča, "''Linija života (engleski: Life Line)''", štampana je u izdanju [[Astounding Science Fiction]] iz augusta 1939. Prvobitno napisan za takmičenje, prodao ga je kompaniji Astounding za znatno više od prve nagrade na takmičenju. U novembru je uslijedila još jedna priča o budućoj historiji, "''Misfit''",. Neki su vidjeli Heinleinov talenat i slavu iz njegove prve priče,<ref name="earlyyears79_82">{{Cite book|last=Asimov|first=Isaac|url=https://archive.org/stream/earlyasimovorele00asim#page/78/mode/2up|title=The early Asimov; or, Eleven years of trying|publisher=Doubleday|year=1972|location=Garden City NY|pages=79–82}}</ref> i ubrzo je bio priznat kao vođa novog pokreta prema "društvenoj" [[Naučna fantastika|naučnoj fantastici]]. U Kaliforniji je bio domaćin Mañana Literary Society, serije neformalnih okupljanja novih autora 1940–41. Nakon završetka rata 1945, počeo je da preispituje svoju karijeru. [[Atomski napad na Hiroshimu i Nagasaki|Atomsko bombardovanje Hirošime i Nagasakija]], zajedno sa izbijanjem [[Hladni rat|Hladnog rata]], podstaklo ga je da piše publicistiku o političkim temama. Osim toga, želio je da se probije na bolje plaćena tržišta. Objavio je četiri uticajne kratke priče za časopis ''The Saturday Evening Post'', koji je u februaru 1947. započeo sa ''"Zelenim brdima Zemlje" (engleski: The Green Hills of Earth)''. Godine 1950, film ''Destination Moon'' – film nalik dokumentarcu za koji je napisao priču i scenario, koautor scenarija i izmislio mnoge efekte – osvojio je Oskara za specijalne efekte. Također, započeo je seriju romana za mlade za izdavačku kompaniju Charles Scribner's Sons koja je trajala od 1947. do 1959. i koja je izdavala po jednu knjigu svake jeseni, na vrijeme za božićne poklone tinejdžerima. Pisao je i za Boys' Life 1952. Heinlein je koristio aktualne materijale kroz svoje serije za mlade počevši od 1947, ali je 1958. prekinuo rad na ''Heretiku'' (radni naslov ''Stranger in a Strange Land'') da bi napisao i objavio knjigu koja istražuje ideje građanske vrline, u početku serijaliziranu kao ''Starship Soldiers'' . Godine 1959. njegov roman (sada pod nazivom ''Zvjezdani jurišnici (engleski: Starship Troopers)'' urednici i vlasnici Scribner'sa su smatrali previše kontroverznim za jednu od njegovih prestižnih linija, pa je odbijen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wegrokit.com/causost.htm|title=Citizenship at War|last=Causo|first=Roberto de Sousa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315171915/http://www.wegrokit.com/causost.htm|archive-date=15. 3. 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=4. 3. 2006}}</ref> Heinlein je pronašao drugog izdavača (Putnam), osjećajući se oslobođenim ograničenja pisanja romana za djecu. On je jednom novinaru rekao da ne želi da radi priče koje samo dodaju kategorije definisane drugim radovima. Umjesto toga, želio je da radi svoj posao, rekavši: "Želim da radim svoje stvari, na svoj način".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=William H. Jr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPHAgAAQBAJ|title=Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century: Volume 2, 1948–1988 The Man Who Learned Better|date=3. 6. 2014|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4299-8796-7|page=207|language=en|access-date=28. 8. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101172143/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPHAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=1. 1. 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Nastavio je s pisanjem niza izazovnih knjiga koje su ponovo iscrtale granice naučne fantastike, uključujući ''Stranac u stranoj zemlji'' (1962) i ''Luna je okrutna ljubavnica'' (1966). == Djela == Objavio je 32 romana, 59 kratkih priča i 16 zbirki priča. Devet filmova, dvije televizijske serije, nekoliko epizoda radijske serije i društvena igra proizašli su više-manje direktno iz njegovog rada. Napisao je scenario za jedan od filmova. Heinlein je uredio antologiju kratkih [[Naučna fantastika|naučno fantastičnih]] priča drugih pisaca. Posthumno su objavljene tri publicističke knjige i dvije pjesme. U septembru 2006. objavljena je ''Za nas živi: Komedija običaja''. Godine 2006. objavljena je ''Variable Star'' koju je napisao Spider Robinson na osnovu Heinleinovog opsežnog nacrta. Četiri zbirke su objavljene posthumno. === Serijali === Tokom svoje karijere, napisao je tri serijala koje se donekle preklapaju: * ''Buduća historija'' * ''Lazarus Long'' * ''Heinlein maloljetnici'' == Bibliografija == ==== Rani romani ==== * ''[[For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs]]'' (1939, objavljen posthumno 2003) * ''[[Beyond This Horizon]]'' (1942) * ''[[Rocket Ship Galileo]]'' (1947) * ''[[Space Cadet]]'' (1948) * ''[[Red Planet]]'' (1949) * ''[[Sixth Column]]'' (1949, objavljen i pod naslovom ''The Day After Tomorrow'') * ''[[Farmer in the Sky]]'' (1950) * ''[[Between Planets]]'' (1951) * ''[[The Puppet Masters]]'' (1951, u dopunjenom obliku ponovno objavljen poslije smrti autora 1990) * ''The Rolling Stones'' ili ''[[Space Family Stone]]'' (1952) * ''[[Starman Jones]]'' (1953) * ''[[The Star Beast]]'' (1954) * ''[[Tunnel in the Sky]]'' (1955) * ''[[Variable Star]]'' (1955, objavljen posthumno 2006) * ''[[Double Star]]'' (1956) * ''[[Time for the Stars]]'' (1956) * ''[[Građanin galaksije]]'' (Citizen of the Galaxy, 1957) * ''[[Vrata u ljeto]]'' (The Door into Summer, 1957) * ''[[Have Space Suit]]''&mdash;(Will Travel, 1958) * ''[[Metuzalemova djeca]]'' (Methuselah's Children, 1958) * ''[[Zvjezdani jurišnici]]'' (Starship Troopers, 1959) ==== ''Zreli'' romani ==== * ''[[Stranac u stranoj zemlji]]'' (1962) * ''[[Podkayne of Mars]]'' (1963) * ''[[Glory Road]]'' (1963) * ''[[Farnham's Freehold]]'' (1965) * ''[[Luna je okrutna ljubavnica]]'' (''The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress'', 1966) * ''[[I Will Fear No Evil]]'' (1970) * ''[[Dovoljno vremena za ljubav]]'' (1973) ==== Kasni romani ==== * ''[[Broj Zvijeri]]'' (The Number of the Beast, 1980) * ''[[Petak (Heinlein)|Petak]]'' (Friday, 1982) * ''[[Job: A Comedy of Justice]]'' (1984) * ''[[Mačka koja hoda kroz zidove]]'' (The Cat Who Walks Through Walls, 1985) * ''[[Otploviti onkraj sumraka]]'' (To Sail Beyond the Sunset, 1987) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == === Kritika === {{Refbegin}} * Bellagamba, Ugo and Picholle, Eric. 2008. ''Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, une Anatomie de Robert A. Heinlein''. Lyon, France: Les Moutons Electriques. {{ISBN|978-2915793376}}. * [[James Blish]], writing as William Atheling Jr. 1970. ''More Issues at Hand''. Chicago: Advent. * [[H. Bruce Franklin]]. 1980. ''Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0195027469}}. :: A critique of Heinlein from a Marxist perspective. Includes a biographical chapter, which incorporates some original research on Heinlein's family background. * James Gifford. 2000. ''Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion''. Sacramento: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101010072726/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/item-rarc.html Nitrosyncretic Press]. {{ISBN|0967987415}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0967987407}} (trade paperback). :: A comprehensive bibliography, with roughly one page of commentary on each of Heinlein's works. * Farah Mendlesohn (2019). ''Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein''. {{ISBN|978-1783526789}}. * [[Alexei Panshin]]. 1968. ''Heinlein in Dimension''. Advent. {{ISBN|978-0911682014}}. {{OCLC|7535112}}. * Patterson, William H. Jr., and Thornton, Andrew. 2001. ''The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land''. Sacramento: Nitrosyncretic Press. {{ISBN|0967987423}}. * Powell, Jim. 2000. ''The Triumph of Liberty''. New York: Free Press. See profile of Heinlein in the chapter "Out of this World". * [[Tom Shippey]]. 2000. "Starship Troopers, Galactic Heroes, Mercenary Princes: Ihe Military and Its Discontents in Science Fiction", in Alan Sandison and Robert Dingley, eds., ''Histories of the Future: Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction''. New York: Palgrave. {{ISBN|0312236042}}. * {{Cite book |last=Slusser |first=George Edgar |author-link=George Edgar Slusser |year=1977 |title=Robert A. Heinlein: Stranger in His Own Land |series=The Milford Series, Vol. 1 |location=San Bernardino, CA |publisher=Borgo Press |isbn=978-0893702106 |oclc=2910839}} * {{Cite book |last=Slusser |first=George Edgar |author-link=George Edgar Slusser |year=1977 |title=The Classic Years of Robert A. Heinlein |series=The Milford Series, Vol. 11 |location=San Bernardino, CA |publisher=Borgo Press |isbn=978-0893702168 |oclc=3186521}} {{Refend}} === Biografije === {{Refbegin}} * Heinlein, Robert A. 1980. ''[[Expanded Universe (Heinlein)|Expanded Universe]]''. New York: Ace. {{ISBN|0441218881}}. :: Autobiographical notes are interspersed between the pieces in the anthology. ::: Reprinted by Baen, hardcover 2003, {{ISBN|0743471598}}. ::: Reprinted by Baen, paperback 2005, {{ISBN|0743499158}}. * Heinlein, Robert A. 1989. ''Grumbles from the Grave''. New York: Del Rey. :: Incorporates a substantial biographical sketch by Virginia Heinlein, which hews closely to his earlier official bios, omitting the same facts (the first of his three marriages, his early left-wing political activities) and repeating the same fictional anecdotes (the short story contest). * Heinlein, Robert A. 2004. ''For Us, the Living''. New York: Scribner. {{ISBN|074325998X}}. :: Includes an introduction by Spider Robinson, an afterword by Robert E. James with a long biography, and a shorter biographical sketch. * [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ The Heinlein Society] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327204806/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ |date=March 27, 2012 }}) and their [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html FAQ] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034221/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html |date=April 22, 2019 }}). Retrieved May 30, 2005. :: Contains a shorter version of the Patterson bio. ::: <!-- {{Dead link|date=October 2008}} Electronic edition available at: [http://www.webscription.net/baen/order_singles.asp?filter=Robert%20A.%20Heinlein webscription.net] (not free) --> * {{Cite journal |author=Patterson, William H. Jr. |year=1999 |title=Robert Heinlein—A Biographical Sketch] |journal=The Heinlein Journal |volume=1999 |issue=5 |pages=7–36}} Also available at "[http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm 'Robert A. Heinlein': A Biographical Sketch]" ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010814232843/http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm |date=August 14, 2001 }}). Retrieved June 1, 2005. :: A lengthy essay that treats Heinlein's own autobiographical statements with skepticism. * Patterson, William H. Jr. 2010. ''Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue with His Century: 1907–1948: Learning Curve. An Authorized Biography, Volume I''. Tom Doherty Associates. {{ISBN|0765319608}}. * Patterson, William H. Jr. 2014. ''Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue with His Century: 1948–1988: The Man Who Learned Better. An Authorized Biography, Volume II''. Tom Doherty Associates. {{ISBN|0765319616}}. * Stover, Leon E. 1987. ''Robert A. Heinlein''. Boston: Twayne Publishers. {{ISBN|9780805775099}}. {{OCLC|15860299}}. * Vicary, Elizabeth Zoe. 2000. American National Biography Online article, [https://www.anb.org/display/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1602915 "Heinlein, Robert Anson"] {{subscription required}}. {{doi|10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1602915}} Retrieved June 1, 2005. == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ The Heinlein Society] * [http://www.heinleinarchives.net/ Heinlein Archives] * [http://www.heinleinprize.com/ Robert & Virginia Heinlein Prize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604095023/https://www.heinleinprize.com/ |date=4. 6. 2019 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221433/http://www.heinleincentennial.com/ Centennial Celebration in Kansas City], July 7, 2007. * [http://www.heinleinnexus.org/ Heinlein Nexus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152219/http://www.heinleinnexus.org/ |date=27. 10. 2020 }}, the community continuation of the Centennial effort. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106154437/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html 1952 ''Popular Mechanics'' tour of Heinlein's Colorado house.] accessed June 3, 2005 * [http://www.heinleinia.com/ Heinleinia.com, an interactive exploration of Heinlein's life and works] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoSnjYLw2A0 Heinlein giving the Guest of Honor speech] at the [[34th World Science Fiction Convention]], on [[YouTube]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100816055831/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/05/working-with-robert-a-heinlein/ Working with Robert A. Heinlein] * [https://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-robert-a-heinlein-by-william-h-patterson-jr-1403904500 Review & biographical essay on Heinlein] by Lee Sandlin, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', June 27, 2014. "Heinlein was the best sci-fi writer of all time—and then mysteriously he became the worst." * {{isfdb name |29}} * {{IBList|type=author|id=113|name=Robert A. Heinlein}} * {{OL author}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Anson Heinlein}} * {{IMDb name|374423}} * Finding aid for the [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers] {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hainlain, Robert}} [[Kategorija:Američki inženjeri]] [[Kategorija:Američki mornarički oficiri]] [[Kategorija:Američki pisci naučne fantastike]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Butler]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1907.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1988.]] k33pffyh6x54lu0snihdlvletuq2kyg 0 494375 3839647 3473683 2026-05-05T10:38:12Z Panasko 146730 3839647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fiktivni lik | boja = | ime = James T. Kirk | serija = [[Zvjezdane staze]] | slika = William Shatner Star Trek.JPG | prvo = "The Man Trap" (1966) <br/> ([[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija]]) | zadnje = "A Quality of Mercy" (2022) <br/> ([[Star Trek: Strange New Worlds]]) | kreator = [[Gene Roddenberry]] | portretirao = [[William Shatner]] (1966–1994) <br/> [[Chris Pine]] (2009–sadašnjost) <br/> [[Paul Wesley]] (2022–sadašnjost) | glas = | oznaka6 = | podaci6 = | oznaka7 = | podaci7 = | oznaka8 = | podaci8 = <!-- ** Informacije ** --> | nadimak = | alias = | vrsta = | rod = | zanimanje = | titula = Kadet <br/> Zastavnik <br/> Zapovjednik <br/> Kapetan <br/> Admiral | porodica = George Kirk (otac) <br/> Winona Kirk (majka) <br/> George Samuel Kirk (brat) <br/> Tiberius Kirk (djed) <br/> James (djed) <br/> Aurelan Kirk (svastika) <br/> Peter Kirk (nećak) <br/> 2 drugih nećaka | supruga = Miramanee | djeca = David Marcus | rodbina = | religija = | nacionalnost = | oznaka22 = | podaci22 = | oznaka23 = | podaci23 = | oznaka24 = | podaci24 = <!-- ** extra ** --> | zaglavlje25 = | oznaka26 = | podaci26 = | oznaka27 = | podaci27 = | oznaka28 = | podaci28 = }} '''James Tiberius Kirk''' je izmišljeni lik u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američkoj]] medijskoj [[Naučna fantastika|naučnofantastičnoj]] franšizi [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]]. Prvobitno ga je igrao kanadski glumac [[William Shatner]], a prvi put se pojavljuje u Zvjezdanim stazama služeći na brodu [[USS Enterprise]] kao kapetan. Kirk vodi svoju ekipu dok istražuju nove svjetove, nove civilizacije i "hrabro ide tamo gdje nijedan čovjek nije otišao". Često se likovi [[Spock]]a i [[Leonard McCoy|Leonarda "Bonesa" McCoya]] ponašaju kao njegova logični i emocionalni zvučnik. Kirk se također pojavljivao u brojnim filmovima, knjigama, stripovima, web epizodama i video igricama. Prvi put se pojavljuje u epizodi [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]], "''The Man Trap''", emitovanoj 8. 9. 1966, iako je prva snimljena epizoda sa Shatnerom bila "''Where No Man Has Gone Before''", koja je zadržala mnoge elemente prvog pilota "''Kavez''". Shatner je nastavio ulogu u tri sezone serije, a kasnije je dao glas animiranoj verziji Kirka u [[Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija|Animiranoj seriji]] (1973–1974). Shatner se vratio ulozi u [[Zvjezdane staze: Film|Filmu]] (1979), te u šest narednih filmova. Američki glumac [[Chris Pine]] tumači alternativnu mlađu verziju lika u filmu [[Zvjezdane staze (2009)|Zvjezdane staze]] iz 2009. Pine je ponovio svoju ulogu u filmu ''[[Zvjezdane staze: U tami|U tami]]'' (2013) i ''[[Zvjezdane staze: S one strane|S one strane]]'' (2016). [[Paul Wesley]] portretira Kirka glavne vremenske linije u Paramount seriji [[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|''Čudni novi svjetovi'']], smještenom prije Kirkovog zapovjedanja Enterpriseom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/star-trek-strange-new-worlds-james-t-kirk-paul-wesley-1234979489/|title='Star Trek: Strange New Worlds' Finds Its James T. Kirk With Paul Wesley|last1=White|first1=Peter|date=15. 3. 2022|website=Deadline|access-date=15. 3. 2022}}</ref> Drugi glumci su glumili lik u medijima koje su kreirali obožavatelji, a lik je bio predmet brojnih parodija i satire. == Biografija == James Kirk je rođen u Riversideu, Iova, 22. 3. 2233,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.startrek.com/database_article/james-t-kirk|title=Kirk|website=Star Trek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313124728/https://www.startrek.com/database_article/james-t-kirk|archive-date=13. 3. 2022|url-status=live|access-date=11. 10. 2020|author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref> gdje su ga odgajali njegovi roditelji, George i Winona Kirk.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carey|first=Diane|url=https://archive.org/details/bestdestiny00care/page/38|title=Best Destiny|year=1993|isbn=978-0-671-79588-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/bestdestiny00care/page/38 38]|quote=George and Winona Kirk, and their boys, George Samuel, Junior, and James Tiberius|author-link=Diane Carey}}</ref> Iako rođen na [[Zemlja (planeta)|Zemlji]], Kirk je neko vrijeme živio na Tarsusu IV, gdje je bio jedan od devet preživjelih svjedoka masakra 4.000 kolonista od strane Kodosa Dželata. Brat Džejmsa Kirka, George Semuel Kirk, prvi put se pominje u "''Od čega su napravljene male devojčice''?" a predstavljen je i ubijen u epizodi "''Operacija: Uništi''!", ostavljajući za sobom troje djece.<ref name="Encyc">{{cite book|last1=Okuda|first1=Mike|title=[[The Star Trek Encyclopedia]]|last2=Okuda|first2=Denise|last3=Mirek|first3=Debbie|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1999|isbn=0-671-53609-5}}</ref><ref name="GrossAltman2016">{{cite book|last1=Gross|first1=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCN3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|title=The Fifty-Year Mission: The Complete, Uncensored, Unauthorized Oral History of Star Trek: The First 25 Years|last2=Altman|first2=Mark A.|date=28. 6. 2016|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4668-7285-1|pages=372–374|access-date=31. 1. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725020054/https://books.google.com/books?id=CCN3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|archive-date=25. 7. 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Kirk je postao prvi i jedini student na [[Akademija Zvjezdane flote|Akademiji Zvjezdane flote]] koji je pobijedio test [[Kobayashi Maru]]a, dobivši pohvalu za razmišljanje izvan kutije nakon što je reprogramirao kompjuter da bi "scenario bez pobjede" učinio pobjedivim. Kirk je dobio terenski raspored kao zastavnik i poslan je na naprednu obuku na USS Republic. Zatim je unapređen u mlađeg poručnika, te se vratio na Akademiju Zvjezdane flote kao instruktor. Prema riječima prijatelja, učenici su mogli ili "razmišljati ili tonuti" u njegovom razredu, a sam Kirk je bio "gomila knjiga s nogama".<ref>{{cite episode|title=Where No Man Has Gone Before|episode-link=Where No Man Has Gone Before|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|credits=Written by [[Samuel A. Peeples]], directed by [[James Goldstone]]|network=[[NBC]]|airdate=9. 9. 1966|season=1|number=1}}</ref> Nakon što je diplomirao u prvih pet posto, Kirk je unaprjeđen u poručnika i služio je na brodu USS Farragut.<ref name="Encyc" /> Dok je bio dodijeljen Farragutu, komandovao je svojim prvim planetarnim istraživanjem i preživio smrtonosni napad koji je ubio veliki dio posade Farraguta,<ref name="Encyc" /> uključujući i njegovog zapovjednika, kapetana Garrovica. Kirk se godinama krivio što je oklijevao da aktivira oružje koje mu je dodijeljeno nakon što je ugledao prijetnju, sve dok kasniji susret sa stvorenjem nije pokazao da bi trenutno pucanje konvencionalnim oružjem bilo beskorisno. Kirk je postao najmlađi kapetan broda [[Zvjezdana flota|Zvjezdane flote]] nakon što je dobio komandu nad [[USS Enterprise]]om za petogodišnju misiju,<ref name="Encyc" /> od kojih su tri godine prikazane u originalnoj seriji Zvjezdanih staza. Kirkove najznačajnije veze u televizijskoj seriji su sa prvim službenikom [[Spock]]om i glavnim medicinskim službenikom dr. [[Leonard McCoy|Leonardom "Bonesom" McCoyom]].<ref name="compendium">{{cite book|last=Asherman|first=Alan|title=The Star Trek Compendium|url=https://archive.org/details/startrekcompendi0000ashe_h0u6|date=1. 5. 1993|isbn=978-0-671-79612-9}}</ref> McCoy je neko kome se Kirk povjerava a Spocku mu je suprotnost.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Solow|first1=Herbert|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780671896287/page/240|title=Inside Star Trek The Real Story|last2=Justman|first2=Robert|date=juni 1997|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-671-00974-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780671896287/page/240 240]|author-link1=Herbert Franklin Solow|author-link2=Robert Justman}}</ref> Mit o američkom superheroju Roberta Jewetta i Johna Sheltona Lawrencea opisuje Kirka kao "tvrdoglavim liderom koji gura sebe i svoju ekipu izvan ljudskih granica".<ref name="superhero230">{{cite book|last1=Lawrence|first1=John Shelton|title=[[The Myth of the American Superhero]]|last2=Jewett|first2=Robert|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4911-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythofamericansu00lawr_0/page/230 230]|date=2002}}</ref> Terry J. Erdman i Paula M. Block, u svojoj knjizi ''Star Trek 101 primjer'', primjećuju da, iako je "lukav, hrabar i samouvjeren", Kirk također ima "sklonost da ignoriše propise Zvjezdane flote kada osjeća da cilj opravdava sredstva"; on je "suštinski oficir, čovjek među ljudima i heroj za vijekove".<ref>{{cite book|last=Erdmann|first=Terry J.|title=Star Trek 101|date=23. 9. 2008|isbn=978-0-7434-9723-7|page=3}}</ref> Iako Kirk kroz seriju postaje romantično povezan sa raznim ženama, kada je suočen s izborom između žene i Enterprisea, "njegov brod je uvijek pobjeđivao".<ref name="startreklives">{{cite book|last1=Lichtenberg|first1=Jacqueline|title=[[Star Trek Lives!]]|last2=Marshak|first2=Sondra|last3=Winston|first3=Joan|date=oktobar 1975|publisher=[[Transworld Publishers|Corgi]]|isbn=0-552-09914-7|location=London|author-link=Jacqueline Lichtenberg|author-link2=Sondra Marshak|author-link3=Joan Winston}}</ref> Roddenberry je u produkcijskim memoarima napisao da se Kirk ne boji da će pogriješiti, već se boji posljedica po svoj brod i posadu ako napravi grešku u procjeni.<ref name="memo">{{citation|url=http://missionlogpodcast.com/discovereddocuments/040/|title=Kirk, Spock and Other Continuing STAR TREK Characters|first=Gene|last=Roddenberry|author-link=Gene Roddenberry|date=18. 4. 1968|type=memo|access-date=10. 9. 2013|archive-date=14. 8. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814060935/http://missionlogpodcast.com/discovereddocuments/040/|url-status=live}}</ref> Roddenberry piše:<blockquote>[Kirk] ima neke normalne muške nesigurnosti i sumnje, ali zna da ih nikada ne može pokazati – osim povremeno nasamo s brodskim hirurgom McCoyjem ili u narednim trenucima s gospodinom Spockom čije je mišljenje Kirk naučio da cijeni tako visoko.<ref name="memo" /></blockquote>U [[Zvjezdane staze: Film|Filmu]], admiral Kirk je šef operacija Zvjezdane flote, i preuzima komandu nad Enterpriseom od kapetana [[Willard Decker|Willarda Deckera]]. Novelizacija ''Filma'' tvorca Zvjezdanih staza [[Gene Roddenberry|Genea Roddenberryja]] prikazuje Kirka oženjenog za oficirku Zvjezdane flote poginulu tokom transportne nesreće.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roddenberry|first1=Gene|url=https://archive.org/details/startrekthemotio00rodd/page/32|title=Star Trek: The Motion Picture: A Novel|last2=Livingston|first2=Harold|last3=Dean Foster|first3=Alan|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=1979|isbn=978-0-671-25324-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/startrekthemotio00rodd/page/32 32]|quote=She had been ''perfection''--lover, friend, wife...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roddenberry|first1=Gene|url=https://archive.org/details/startrekthemotio00rodd/page/65|title=Star Trek: The Motion Picture: A Novel|last2=Livingston|first2=Harold|last3=Dean|first3=Alan|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=1979|isbn=978-0-671-25324-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/startrekthemotio00rodd/page/65 65]|quote=''...what was Lori doing up here? She was dying.''...and then they were gone. The chamber was empty...."''Enterprise'', what we got back...didn't live long. Fortunately."}}</ref> Na početku ''[[Zbvjezdane staze 2: Khanov bijes|Khanov bijes]]'', Kirk preuzima komandu nad Enterpriseom od kapetana Spocka kako bi progonio svog neprijatelja iz "''Svemirskog sjemena''", Khan Noonien Singha. Film predstavlja Kirkovu bivšu ljubavnicu Carol i njegovog sina Davida Markusa. Spock, koji napominje da je "komandovanje zvjezdanim brodom [Kirkova] prva, najbolja sudbina", umire na kraju filma. U [[Zvjezdane staze 3: Potraga za Spockom|''Potrazi za Spockom'']], admiral Kirk vodi svoje preživjele oficire u uspješnoj misiji spašavanja Spocka s planete na kojoj se ponovo rodio. Iako je Kirk degradiran u kapetana u [[Zvjezdane staze 4: Putovanje kući|''Putovanju kući'']] zbog nepoštivanja naređenja Zvjezdane flote, on također prima komandu nad novim Enterpriseom, USS Enterprise-A (NCC 1701-A).<ref name="Encyc" /> Naređeno je da se brod povuče iz upotrebe na kraju [[Zvjezdane staze 6: Neotkrivena zemlja|''Neotkrivenoj zemlji'']]. U [[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|''Sljedećoj generaciji'']], kapetan [[Jean-Luc Picard]] pronalazi Kirka kako živi u bezvremenskom Nexusu, uprkos činjenici da je historija zabilježila njegovu smrt tokom prvog putovanja Enterprise-B, Kirk je pao u Nexus u incidentu koji je uzrokovao njegovu "smrt". Picard uvjerava Kirka da se vrati u epizodi "Picardov poklon''"'' kako bi spriječio negativca Sorana da uništi sunce Veridijana III. Iako Kirk u početku odbija ponudu, slaže se nakon što je shvatio da mu Nexus ne može dati jednu stvar koju je oduvijek tražio: sposobnost da napravi razliku. Njih dvojica napuštaju Nexus i zaustavljaju Sorana. Međutim, Kirk je smrtno ranjen i dok umire, Picard ga uvjerava da je pomogao da se "napravi razlika". Picard sahranjuje Kirka na planeti. [[William Shatner|Shatner]] je od tada napisao seriju romana u kojima Kirka vraća u život savez Borg-Romulanci da služi kao ubica protiv Picarda, ali je vraćen u normalno stanje i vraća se u privremenu aktivnu službu u Zvjezdanoj floti, uključujući suprotstavljanje njegovom kolegi iz [[Mirror Universe]]. == Kelvinova vremenska linija == U ovoj seriji, [[Chris Pine]] igra Kirka, [[Zachary Quinto]] glumi [[Spock]]a, [[Karl Urban]] igra [[Leonard McCoy|Bonesa McCoya]], [[Simon Pegg]] igra [[Montgomery Scott|Montgomeryja "Scottyja" Scotta]], [[Zoe Saldaña]] igra [[Nyotu Uhura|Nyotu Uhuru]], [[John Cho]] glumi [[Hikara Sulu|Hikaru Sulu]], a [[Anton Yelchin]] igra [[Pavel Chekov|Pavela Chekova]]. Serija se odvija u alternativnom toku događaja koji je poznat kao "Kelvinova vremenska linija"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geek.com/tech/the-star-trek-movie-timeline-gets-official-name-the-kelvin-timeline-1659663/|title=The Star Trek movie timeline gets official name: the Kelvin Timeline|date=27. 6. 2016|work=Geek.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423102643/https://www.geek.com/tech/the-star-trek-movie-timeline-gets-official-name-the-kelvin-timeline-1659663/|archive-date=23. 4. 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 11. 2020}}</ref> koji otkriva različito porijeklo Kirka, formiranje njegove veze sa Spockom i kako su zajedno služili na Enterpriseu.<ref name="bglobe1">{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/05/05/a_fresh_frontier/|title=Star Trek|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=6. 5. 2009|date=5. 5. 2009|first=Ty|last=Burr|pages=1|archive-date=7. 5. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507070936/http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/05/05/a_fresh_frontier/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="ewcover">{{cite magazine|url=http://ew.com/article/2008/10/18/star-trek-movie-inside-scoop/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|title='Star Trek' movie: Inside scoop!|access-date=15. 3. 2022|first=Jeff|last=Jensen|archive-date=4. 2. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204064112/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20233502_4,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dok je ''Originalna serija'' prikazala Kirka kao rođenog u [[Iowa|Iowi]], film Zvjezdanih staza ga prikazuje rođenog na šatlu koji bježi od zvjezdanog broda USS Kelvin u alternativnoj vremenskoj liniji u kojoj je njegov otac ubijen kada Kelvin napadne Romulanski brod iz budućnosti.<ref name="bglobe1" /> U filmu, George i Winona Kirk svom sinu daju ime James Tiberius po njegovim djedovima po majci, odnosno ocu.<ref>{{cite video|quote='''Winona''': We could name him after your father. '''George''': ''Tiberius''? You kidding me? No, that's the worst. Let's name him after your dad; let's call him ''Jim''.|date=8. 5. 2009|title=[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]}}</ref> Iako film tretira određene detalje iz Zvjezdanih staza kao promjenjive, karakterizacije likova su zamišljene da "ostanu kakve jesu"<ref name="ewcover5">{{cite magazine|url=http://ew.com/article/2008/10/18/star-trek-movie-inside-scoop/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|title='Star Trek' movie: Inside scoop!|access-date=15. 3. 2022|first=Jeff|last=Jensen|archive-date=4. 2. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204082700/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20233502_5,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> iako je Kirk u početku prikazan kao "nepromišljeni buntovnik koji se bori u barovima" ali koji na kraju sazrije. Prema Pineu, lik je "25-godišnjak [koji se ponaša kao] 15-godišnjak" i koji je "ljut na svijet",<ref name="scifiwiremarch">{{cite web|url=http://scifiwire.com/2009/03/how-chris-pine-puts-his-own-spin-on-star-treks-capt-kirk.php|title=How Chris Pine puts his own spin on Star Trek's Capt. Kirk|date=5. 3. 2009|publisher=Sci Fi Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310001717/http://scifiwire.com/2009/03/how-chris-pine-puts-his-own-spin-on-star-treks-capt-kirk.php|archive-date=10. 3. 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=12. 3. 2009}}</ref> sve dok se ne upiše na Akademiju Zvjezdane flote nakon što ga je kapetana Christophera Pikea izazvao na to. Kirk i Spok se sukobljavaju na Akademiji Zvjezdane flote, ali, tokom filma, Kirk fokusira svoju "strast, tvrdoglavost i spektar emocija" i postaje kapetan Enterprisea. Pomaže mu i sastanak sa Spockom iz originalne vremenske linije, koji inspiriše Kirka da ispuni svoj puni potencijal nakon što je saznao za paralelnu verziju sebe i svojih postignuća kao kapetana u vremenskoj liniji starijeg Spocka. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708041613/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0001448/ James T. Kirk] na [[IMDb]]-ju (arhivirano) * [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/TOS/character/1112496.html Startrek.com's biography of James T. Kirk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627064411/http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/TOS/character/1112496.html|date=27. 6. 2010}} * [http://www.trekfest.com Riverside Iowa's annual "Trekfest" for its "future son", James T. Kirk] {{Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija}} {{Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija}} [[Kategorija:Zvjezdane staze|*]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivni likovi|*]] hpl2bsqg6e51q0th1pcrohh8wsfsqf9 0 494379 3839606 3834496 2026-05-05T08:03:11Z Panasko 146730 3839606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fiktivni lik | boja = | ime = Spock | serija = [[Zvjezdane staze]] | slika = Leonard Nimoy as Spock 1967.jpg | prvo = "The Man Trap" (1966) <br/> ([[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija]]) | zadnje = | kreator = [[Gene Roddenberry]] | portretirao = [[Leonard Nimoy]] (1966–2013) <br/> [[Zachary Quinto]] (2009–2016) <br/> [[Ethan Peck]] (2019–sadašnjost) | glas = | oznaka6 = Puno ime | podaci6 = S'Chn T'Gai Spock | oznaka7 = | podaci7 = | oznaka8 = | podaci8 = <!-- ** Informacije ** --> | nadimak = | alias = | vrsta = | rod = | zanimanje = | titula = Kadet <br/> Zastavnik <br/> Zapovjednik <br/> Kapetan <br/> Ambasador | porodica = Sarek (otac) <br/> Amanda Grayson (majka) <br/> Perrin (maćeha) <br/> Skon (djed) <br/> Solkar (pradjed) <br/> Sybok (polubrat) <br/> Michael Burnham (usvojena sestra) | supruga = T'Pring (zaručnica) <br/> Nyota Uhura (supruga) u rebootu | djeca = | rodbina = | religija = | nacionalnost = | oznaka22 = | podaci22 = | oznaka23 = | podaci23 = | oznaka24 = | podaci24 = <!-- ** extra ** --> | zaglavlje25 = | oznaka26 = | podaci26 = | oznaka27 = | podaci27 = | oznaka28 = | podaci28 = }} '''Spock '''je izmišljeni lik u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američkoj]] medijskoj [[Naučna fantastika|naučnofantastičnoj]] franšizi [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]]. Kao što je otkriveno u jednom od ranih romana iz Zvjezdanih staza i u Paramount+ seriji [[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|''Čudni novi svjetovi'']], Spockovo puno ime je '''S'Chn T'Gai Spock'''. Prvobitno ga je igrao [[Leonard Nimoy]], a prvi put se pojavljuje u Zvjezdanim stazama služeći na brodu [[USS Enterprise]] kao [[oficir]] za nauku i prvi oficir (i [[James T. Kirk|Kirkov]] drugi oficir) i kasnije kao zapovjednik dvije iteracije broda. Spockovo mješovito ljudsko-vulkansko nasljeđe služi kao važan element zapleta u mnogim pojavljivanjima lika. Uz kapetana [[James T. Kirk|Jamesa T. Kirka]] ([[William Shatner]]) i dr. [[Leonard McCoy|Leonarda "Bones" McCoya]] (DeForest Kelley), on je jedan od tri centralna lika u originalnoj seriji [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]] i njenim filmovima. Nakon povlačenja iz aktivne dužnosti u Zvjezdanoj floti, Spock je služio kao ambasador Federacije, a kasnije se uključio u pokušaj da se [[Romulus]] spasi od [[Supernova|supernove]],<ref name="countdown">{{cite book|last=Mike Johnson and Tim Jones (writers), David Messina (artist)|title=Star Trek: Countdown|publisher=IDW Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60010-420-6|page=98}}</ref> što je dovelo do toga da proživi ostatak svog života u paralelnoj vremenskoj liniji. Spocka je glumio [[Leonard Nimoy|Nimoy]] u [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|originalnoj seriji]] Zvjezdanih staza, ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija|Animiranoj seriji]]'', osam igranih filmova iz Zvjezdanih staza i dvodijelnoj epizodi [[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|''Sljedeće generacije'']]. Više glumaca je igralo lik od tada u glavnom kontinuitetu Zvezdanih staza; najnoviji portret je [[Ethan Peck]], koji je igrao Spocka kao lik koji se ponavlja u drugoj sezoni ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Discovery|Discoveryja]]'' i ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Kratke staze|Kratkih staza]]''. Peck je ponovio ulogu, ovog puta kao glavni lik, u ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|Čudnim novim svjetovima]]'', koji djeluje i kao spin-off Discoveryja i kao nastavak originalne serije. Osim toga, [[Zachary Quinto]] je igrao alternativnu verziju Spocka u igranim filmovima ''[[Zvjezdane staze (2009)|Zvjezdane staze]]'', ''[[Zvjezdane staze: U tami|U tami]]'' (2013) i ''[[Zvjezdane staze: S one strane|S one strane]]'' (2016). Iako su ova tri filma smještena u gore spomenutu paralelnu vremensku liniju, Nimoy se pojavljuje u prva dva kao Spock na originalnoj vremenskoj liniji.<ref name="moviehole">{{cite web|url=https://moviehole.net/zachary-quinto-is-spock/|title=Zachary Quinto Is Spock|last=Weeks|first=Adam|date=25. 7. 2007|publisher=Moviehole.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026143046/https://moviehole.net/zachary-quinto-is-spock/|archive-date=29. 10. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=15. 8. 2021|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Osim u serijama i filmovima, Spock se također pojavio u brojnim romanima, stripovima i video igricama.<ref name="moviehole" /><ref name="Encyc">{{cite book|last1=Okuda|first1=Mike|title=The Star Trek Encyclopedia|title-link=The Star Trek Encyclopedia|last2=Okuda|first2=Denise|last3=Mirek|first3=Debbie|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1999|isbn=0-671-53609-5|author-link1=Michael Okuda|author-link2=Denise Okuda}}</ref> Nimoyev portret Spocka imao je značajan kulturni utjecaj i donio mu tri nominacije za [[Nagrada Emmy|nagradu Emmy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leonard Nimoy: Biography |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/leonard-nimoy/bio/161833 |access-date=3. 2. 2009 |website=TV Guide |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |location=San Francisco, California}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jensen |first=K. Thor |date=20. 11. 2008 |title=Spock |url=http://www.ugo.com/tv/best-tv-characters-of-all-time/?cur=spock&morepics=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913050255/http://www.ugo.com/tv/best-tv-characters-of-all-time/?cur=spock&morepics=1 |archive-date=13. 9. 2008 |access-date=3. 2. 2009 |website=[[UGO Networks]] |publisher=[[IGN]] Entertainment, Inc. |location=San Francisco, CA}}</ref> Njegov javni profil kao Spocka bio je toliko snažan da su obje njegove autobiografije, ''Ja nisam Spock'' (1975) i ''Ja sam Spock'' (1995), napisane iz perspektive suživota s likom.<ref>Nimoy (1975), str. 1–6</ref><ref>Nimoy (1995), str. 2–17</ref> == Biografija == Spockova prošlost objašnjena je tokom nekoliko epizoda [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|''Zvjezdanih staza: Originalna serija'']], filma ''[[Zvjezdane staze (2009)|Zvjezdane staze iz 2009]]''. i epizode ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija]]'' "Yesteryear" iz 2009. Spockovi roditelji su Vulkanac [[Sarek]] ([[Mark Lenard]]) i ljudska žena [[Amanda Grayson]] ([[Jane Wyatt]]). Spock je imao problematično djetinjstvo zbog svog miješanog porijekla. Punokrvna Vulkanska djeca su više puta maltretirala Spocka na njegovom rodnom svijetu kako bi podstakli emocije njegove ljudske prirode.<ref name="st2009">{{cite AV media|last1=Orci|first1=Roberto|last2=Kurtzman|first2=Alex|last3=Abrams|first3=J.J.|date=7. 4. 2009|title=Star Trek|medium=Motion picture|publisher=Paramount Pictures}}</ref><ref name="newmoviefits">{{cite web|url=http://trekmovie.com/2008/12/11/bob-orci-explains-how-the-new-star-trek-movie-fits-with-trek-canon-and-real-science/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Bob Orci Explains How The New Star Trek Movie Fits With Trek Canon (and Real Science)|last1=Pascale|first1=Anthony|date=11. 12. 2008|publisher=TrekMovie.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330153411/http://trekmovie.com/2008/12/11/bob-orci-explains-how-the-new-star-trek-movie-fits-with-trek-canon-and-real-science/|archive-date=30. 3. 2015|url-status=live|access-date=17. 8. 2016}}</ref> Neko vrijeme je odrastao uz starijeg polubrata Syboka, sve dok stariji brat nije protjeran jer je odbacio logiku.<ref name="stV">{{cite AV media|last1=Loughery|first1=David|last2=Shatner|first2=William|last3=Bennett|first3=Harve|date=9. 6. 1989|title=Star Trek V: The Final Frontier|medium=Motion picture|publisher=Paramount Pictures}}</ref> U ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Discovery|Zvjezdanim stazama: Discovery]]'', otkriva se da Spock ima ljudsku, usvojenu sestru, Michael Burnham. Prema epizodi "Amok Time", Spock je bio zaručen za T'Pring (Arlene Martel) tokom njegovog djetinjstva.<ref name=amoktime>{{Cite episode |title=Amok Time |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=Theodore |last=Sturgeon |network=NBC |date=15. 9. 1967 |season=2 |number=1 }}</ref> Sarek je podržao Spockovo obrazovanje u nauci i zahtjev za upis na Vulkansku akademiju nauke, kao što je spomenuto u "Putovanju u Babilon".<ref name="journey2babel">{{Cite episode|title=Journey to Babel|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=D.C.|last=Fontana|network=NBC|date=17. 11. 1967|season=2|number=10}}</ref> U filmu Zvjezdane staze iz 2009, Spock odbija prijem u Vulkansku akademiju nauke na osnovu toga da oni nikada ne bi u potpunosti prihvatili nekoga ko je samo napola Vulkanac. Iako je ovaj film postavio Kelvinovu vremensku scenu u ovom i kasnijim filmovima, pisac [[Roberto Orci]] izjavio je da smatra da na radnje nisu utjecale promjene u ovoj vremenskoj liniji i da bi se na isti način dogodile prije [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|Originalne serije]].<ref name="st2009" /><ref name="newmoviefits" /> Budući da Spock nije ušao u VAN i umjesto toga je želio da se pridruži Zvjezdanoj floti, nije razgovarao sa svojim ocem sljedećih 18 godina.<ref name="journey2babel" /> == Pojavljivanja == === Orginalna serija === ==== "Kavez" i prva sezona ==== Spock se pojavio kao oficir za nauku na [[USS Enterprise]]u u prvom pilotu serije, "''Kavez''". To u to vrijeme nije bilo prikazano na televiziji, ali su događaji iz epizode prikazani u dvodijelnoj epizodi "The Menagerie" prve sezone, a opisano je i Spockovih prethodnih 11 godina službe na Enterpriseu.<ref name="tormenagerie">{{cite web|last1=DeCandido|first1=Keith|author-link1=Keith DeCandido|title=Star Trek The Original Series: "The Menagerie" Parts 1 & 2|url=http://www.tor.com/2015/06/23/star-trek-the-original-series-the-menagerie-parts-1-2/|publisher=Tor.com|access-date=17. 8. 2016|date=23. 6. 2015|archive-date=5. 8. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805184602/http://www.tor.com/2015/06/23/star-trek-the-original-series-the-menagerie-parts-1-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Spock je bio jedan od članova gostujućeg tima koji se pridružio kapetanu [[Christopher Pike|Christopheru Pikeu]] ([[Jeffrey Hunter]]) na misiji na Talos IV kako bi istražili poziv u pomoć.<ref name=cage>{{Cite episode |title=The Cage |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=Gene |last=Roddenberry |network=NBC |date=7. 11. 1988 }}</ref> Spock se pojavio u drugom pilotu, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", koji je inicijalno emitovan kao treća epizoda.<ref name="torwhere">{{cite web|last1=DeCandido|first1=Keith|author-link1=Keith DeCandido|title=Star Trek The Original Series Rewatch: "Where No Man Has Gone Before"|url=http://www.tor.com/2015/03/11/star-trek-the-original-series-rewatch-qwhere-no-man-has-gone-beforeq/|publisher=Tor.com|access-date=17. 8. 2016|date=11. 3. 2015|archive-date=15. 9. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915213646/http://www.tor.com/2015/03/11/star-trek-the-original-series-rewatch-qwhere-no-man-has-gone-beforeq/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tokom događaja ovog pilota, Spock je postao zabrinut zbog rizika za brod koji je predstavljao poručnik Gary Mitchell ([[Gary Lockwood]]) i predložio moguća rješenja kapetanu [[James T. Kirk|Jamesu T. Kirku]] ([[William Shatner]]).<ref name=where>{{Cite episode |title=Where No Man Has Gone Before |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=Samuel A. |last=Peeples |network=NBC |date=22. 9. 1966 |season=1 |number=3 }}</ref> Najranije pojavljivanje Spocka u seriji kada je emitovana bila je "Zamka za čovjeka", prva takva epizoda. Kada treba da nokautira zlu verziju Kirka u "''The Enemy Within''", on koristi vulkansko štipanje živca. Spock i glavni inženjer [[Montgomery Scott|Montgomery "Scotty" Scott]] ([[James Doohan]]) rade zajedno kako bi ponovo spojili dobru i zlu verziju Kapetana, koji su razdvojeni nakon nesreće u transporteru.<ref name="enemy">{{Cite episode|title=The Enemy Within|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Richard|last=Matheson|network=NBC|date=6. 10. 1966|season=1|number=5}}</ref> Tokom "Mirija", on se otkriva kao jedini član grupe za iskrcavanje koji je imun na fizičke efekte bolesti koja pogađa odrasle ljude na planeti. Međutim, shvaća da je vjerovatno nosilac i da bi mogao zaraziti Enterprise ako bi se vratio. Doktor [[Leonard McCoy]] (DeForest Kelley) uspijeva smisliti lijek, omogućavajući timu da se vrati na brod.<ref name="miri">{{Cite episode|title=Miri|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Adrian|last=Spies|network=NBC|date=27. 10. 1966|season=1|number=8}}</ref> Kada Simon van Gelder uđe na most naoružan fazerom u "Bodežu uma", Spock ga savladava štipanjem živaca. Kasnije vodi spajanje umova s ​​van Gelderom u sklopu istrage o aktivnostima obližnje kolonije. Nakon što se napajanje energijom kolonije isključi, a zaštitno polje padne, Spock vodi tim da spasi Kirka.<ref name=dagger>{{Cite episode |title=Dagger of the Mind |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=S. |last=Bar-David|network=NBC |date=3. 11. 1966 |season=1 |number=9 }}</ref> Spock se ponovo ujedinjuje s Christopherom Pikeom ([[Sean Kenney]]) u "The Menagerie". Pike je unaprjeđen u kapetana flote, ali je doživio nesreću, što je rezultiralo teškim opekotinama te je vezan za invalidska kolica, što ograničava njegovu komunikaciju na da/ne odgovore putem uređaja spojenog na njegove moždane valove. Spock diže pobunu i upućuje brod da otputuje na Talos IV, zabranjenu planetu. Kirku, Pikeu i komodoru Joseu I. Mendezu (Malachi Throne) prepričava događaje iz "Kaveza" pred sudom. Kako Enterprise stiže na planetu, otkriva se da je Mendez talozijanska iluzija. U isto vrijeme, pravi Mendez komunicira iz Zvjezdane flote, dajući dozvolu da Pike bude transportovan na planetu, a sve optužbe protiv Spocka su odbačene.<ref name="dagger" /> Dok je Enterprise ugrožen u "Balansu terora", poručnik Stajls (Pol Komi) optužuje Spocka da zna više o Romulancima nego što priznaje kada se otkrije kako Romulanci izgledaju. Spock pretpostavlja da su oni izdanak rase Vulkana. On spašava Enterprise i pritom spašava život Stilesa.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Balance of Terror|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Paul|last=Schneider|network=NBC|date=15. 12. 1966|season=1|number=14}}</ref> Spock predvodi desantnu grupu šatla Galileo u "The Galileo Seven", koji je oštećen skrenuo sa kursa i slijeće na planetu Bik II. Poručnik Boma ([[Don Marshall]]) kritikuje Spockovu fascinaciju oružjem domorodaca nakon smrti poručnika Latimera ([[Rees Vaughn]]) od njihove ruke. Nakon što Scotty koristi agregate fazera tima da opskrbi s dovoljno energije kako bi vratio oštećeni šatl u orbitu, Spock odlučuje baciti i zapaliti preostalo gorivo kako bi privukao pažnju Enterprisea. Procedura je uspjela i posada šatla je spašena.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Galileo Seven|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first1=Oliver|first2=S.|last1=Crawford|last2=Bar-David|network=NBC|date=5. 1. 1967|season=1|number=16}}</ref> ==== Druga i treća sezona ==== U premijernoj epizodi druge sezone, "Vrijeme Amok", Spock počinje da pati od Pon farr, vulkanske krvne groznice, i mora proći ritualno parenje u narednih osam dana ili će umrijeti. Kirk ignoriše naredbe Zvjezdane flote i vodi Enterprise na Vulkan kako bi Spock mogao proći ritual parenja. Kada stignu, ponovo se ujedinjuje sa T'Pring ([[Arlene Martel]]), koja bi radije bila sa Stonom ([[Lawrence Montaigne]]), punokrvnim vulkancem. Umjesto toga, ona zahtijeva ritualnu borbu Lal-if-fee, a za svog prvaka bira Kirka, koji nesvjesno pristaje na borbu do smrti sa Spockom. McCoy uvjerava T'Paua ([[Celia Lovsky]]) da mu dopusti da Kirku ubrizga nešto kako bi ublažio probleme s Vulkanovom rijeđom atmosferom i što bi učinilo borbu poštenijom. Borba počinje, a Spock preuzima prednost, hvata Kirka oko vrata i ubija ga. McCoy naređuje hitan transport direktno u bolnicu, dok T'Pring Spocku govori da je sve to bila igra logike koja bi joj omogućila da bude sa Stonnom bez obzira na ishod. Ne osjećajući više posljedice Pon farra, Spock se vraća na Enterprise gdje otkriva da je McCoy ubrizgao Kirku paralizirajući agens koji je samo simulirao smrt i da je kapetan još uvijek živ.<ref name="amoktime" /> Tokom susreta sa svemirskom sondom Nomad u "The Changeling", Spock vrši spajanje uma sa mašinom. Kirk zaustavlja spajanje kada shvati da se Spockova ličnost počinje mijenjati kontaktom.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Changeling|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=John Meredyth|last=Lucas|network=NBC|date=29. 9. 1967|season=2|number=1}}</ref> Nakon nesreće u transporteru koja transportuje Kirka, McCoya, Uhuru i Scottyja u paralelni svemir i zamjenjuje ih sa svojim kolegama u epizodi "Mirror, Mirror", oni nailaze na drugačiju verziju Spocka. Ovaj Spock s bradom, postaje sumnjičav prema aktivnostima iznenadno zamijenjenog osoblja i prema naređenju Zvjezdane flote, pokušava da ubije Kirka. Mirror-Spock je onesviješten, a McCoy ga liječi dok ostali odlaze do transportera kako bi pokušali da se vrate u svoj svemir. Spok se budi i radi spajanje uma sa McCoyem kako bi otkrio zašto ga Kirk nije ubio. Otkrivši šta se dogodilo, pristaje im pomoći da se vrate i dok upravlja transporterom, Kirk ga preklinje da preuzme kontrolu i spasi ne samo brod već i svoje Teransko carstvo od implozije koju je tiranin uzrokovao. Promjena je još jednom uspješna, a članovi posade se vraćaju u svoje univerzume.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Mirror, Mirror|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Jerome|last=Bixby|network=NBC|date=6. 10. 1967|season=2|number=4}}</ref> === Zvjezdane staze: Igrani film i filmski serijal === Na početku ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Igrani film|Igranog filma]]'' (1979), Spock više nije u Zvjezdanoj floti, nakon što je dao ostavku i vratio se kući kako bi se bavio vulkanskom disciplinom Kolinahr. Spock nije u stanju da završi ritual Kolinahr nakon što je osjetio dolazak V'gera i ponovo se pridružuje Zvjezdanoj floti kako bi pomogao posadi Enterprisea u njihovoj misiji.<ref name="Encyc" /> Spok, unaprjeđen u kapetana, komanduje Enterpriseom na početku ''[[Zvjezdane staze II: Khanov bijes|Khanovog bijesa]]'' (1982).<ref name="Encyc" /> Na kraju filma, on prenosi svoju "katru" – zbir svojih sjećanja i iskustva – na McCoya, a zatim se žrtvuje kako bi spasio brod i njegovu posadu od Khan Noonien Singha (Ricardo Montalbán).<ref name="Encyc" /> Nastavak, ''[[Zvjezdane staze III: Potraga za Spockom|Potraga za Spockom]]'' (1984), fokusira se na potragu njegovih članova posade da vrate Spockovo tijelo, te po dolasku na planetu saznaju da je on uskrsnuo pomoću Genesis matrice nakon što je sletio na planetu na kraju prethodnog filma. Na kraju filma, Spockovo oživljeno tijelo se ponovo ujedinjuje sa njegovom katrom.<ref name="Encyc" /> Spock se sljedeći put pojavljuje u ''[[Zvjezdane staze IV: Putovanje kući|Putovanju kući]]'' (1986), koji prikazuje njegov oporavak od posljedica uskrsnuća. U poslednjoj sceni filma, pridružuje se posadi novouređenog USS Enterprise-A pod Kirkovom komandom.<ref name="Encyc" /> U ''[[Zvjezdane staze V: Krajnja granica|Krajnjoj granici]]'' (1989), Spock i Enterprise posada se suočavaju sa odmetnikom Sybokom, Spockovim polubratom.<ref name="Encyc" /> ''[[Zvjezdane staze VI: Neotkrivena zemlja|Neotkrivena zemlja]]'' (1991) ponovo ujedinjuje posadu Enterprisea u misiji da spriječavanja rata između Federacije i Klingonskog Carstva. Spock služi kao specijalni izaslanik za posredovanje u miru s Klingoncima nakon što je prirodna katastrofa uništila njihov matični svijet. === Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija === Nakon perioda u kojem je produkcijski tim izbjegavao spominjanje nekih aspekata [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|Originalne serije]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Reeves-Stevens|first=Judith|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40167426|title=Star Trek, the next generation--the continuing mission : a tenth anniversary tribute|date=1998|publisher=Pocket Books|others=Garfield Reeves-Stevens|isbn=0-671-02559-7|location=New York|p=119|oclc=40167426}}</ref> Spock je spomenut u ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|Sljedećoj generaciji]]'' u epizodi "Sarek" (1990).<ref>{{Cite book |last= Nemecek|first=Larry|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51870162|title=The Star trek, the next generation companion|date=2003|publisher=Pocket Books |p=127 |isbn=0-7434-5798-6|location=New York|oclc=51870162}}</ref> Izvršni producent [[Michael Piller]] kasnije je opisao ovaj čin kao "proboj koji nam je omogućio da otvorimo vrata, da počnemo prihvatati našu prošlost".<ref name=":0"/> Spock se pojavljuje u "Unification" (1991), dvodijelnoj epizodi ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|Sljedeće generacije]]''. Smještena 75 godina nakon događaja u ''[[Zvjezdane staze VI: Neotkrivena zemlja|Neotkrivenoj zemlji]]'', epizoda se fokusira na pokušaj ambasadora Federacije Spocka da ponovo ujedini romulance sa njihovom braćom vulkancima. Snimanje filma preklapalo se s produkcijom ove epizode, a epizoda se odnosi na Spockovu ulogu u filmu. Dok Spockova početna kampanja ujedinjenja ne uspijeva, on odlučuje ostati na Romulu u tajnosti kako bi pomogao pokretu. === Reboot filmovi === ==== Zvjezdane staze (2009) ==== Spockovo sljedeće pojavljivanje u franšizi [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]] je film iz 2009. Nimoy je dobio pravo odobrenja za Spockov kasting i podržao je [[Zachary Quinto|Quintoa]] da dobije ulogu.<ref>John Hiscock, "''Star Trek'': J. J. Abrams Interview [2009]", in Brent Dunham, ed., ''J. J. Abrams: Interviews'' (Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2018), 41-43. {{ISBN|9781496820457}} and online at books.google.com/books?id=-fl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref> U flešbeku filma (smješten 19 godina nakon događaja "Ujedinjenja", i kao što je prikazano u komičnom mini stripu ''Zvjezdane staze: Countdown''<ref name="countdown" />), ambasador Spock (Nimoy) obećava romulancima da će koristiti vulkansku tehnologiju da ih spasi od [[Supernova|supernove]] koja prijeti da uništi njihovo Carstvo. On upravlja naprednim brodom opremljenim crvenom materijom, moćnom tvari koja može stvoriti umjetne [[Crna rupa|crne rupe]]. Misija je samo djelimično uspješna, a nakon toga Spocka u prošlost progoni Nero ([[Eric Bana]]), Romulanac izluđen gubitkom svog matičnog svijeta i porodice, pokrećući događaje iz filma. U uvodnom činu filma, Neronov brod se pojavljuje 2233. i kroz interakciju sa stanovnicima nehotice stvara "alternativni, paralelni univerzum Zvjezdanih staza.<ref name="bglobe1">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/05/05/a_fresh_frontier/|title=Star Trek|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=6. 5. 2009|date=5. 5. 2009|first=Ty|last=Burr|archive-date=30. 1. 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130041629/http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/05/05/a_fresh_frontier/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ewcover4">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20233502,00.html|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|title='Star Trek': New Movie, New Vision|access-date=21. 1. 2009|page=4|first=Jeff|last=Jensen|date=18. 10. 2008|archive-date=4. 11. 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104040237/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20233502,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dvadeset pet godina kasnije u novoj stvarnosti, Spockov brod se pojavljuje, a Nero hvata njega i crvenu materiju. Nasukan u alternativnoj prošlosti, glavna verzija Spocka pomaže alternativnoj, mlađoj verziji njega i Kirka ([[Zachary Quinto]] i [[Chris Pine]], redom) da osujete Neronov pokušaj da uništi Federaciju. U filmu se pojavljuje i [[Jacob Kogan]] u nekoliko scena koje prikazuju Spockovo djetinjstvo, uključujući njegovo zlostavljanje od druge vulkanske djece zbog njegovog poluljudskog porijekla i njegov odnos sa roditeljima ([[Ben Cross]] i [[Winona Ryder]]). Film također prikazuje Kirkove i Spokove početne sukobe na Akademiji Zvjezdane flote i postepeni razvoj njihovog prijateljstva zasnovanog na zajedničkom međusobnom poštovanju,<ref name="bglobe1" /> kako stariji Spock naziva "... prijateljstvo koje će ih oboje definisati na načine na koje još uvijek ne mogu shvati."<ref name="2009film">{{Cite video|people=Abrams, J.J. (Director)|title=Star Trek|medium=Film|publisher=Paramount Pictures|location=United States|date=2009}}</ref> Velika promjena u karakterizaciji u odnosu na primarnu vremensku liniju je alternativno Spockov odnos sa zamjenskom Uhurom (Zoe Saldana), njegovom bivšom učenicom. Na kraju filma, mladi Spok odlučuje da ostane u Zvjezdanoj floti, dok njegov stariji ostaje u izmijenjenom svemiru kako bi pomogao nekolicini preživjelih vulkanskih izbjeglica, jer je Nero uništio Vulkan, Spokovu matičnu planetu. ==== Zvjezdane staze: U tami (2013) ==== U filmu ''[[Zvjezdane staze: U tami|U tami]]'', Spock Prime je opisan kako živi na 'Novom Vulkanu' dok mlađi Spok ostaje na Enterpriseu boreći se s gubitkom svog matičnog svijeta, kao i sa svojim vezama sa [[Nyota Uhura|Uhurom]] i [[James T. Kirk|Jamesom T. Kirkom]]. Spock zamalo gine štiteći planetu od aktivnog vulkana, ali Kirk krši [[Primarna direktiva (Zvjezdane staze)|Primarnu direktivu]] i spašava ga. Spock Prime je kontaktirao Spocka na Enterpriseu, kako bi saznao detalje o Khanu. Spock Prime u početku podsjeća svog alternativnog sebe da se neće miješati u događaje na alternativnoj vremenskoj liniji. S obzirom na to, on zatim obavještava Spocka da je Khan bio opasan čovjek i najveća prijetnja s kojom se Enterprise ikada suočio u njegovoj vlastitoj vremenskoj liniji, te upozorava da je vjerovatno jednako opasan i u Spockovoj alternativnoj vremenskoj liniji. Na pitanje da li je Khan poražen, Spock Prime odgovara da je na kraju poražen, ali uz veliku cijenu (odnosno na događaje u filmu ''[[Zvjezdane staze II: Khanov bijes|Khanov bijes]]''). Kada Kirk bude otrovan radijacijom i umre ispred Spocka (transponovana paralela događaja u glavnoj vremenskoj liniji gdje Spock umire ispred Kirka), bijesni i osvetoljubivi Spock pokušava ubiti Khana kako bi osvetio Kirka prije nego što ga Uhura obavijesti da Khanova regenerativna krv može oživjeti Kirka. Skoro godinu dana kasnije, Spock ostaje Kirkov glavni oficir za nauku i zamjenik dok Enterprise odlazi na svoju prvu petogodišnju misiju istraživanja dubokog svemira. U tami je Nimoyev posljednji nastup kao Spock Prime, kao i posljednja uloga u njegovoj karijeri. Umro je 2015, malo prije nego što je počela produkcija [[Zvjezdane staze: S one strane|S one strane]]. ==== Zvjezdane staze: S one strane (2016) ==== U filmu Spock prima vijest da je ambasador Spock (Spock Prime) umro. Pogođen ovim, Spock kasnije kaže McCoyu da namjerava napustiti Zvjezdanu flotu kako bi nastavio ambasadorov rad na Novom Vulkanu. Na kraju filma, Spock dobija kutiju u kojoj se nalaze neke od ličnih stvari ambasadora Spoka, i razmišljajući o fotografiji starije posade Enterprisea iz originalne vremenske linije serije, odlučuje da ostane u Zvjezdanoj floti. === Zvjezdane staze: Discovery === U augustu 2018. najavljeno je da će se [[Ethan Peck]] pridružiti ekipi [[Zvjezdane staze: Discovery|Discoveryja]] kao Spock u drugoj sezoni serije,<ref name="peckio9">{{cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/star-trek-discoverys-young-spock-will-be-played-by-eth-1828334110|title=Star Trek: Discovery's Young Spock Will Be Played By Ethan Peck in Season 2|last1=Whitbrook|first1=James|date=14. 8. 2018|website=[[io9]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814212951/https://io9.gizmodo.com/star-trek-discoverys-young-spock-will-be-played-by-eth-1828334110|archive-date=14. 8. 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14. 8. 2018}}</ref> prikazujući Spocka mlađeg od [[Leonard Nimoy|Nimoyeve]] i [[Zachary Quinto|Quintove]] izvedbe lika, obzirom da je radnja Discoveryja događa nekoliko godina prije Orginalne serije i filmova Kelvinove vremenske linije. Od njegovog pojavljivanja na Discoveryju, Spock je poručnik, koji služi pod kapetanom [[Christopher Pike|Christopherom Pikeom]] na Enterpriseu. Zbog traume koju je Spok pretrpio zbog svojih vizija "Crvenog anđela", on je na odsustvu sa Enterprisea i pod psihijatrijskom je njegom. Njegova usvojena sestra Michael Burnham pokušava mu pomoći u oporavku. Uvod u epizodu druge sezone "Ako sjećanje služi" koristi arhivske snimke Nimoya kao Spocka iz neemitirane pilot epizode "Kavez", a epizoda treće sezone "Unification III" koristi arhivske snimke Nimoya ponovo iz ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|Sljedeće generacij]]<nowiki/>e'' epizode "Unification II". Potonje pojavljivanje je holografski snimak iz zapisa [[Jean-Luc Picard]]a, a prikazano je [[Michael Burnham|Michaelu Burnhamu]] nakon što ona otputuje u 31. vijek, vrijeme u kojem se Romulanci i Vulkanci sjećaju ambasadora Spocka kao uzroka njihovog ponovnog ujedinjenja na planeta Ni'Var, novoimenovani Vulkan. === Zvjezdane staze: Strange New Worlds === U maju 2020. najavljeno je da će se Spock ([[Ethan Peck]]) vratiti u seriji ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|Čudni novi svjetovi]]'' zajedno s kapetanom Pikeom (Anson Mount) i brojem jedan [[Una Chin-Riley]] ([[Rebecca Romjin]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/05/15/star-trek-strange-new-worlds/|title=CBS All Access greenlights 'Strange New Worlds,' a new Star Trek series about Pike and Spock|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=19. 8. 2020}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/TOS/character/1112508.html Spock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222052808/http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/TOS/character/1112508.html|date=22. 12. 2008}} na ''[[StarTrek.com]]'' {{Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija}} {{Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Zvjezdane staze|*]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivni likovi|*]] le7unmfmyzbqbzalzo1yisorvpsg2b2 3839607 3839606 2026-05-05T08:05:06Z Panasko 146730 3839607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fiktivni lik | boja = | ime = Spock | serija = [[Zvjezdane staze]] | slika = Leonard Nimoy as Spock 1967.jpg | prvo = "The Man Trap" (1966) <br/> ([[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija]]) | zadnje = | kreator = [[Gene Roddenberry]] | portretirao = [[Leonard Nimoy]] (1966–2013) <br/> [[Zachary Quinto]] (2009–2016) <br/> [[Ethan Peck]] (2019–sadašnjost) | glas = | oznaka6 = Puno ime | podaci6 = S'Chn T'Gai Spock | oznaka7 = | podaci7 = | oznaka8 = | podaci8 = <!-- ** Informacije ** --> | nadimak = | alias = | vrsta = | rod = | zanimanje = | titula = Kadet <br/> Zastavnik <br/> Zapovjednik <br/> Kapetan <br/> Ambasador | porodica = Sarek (otac) <br/> Amanda Grayson (majka) <br/> Perrin (maćeha) <br/> Skon (djed) <br/> Solkar (pradjed) <br/> Sybok (polubrat) <br/> Michael Burnham (usvojena sestra) | supruga = T'Pring (zaručnica) <br/> Nyota Uhura (supruga) u rebootu | djeca = | rodbina = | religija = | nacionalnost = | oznaka22 = | podaci22 = | oznaka23 = | podaci23 = | oznaka24 = | podaci24 = <!-- ** extra ** --> | zaglavlje25 = | oznaka26 = | podaci26 = | oznaka27 = | podaci27 = | oznaka28 = | podaci28 = }} '''Spock '''je izmišljeni lik u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američkoj]] medijskoj [[Naučna fantastika|naučnofantastičnoj]] franšizi [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]]. Kao što je otkriveno u jednom od ranih romana iz Zvjezdanih staza i u Paramount+ seriji [[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|''Čudni novi svjetovi'']], Spockovo puno ime je '''S'Chn T'Gai Spock'''. Prvobitno ga je igrao [[Leonard Nimoy]], a prvi put se pojavljuje u Zvjezdanim stazama služeći na brodu [[USS Enterprise]] kao [[oficir]] za nauku i prvi oficir (i [[James T. Kirk|Kirkov]] drugi oficir) i kasnije kao zapovjednik dvije iteracije broda. Spockovo mješovito ljudsko-vulkansko nasljeđe služi kao važan element zapleta u mnogim pojavljivanjima lika. Uz kapetana [[James T. Kirk|Jamesa T. Kirka]] ([[William Shatner]]) i dr. [[Leonard McCoy|Leonarda "Bones" McCoya]] (DeForest Kelley), on je jedan od tri centralna lika u originalnoj seriji [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]] i njenim filmovima. Nakon povlačenja iz aktivne dužnosti u Zvjezdanoj floti, Spock je služio kao ambasador Federacije, a kasnije se uključio u pokušaj da se [[Romulus]] spasi od [[Supernova|supernove]],<ref name="countdown">{{cite book|last=Mike Johnson and Tim Jones (writers), David Messina (artist)|title=Star Trek: Countdown|publisher=IDW Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60010-420-6|page=98}}</ref> što je dovelo do toga da proživi ostatak svog života u paralelnoj vremenskoj liniji. Spocka je glumio [[Leonard Nimoy|Nimoy]] u [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|originalnoj seriji]] Zvjezdanih staza, ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija|Animiranoj seriji]]'', osam igranih filmova iz Zvjezdanih staza i dvodijelnoj epizodi [[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|''Sljedeće generacije'']]. Više glumaca je igralo lik od tada u glavnom kontinuitetu Zvezdanih staza; najnoviji portret je [[Ethan Peck]], koji je igrao Spocka kao lik koji se ponavlja u drugoj sezoni ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Discovery|Discoveryja]]'' i ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Kratke staze|Kratkih staza]]''. Peck je ponovio ulogu, ovog puta kao glavni lik, u ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|Čudnim novim svjetovima]]'', koji djeluje i kao spin-off Discoveryja i kao nastavak originalne serije. Osim toga, [[Zachary Quinto]] je igrao alternativnu verziju Spocka u igranim filmovima ''[[Zvjezdane staze (2009)|Zvjezdane staze]]'', ''[[Zvjezdane staze: U tami|U tami]]'' (2013) i ''[[Zvjezdane staze: S one strane|S one strane]]'' (2016). Iako su ova tri filma smještena u gore spomenutu paralelnu vremensku liniju, Nimoy se pojavljuje u prva dva kao Spock na originalnoj vremenskoj liniji.<ref name="moviehole">{{cite web|url=https://moviehole.net/zachary-quinto-is-spock/|title=Zachary Quinto Is Spock|last=Weeks|first=Adam|date=25. 7. 2007|publisher=Moviehole.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026143046/https://moviehole.net/zachary-quinto-is-spock/|archive-date=29. 10. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=15. 8. 2021|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Osim u serijama i filmovima, Spock se također pojavio u brojnim romanima, stripovima i video igricama.<ref name="moviehole" /><ref name="Encyc">{{cite book|last1=Okuda|first1=Mike|title=The Star Trek Encyclopedia|title-link=The Star Trek Encyclopedia|last2=Okuda|first2=Denise|last3=Mirek|first3=Debbie|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1999|isbn=0-671-53609-5|author-link1=Michael Okuda|author-link2=Denise Okuda}}</ref> Nimoyev portret Spocka imao je značajan kulturni utjecaj i donio mu tri nominacije za [[Nagrada Emmy|nagradu Emmy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leonard Nimoy: Biography |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/leonard-nimoy/bio/161833 |access-date=3. 2. 2009 |website=TV Guide |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |location=San Francisco, California}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jensen |first=K. Thor |date=20. 11. 2008 |title=Spock |url=http://www.ugo.com/tv/best-tv-characters-of-all-time/?cur=spock&morepics=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913050255/http://www.ugo.com/tv/best-tv-characters-of-all-time/?cur=spock&morepics=1 |archive-date=13. 9. 2008 |access-date=3. 2. 2009 |website=[[UGO Networks]] |publisher=[[IGN]] Entertainment, Inc. |location=San Francisco, CA}}</ref> Njegov javni profil kao Spocka bio je toliko snažan da su obje njegove autobiografije, ''Ja nisam Spock'' (1975) i ''Ja sam Spock'' (1995), napisane iz perspektive suživota s likom.<ref>Nimoy (1975), str. 1–6</ref><ref>Nimoy (1995), str. 2–17</ref> == Biografija == Spockova prošlost objašnjena je tokom nekoliko epizoda [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|''Originalne serije'']], ''[[Zvjezdane staze (2009)|filma iz 2009]]''. i epizode ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija|Animirane serije]]'' "Yesteryear" iz 2009. Spockovi roditelji su Vulkanac [[Sarek]] ([[Mark Lenard]]) i ljudska žena [[Amanda Grayson]] ([[Jane Wyatt]]). Spock je imao problematično djetinjstvo zbog svog miješanog porijekla. Punokrvna Vulkanska djeca su više puta maltretirala Spocka na njegovom rodnom svijetu kako bi podstakli emocije njegove ljudske prirode.<ref name="st2009">{{cite AV media|last1=Orci|first1=Roberto|last2=Kurtzman|first2=Alex|last3=Abrams|first3=J.J.|date=7. 4. 2009|title=Star Trek|medium=Motion picture|publisher=Paramount Pictures}}</ref><ref name="newmoviefits">{{cite web|url=http://trekmovie.com/2008/12/11/bob-orci-explains-how-the-new-star-trek-movie-fits-with-trek-canon-and-real-science/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Bob Orci Explains How The New Star Trek Movie Fits With Trek Canon (and Real Science)|last1=Pascale|first1=Anthony|date=11. 12. 2008|publisher=TrekMovie.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330153411/http://trekmovie.com/2008/12/11/bob-orci-explains-how-the-new-star-trek-movie-fits-with-trek-canon-and-real-science/|archive-date=30. 3. 2015|url-status=live|access-date=17. 8. 2016}}</ref> Neko vrijeme je odrastao uz starijeg polubrata Syboka, sve dok stariji brat nije protjeran jer je odbacio logiku.<ref name="stV">{{cite AV media|last1=Loughery|first1=David|last2=Shatner|first2=William|last3=Bennett|first3=Harve|date=9. 6. 1989|title=Star Trek V: The Final Frontier|medium=Motion picture|publisher=Paramount Pictures}}</ref> U ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Discovery|Discoveryju]]'', otkriva se da Spock ima ljudsku, usvojenu sestru, Michael Burnham. Prema epizodi "Amok Time", Spock je bio zaručen za T'Pring (Arlene Martel) tokom njegovog djetinjstva.<ref name=amoktime>{{Cite episode |title=Amok Time |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=Theodore |last=Sturgeon |network=NBC |date=15. 9. 1967 |season=2 |number=1 }}</ref> Sarek je podržao Spockovo obrazovanje u nauci i zahtjev za upis na Vulkansku akademiju nauke, kao što je spomenuto u "Putovanju u Babilon".<ref name="journey2babel">{{Cite episode|title=Journey to Babel|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=D.C.|last=Fontana|network=NBC|date=17. 11. 1967|season=2|number=10}}</ref> U filmu Zvjezdane staze iz 2009, Spock odbija prijem u Vulkansku akademiju nauke na osnovu toga da oni nikada ne bi u potpunosti prihvatili nekoga ko je samo napola Vulkanac. Iako je ovaj film postavio Kelvinovu vremensku scenu u ovom i kasnijim filmovima, pisac [[Roberto Orci]] izjavio je da smatra da na radnje nisu utjecale promjene u ovoj vremenskoj liniji i da bi se na isti način dogodile prije [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|Originalne serije]].<ref name="st2009" /><ref name="newmoviefits" /> Budući da Spock nije ušao u VAN i umjesto toga je želio da se pridruži Zvjezdanoj floti, nije razgovarao sa svojim ocem sljedećih 18 godina.<ref name="journey2babel" /> == Pojavljivanja == === Orginalna serija === ==== "Kavez" i prva sezona ==== Spock se pojavio kao oficir za nauku na [[USS Enterprise]]u u prvom pilotu serije, "''Kavez''". To u to vrijeme nije bilo prikazano na televiziji, ali su događaji iz epizode prikazani u dvodijelnoj epizodi "The Menagerie" prve sezone, a opisano je i Spockovih prethodnih 11 godina službe na Enterpriseu.<ref name="tormenagerie">{{cite web|last1=DeCandido|first1=Keith|author-link1=Keith DeCandido|title=Star Trek The Original Series: "The Menagerie" Parts 1 & 2|url=http://www.tor.com/2015/06/23/star-trek-the-original-series-the-menagerie-parts-1-2/|publisher=Tor.com|access-date=17. 8. 2016|date=23. 6. 2015|archive-date=5. 8. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805184602/http://www.tor.com/2015/06/23/star-trek-the-original-series-the-menagerie-parts-1-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Spock je bio jedan od članova gostujućeg tima koji se pridružio kapetanu [[Christopher Pike|Christopheru Pikeu]] ([[Jeffrey Hunter]]) na misiji na Talos IV kako bi istražili poziv u pomoć.<ref name=cage>{{Cite episode |title=The Cage |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=Gene |last=Roddenberry |network=NBC |date=7. 11. 1988 }}</ref> Spock se pojavio u drugom pilotu, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", koji je inicijalno emitovan kao treća epizoda.<ref name="torwhere">{{cite web|last1=DeCandido|first1=Keith|author-link1=Keith DeCandido|title=Star Trek The Original Series Rewatch: "Where No Man Has Gone Before"|url=http://www.tor.com/2015/03/11/star-trek-the-original-series-rewatch-qwhere-no-man-has-gone-beforeq/|publisher=Tor.com|access-date=17. 8. 2016|date=11. 3. 2015|archive-date=15. 9. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915213646/http://www.tor.com/2015/03/11/star-trek-the-original-series-rewatch-qwhere-no-man-has-gone-beforeq/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tokom događaja ovog pilota, Spock je postao zabrinut zbog rizika za brod koji je predstavljao poručnik Gary Mitchell ([[Gary Lockwood]]) i predložio moguća rješenja kapetanu [[James T. Kirk|Jamesu T. Kirku]] ([[William Shatner]]).<ref name=where>{{Cite episode |title=Where No Man Has Gone Before |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=Samuel A. |last=Peeples |network=NBC |date=22. 9. 1966 |season=1 |number=3 }}</ref> Najranije pojavljivanje Spocka u seriji kada je emitovana bila je "Zamka za čovjeka", prva takva epizoda. Kada treba da nokautira zlu verziju Kirka u "''The Enemy Within''", on koristi vulkansko štipanje živca. Spock i glavni inženjer [[Montgomery Scott|Montgomery "Scotty" Scott]] ([[James Doohan]]) rade zajedno kako bi ponovo spojili dobru i zlu verziju Kapetana, koji su razdvojeni nakon nesreće u transporteru.<ref name="enemy">{{Cite episode|title=The Enemy Within|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Richard|last=Matheson|network=NBC|date=6. 10. 1966|season=1|number=5}}</ref> Tokom "Mirija", on se otkriva kao jedini član grupe za iskrcavanje koji je imun na fizičke efekte bolesti koja pogađa odrasle ljude na planeti. Međutim, shvaća da je vjerovatno nosilac i da bi mogao zaraziti Enterprise ako bi se vratio. Doktor [[Leonard McCoy]] (DeForest Kelley) uspijeva smisliti lijek, omogućavajući timu da se vrati na brod.<ref name="miri">{{Cite episode|title=Miri|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Adrian|last=Spies|network=NBC|date=27. 10. 1966|season=1|number=8}}</ref> Kada Simon van Gelder uđe na most naoružan fazerom u "Bodežu uma", Spock ga savladava štipanjem živaca. Kasnije vodi spajanje umova s ​​van Gelderom u sklopu istrage o aktivnostima obližnje kolonije. Nakon što se napajanje energijom kolonije isključi, a zaštitno polje padne, Spock vodi tim da spasi Kirka.<ref name=dagger>{{Cite episode |title=Dagger of the Mind |series=Star Trek: The Original Series |first=S. |last=Bar-David|network=NBC |date=3. 11. 1966 |season=1 |number=9 }}</ref> Spock se ponovo ujedinjuje s Christopherom Pikeom ([[Sean Kenney]]) u "The Menagerie". Pike je unaprjeđen u kapetana flote, ali je doživio nesreću, što je rezultiralo teškim opekotinama te je vezan za invalidska kolica, što ograničava njegovu komunikaciju na da/ne odgovore putem uređaja spojenog na njegove moždane valove. Spock diže pobunu i upućuje brod da otputuje na Talos IV, zabranjenu planetu. Kirku, Pikeu i komodoru Joseu I. Mendezu (Malachi Throne) prepričava događaje iz "Kaveza" pred sudom. Kako Enterprise stiže na planetu, otkriva se da je Mendez talozijanska iluzija. U isto vrijeme, pravi Mendez komunicira iz Zvjezdane flote, dajući dozvolu da Pike bude transportovan na planetu, a sve optužbe protiv Spocka su odbačene.<ref name="dagger" /> Dok je Enterprise ugrožen u "Balansu terora", poručnik Stajls (Pol Komi) optužuje Spocka da zna više o Romulancima nego što priznaje kada se otkrije kako Romulanci izgledaju. Spock pretpostavlja da su oni izdanak rase Vulkana. On spašava Enterprise i pritom spašava život Stilesa.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Balance of Terror|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Paul|last=Schneider|network=NBC|date=15. 12. 1966|season=1|number=14}}</ref> Spock predvodi desantnu grupu šatla Galileo u "The Galileo Seven", koji je oštećen skrenuo sa kursa i slijeće na planetu Bik II. Poručnik Boma ([[Don Marshall]]) kritikuje Spockovu fascinaciju oružjem domorodaca nakon smrti poručnika Latimera ([[Rees Vaughn]]) od njihove ruke. Nakon što Scotty koristi agregate fazera tima da opskrbi s dovoljno energije kako bi vratio oštećeni šatl u orbitu, Spock odlučuje baciti i zapaliti preostalo gorivo kako bi privukao pažnju Enterprisea. Procedura je uspjela i posada šatla je spašena.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Galileo Seven|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first1=Oliver|first2=S.|last1=Crawford|last2=Bar-David|network=NBC|date=5. 1. 1967|season=1|number=16}}</ref> ==== Druga i treća sezona ==== U premijernoj epizodi druge sezone, "Vrijeme Amok", Spock počinje da pati od Pon farr, vulkanske krvne groznice, i mora proći ritualno parenje u narednih osam dana ili će umrijeti. Kirk ignoriše naredbe Zvjezdane flote i vodi Enterprise na Vulkan kako bi Spock mogao proći ritual parenja. Kada stignu, ponovo se ujedinjuje sa T'Pring ([[Arlene Martel]]), koja bi radije bila sa Stonom ([[Lawrence Montaigne]]), punokrvnim vulkancem. Umjesto toga, ona zahtijeva ritualnu borbu Lal-if-fee, a za svog prvaka bira Kirka, koji nesvjesno pristaje na borbu do smrti sa Spockom. McCoy uvjerava T'Paua ([[Celia Lovsky]]) da mu dopusti da Kirku ubrizga nešto kako bi ublažio probleme s Vulkanovom rijeđom atmosferom i što bi učinilo borbu poštenijom. Borba počinje, a Spock preuzima prednost, hvata Kirka oko vrata i ubija ga. McCoy naređuje hitan transport direktno u bolnicu, dok T'Pring Spocku govori da je sve to bila igra logike koja bi joj omogućila da bude sa Stonnom bez obzira na ishod. Ne osjećajući više posljedice Pon farra, Spock se vraća na Enterprise gdje otkriva da je McCoy ubrizgao Kirku paralizirajući agens koji je samo simulirao smrt i da je kapetan još uvijek živ.<ref name="amoktime" /> Tokom susreta sa svemirskom sondom Nomad u "The Changeling", Spock vrši spajanje uma sa mašinom. Kirk zaustavlja spajanje kada shvati da se Spockova ličnost počinje mijenjati kontaktom.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=The Changeling|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=John Meredyth|last=Lucas|network=NBC|date=29. 9. 1967|season=2|number=1}}</ref> Nakon nesreće u transporteru koja transportuje Kirka, McCoya, Uhuru i Scottyja u paralelni svemir i zamjenjuje ih sa svojim kolegama u epizodi "Mirror, Mirror", oni nailaze na drugačiju verziju Spocka. Ovaj Spock s bradom, postaje sumnjičav prema aktivnostima iznenadno zamijenjenog osoblja i prema naređenju Zvjezdane flote, pokušava da ubije Kirka. Mirror-Spock je onesviješten, a McCoy ga liječi dok ostali odlaze do transportera kako bi pokušali da se vrate u svoj svemir. Spok se budi i radi spajanje uma sa McCoyem kako bi otkrio zašto ga Kirk nije ubio. Otkrivši šta se dogodilo, pristaje im pomoći da se vrate i dok upravlja transporterom, Kirk ga preklinje da preuzme kontrolu i spasi ne samo brod već i svoje Teransko carstvo od implozije koju je tiranin uzrokovao. Promjena je još jednom uspješna, a članovi posade se vraćaju u svoje univerzume.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Mirror, Mirror|series=Star Trek: The Original Series|first=Jerome|last=Bixby|network=NBC|date=6. 10. 1967|season=2|number=4}}</ref> === Zvjezdane staze: Igrani film i filmski serijal === Na početku ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Igrani film|Igranog filma]]'' (1979), Spock više nije u Zvjezdanoj floti, nakon što je dao ostavku i vratio se kući kako bi se bavio vulkanskom disciplinom Kolinahr. Spock nije u stanju da završi ritual Kolinahr nakon što je osjetio dolazak V'gera i ponovo se pridružuje Zvjezdanoj floti kako bi pomogao posadi Enterprisea u njihovoj misiji.<ref name="Encyc" /> Spok, unaprjeđen u kapetana, komanduje Enterpriseom na početku ''[[Zvjezdane staze II: Khanov bijes|Khanovog bijesa]]'' (1982).<ref name="Encyc" /> Na kraju filma, on prenosi svoju "katru" – zbir svojih sjećanja i iskustva – na McCoya, a zatim se žrtvuje kako bi spasio brod i njegovu posadu od Khan Noonien Singha (Ricardo Montalbán).<ref name="Encyc" /> Nastavak, ''[[Zvjezdane staze III: Potraga za Spockom|Potraga za Spockom]]'' (1984), fokusira se na potragu njegovih članova posade da vrate Spockovo tijelo, te po dolasku na planetu saznaju da je on uskrsnuo pomoću Genesis matrice nakon što je sletio na planetu na kraju prethodnog filma. Na kraju filma, Spockovo oživljeno tijelo se ponovo ujedinjuje sa njegovom katrom.<ref name="Encyc" /> Spock se sljedeći put pojavljuje u ''[[Zvjezdane staze IV: Putovanje kući|Putovanju kući]]'' (1986), koji prikazuje njegov oporavak od posljedica uskrsnuća. U poslednjoj sceni filma, pridružuje se posadi novouređenog USS Enterprise-A pod Kirkovom komandom.<ref name="Encyc" /> U ''[[Zvjezdane staze V: Krajnja granica|Krajnjoj granici]]'' (1989), Spock i Enterprise posada se suočavaju sa odmetnikom Sybokom, Spockovim polubratom.<ref name="Encyc" /> ''[[Zvjezdane staze VI: Neotkrivena zemlja|Neotkrivena zemlja]]'' (1991) ponovo ujedinjuje posadu Enterprisea u misiji da spriječavanja rata između Federacije i Klingonskog Carstva. Spock služi kao specijalni izaslanik za posredovanje u miru s Klingoncima nakon što je prirodna katastrofa uništila njihov matični svijet. === Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija === Nakon perioda u kojem je produkcijski tim izbjegavao spominjanje nekih aspekata [[Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija|Originalne serije]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Reeves-Stevens|first=Judith|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40167426|title=Star Trek, the next generation--the continuing mission : a tenth anniversary tribute|date=1998|publisher=Pocket Books|others=Garfield Reeves-Stevens|isbn=0-671-02559-7|location=New York|p=119|oclc=40167426}}</ref> Spock je spomenut u ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|Sljedećoj generaciji]]'' u epizodi "Sarek" (1990).<ref>{{Cite book |last= Nemecek|first=Larry|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51870162|title=The Star trek, the next generation companion|date=2003|publisher=Pocket Books |p=127 |isbn=0-7434-5798-6|location=New York|oclc=51870162}}</ref> Izvršni producent [[Michael Piller]] kasnije je opisao ovaj čin kao "proboj koji nam je omogućio da otvorimo vrata, da počnemo prihvatati našu prošlost".<ref name=":0"/> Spock se pojavljuje u "Unification" (1991), dvodijelnoj epizodi ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|Sljedeće generacije]]''. Smještena 75 godina nakon događaja u ''[[Zvjezdane staze VI: Neotkrivena zemlja|Neotkrivenoj zemlji]]'', epizoda se fokusira na pokušaj ambasadora Federacije Spocka da ponovo ujedini romulance sa njihovom braćom vulkancima. Snimanje filma preklapalo se s produkcijom ove epizode, a epizoda se odnosi na Spockovu ulogu u filmu. Dok Spockova početna kampanja ujedinjenja ne uspijeva, on odlučuje ostati na Romulu u tajnosti kako bi pomogao pokretu. === Reboot filmovi === ==== Zvjezdane staze (2009) ==== Spockovo sljedeće pojavljivanje u franšizi [[Zvjezdane staze|Zvjezdanih staza]] je film iz 2009. Nimoy je dobio pravo odobrenja za Spockov kasting i podržao je [[Zachary Quinto|Quintoa]] da dobije ulogu.<ref>John Hiscock, "''Star Trek'': J. J. Abrams Interview [2009]", in Brent Dunham, ed., ''J. J. Abrams: Interviews'' (Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2018), 41-43. {{ISBN|9781496820457}} and online at books.google.com/books?id=-fl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41</ref> U flešbeku filma (smješten 19 godina nakon događaja "Ujedinjenja", i kao što je prikazano u komičnom mini stripu ''Zvjezdane staze: Countdown''<ref name="countdown" />), ambasador Spock (Nimoy) obećava romulancima da će koristiti vulkansku tehnologiju da ih spasi od [[Supernova|supernove]] koja prijeti da uništi njihovo Carstvo. On upravlja naprednim brodom opremljenim crvenom materijom, moćnom tvari koja može stvoriti umjetne [[Crna rupa|crne rupe]]. Misija je samo djelimično uspješna, a nakon toga Spocka u prošlost progoni Nero ([[Eric Bana]]), Romulanac izluđen gubitkom svog matičnog svijeta i porodice, pokrećući događaje iz filma. U uvodnom činu filma, Neronov brod se pojavljuje 2233. i kroz interakciju sa stanovnicima nehotice stvara "alternativni, paralelni univerzum Zvjezdanih staza.<ref name="bglobe1">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/05/05/a_fresh_frontier/|title=Star Trek|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=6. 5. 2009|date=5. 5. 2009|first=Ty|last=Burr|archive-date=30. 1. 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130041629/http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/05/05/a_fresh_frontier/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ewcover4">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20233502,00.html|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|title='Star Trek': New Movie, New Vision|access-date=21. 1. 2009|page=4|first=Jeff|last=Jensen|date=18. 10. 2008|archive-date=4. 11. 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104040237/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20233502,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dvadeset pet godina kasnije u novoj stvarnosti, Spockov brod se pojavljuje, a Nero hvata njega i crvenu materiju. Nasukan u alternativnoj prošlosti, glavna verzija Spocka pomaže alternativnoj, mlađoj verziji njega i Kirka ([[Zachary Quinto]] i [[Chris Pine]], redom) da osujete Neronov pokušaj da uništi Federaciju. U filmu se pojavljuje i [[Jacob Kogan]] u nekoliko scena koje prikazuju Spockovo djetinjstvo, uključujući njegovo zlostavljanje od druge vulkanske djece zbog njegovog poluljudskog porijekla i njegov odnos sa roditeljima ([[Ben Cross]] i [[Winona Ryder]]). Film također prikazuje Kirkove i Spokove početne sukobe na Akademiji Zvjezdane flote i postepeni razvoj njihovog prijateljstva zasnovanog na zajedničkom međusobnom poštovanju,<ref name="bglobe1" /> kako stariji Spock naziva "... prijateljstvo koje će ih oboje definisati na načine na koje još uvijek ne mogu shvati."<ref name="2009film">{{Cite video|people=Abrams, J.J. (Director)|title=Star Trek|medium=Film|publisher=Paramount Pictures|location=United States|date=2009}}</ref> Velika promjena u karakterizaciji u odnosu na primarnu vremensku liniju je alternativno Spockov odnos sa zamjenskom Uhurom (Zoe Saldana), njegovom bivšom učenicom. Na kraju filma, mladi Spok odlučuje da ostane u Zvjezdanoj floti, dok njegov stariji ostaje u izmijenjenom svemiru kako bi pomogao nekolicini preživjelih vulkanskih izbjeglica, jer je Nero uništio Vulkan, Spokovu matičnu planetu. ==== Zvjezdane staze: U tami (2013) ==== U filmu ''[[Zvjezdane staze: U tami|U tami]]'', Spock Prime je opisan kako živi na 'Novom Vulkanu' dok mlađi Spok ostaje na Enterpriseu boreći se s gubitkom svog matičnog svijeta, kao i sa svojim vezama sa [[Nyota Uhura|Uhurom]] i [[James T. Kirk|Jamesom T. Kirkom]]. Spock zamalo gine štiteći planetu od aktivnog vulkana, ali Kirk krši [[Primarna direktiva (Zvjezdane staze)|Primarnu direktivu]] i spašava ga. Spock Prime je kontaktirao Spocka na Enterpriseu, kako bi saznao detalje o Khanu. Spock Prime u početku podsjeća svog alternativnog sebe da se neće miješati u događaje na alternativnoj vremenskoj liniji. S obzirom na to, on zatim obavještava Spocka da je Khan bio opasan čovjek i najveća prijetnja s kojom se Enterprise ikada suočio u njegovoj vlastitoj vremenskoj liniji, te upozorava da je vjerovatno jednako opasan i u Spockovoj alternativnoj vremenskoj liniji. Na pitanje da li je Khan poražen, Spock Prime odgovara da je na kraju poražen, ali uz veliku cijenu (odnosno na događaje u filmu ''[[Zvjezdane staze II: Khanov bijes|Khanov bijes]]''). Kada Kirk bude otrovan radijacijom i umre ispred Spocka (transponovana paralela događaja u glavnoj vremenskoj liniji gdje Spock umire ispred Kirka), bijesni i osvetoljubivi Spock pokušava ubiti Khana kako bi osvetio Kirka prije nego što ga Uhura obavijesti da Khanova regenerativna krv može oživjeti Kirka. Skoro godinu dana kasnije, Spock ostaje Kirkov glavni oficir za nauku i zamjenik dok Enterprise odlazi na svoju prvu petogodišnju misiju istraživanja dubokog svemira. U tami je Nimoyev posljednji nastup kao Spock Prime, kao i posljednja uloga u njegovoj karijeri. Umro je 2015, malo prije nego što je počela produkcija [[Zvjezdane staze: S one strane|S one strane]]. ==== Zvjezdane staze: S one strane (2016) ==== U filmu Spock prima vijest da je ambasador Spock (Spock Prime) umro. Pogođen ovim, Spock kasnije kaže McCoyu da namjerava napustiti Zvjezdanu flotu kako bi nastavio ambasadorov rad na Novom Vulkanu. Na kraju filma, Spock dobija kutiju u kojoj se nalaze neke od ličnih stvari ambasadora Spoka, i razmišljajući o fotografiji starije posade Enterprisea iz originalne vremenske linije serije, odlučuje da ostane u Zvjezdanoj floti. === Zvjezdane staze: Discovery === U augustu 2018. najavljeno je da će se [[Ethan Peck]] pridružiti ekipi [[Zvjezdane staze: Discovery|Discoveryja]] kao Spock u drugoj sezoni serije,<ref name="peckio9">{{cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/star-trek-discoverys-young-spock-will-be-played-by-eth-1828334110|title=Star Trek: Discovery's Young Spock Will Be Played By Ethan Peck in Season 2|last1=Whitbrook|first1=James|date=14. 8. 2018|website=[[io9]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814212951/https://io9.gizmodo.com/star-trek-discoverys-young-spock-will-be-played-by-eth-1828334110|archive-date=14. 8. 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14. 8. 2018}}</ref> prikazujući Spocka mlađeg od [[Leonard Nimoy|Nimoyeve]] i [[Zachary Quinto|Quintove]] izvedbe lika, obzirom da je radnja Discoveryja događa nekoliko godina prije Orginalne serije i filmova Kelvinove vremenske linije. Od njegovog pojavljivanja na Discoveryju, Spock je poručnik, koji služi pod kapetanom [[Christopher Pike|Christopherom Pikeom]] na Enterpriseu. Zbog traume koju je Spok pretrpio zbog svojih vizija "Crvenog anđela", on je na odsustvu sa Enterprisea i pod psihijatrijskom je njegom. Njegova usvojena sestra Michael Burnham pokušava mu pomoći u oporavku. Uvod u epizodu druge sezone "Ako sjećanje služi" koristi arhivske snimke Nimoya kao Spocka iz neemitirane pilot epizode "Kavez", a epizoda treće sezone "Unification III" koristi arhivske snimke Nimoya ponovo iz ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Sljedeća generacija|Sljedeće generacij]]<nowiki/>e'' epizode "Unification II". Potonje pojavljivanje je holografski snimak iz zapisa [[Jean-Luc Picard]]a, a prikazano je [[Michael Burnham|Michaelu Burnhamu]] nakon što ona otputuje u 31. vijek, vrijeme u kojem se Romulanci i Vulkanci sjećaju ambasadora Spocka kao uzroka njihovog ponovnog ujedinjenja na planeta Ni'Var, novoimenovani Vulkan. === Zvjezdane staze: Strange New Worlds === U maju 2020. najavljeno je da će se Spock ([[Ethan Peck]]) vratiti u seriji ''[[Zvjezdane staze: Čudni novi svjetovi|Čudni novi svjetovi]]'' zajedno s kapetanom Pikeom (Anson Mount) i brojem jedan [[Una Chin-Riley]] ([[Rebecca Romjin]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/05/15/star-trek-strange-new-worlds/|title=CBS All Access greenlights 'Strange New Worlds,' a new Star Trek series about Pike and Spock|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=19. 8. 2020}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/TOS/character/1112508.html Spock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222052808/http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/TOS/character/1112508.html|date=22. 12. 2008}} na ''[[StarTrek.com]]'' {{Zvjezdane staze: Originalna serija}} {{Zvjezdane staze: Animirana serija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Zvjezdane staze|*]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivni likovi|*]] f0gby0il293p7qs5ag8k2xnkc9q5i7s 0 497276 3839626 3489773 2026-05-05T08:28:38Z Panasko 146730 3839626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Mongolian Minister and monks.jpg|mini|Mongolski monasi]] '''Mongolski monasi''' su [[Manastirski život|monaški]] praktičari [[budizma u Mongolija]]. Mongolski monasi rade i žive u budističkim [[Manastir|manastirima]] i [[Budistički hram|hramovima]] širom [[Mongolija]] i u drugim zemljama. == Historija == Budizam je prvi put stigao u Mongoliju preko [[Himalaji|Himalaja]] i [[Tibet|Tibeta]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elverskog|first=Johan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794700582|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|date=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2|location=[[Filadelfija]]|language=en|oclc=794700582}}</ref> [[Tibetanski budizam]] postao je zvanična religija [[dinastija Yuan]] koju je predvodio [[Kublaj-kan]]. Nakon pada dinastija Yuan 1368, [[tengriizam]] je postao glavna religija u istočno-evroazijskim stepama do 16. vijeka. Tokom [[dinastija Qing|dinastije Qing]], budizam je ponovo postao glavna religija, kako u [[Spoljnoj Mongolija|Spoljnoj]] tako i u [[Unutrašnja Mongolija|Unutrašnjoj Mongoliji]]. == Proganjanje == U 20. vijeku, [[Narodna Republika Mongolija]] je progonila mongolske monahe i druge budiste. == Referenca == {{reference}} [[Kategorija:Budizam]] 0e2q7z7tpel4auqsm536ijxqzi7pudu 0 505151 3839656 3820406 2026-05-05T11:23:37Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3839656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nagrada | ime = Nagrada "Holweck" | podnaslov = | trenutne_nagrade = | slika = | veličina_slike = | alt = | opis = | deskripcija = evropska nagrada za fiziku | sponzor = [[Société Française de Physique]], Institut za fiziku | datum = | lokacija = | država = | organizator = [[Société Française de Physique]], Institut za fiziku | voditelj = | preshow_voditelj = | nastupi = | nagrada = | godina = {{Početni datum i godine|1945||}} | godina2 = | nosilac = [[Amaury Triaud]] | veb-sajt = | mreža = | dužina_trajanja = | ocjene = | producent = | režiser = | najbolji_film = | najbolji_režiser = | najviše_nagrada = | najviše_nominacija = | slika2 = | slika2veličina = | alt2 = | opis2 = | prethodno = | glavno = | sljedeće = }} '''Medalja i nagrada Fernand Holweck''' je glavna evropska nagrada za fiziku koju svake godine zajednički dodjeljuju Britanski [[institut za fiziku]] (IOP) i [[Société Française de Physique]] (SFP).<ref name="Award">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iop.org/about/awards/bilateral/holweck/page_38477.html|title=Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize|publisher=Institute of Physics|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cirs.info/prix-fiche,langue.eng-id.854.html|title=Scientific prizes and awards / Physics - Holweck Medal and Prize|publisher=International Center for Scientific Research}}</ref><ref name="125years">{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=John|title=125 Years: The Physical Society & The Institute of Physics|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd|year=1999|isbn=9780750306096|page=235}}</ref> To je jedna od četiri Grand Prix-a SFP-a i jedna od četiri Međunarodne bilateralne nagrade IOP-a, koja se sastoji od zlatne medalje i novčane nagrade od 3000 €. == Historija == Nagrada je ustanovljena 1945. godine kao spomen na [[Fernand Holweck|Fernanda Holwecka]] i druge francuske fizičare koje su proganjali ili ubili nacisti tokom [[Nemačka okupacija Francuske tokom Drugog svetskog rata|njemačke okupacije Francuske tokom Drugog svjetskog rata]], od 1940. do 1945.<ref name="Award"/> Prvobitno je to bila nagrada od 150 funti.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Grants Register 1983–1985|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1982|isbn=1349049751|page=996}}</ref> Dodjeljuje se za istaknuti rad u eksperimentalnoj fizici (što odražava Holweckov naučni interes) ili u teorijskoj fizici koja je usko povezana s eksperimentiranjem.<ref name="125years"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Group|first=Gale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mo7AQAAIAAJ|title=Awards, Honors & Prizes: International and Foreign 1997|date=1. 11. 1996|publisher=Gale / Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-7876-0879-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZE9AQAAIAAJ|title=British Science News|date=1947|publisher=British Council, Science Department|language=en}}</ref> Nagrada Holweck dodjeljuje se svake godine, naizmenično francuskom fizičaru i britanskom ili irskom fizičaru. Godine 1974. dodijeljene su dvije nagrade za obilježavanje stogodišnjice ova dva društva.<ref name="Award"/> Holweckovi laureati uključuju nekoliko dobitnika [[Nobelova nagrada|Nobelove nagrade]].<ref name="Award" /> Nagrada je privukla povećanu medijsku pažnju 2014. kada je dodijeljena iranskom fizičaru [[Ramin Golestanian|Raminu Golestanianu]]. [[Datoteka:Fernand_Holweck.jpg|desno|mini| Fernand Holweck]] == Spisak dobitnika medalje == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Spisak dobitnika medalje<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iop.org/about/awards/bilateral/holweck/medallists/page_38481.html|title=Holweck medal recipients|publisher=Institute of Physics|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> !Godina !Dobitnik !Referenca |- |1946. |[[Charles Sadron]] | |- |1947. |[[Edward Neville da Costa Andrade]] | |- |1948. |[[Yves Rocard]] | |- |1949. |[[Leslie Fleetwood Bates]] |<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1. 3. 1949|title=Holweck Prize and Medal : Prof. L. F. Bates|journal=Nature|volume=163|issue=4143|pages=475|bibcode=1949Natur.163R.475.|doi=10.1038/163475b0|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |1950. |[[Pierre Jacquinot]] | |- |1951. |[[Thomas Ralph Merton]] | |- |1952. |[[Louis Néel]] | |- |1953. |[[J. A. Ratcliffe|John Ashworth Ratcliffe]] | |- |1954. |[[Alfred Kastler]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epctAAAAIAAJ|title=Laboratory Practice - Google Books|date=23. 3. 2007|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1955. |[[Nicholas Kurti]] | |- |1956. |[[Jean Paul Mathieu]] | |- |1957. |[[Denys Haigh Wilkinson]] | |- |1958. |[[Anatole Abragam]] | |- |1959. |[[Robert Hanbury Brown]] | |- |1960. |[[Jean Brossel]] | |- |1961. |[[Alfred Brian Pippard]] | |- |1962. |[[Jean-François Denisse]] | |- |1963. |[[Frederick Charles Frank]] | |- |1964. |[[Jacques Friedel]] | |- |1965. |[[Martin Ryle]] | |- |1966. |[[Raimond Castaing]] | |- |1967. |[[Heinrich Gerhard Kuhn]] | |- |1968. |[[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iucr.org/people/nobel-prize/degennes|title=P.G. de Gennes|publisher=IUCr|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1969. |[[Alan Howard Cottrell]] | |- |1970. |[[Pierre Connes]] | |- |1971. |[[Dennis Gabor]] |<ref>{{cite journal|year=1971|title=1971 Holweck Medal goes to Dennis Gabor|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3022398|journal=Physics Today|volume=24|issue=10|page=63|doi=10.1063/1.3022398|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1972. |[[Lionel Solomon]] | |- |1973. |[[Brian David Josephson]] |<ref>{{cite journal|year=1973|title=IOP presents awards to four physicists|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3128241|journal=Physics Today|volume=26|issue=9|pages=67–73|doi=10.1063/1.3128241|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1974. |[[Philippe Nozières]] [[Antony Hewish]] |<ref>{{cite journal|year=1974|title=Hewish and Nozieres receive Holweck Medals|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3128834|journal=Physics Today|volume=27|issue=8|pages=67–68|doi=10.1063/1.3128834|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1975. |[[Evry Schatzman]] | |- |1976. |[[Harry Elliot]] |<ref>{{cite journal|year=1976|title=Harry Elliot receives British and French medal|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3023640|journal=Physics Today|volume=29|issue=8|page=72|bibcode=1976PhT....29h..72.|doi=10.1063/1.3023640|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1977. |[[Maurice Goldman (physicist)|Maurice Goldman]] | |- |1978. |[[William Frank Vinen]] |<ref>{{cite journal|year=1978|title=European societies honor Vinen and Walther|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2995197|journal=Physics Today|volume=31|issue=9|page=68|doi=10.1063/1.2995197|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1979. |[[André Blandin]] | |- |1980. |[[David James Thouless]] | |- |1981. |[[René Turlay]] | |- |1982. |[[Raymond Hide]] | |- |1983. |[[Gérard Toulouse]] | |- |1984. |[[Brebis Bleaney]] |<ref>{{cite journal|year=1984|title=Max Born Prize to Faessler; Holweck medal to Bleaney|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2915941|journal=Physics Today|volume=37|issue=11|page=117|bibcode=1984PhT....37Q.117.|doi=10.1063/1.2915941|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1985. |[[Denis Jérome]] | |- |1986. |[[Gareth Gwyn Roberts]] | |- |1987. |[[Edouard Fabre (scientist)|Edouard Fabre]] |<ref>{{cite journal|author=Physics Bulletin|date=26. 2. 2015|title=Awards: Holweck Medal and Prize - IOPscience|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/38/6/012|journal=Physics Bulletin|publisher=Iopscience.iop.org|volume=38|issue=6|pages=208|doi=10.1088/0031-9112/38/6/012|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/happenings/happenings-63489|title=Happenings &#124; The Scientist Magazine|publisher=TheScientist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080253/https://www.the-scientist.com/happenings/happenings-63489|archive-date=17. 1. 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |1988. |[[Peter Hirsch]] | |- |1989. |[[Eric Varoquaux]] | |- |1990. |[[Roger Cowley]] |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Birgeneau|first=Robert J.|year=2017|title=Roger Arthur Cowley. 24 February 1939 — 27 January 2015|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|publisher=royalsocietypublishing.org|volume=63|pages=137–157|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2017.0011|s2cid=67431706|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |1991. |[[Alain Aspect]] | |- |1992. |[[Donald Hill Perkins]] | |- |1993. |[[David Ruelle]] | |- |1994. |[[Lawrence John Challis]] | |- |1995. |[[Pierre Léna]] | |- |1996. |[[John Wickham Steeds]] | |- |1997. |[[Jean-Pierre Briand]] | |- |1998. |[[William Gelletly]] | |- |1999. |[[Oriol Bohigas Martí|Oriol Bohigas]] | |- |2000. |[[Frank Read|Frank Henry Read]] | |- |2001. |[[Pierre Coullet]] | |- |2002. |[[John Pethica|John Bernard Pethica]] | |- |2003. |[[Catherine Brechignac]] | |- |2004. |[[Adrian Wyatt|Adrian F G Wyatt]] | |- |2005. |[[Philippe Monod]] | |- |2006. |[[Julia Higgins]] | |- |2007. |[[Jean-Pierre Hulin]] | |- |2008. |[[Denis Weaire]] | |- |2009. |[[Christian Colliex]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article1320&lang=en|title=Laboratoire de Physique des Solides - UMR 8502 - Christian Colliex is awarded Hollweck Prize 2009|publisher=Lps.u-psud.fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616145128/http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article1320&lang=en|archive-date=16. 6. 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |2010. |[[Steven T. Bramwell]] | |- |2011. |[[Joël Cibert]] | |- |2012. |[[Helen Gleeson]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lcinet.kent.edu/ILCS/main/news/files/f5290b7861d4141be2399a84e91abb8f-29.html|title=Holweck Prize awarded to Helen Gleeson &#124; ILCS news|publisher=Lcinet.kent.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724064904/https://www.lcinet.kent.edu/ILCS/main/news/files/f5290b7861d4141be2399a84e91abb8f-29.html|archive-date=24. 7. 2021|url-status=dead|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |2013. |[[Alexandre Bouzdine]] | |- |2014. |[[Ramin Golestanian]] |<ref name="irandaily">{{cite news|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/News/656.html|work=Iran Daily|title=Iranian wins Holweck medal|date=22. 8. 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://realiran.org/iranian-physics-wins-the-2014-holweck-medal/|title=Iranian Physics Wins the 2014 Holweck Medal|date=23. 8. 2014|publisher=Real Iran|access-date=14. 1. 2020|archive-date=15. 1. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115211609/http://realiran.org/iranian-physics-wins-the-2014-holweck-medal/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/news-archive/2014/9/matter_of_equilibrium.aspx|title=ICTP - A Matter of Equilibrium|publisher=Ictp.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509155158/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/news-archive/2014/9/matter_of_equilibrium.aspx|archive-date=9. 5. 2020|url-status=dead|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ictp-ecar.org/news/scientific-council-member-receives-prestigious-award/|title=Scientific Council Member Receives Prestigious Award|date=4. 9. 2014|publisher=Ictp-ecar.org|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |2015. |[[Isabelle Ledoux-Rak]] |<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWU7AQAAIAAJ|title=Awards, honors, and prizes - Paul Wasserman, Janice W. McLean, Gale Research Company - Google Books|date=11. 11. 2009|publisher=Gale / Cengage Learning|isbn=9781414418995|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfpnet.fr/holweck-2015-prize-giving|title=Holweck 2015 Prize Giving - Société Française de Physique|date=30. 9. 2015|publisher=Sfpnet.fr|access-date=14. 1. 2020|archive-date=18. 8. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818110051/https://www.sfpnet.fr/holweck-2015-prize-giving|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2016. |[[Zoran Hadžibabić]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amop.phy.cam.ac.uk/Holweck|title=Holweck Prize awarded to Prof Hadzibabic &#124; Atomic, Mesoscopic and Optical Physics|date=10. 5. 2019|publisher=Amop.phy.cam.ac.uk|access-date=14. 1. 2020}}</ref> |- |2017. |[[Victor Malka]] | |- |2018. |[[Marina Galand]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfpnet.fr/holweck-prize-2018-awarded-to-marina-galand|title=Holweck Prize 2018 awarded to Marina Galand|website=www.sfpnet.fr|publisher=Société Française de Physique|access-date=28. 12. 2019}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/183596/space-physicist-galand-wins-fernand-holweck/|title=Space Physicist Galand wins the Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize|last=Wade|first=Jess|date=8. 12. 2017|website=Imperial News|publisher=Imperial College London}}</ref> |- |2019. |[[Xavier Garbet]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfpnet.fr/the-iop-sfp-holweck-prize-2019-awarded-to-xavier-garbet|title=The IOP-SFP Holweck Prize 2019 awarded to Xavier Garbet|date=25. 11. 2019|website=www.sfpnet.fr|publisher=Société Française de Physique}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> |- |2020. |[[Charles Adams]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfpnet.fr/the-iop-sfp-holweck-prize-2020-awarded-to-charles-adams|title=The IOP-SFP Holweck Prize 2020 awarded to Charles Adams|date=27. 11. 2020|website=www.sfpnet.fr|publisher=Société Française de Physique|access-date=14. 4. 2024|archive-date=23. 7. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723002500/https://www.sfpnet.fr/the-iop-sfp-holweck-prize-2020-awarded-to-charles-adams|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2021. |[[Guy Le Lay]] | |- |2022. |[[Philippe Claudin]] i [[Bruno Andreotti]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iop.org/about/awards/international-bilateral-awards/fernand-holweck-medal-and-prize-recipients|title=Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize recipients {{!}} Institute of Physics|website=www.iop.org|language=en|access-date=18. 7. 2025}}</ref> |- |2023. |[[Amaury Triaud]] | |- |2024. |[[Ludovic Berthier]] | |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Naučne nagrade]] 3hmamcf2yj4ugd60ygpebl5dc2su3va 8 509306 3839636 3646091 2026-05-05T09:01:41Z Srđan 73336 3839636 json application/json { "addReference": { "minimumCharacters": 60, "beforePunctuation": false, "maximumEditcount": 500, "ignoreSections": [ "Vanjski linkovi", "Razgovor" ], "ignoreLeadSection": true }, "externalLink": { "ignoreSections": [ "Vanjski linkovi" ] } } 58cpem9yh0r1y4bsy0hrbmfujg6uy0p 0 513614 3839611 3684769 2026-05-05T08:16:31Z Panasko 146730 3839611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Objektno-relacijsko mapiranje''' ('''ORM''', '''O/RM''' i '''O/R''' '''alat za mapiranje''') u [[Računarstvo|računarstvu]] je tehnika [[Računarsko programiranje|programiranja]] za konverziju podataka između [[Relacijska baza|relacijske baze]] podataka i memorije (obično heap-a) [[Objektno orijentirano programiranje|objektno orijentisanog]] programskog jezika. Na taj način se kreira virtuelna [[objektna baza podataka]] koja se može koristiti unutar [[Programski jezik|programskog jezika]]. U objektno orijentisanom programiranju, zadaci upravljanja podacima djeluju na objekte koji kombinuju [[Skalar (matematika)|skalarne]] vrijednosti u objekte. Na primjer, razmotrimo unos u adresaru koji predstavlja jednu osobu sa nula ili više telefonskih brojeva i nula ili više adresa. Ovo se može modelirati u objektno orijentisanoj implementaciji kao "Objekat Osoba" sa atributom/poljem za svaku stavku podataka koju unos sadrži: ime osobe, lista telefonskih brojeva i lista adresa. Lista telefonskih brojeva bi sadržavala "Objekte TelefonskiBroj" i tako dalje. Svaki takav unos u adresaru tretira se kao jedan objekat u programskom jeziku (na primjer, može se referencirati pomoću jedne varijable koja sadrži pokazivač na objekat). Različite [[Metoda (programiranje)|metode]] mogu se povezati s objektom, kao što su metode za vraćanje preferiranog telefonskog broja, kućne adrese i slično. Za razliku od toga, relacijske [[Baza podataka|baze podataka]], poput [[SQL|SQL-a]], grupišu skalarne vrijednosti u [[N-torka|n-torke]], koje se zatim organizuju u tabele. N-torke i objekti imaju određenu sličnost, jer su oba načina za skupljanje vrijednosti u imenovana polja tako da se cijela kolekcija može tretirati kao jedinstvena složena cjelina. Međutim, postoje mnoge razlike među njima, posebno u upravljanju životnim ciklusom (umetanje i brisanje redova naspram automatskog oslobađanja memorije ili brojanja referenci), referenciranju drugih entiteta (reference na objekte naspram stranih ključeva) i nasljeđivanju (nepostojeće u relacijskim bazama podataka). Također, objekti se upravljaju u memoriji (na heap-u) i pod punom su kontrolom jednog procesa, dok se n-torke u bazama podataka dijele i zahtijevaju zaključavanje, spajanje i ponovno pokušavanje. Objektno-relacijsko mapiranje pruža automatsku podršku za mapiranje n-torki u objekte i obratno, uzimajući u obzir sve ove razlike.<ref name="hibernate-orm-overview">{{cite web|url=http://www.hibernate.org/about/orm|title=What is Object/Relational Mapping?|work=Hibernate Overview|publisher=JBOSS Hibernate|language=en-US|access-date=27. 1. 2022}}</ref> Suština problema leži u prevođenju logičke reprezentacije objekata u atomizirani oblik koji može biti pohranjen u bazi podataka, a da pritom sačuva svojstva objekata i njihove odnose, tako da se mogu ponovo učitati kao objekti kada je to potrebno. Ako je ova funkcionalnost pohrane i preuzimanja implementirana, kaže se da su objekti "postojani" ili "persistentni".<ref name="hibernate-orm-overview" /> == Pregled == Implementacijski specifični detalji upravljačkih programa za pohranu obično su obuhvaćeni [[Aplikativni programski interfejs|API-jem]] u korištenom programskom jeziku, čime se omogućavaju metode za interakciju s medijem za pohranu na jednostavniji način i u skladu s paradigmom okolnog koda. Sljedeći primjer, napisan u [[C#Historija|C#]] kodu, prikazuje izvršavanje upita napisanog u [[SQL]]-u korištenjem baze podataka.<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp"> var sql = "SELECT id, first_name, last_name, phone, birth_date, sex, age FROM persons WHERE id = 10"; var result = context.Persons.FromSqlRaw(sql).ToList(); var name = result[0]["first_name"]; </syntaxhighlight>Nasuprot tome, sljedeći primjer koristi ORM-job API koji omogućava pisanje koda koji prirodno koristi funkcionalnosti jezika.<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp"> var person = repository.GetPerson(10); var firstName = person.GetFirstName(); </syntaxhighlight>Gornji primjer koristi objekt koji predstavlja spremište za pohranu i njegove metode. Drugi okviri mogu pružiti kod kao statičke metode, kao u primjeru ispod, dok neki drugi pristupi možda uopće ne implementiraju objektno orijentisani sistem. Često se izbor paradigme donosi kako bi ORM što bolje odgovarao principima dizajna jezika u kojem se koristi.<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp">var person = Person.Get(10);</syntaxhighlight> == Poređenje s tradicionalnim tehnikama pristupa podacima == U poređenju s tradicionalnim tehnikama razmjene između objektno orijentisanog jezika i relacijske baze podataka, ORM često smanjuje količinu koda koji je potrebno napisati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/1998/11/ry033/13rRUxC0SRY.|title=CSDL {{!}} IEEE Computer Society|website=www.computer.org|access-date=28. 10. 2024}}</ref> Nedostaci ORM alata obično proizlaze iz visokog nivoa [[Apstrakcija (računarstvo)|apstrakcije]] koji skriva šta se zapravo dešava u implementacijskom kodu. Također, pretjerano oslanjanje na ORM [[softver]] često se navodi kao jedan od glavnih faktora koji dovode do loše dizajniranih baza podataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://community.spiceworks.com/t/wrecking-your-database/929008|title=Wrecking Your Database|date=6. 8. 2009|website=Spiceworks Community|language=en|access-date=29. 10. 2024}}</ref> == Objektno-orjentisane baze podataka == Drugi pristup je korištenje [[Objektno orijentisani sistem za upravljanje bazama podataka|objektno orijentisanog sistema za upravljanje bazama podataka]] (OODBMS) ili [[Dokumentno orijentisane baze podataka|dokumentno orijentisanih baza]], kao što su nativne [[XML baze podataka]], koje pružaju veću fleksibilnost u modeliranju podataka. OODBMS su baze podataka posebno dizajnirane za rad s objektno orijentisanim vrijednostima. Korištenje OODBMS-a eliminiše potrebu za konvertovanjem podataka u SQL formu i obrnuto, jer su podaci pohranjeni u svom izvornom objektu i veze su direktno predstavljene, umjesto da zahtijevaju [[pridružene tabele]]/operacije. Ekvivalent ORM-a za dokumentno orijentisane baze nazivaju se objekat-dokument maperi (ODM). Dokumentno orijentisane baze podataka također sprečavaju korisnika da mora "razlagati" objekte na redove tabela. Mnogi od ovih sistema podržavaju i [[XQuery]] jezik za upite radi preuzimanja skupova podataka. Objektno orijentisane baze podataka obično se koriste u složenim, specifičnim aplikacijama. Jedan od argumenata protiv korištenja OODBMS-a je to što možda neće moći izvršavati ad-hoc upite koji su neovisni od aplikacije. Zbog toga se mnogi programeri osjećaju komfornije s objektno-SQL mapiranjem, iako većina objektno orijentisanih baza podataka može obrađivati SQL upite u određenoj mjeri. Neki OODBMS-ovi pružaju replikaciju u SQL baze podataka, kao način rješavanja potrebe za ad-hoc upitima, istovremeno zadržavajući dobro poznate obrasce upita. == Izazovi == Različite poteškoće nastaju pri pokušaju usklađivanja objektno orijentisanog sistema s relacijskom bazom podataka. Ove poteškoće nazivaju se objektno-relacijski impedancijski nesklad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorenz|first=Martin|last2=Rudolph|first2=Jan-Peer|last3=Hesse|first3=Günter|last4=Uflacker|first4=Matthias|last5=Plattner|first5=Hasso|date=2017|title=Object-Relational Mapping Revisited - A Quantitative Study on the Impact of Database Technology on O/R Mapping Strategies|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Object-Relational-Mapping-Revisited-A-Quantitative-Lorenz-Rudolph/708ac5e798b7e45b949d42e2f872549a3612e1e2|journal=Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences|doi=10.24251/HICSS.2017.592}}</ref> Alternativa implementaciji ORM-a je korištenje nativnih proceduralnih jezika koje pruža svaka velika baza podataka. Ovi jezici mogu se pozvati sa strane klijenta pomoću SQL naredbi. Dizajnerski obrazac [[Data Access Object]] (DAO) koristi se za apstrahovanje ovih naredbi i nudi lagani objektno orijentisani interfejs ostatku aplikacije.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/oracle/prog2/ch18_05.htm|title=Oracle PL/SQL Programming|last=Feuerstein|first=Steven|author2=Bill Pribyl|date=septembar 1997|location=18.5 Modifying Persistent Objects|language=en-US|access-date=23. 8. 2011}}</ref> ORM-ovi su ograničeni na unaprijed definisane funkcionalnosti, koje možda neće pokriti sve specifične slučajeve ili karakteristike baze podataka. Obično ublažavaju ovo ograničenje pružanjem interfejsa korisnicima za pisanje sirovih upita, kao što je slučaj s Django ORM-om.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.1/topics/db/sql/|title=Performing raw SQL queries {{!}} Django documentation|website=Django Project|language=en|access-date=8. 9. 2024}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.artima.com/intv/abstract3.html O ORM-u] u Anders Hejlsberg * [http://www.agiledata.org/essays/mappingObjects.html Mapiranje objekata u relacijske baze podataka: O/R mapiranje u detaljima] Scott W. Ambler [[Kategorija:Baze podataka]] c0uffawk0mccubh8g4847du6mmwvfns 0 522001 3839426 3830834 2026-05-04T12:04:20Z KWiki 9400 3839426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija teniser | ime = Jannik Sinner | slika = Jannik Sinner (2024 US Open) 04 (cropped).jpg | veličina_slike = 250px | tekst = Sinner na [[US Open 2024 – muški singl|US Openu 2024.]] | puno_ime = | izvorno_ime = | jezik_izvornog_imena = | itf_ime = | nadimak = | država = {{ZID|Italija}} | prebivalište = [[Monte Carlo]] | datum_rođenja = {{datum_rođenja_i_godine|2001|8|16}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[San Candido]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | visina = 191 cm | težina = | profesionalni_početak = 2018. | kraj_karijere = | ruka = Desna (dvoručni bekhend) | koledž = | trener = [[Simone Vagnozzi]]<br/>[[Darren Cahill]] | novčane_nagrade = 63.506.324 $ *<small>[[ATP Tour rekordi#Zarada|6. svih vremena]]</small> | kuća_slavnih_god = | kuća_slavnih_id = | služeni_sajt = {{URL|janniksinner.com}} | pobjede-porazi_pojedinačno = {{pob-por-tenis|pobjede=351|porazi=88}} | turniri_pojedinačno = 28 | najbolji_plasman_pojedinačno = '''1.''' (10. 6. 2024) | trenutni_plasman_pojedinačno = 1. (4. 5. 2026) | australian_open_pojedinačno = '''P''' ([[Australian Open 2024 – muški singl|2024]], [[Australian Open 2025 – muški singl|2025]]) | roland_garros_pojedinačno = F ([[Roland Garros 2025 – muški singl|2025]]) | wimbledon_pojedinačno = '''P''' ([[Wimbledon 2025 – muški singl|2025]]) | us_open_pojedinačno = '''P''' ([[US Open 2024 – muški singl|2024]]) | masters_cup_pojedinačno = '''P''' ([[ATP Finals 2024 – singl|2024]]) | olimpijske_igre_pojedinačno = | pobjede-porazi_parovi = {{pob-por-tenis|pobjede=27|porazi=26}} | turniri_parovi = 1 | najbolji_plasman_parovi = 124. (27. 9. 2021) | trenutni_plasman_parovi = | australian_open_parovi = | roland_garros_parovi = | wimbledon_parovi = | us_open_parovi = | masters_cup_parovi = | olimpijske_igre_parovi = | pobjede-porazi_mješoviti_parovi = | turniri_mješoviti_parovi = | australian_open_mješoviti_parovi = | roland_garros_mješoviti_parovi = | wimbledon_mješoviti_parovi = | us_open_mješoviti_parovi = | olimpijske_igre_mješoviti_parovi = | davis_cup = '''P''' ([[Davis Cup 2023 – završni turnir|2023]], [[Davis Cup 2024 – završni turnir|2024]]) | laver_cup = | atp_cup = | hopman_cup = | modul = | medalje = | ažurirano = 4. 5. 2026. }} '''Jannik Sinner''' [[italija]]nski je [[tenis]]er. Prvi je Italijan u historiji koji je bio na broju 1 ATP-liste. Osvojio je 28 turnira, uključujući [[Australian Open]] [[Australian Open 2024 – muški singl|2024.]] i [[Australian Open 2025 – muški singl|2025]], [[US Open]] [[US Open 2024 – muški singl|2024]], [[Wimbledon 2025 – muški singl|Wimbledon 2025.]] i [[Tennis Masters Cup]] [[ATP Finals 2024 – singl|2024.]] te devet titula iz serije [[ATP Masters 1000|Masters 1000]]. Također je predvodio [[Teniska reprezentacija Italije|Italiju]] do krune u [[Davis Cup]]u [[Davis Cup 2023 – završni turnir|2023.]] i [[Davis Cup 2024 – završni turnir|2024.]] Uprkos ograničenom uspjehu kao junior, počeo je igrati na profesionalnim turnirima sa 16 godina i postao jedan od rijetkih igrača koji je osvojio više [[ATP Challenger Tour|čelendžera]] sa 17 godina. U 2019. probio se među 100 najboljih, osvojivši [[ATP Next Generation Finals 2019.|ATP Next Generation Finals]] i nagradu za novajliju godine. Godine 2021. na [[ATP Washington 2021 – singl|Washington Openu]] postao je najmlađi pobjednik nekog turnira iz serije [[ATP 500]] i prvi igrač rođen 2000-ih koji je ušao među prvih deset na ATP-listi. Prvi Masters osvojio je na [[Rogers Cup 2023 – muški singl|Canadian Openu 2023.]] i završio sezonu tako što je stigao do finala [[ATP Finals 2023 – singl|Tennis Masters Cupa]] i odveo Italiju do titule u Davis Cupu. Na Australian Openu 2024. u pet setova pobijedio je prvog igrača svijeta [[Novak Đoković|Novaka Đokovića]], a zatim i [[Danil Medvedev|Danila Medvedeva]] u [[Finale Australian Opena 2024 – muški singl|finalu]], preokrenuvši zaostatak od 0–2 u setovima i osvojivši svoju prvu titulu na [[Grand Slam]] turnirima. Slijedile su titule na tri turnira Masters 1000, US Open i Masters Cupu da bi godinu završio kao broj 1. Godine 2025. odbranio je titulu na Australian Openu, nakon čega je odslužio tromjesečnu suspenziju od [[WADA]]-e zbog slučaja dopinga iz prethodne sezone.<ref>{{cite web |title= Top-ranked Jannik Sinner gets three-month ban in settlement of doping case |url= https://www.tsn.ca/tennis/top-ranked-jannik-sinner-gets-three-month-ban-in-settlement-of-doping-case-1.2252986 |publisher= TSN |access-date= 15. 2. 2025 |date= 15. 2. 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Zatim je stigao do [[Finale Roland Garrosa 2025 – muški singl|finala]] [[Roland Garros 2025 – muški singl|Roland Garrosa]], izgubivši od [[Carlos Alcaraz|Carlosa Alcaraza]] u sjajnom meču, ali mu je uzvratio već u finalu Wimbledona iste godine. == Statistike == {{Glavni|Statistike karijere Jannika Sinnera}} === Grand Slam turniri === ''Nakon [[Australian Opena 2026 – muški singl|Australian Opena 2026.]]'' {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center !Turnir!![[ATP Tour 2019.|2019.]]!![[ATP Tour 2020.|2020.]]!![[ATP Tour 2021.|2021.]]!![[ATP Tour 2022.|2022.]]!![[ATP Tour 2023.|2023.]]!![[ATP Tour 2024.|2024.]]!![[ATP Tour 2025.|2025.]]!![[ATP Tour 2025.|2025.]]!!O/I!!Pob–Por!!Pob % |- |align=left bgcolor=efefef|[[Australian Open]] |N |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2020 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2021 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Australian Open 2022 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Australian Open 2023 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=lime|'''[[Australian Open 2024 – muški singl|P]]''' |bgcolor=lime|'''[[Australian Open 2025 – muški singl|P]]''' |bgcolor=yellow|[[Australian Open 2026 – muški singl|PF]] |bgcolor=efefef|2/7 |bgcolor=efefef|27–5 |bgcolor=efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=27|lost=5|integer=yes}} |- |align=left bgcolor=efefef|[[Roland Garros]] |N |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Roland Garros 2020 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2021 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2022 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Roland Garros 2023 – muški singl|2K]] |bgcolor=yellow|[[Roland Garros 2024 – muški singl|PF]] |bgcolor=thistle|[[Roland Garros 2025 – muški singl|F]] | |bgcolor=efefef|0/6 |bgcolor=efefef|22–6 |bgcolor=efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=22|lost=6|integer=yes}} |- |align=left bgcolor=efefef|[[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledon]] |KV1 |style=color:#767676|NO |bgcolor=afeeee|[[Wimbledon 2021 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Wimbledon 2022 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=yellow|[[Wimbledon 2023 – muški singl|PF]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[Wimbledon 2024 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=lime|'''[[Wimbledon 2025 – muški singl|P]]''' | |bgcolor=efefef|1/5 |bgcolor=efefef|20–4 |bgcolor=efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=20|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- |align=left bgcolor=efefef|[[US Open]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2019 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2020 – muški singl|1K]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2021 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[US Open 2022 – muški singl|ČF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[US Open 2023 – muški singl|4K]] |bgcolor=lime|'''[[US Open 2024 – muški singl|P]]''' |bgcolor=thistle|[[US Open 2025 – muški singl|F]] | |bgcolor=efefef|1/7 |bgcolor=efefef|23–6 |bgcolor=efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=23|lost=6|integer=yes}} |-style=background:#efefef;font-weight:bold |style=text-align:left|Pob–Por |0–1 |5–3 |6–4 |15–4 |12–4 |23–2 |26–2 |5–1 |4/25 |92–21 |{{tennis win percentage|won=92|lost=21|integer=yes}} |} == Važnija finala == === Grand Slam === ==== Pojedinačno: 6 (4–2) ==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !Ishod !Godina !Turnir !Podloga !Protivnik !Rezultat |-style=background:#ffc |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Australian Open 2024 – muški singl|2024.]] |[[Australian Open]] |Tvrda |{{flagg|uxx|blank}} [[Danil Medvedev]] |[[Finale Australian Opena 2024 – muški singl|3:6, 3:6, 6:4, 6:4, 6:3]] |-style=background:#ccf |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[US Open 2024 – muški singl|2024.]] |[[US Open]] |Tvrda |{{ZD|SAD}} [[Taylor Fritz]] |6:3, 6:4, 7:5 |-style=background:#ffc |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Australian Open 2025 – muški singl|2025.]] |Australian Open {{small|(2)}} |Tvrda |{{ZD|NJE}} [[Aleksandar Zverev (teniser, 1997)|Aleksandar Zverev]] |6:3, 7:6⁴, 6:3 |-style=background:#ebc2af |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[Roland Garros 2025 – muški singl|2025.]] |[[Roland Garros]] |Zemlja |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] |{{nowrap|[[Finale Roland Garrosa 2025 – muški singl|6:4, 7:6⁴, 4:6, 6:7³, 6:7²]]}} |-style=background:#cfc |style=background:#98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Wimbledon 2025 – muški singl|2025.]] |[[Wimbledon (tenis)|Wimbledon]] |[[Travnati teren|Trava]] |{{ZD|ŠPA}} Carlos Alcaraz |[[Finale Wimbledona 2025 – muški singl|4:6, 6:4, 6:4, 6:4]] |-style=background:#ccf |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[US Open 2025 – muški singl|2025.]] |US Open |Tvrda |{{ZD|ŠPA}} Carlos Alcaraz |2:6, 6:3, 1:6, 4:6 |} === ATP Finals === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:96%;" !Turnir!![[ATP Tour 2019.|2019.]]!![[ATP Tour 2020.|2020.]]!![[ATP Tour 2021.|2021.]]!![[ATP Tour 2022.|2022.]]!![[ATP Tour 2023.|2023.]]!![[ATP Tour 2024.|2024.]]!![[ATP Tour 2025.|2025.]]!!width=35|O/I!!width=35|Pob–Por!!width=35|Pob % |- |style="background:#efefef;" align=left|[[Tennis Masters Cup|ATP Finals]] |colspan=2 style=color:#767676|NKV |bgcolor=afeeee|[[ATP Finals 2021 – singl|RR]] |style=color:#767676|NKV |bgcolor=thistle|[[ATP Finals 2023 – singl|F]] |bgcolor=lime|[[ATP Finals 2024 – singl|'''P''']] |bgcolor=lime|[[ATP Finals 2025 – singl|'''P''']] |bgcolor=efefef|2/4 |bgcolor=efefef|15–2 |bgcolor=efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=15|lost=2|integer=yes}} |} ==== Finala: 3 (2–1) ==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Ishod ! Godina ! width=120 | Turnir ! Podloga ! width=150 | Protivnik ! width=100 class="unsortable" | Rezultat |-bgcolor=ffffcc |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[ATP Finals 2023 – singl|2023.]] |[[ATP Finals]] |rowspan=3|Tvrda (d) |{{ZD|SRB}} [[Novak Đoković]] |3:6, 3:6 |-bgcolor=ffffcc | bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[ATP Finals 2024 – singl|2024.]] |[[ATP Finals]] |{{ZD|SAD}} [[Taylor Fritz]] |6:4, 6:4 |-bgcolor=ffffcc |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[ATP Finals 2025 – singl|2025.]] |style=background:#ffffcc|ATP Finals <small>(2)</small> |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] |7:6⁴, 7:5 |} === [[ATP Masters 1000]] === ==== Pojedinačno: 13 (9–4) ==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !Ishod !Godina !Turnir !Podloga !Protivmik !class="unsortable"|Rezultat |- |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[Miami Masters 2021 – singl|2021.]] |bgcolor=ccccff rowspan=2|[[Miami Masters]] |bgcolor=ccccff rowspan=2|Tvrda |{{ZD|POLJ}} [[Hubert Hurkacz]] |6:7⁴, 4:6 |- |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[Miami Masters 2023 – singl|2023.]] |{{flagg|uxx|blank}} [[Danil Medvedev]] |5:7, 3:6 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Rogers Cup 2023 – muški singl|2023.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|[[Rogers Cup|Canada Masters]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{ZD|AUS}} [[Alex de Minaur]] |6:4, 6:1 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Miami Masters 2024 – singl|2024.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Miami Masters |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{ZD|BUG}} [[Grigor Dimitrov]] |6:3, 6:1 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Cincinnati Masters 2024 – singl|2024.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|[[Cincinnati Masters]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{ZD|SAD}} [[Frances Tiafoe]] |7:6⁴, 6:2 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Shanghai Masters 2024 – singl|2024.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|[[Shanghai Masters (tenis)|Shanghai Masters]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{ZD|SRB}} [[Novak Đoković]] |7:6⁴, 6:3 |- |style=background:#ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[Rim Masters 2025 – singl|2025.]] |style=background:#ebc2af|[[Rim Masters]] |style=background:#ebc2af|Zemlja |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] |6:7⁵, 1:6 |- |bgcolor=ffa07a|Poraz |align=center|[[Cincinnati Masters 2025 – singl|2025.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|[[Cincinnati Masters]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] |0:5, predaja |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Pariz Masters 2025 – singl|2025.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|[[Pariz Masters]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda (d) |{{ZD|KAN}} [[Félix Auger-Aliassime]] |6:4, 7:6⁴ |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Indian Wells Masters 2026 – singl|2026.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Indian Wells Masters |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{flagg|uxx|blank}} [[Danil Medvedev]] |7:6⁶, 7:6⁴ |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Miami Masters 2026 – singl|2026.]] |bgcolor=ccccff|Miami Masters |bgcolor=ccccff|Tvrda |{{ZD|ČEŠ}} [[Jiří Lehečka]] |6:4, 6:4 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Monte Carlo Masters 2026 – singl|2026.]] |bgcolor=ebc2af|[[Monte Carlo Masters]] |bgcolor=ebc2af|Zemlja |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] |7:6⁵, 6:3 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Pobjeda |align=center|[[Madrid Masters 2026 – singl|2026.]] |bgcolor=ebc2af|[[Madrid Masters]] |bgcolor=ebc2af|Zemlja |{{ZD|NJE}} [[Aleksandar Zverev (teniser, 1997)|Aleksandar Zverev]] |6:1, 6:2 |} == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Jannik Sinner}} * [https://janniksinner.com Službeni sajt] * [https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview ATP-profil] * [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/overview/ ITF-profil] * [https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800405198 Davis Cup profil] {{S-start}} {{Redoslijed |prije = {{ZD|AUS}} [[Alex de Minaur]] |naslov = ATP Novajlija godine <br/> 2019. |poslije = {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] }} {{Redoslijed |prije = {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Carlos Alcaraz]] |naslov = ATP Igrač koji je najviše napredovao <br/> 2023. |poslije = {{ZD|FRA}} [[Giovanni Mpetshi Perricard]] }} {{Redoslijed |prije = {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Rafael Nadal]] |naslov = ATP Omiljeni igrač po izboru navijača <br/> 2023, 2024. |poslije = ''čeka se'' }} {{Redoslijed |prije = {{ZD|SRB}} [[Novak Đoković]] |naslov = ATP Igrač godine <br/> 2024. |poslije = ''čeka se'' }} {{S-end}} {{Pobjednici Australian Opena}} {{Pobjednici Wimbledona}} {{Pobjednici US Opena}} {{Pobjednici ATP Masters turnira - pojedinačno}} {{Pobjednici Masters Cupa}} {{ATP brojevi 1}} {{Italijanski sportist godine}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinner, Jannik}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 2001.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biogafije, San Candido]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski teniseri]] [[Kategorija:Pobjednici US Opena]] 0byiht5tae296we32i1krn0j5ddelog 0 529509 3839445 3839415 2026-05-04T13:45:57Z Z1KA 87045 3839445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija vojni sukob | sukob = Jugoslavenska kampanja u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992. | dio = [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini]] i [[Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji]] | slika = VRS T-34.JPEG | opis_slike = Tenk T-34 VRS-a pored nasipa prekrivenog snijegom tokom [[IFOR|operacije "Joint Endeavour"]]. | datum = mart – septembar 1992. | mjesto = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | rezultat = Pobjeda JNA<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it1IAQAAIAAJ&q=balkan+battlegrounds:+a+military+history+of+the+yugoslav+conflict |title=Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict |date=2002 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis |isbn=978-0-16-066472-4 |page=160 |language=en}}</ref><br> * Proglašena [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]] kao posebna srpska paradržava odvojena od [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. U sastav ušle ranije proglašene [[Srpska autonomna oblast#Bosna i Hercegovina|Srpske autonomne oblasti]] (SAO). * [[Teritorijalna odbrana Bosne i Hercegovine|Teritorijalna odbrana BiH]] (TORBiH) i [[Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske|Hrvatska vojska]] (HV) protjerani iz [[Foča (Republika Srpska)|Foče]], [[Višegrad]]a, [[Prijedor]]a, [[Ilidža|Ilidže]], [[Zvornik]]a, [[Kupres (Republika Srpska)|Kupres]]a, [[Doboj]]a, [[Brčko]]g, [[Bijeljina|Bijeljine]], [[Šamac|Bosanskog Šamca]] i dr. * Osnovana [[Vojska Republike Srpske]] (VRS). * [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija]] (JNA) i [[Hrvatska kopnena vojska|Hrvatska vojska]] napuštaju Bosnu i Hercegovinu nakon dogovora sa [[UNPROFOR]]-om. Veliki dio vojnika i opreme JNA prešlo je u novoformiranu VRS. | strana1 = {{ZID|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija|ime=SR Jugoslavija}}<br>{{ZID|Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|ime=Srpska Republika Bosna i Hercegovina}} | strana2 = {{ZID|Republika Bosna i Hercegovina}}<br>{{ZID|Herceg-Bosna}}<br>{{ZID|Hrvatska}} | komandant1 = {{ZD|SRJ}} [[Slobodan Milošević]]<br>{{ZD|SRJ}} [[Željko Ražnatović]]<br>{{ZD|SRJ}} [[Vojislav Šešelj]]<br>{{ZD|Republika Srpska (1992–1995)}} [[Radovan Karadžić]] | komandant2 = {{ZD|RBiH}} [[Alija Izetbegović]]{{POW}}<br>{{ZD|RBiH}} [[Sefer Halilović]]<br>{{ZD|RBiH}} [[Murat Šabanović]]<br>{{ZD|HRHB}} [[Mate Boban]]<br>{{ZD|HRHB}} [[Milivoj Petković]] | jedinice1 = {{tree list}} * [[Datoteka:Emblem of the Yugoslav People's Army (1991-1992).svg|22px]] [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|JNA]] ** {{ZD slika|Kov-JNA.png}} [[Kopnena vojska Jugoslavenske narodne armije|Kopnena vojska]] ** {{ZD slika|Flag of the Yugoslav Air Force (obverse).svg}} [[Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana Jugoslavenske narodne armije|RV i PVO]] * {{ZD slika|Patch of the Army of Republika Srpska.svg|size=22px}} [[Vojska Republike Srpske]] (od 12. maja) * [[Datoteka:Policija Republike Srpske 1992.png|22px]] [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srpske|MUP Republike Srpske]] * [[Datoteka:Patch of the Serb Volunteer Guard.svg|22px]] [[Srpska dobrovoljačka garda]] * [[Datoteka:Patch of the White Eagles.svg|22px]] [[Beli orlovi]] {{tree list/end}} | jedinice2 = {{tree list}} * [[Datoteka:Flag of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|26px]] [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Armija Republike BiH]] (od 15. aprila) ** [[Datoteka:Emblem of the Territorial Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|22px]] [[Teritorijalna odbrana Bosne i Hercegovine|Teritorijalna odbrana BiH]] ** [[Datoteka:Patriotic League Enblem.png|20px]] [[Patriotska liga]] ** [[Datoteka:Эмблема спецподразделения "Зеленые береты".png|20px]] [[Zelene beretke (Bosna i Hercegovina)|Zelene beretke]] * [[Datoteka:Policija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine.png|20px]] [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|MUP RBiH]] * {{ZD slika|Flag of Croatian Army.svg}} [[Hrvatska kopnena vojska|Hrvatska vojska]] * {{ZD slika|Flag of Croatian Defence Council.svg}} [[Hrvatsko vijeće odbrane]] * {{ZD slika|HOS flag.svg}} [[Hrvatske odbrambene snage]] * {{ZD slika|Herzeg-Bosnia Police.svg}} [[Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna#Vojska|MUP Herceg-Bosne]] {{tree list/end}} | snage1 = [[Datoteka:Emblem of the Yugoslav People's Army (1991-1992).svg|22px]] '''[[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|JNA]]''' 100.000 vojnika<br>{{ZD slika|Patch of the Army of Republika Srpska.svg|size=22px}} '''[[Vojska Republike Srpske|VRS]]''' 40.000 (od 12. do 19. maja) | snage2 = [[Datoteka:Emblem of the Territorial Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] '''[[Teritorijalna odbrana Bosne i Hercegovine|TORBiH]]''' 70.000 vojnika<br>{{ZD slika|Flag of Croatian Defence Council.svg}} '''[[Hrvatsko vijeće odbrane|HVO]]''' 20.000<br>{{ZD slika|Flag of Croatian Army.svg}} '''[[Hrvatska kopnena vojska|HV]]''' 15.000 | žrtve1 = Nepoznato | žrtve2 = Ogromni }}{{Kampanja - Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini}} '''Jugoslavenska kampanja u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992.''' predstavlja kulminaciju metodičnog procesa vojne transformacije i operativne ofanzive kojom je [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija]] (JNA), djelujući u koordinaciji sa snagama [[Srpska autonomna oblast#Bosna i Hercegovina|Srpskih autonomnih oblasti (SAO)]], provela stratešku okupaciju većeg dijela Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="Mladic_Judgement">MKSJ, Presuda u predmetu Tužilac protiv Ratka Mladića (IT-09-92-T), 22. novembar 2017.</ref> Kampanja je uključivala sistemsko naoružavanje srpskih paravojnih formacija, blokadu ključnih komunikacija i provođenje kampanje etničkog čišćenja nesrpskog stanovništva, što je rezultiralo uspostavljanjem kontrolnih linija koje su u velikoj mjeri definisale tok rata.<ref name="Karadzic_Judgement">Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju (MKSJ), Presuda u predmetu Tužilac protiv Radovana Karadžića (IT-95-5/18-T), 24. mart 2016.</ref> Kampanja je bila dio [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]. Nakon nezavisnosti [[Rat u Sloveniji|Slovenije]] i [[Rat u Hrvatskoj|Hrvatske]] od [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije]] 1991, multietnička [[Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina]], koju su uglavnom naseljavali [[Muslimani (narod)|muslimanski]] [[Bošnjaci]] (43%), [[Srpska pravoslavna crkva|pravoslavni]] [[Srbi u Bosni i Hercegovini|Srbi]] (31%) i [[Katoličanstvo|katolički]] [[Hrvati u Bosni i Hercegovini|Hrvati]] (17%), izglasala je [[Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|referendum o nezavisnosti]] 29. februara 1992. Politički predstavnici bosanskohercegovačkih Srba bojkotovali su referendum i odbacili njegov ishod. Predviđajući ishod referenduma, [[Narodna skupština Republike Srpske|Skupština Srpskog naroda u Bosni i Hercegovini]] usvojila je [[Ustav Republike Srpske|Ustav Srpske Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] 28. februara 1992. Nakon proglašenja [[Nezavisnost|nezavisnosti]] Bosne i Hercegovine (koje je dobilo međunarodno priznanje) i nakon povlačenja [[Alija Izetbegović|Alije Izetbegovića]] iz prethodno potpisanog [[Carrington–Cutileiro plan]]a (koji je predlagao podjelu Bosne na etničke [[Kanton|kantone]]), Srbi, predvođeni [[Radovan Karadžić|Radovanom Karadžićem]] i uz podršku vlasti [[Slobodan Milošević|Slobodana Miloševića]] i [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|Jugoslavenske narodne armije]] (JNA), mobilizirali su svoje snage unutar Bosne i Hercegovine kako bi osigurali etničku srpsku teritoriju. Rat se ubrzo proširio po cijeloj zemlji, praćen [[Etničko čišćenje|etničkim čišćenjem]]. Prvi sukobi dogodili su se na [[Kupres (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine)|Kupresu]] između [[Teritorijalna odbrana|Teritorijalne odbrane]] [[Hrvati u Bosni i Hercegovini|bosanskohercegovačkih Hrvata]], koju je podržavala [[Hrvatska kopnena vojska|Hrvatska vojska]] s jedne strane, i [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|Jugoslavenske narodne armije]]. Kasnije su se vodile bitke za [[Zvornik]], [[Višegrad]], [[Foča (Republika Srpska)|Foču]], [[Doboj]], [[Prijedor]] i mnoge druge gradove. JNA se zvanično povukla iz Bosne i Hercegovine u septembru 1992. U januaru 1992. proglašena je samoproglašena država [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Srpska Republika Bosna i Hercegovina]]. Kasnije preimenovana u [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republiku Srpsku]], razvila je vlastitu vojsku dok se JNA povlačila i predala svoje oružje, opremu i 55.000 vojnika novostvorenoj [[Vojska Republike Srpske|Vojsci Republike Srpske]].^{[[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|[42]]][[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|[44]]]} Dana 20. maja 1992. JNA je formalno raspuštena, a njeni ostaci su se reformirali u [[Vojska Srbije i Crne Gore|vojsku]] preimenovane [[Srbija i Crna Gora|Savezne Republike Jugoslavije]]. == Pozadina == === Raspad Jugoslavije === {{Glavni|Raspad Jugoslavije}} U Jugoslaviji je nastala kriza kao rezultat slabljenja sistema na kraju [[Hladni rat|Hladnog rata]]. U Jugoslaviji je nacionalna socijalistička partija, [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije]], izgubila ideološki potencijal. U međuvremenu, etnički nacionalizam je doživio renesansu 1980-ih nakon nasilja na [[Kosovo|Kosovu]].<ref name="Pavkovic">{{Cite book|last=Pavkovic|first=Aleksandar|title=The fragmentation of Yugoslavia: nationalism and war in the Balkans|publisher=MacMillan Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-312-23084-5|page=85}}</ref> Dok je cilj [[Srpski nacionalizam|srpskih nacionalista]] bio centralizacija Jugoslavije, druge nacionalnosti su težile decentralizaciji i daljoj federalizaciji države.<ref name="Crnobanja">{{Cite book|last=Crnobrnja|first=Mihailo|title=The Yugoslav drama|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co|year=1994|isbn=978-1-86064-126-8|page=107}}</ref> Bosna i Hercegovina, bivša [[Osmansko Carstvo|osmanska]] provincija, historijski je bila multietnička država. Prema [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 1991.|popisu stanovništva iz 1991]], 43,47% stanovništva se smatralo [[Muslimani (narod)|Muslimanima]] ([[Bošnjaci|Bošnjacima]]), 31,21% Srbima i 17,38% Hrvatima, dok se 5,54% izjasnilo kao [[Jugoslaveni]].<ref name="Sourcebook">{{Cite book|last=Klemenčič|first=Matjaž|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC&pg=PA311|title=The former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|last2=Žagar|first2=Mitja|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=978-1-57607-294-3|location=Santa Barbara, California|page=311}}</ref> U martu 1989. kriza u Jugoslaviji se produbila nakon usvajanja amandmana na [[Ustav Srbije]] koji su vladi Srbije omogućili dominaciju nad pokrajinama [[Kosovo i Metohija|Kosovom]] i [[Vojvodina|Vojvodinom]]. <ref name="Bethlehem1997p20">{{Harvnb|Bethlehem|Weller|1997}}</ref> Do tada je proces donošenja odluka na Kosovu i u Vojvodini bio nezavisan, a svaka autonomna pokrajina imala je pravo glasa na saveznom nivou. Srbija je, pod novoizabranim predsjednikom [[Slobodan Milošević|Slobodanom Miloševićem]], stekla kontrolu nad tri od osam glasova u [[Predsjedništvo Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije|jugoslavenskom predsjedništvu]]. Sa dodatnim glasovima iz Crne Gore, Srbija je tako mogla snažno uticati na odluke savezne vlade. Ova situacija dovela je do prigovora drugih republika i poziva na reformu Jugoslavije. Na [[14. izvanredni kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije|14. vanrednom kongresu Saveza komunista Jugoslavije]], održanom 20. januara 1990. delegacije republika nisu se mogle složiti oko glavnih pitanja s kojima se suočava Jugoslavija. Kao rezultat toga, slovenski i hrvatski delegati su napustili Kongres. Slovenska delegacija, na čelu s [[Milan Kučan|Milanom Kučanom]], zahtijevala je demokratske promjene i labaviju federaciju, dok se srpska delegacija, na čelu s Miloševićem, tome protivila.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Death Of Yugoslavia Part 1 Enter Nationalism 5|date=May 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hqDqwLqFJg|accessdate=2022-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016222359/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hqDqwLqFJg|archivedate=16 October 2022|language=en}}</ref> Na [[Opći izbori u SR Bosni i Hercegovini 1990.|prvim višestranačkim izborima]] u Bosni i Hercegovini, održanim u novembru 1990. glasovi su uglavnom davani prema etničkoj pripadnosti, što je dovelo do uspjeha bošnjačke [[Stranka demokratske akcije|Stranke demokratske akcije]] (SDA), [[Srpska demokratska stranka|Srpske demokratske stranke]] (SDS) i [[Hrvatska demokratska zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine|Hrvatske demokratske zajednice]] (HDZ BiH).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/nationaldeconstr0000camp|title=National deconstruction: Violence, identity, and justice in Bosnia|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8166-2937-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationaldeconstr0000camp/page/220 220]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Stranke su podijelile vlast po etničkim linijama, tako da je predsjednik [[Predsjedništvo Socijalističke Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Predsjedništva Socijalističke Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] bio Musliman, predsjednik [[Skupština Socijalističke Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|skupštine SRBiH]] Srbin, a predsjednik [[Izvršno vijeće Skupštine Socijalističke Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|vlade SRBiH]] Hrvat. Separatističke nacionalističke stranke su osvojile vlast u drugim republikama, uključujući Hrvatsku i Sloveniju.<ref>{{Cite book|last=S. Lobell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fvFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|title=Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation|last2=P. Mauceri|date=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-4039-8141-7|pages=79–}}</ref> === Početak jugoslavenskih ratova === {{Glavni|Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji}} ==== Plan "RAM" ==== {{Glavni|Plan "RAM"}} [[Datoteka:Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_1991.png|mini|Etnička karta Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.]] Strateški okvir kampanje bio je definisan dokumentom poznatim kao [[Plan "RAM"]], čiji je cilj bio redefinisanje granica Jugoslavije kroz stvaranje homogenog srpskog teritorija.<ref name="Vreme_RAM">"Plan RAM - Kako je Milošević naoružao Karadžića", Vreme, septembar 1991.</ref> Postojanje ovog plana potvrdio je tadašnji predsjednik vlade SFRJ [[Ante Marković]], razotkrivši snimke razgovora između [[Slobodan Milošević|Slobodana Miloševića]] i [[Radovan Karadžić|Radovana Karadžića]] o naoružavanju lokalnih srpskih straža.<ref name="Markovic_Testimony">Svjedočenje Ante Markovića pred MKSJ, predmet Tužilac protiv Slobodana Miloševića (IT-02-54), 2003.</ref> Prema podacima Saveznog sekretarijata za narodnu odbranu (SSNO), JNA je do marta 1992. jedinicama [[Srpska demokratska stranka|SDS-a]] i paravojnim grupama podijelila ukupno 51.192 komada naoružanja.<ref name="Mladic_Judgement" /><ref name="BBC_Ko_je_bio">"Ko je bio Momčilo Krajišnik", BBC News na srpskom, 15. septembar 2020.</ref> Istovremeno je provedeno razoružavanje legalne [[Teritorijalna odbrana SR Bosne i Hercegovine|Teritorijalne odbrane SRBiH]], čime je sistemski eliminisan kapacitet države za organizovanu odbranu.<ref name="Reneo">{{Cite book|last=Luki|first=Reneo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC&pg=PA204|title=Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|last2=Lynch|first2=Allen|publisher=SIPRI, Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=9780198292005|page=204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dobbs|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcgyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA426|title=Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire|publisher=A&C Black|year=1997|isbn=9780747533948|pages=426–27}}</ref> Novinar Giuseppe Zaccaria sažeo je sastanak oficira srpske vojske u Beogradu 1992, izvještavajući da su usvojili eksplicitnu politiku usmjerenu na žene i djecu kao ranjivi dio muslimanske društvene strukture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Card|first=Claudia|url=https://archive.org/details/confrontingevils0000card|title=Confronting Evils: Terrorism, Torture, Genocide|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9781139491709|page=[https://archive.org/details/confrontingevils0000card/page/269 269]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Prema nekim izvorima, plan "RAM" je osmišljen 1980-ih.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tatum|first=Dale C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8b_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|title=Genocide at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Darfur|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780230109674|page=76}}</ref> ==== Početak krize ==== [[Datoteka:Srpske_autonomne_oblasti_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini_u_studenome_1991.png|mini|Srpske autonomne oblasti u novembru 1991.]] Početkom 1991. održani su sastanci između lidera šest jugoslavenskih republika i dvije autonomne regije kako bi se razgovaralo o krizi.{{Sfn|Sadkovich|2007}} Srpsko rukovodstvo je favorizovalo federalno rješenje, dok su hrvatsko i slovensko rukovodstvo favorizovali savez suverenih država. [[Alija Izetbegović]] je u februaru predložio asimetričnu federaciju, u kojoj bi Slovenija i Hrvatska održavale labave veze sa četiri preostale republike. Ubrzo nakon toga, promijenio je stav i odlučio se za suverenu Bosnu i Hercegovinu kao preduslov za takvu federaciju.{{Sfn|Ramet|2006}} [[Franjo Tuđman]] i srbijanski predsjednik [[Slobodan Milošević]] održali su [[Sastanak u Karađorđevu|sastanak 25. marta u Karađorđevu]].{{Sfn|Lučić|2008}} Sastanak je bio kontroverzan zbog toga što su se dvojica predsjednika složila s podjelom Bosne i Hercegovine.{{Sfn|Lučić|2008}} Dana 6. juna, Izetbegović i makedonski predsjednik [[Kiro Gligorov]] predložili su slabu konfederaciju između Hrvatske, Slovenije i federacije ostale četiri republike, što je Miloševićeva vlada odbila.{{Sfn|Tanner|2001}} Dana 25. juna 1991. Slovenija i Hrvatska su proglasile nezavisnost. Uslijedio je [[Rat u Sloveniji|oružani sukob]] u Sloveniji, dok su sukobi u područjima Hrvatske sa značajnim stanovništvom etničkih Srba eskalirali u [[Rat u Hrvatskoj|rat velikih razmjera]].{{Sfn|CIA|2002}} [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija]] (JNA) odustala je od napora da ponovo uspostavi kontrolu nad Slovenijom u julu, dok su se borbe u Hrvatskoj intenzivirale sve do dogovora o [[Vanceov plan|prekidu vatre]] u januaru 1992. JNA je također napala Hrvatsku iz Bosne i Hercegovine.{{Sfn|Lukic|Lynch|1996}} U julu 1991. predstavnici [[Srpska demokratska stranka|Srpske demokratske stranke]] (SDS), uključujući predsjednika SDS-a [[Radovan Karadžić|Radovana Karadžića]], sastali su se sa predstavnicima [[Stranka demokratske akcije|Stranke demokratske akcije]] (SDA), [[Muhamed Filipović|Muhamedom Filipovićem]] i [[Adil Zulfikarpašić|Adilom Zulfikarpašićem]], te su dogovorili sporazum poznat kao [[sporazum Karadžić – Filipović]]. Ovim bi SR Bosnu i Hercegovinu ostavile u državnoj zajednici sa SR Srbijom i SR Crnom Gorom, a samoproglašene [[Srpska autonomna oblast#Bosna i Hercegovina|Srpske autonomne oblasti]] bi bile ukinute. Sporazum su osudile hrvatske političke stranke. Iako je u početku pozdravila inicijativu, Izetbegovićeva administracija ga je kasnije odbacila.{{Sfn|Ramet|2006}} Između septembra i novembra 1991. SDS je organizirao stvaranje nekoliko [[Srpska autonomna oblast|Srpskih autonomnih oblasti]] (SAO) u Hrvatskoj i BiH.{{Sfn|Caspersen|2010}} To je bio odgovor na korake Bošnjaka i Hrvata ka nezavisnosti od Jugoslavije.{{Sfn|Trbovich|2008}} Slične korake su kasnije poduzeli i Hrvati, proglašenjem [[Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna|Hrvatske zajednice Herceg-Bosne]].{{Sfn|Trbovich|2008}} U augustu 1991. [[Evropska ekonomska zajednica]] je bila domaćin [[Badinterova komisija|konferencije]] u pokušaju da spriječi rat u Bosni i Hercegovini. Dana 25. septembra 1991. [[Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija]] usvojilo je [[Rezolucija 713 Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija|Rezoluciju 713]], kojom je nametnut embargo na oružje svim bivšim jugoslavenskim republikama. Embargo je imao mali uticaj na JNA i srpske snage. Hrvatske snage su zaplijenile oružje od JNA tokom [[Bitka za kasarne|Bitke kod kasarne]]. Embargo je imao značajan uticaj u Bosni i Hercegovini na početku [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u BiH]].{{Sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999}} Srpska vojska je naslijedila naoružanje i opremu JNA, dok su hrvatske i bošnjačke snage dobile oružje preko Hrvatske, kršeći embargo.{{Sfn|Shrader|2003}} Dana 19. septembra 1991. JNA je premjestila dodatne trupe u područje oko grada [[Mostar|Mostara]]. Lokalne vlasti su protestovale protiv toga. Dana 20. septembra 1991, JNA je prebacila trupe na [[Bitka za Vukovar|front kod Vukovara]] preko [[Višegrad]]a na sjeveroistoku [[Bosna (regija)|Bosne]]. Kao odgovor, lokalni Hrvati i Bošnjaci postavili su barikade i mitraljeske položaje. Zaustavili su kolonu od 60 tenkova JNA, ali su sljedećeg dana silom rastjerani. Više od 1.000 ljudi moralo je pobjeći iz tog područja. Ova akcija, skoro sedam mjeseci prije početka rata u BiH, uzrokovala je prve žrtve u jugoslavenskim ratovima u BiH. U prvim danima oktobra, JNA je napala i razorila većinski hrvatsko selo [[Ravno]] u [[Istočna Hercegovina|istočnoj Hercegovini]], na putu da [[Opsada Dubrovnika|napadne Dubrovnik]] u južnoj Hrvatskoj.{{Sfn|Ramet|2006}} Dana 6. oktobra 1991. predsjednik Predsjedništva SRBiH [[Alija Izetbegović]] dao je televizijsku proklamaciju neutralnosti, koja je sadržavala izjavu "ovo nije naš rat".{{Sfn|Shrader|2003}} Izetbegović je 14. oktobra dao izjavu pred skupštinom u vezi s JNA: "Ne činite ništa protiv Armije. (...) prisustvo Armije je za nas stabilizirajući faktor, a ta Armija nam je potrebna... Do sada nismo imali problema s Armijom, niti ćemo ih imati problema ni kasnije." Izetbegović je tog dana u skupštini imao oštru raspravu s [[Radovan Karadžić|Radovanom Karadžićem]]. Nakon što je Karadžić rekao da se Muslimani ne mogu braniti ako se razvije ratno stanje, Izetbegović je primijetio da Karadžićevo ponašanje i govor smatra uvredljivim i da to objašnjava zašto se Muslimani osjećaju nepoželjno, da njegov ton može objasniti zašto se drugi u federaciji Jugoslavije osjećaju odbijeno i da su Karadžićeve prijetnje nedostojne srpske nacije.<ref>Snimak sa sjednice Skupštine SR Bosne i Hercegovine, 88/3. – 89/2. AG, 89/3. – 90/4.</ref> === Konačna politička kriza === Dana 15. oktobra 1991. [[Skupština Socijalističke Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] usvojila je "''Memorandum o suverenitetu Bosne i Hercegovine''" prostom većinom, preglasavajući zastupnike [[Srpska demokratska stranka|Srpske demokratske stranke]].<ref name="cook140">{{Cite book|last=Cook|first=Bernard A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&pg=PA140|title=Europe Since 1945|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7|volume=1|page=140|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123234340/https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&pg=PA140|archive-date=23 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Memorandumu su žestoko protivili srpski zastupnici, tvrdeći da Ustav zahtijeva proceduralne garancije i [[Apsolutna većina|dvotrećinsku većinu]] za takva pitanja. O Memorandumu se ipak raspravljalo, što je dovelo do bojkota skupštine od strane Srba, a zakon je na kraju usvojen. Srpski politički predstavnici proglasili su [[Narodna skupština Republike Srpske|Skupštinu Srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine]] 24. oktobra 1991, izjavivši da srpski narod želi ostati u Jugoslaviji.{{Sfn|Trbovich|2008}} [[Stranka demokratske akcije]] (SDA), koju je predvodio Alija Izetbegović, i [[Hrvatska demokratska zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine|Hrvatska demokratska zajednica BiH]] (HDZ BiH), koju je predvodio član hrvatski predsjedništva [[Stjepan Kljuić]], bile su odlučne u nastojanju da BiH ostvari nezavisnost i imale su podršku [[Evropa|Evrope]] i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]]-a. SDS je jasno stavio do znanja da će se, ako se proglasi nezavisnost, Srbi otcijepiti. HDZ BiH je osnovan kao ogranak vladajuće stranke u [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]], [[Hrvatska demokratska zajednica|Hrvatske demokratske zajednice]] (HDZ). Iako je prvobitno pozivao bosanskohercegovačke Hrvate da glasaju za na nezavisnost zemlje, došlo je do podjela u stranci, gdje su neki zagovarali otcjepljenje područja s hrvatskom većinom. U novembru 1991. hrvatsko rukovodstvo je organizovalo autonomne zajednice u područjima s hrvatskom većinom. Dana 12. novembra 1991. u [[Brod (općina)|Bosanskom Brodu]] je osnovana Hrvatska zajednica Bosanske Posavine . Obuhvatala je 8 općina u [[Bosna (regija)|sjevernoj Bosni]]. Dana 18. novembra 1991. u [[Mostar]]u je osnovana [[Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna|Hrvatska zajednica Herceg-Bosna]]. [[Mate Boban]] je izabran za njenog predsjednika. U njenom osnivačkom dokumentu stoji: "Zajednica će poštovati demokratski izabranu vladu Republike Bosne i Hercegovine dok god postoji državna nezavisnost Bosne i Hercegovine u odnosu na bivšu ili bilo koju drugu Jugoslaviju". Memoari [[Borisav Jović|Borisava Jovića]] pokazuju da je 5. decembra 1991. Milošević naredio reorganizaciju vojnika JNA u BiH i povlačenje njenog ne-bosanskog osoblja, u slučaju da bi priznanje rezultiralo percepcijom JNA kao strane sile; bosanskohercegovački Srbi bi ostali da čine jezgro Vojske Republike Srpske. Shodno tome, do kraja mjeseca samo 10-15% osoblja u JNA u BiH bilo je izvan republike.{{Sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999}} Silber i Little primjećuju da je Milošević tajno naredio da se svi vojnici JNA rođeni u BiH da se prebace u BiH. Jovićevi memoari sugeriraju da je Milošević planirao napad na BiH mnogo ranije. Dana 9. januara 1992. bosanskohercegovački Srbi su proglasili "Srpsku Republiku Bosni i Hercegovini" (kasnije preimenovana u "[[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]]").{{Sfn|Trbovich|2008}} [[Badinterova komisija|Arbitražna komisija Mirovne Konferencije o Jugoslaviji]] je u svom Mišljenju br. 4 o Bosni i Hercegovini od 11. januara 1992. navela da nezavisnost Bosne i Hercegovine ne treba priznati jer zemlja još nije održala referendum o nezavisnosti.<ref name="rich">{{Cite journal|last=Roland Rich|year=1993|title=Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|url=http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1207.pdf|journal=European Journal of International Law|volume=4|issue=1|pages=48–51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143955/http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1207.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2012|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref> [[Datoteka:Later_carrington_cutillero.png|mini|[[Carrington-Cutillerov plan]]: Srpski kantoni prikazani crvenom bojom, Muslimanski kantoni zelenom, a Hrvatski kantoni plavom bojom. Žutom bojom je prikazan distrikt Sarajevo, zajednička autonomna jedinica.]] Dana 25. januara 1992, sat vremena nakon što je sjednica skupštine prekinuta, skupština je raspisala referendum o nezavisnosti za 29. februar i 1. mart.{{Sfn|Trbovich|2008}} Rasprava je završena nakon što su se srpski zastupnici povukli nakon što je većinska bošnjačko-hrvatska koalicija odbila prijedlog da se referendumsko pitanje stavi pred još neosnovano Vijeće za nacionalnu ravnopravnost. Prijedlog referenduma usvojen je u obliku u kojem su ga predložili muslimanski zastupnici, u odsustvu članova SDS-a. Kako Burg i Shoup primjećuju, "odluka je stavila vladu i Srbe u sukob". Predstojeći referendum izazvao je međunarodnu zabrinutost u februaru. [[Rat u Hrvatskoj]] rezultirao je [[Rezolucija 743 Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija|Rezolucijom 743 Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija]] od 21. februara 1992. kojom su stvorene [[UNPROFOR|Zaštitne snage Ujedinjenih nacija]] (UNPROFOR). Tokom pregovora u [[Lisabon|Lisabonu]] 21. i 22. februara, posrednik [[Evropska komisija|Evropske komisije]] [[José Cutileiro]] predstavio je [[Mirovni planovi prije i tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini#Carrington–Cutileiro plan|mirovni plan]], kojim se predlaže da se država Bosna i Hercegovina podijeli na tri konstitutivne jedinice. Nakon revizije plana, Sve tri strane su 18. marta 1992. potpisale sporazum; [[Alija Izetbegović]] za Bošnjake, [[Radovan Karadžić]] za Srbe i [[Mate Boban]] za Hrvate. Plan je odredio da svaka od 109 [[Općine Bosne i Hercegovine|općina]] bude podijeljena između tri etničke strane. Međutim 10 dana kasnije, Izetbegović je povukao svoj potpis i izjavio da se protivi bilo kakvoj podjeli BiH. U međuvremenu, [[Ustav Republike Srpske|Ustav Srpske Republike BiH]] proglašen je 28. februara 1992, te u njemu piše da Republiku čine "područja autonomnih oblasti, općina i drugih srpskih etničkih cjelina, uključujući i područja na kojima je nad srpskim narodom u Drugom svjetskom ratu izvršen zločin genocida", te je proglašena dijelom Jugoslavije.<ref name="sim.law.uu.nl">{{Cite web|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/tribunalen.nsf/db2e2884b11f7cbbc125720a007af60b/8cc6f2501fe7c551c12571fe004d31cd?OpenDocument|title=ICTY/ ZUPLJANIN, Stojan/ Indictment (Amended)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526165938/http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/tribunalen.nsf/db2e2884b11f7cbbc125720a007af60b/8cc6f2501fe7c551c12571fe004d31cd?OpenDocument|archive-date=26 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref> Zastupnici skupštine Srpskog naroda u BiH savjetovali su Srbe da bojkotuju [[Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|referendum o nezavisnosti]]. Izlaznost na referendumima je, prema izvještajima, bila 63,7%, a 99,71% birača glasalo je za nezavisnost (što implicira da su Srbi, koji su činili približno 31,21% stanovništva, uglavnom bojkotovali referendum).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=UserGroups.Home&ContentRecord_id=250&ContentType=G&ContentRecordType=G&UserGroup_id=5&Subaction=ByDate|title=The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina: 29 February–1 March 1992|year=1992|publisher=Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132353/http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=UserGroups.Home&ContentRecord_id=250&ContentType=G&ContentRecordType=G&UserGroup_id=5&Subaction=ByDate|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=28 December 2009}}</ref> Srpsko političko rukovodstvo iskoristilo je referendume kao izgovor za postavljanje barikada u znak protesta. Nezavisnost je formalno proglašena 3. marta 1992.{{Sfn|Bose|2009}} === Sukobi na dane referenduma === {{Glavni|Referendum o nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Napad na svadbu u Sarajevu}} Tokom referenduma 1. marta, Sarajevo je bilo tiho, osim pucnjave na [[Napad na svadbu u Sarajevu|srpsku svadbu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Judah|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxQaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT320|title=The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780300147841|pages=320}}</ref> Mahanje srpskim zastavama na [[Baščaršija|Baščaršiji]] muslimani su na dan referenduma doživjeli kao namjernu provokaciju.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Radha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHEXb81jRMcC&pg=PA38|title=Divide and Fall? Bosnia in the Annals of Partition|publisher=Verso|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85984-183-9|page=38}}</ref> Nikola Gardović, otac mladoženje, ubijen je, a [[Srpska pravoslavna crkva|srpski pravoslavni svećenik]] je ranjen. Svjedoci su identificirali ubicu kao [[Ramiz Delalić|Ramiza Delalića]], gangstera koji je postao drzak kriminalac od pada komunizma i za kojeg se tvrdilo da je bio član bošnjačke paravojne grupe "[[Zelene beretke (Bosna i Hercegovina)|Zelene beretke]]". Izdane su potjernice za njim i još jednim osumnjičenim napadačem. SDS je osudio ubistvo i tvrdio da je neuspjeh u njegovom hapšenju posljedica saučesništva SDA ili bosanskohercegovačke vlade.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Donia|first=Robert J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrpUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|title=Radovan Karadzic: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107073357|pages=162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glassrpske.com/vijest/2/novosti/18496/cir/Godisnjica-ubistva-srpskog-svata-na-Bascarsiji.html|title=Godišnjica ubistva srpskog svata na Baščaršiji|date=1 March 2009|publisher=Glas Srpske|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503041429/http://www.glassrpske.com/vijest/2/novosti/18496/cir/Godisnjica-ubistva-srpskog-svata-na-Bascarsiji.html|archive-date=3 May 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Portparol SDS-a izjavio je da je to dokaz da su Srbi u smrtnoj opasnosti i da će biti još više u nezavisnoj BiH, što je [[Sefer Halilović]], osnivač [[Patriotska liga|Patriotske lige]], odbacio, izjavivši da to nije bila svadba već provokacija i optužio goste na svadbi da su aktivisti SDS-a. Barikade su se pojavile sljedećeg jutra na ključnim tranzitnim tačkama širom grada, a na njima su bili naoružani i maskirani pristalice SDS-a.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morrison|first=Kenneth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2FBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|title=Sarajevo's Holiday Inn on the Frontline of Politics and War|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781137577184|page=88}}</ref> Nakon što je Bosna i Hercegovina proglasila nezavisnost od Jugoslavije 3. marta 1992. izbile su sporadične borbe između Srba i vladinih snaga širom države.<ref>Cannon, P., The Third Balkan War and Political Disunity: Creating A Cantonal Constitutional System for Bosnia-Herzegovina, Jrnl. Trans. L. & Pol., Vol. 5-2</ref> Nakon revizije Lisabonskog plana, Sve tri strane su 18. marta 1992. potpisale sporazum; [[Alija Izetbegović]] za Bošnjake, [[Radovan Karadžić]] za Srbe i [[Mate Boban]] za Hrvate. Plan je odredio da svaka od 109 [[Općine Bosne i Hercegovine|općina]] bude podijeljena između tri etničke strane. Međutim 10 dana kasnije, nakon sastanka sa američkim ambasadorom u Jugoslaviji [[Warren Zimmermann|Warrenom Zimmermannom]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]], Izetbegović je povukao svoj potpis i izjavio da se protivi bilo kakvoj podjeli BiH. Šta je i ko rekao, ostaje nejasno. Zimmermann je negirao da je Izetbegoviću rekao da će [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], ako povuče svoj potpis, priznati BiH kao nezavisnu državu. Ono što je nesporno jeste da je Izetbegović istog dana povukao svoj potpis i odrekao se sporazuma. Krajem marta 1992. došlo je do borbi između Srba i združenih hrvatskih i bošnjačkih snaga u i blizu [[Brod (općina)|Bosanskog Broda]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudetic|first=Chuck|date=28 March 1992|title=Bosnia asking for U.N. peace forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/28/world/bosnia-asking-un-for-peace-forces.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810074324/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/28/world/bosnia-asking-un-for-peace-forces.html|archive-date=10 August 2018|access-date=18 July 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref> što je rezultiralo [[Masakr u Sijekovcu|Masakrom u Sijekovcu]] od strane [[Hrvatske odbrambene snage|Hrvatskih odbrambenih snaga]] (HOS).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Knezevic|first=Irena|date=30 May 2010|title=Croatian president honors Serb victims in Bosnia|url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2010/05/30/croatian_president_honors_serb_victims_in_bosnia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154426/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2010/05/30/croatian_president_honors_serb_victims_in_bosnia/|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=18 July 2015|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Srpske paravojne formacije počinile su [[masakr u Bijeljini]], u kojem je većina žrtava bila Bošnjaci, 1. i 2. aprila 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/krajisnik/tjug/en/kra-jud060927e.pdf|title=Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik: Judgement|date=27 September 2006|publisher=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|pages=113–118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518033410/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/krajisnik/tjug/en/kra-jud060927e.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> == Tok kampanje == {{Glavni|Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini}} Nakon proglašenja [[Nezavisnost|nezavisnosti]] Bosne i Hercegovine (koja je dobila međunarodno priznanje) i nakon povlačenja [[Alija Izetbegović|Alije Izetbegovića]] iz prethodno potpisanog [[Mirovni planovi prije i tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini#Carrington–Cutileiro plan|Cutileirovog plana]] (koji je predlagao podjelu Bosne na etničke kantone), [[Srbi u Bosni i Hercegovini|bosanskohercegovački Srbi]], predvođeni [[Radovan Karadžić|Radovanom Karadžićem]] i podržani od strane vlade [[Slobodan Milošević|Slobodana Miloševića]] i [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|Jugoslavenske narodne armije]] (JNA), mobilizirali su svoje snage unutar Bosne i Hercegovine kako bi osigurali teritoriju pod kontrolom etničkih Srba. Prva značajna bitka izbila je u [[Bijeljina|Bijeljini]] 31. marta između Bošnjaka i Srba. To je trajalo do 3. aprila, kada su [[Željko Ražnatović|Arkan]] i njegovi [[Srpska dobrovoljačka garda|tigrovi]] uništili pobunjeničke [[Patriotska liga|vojnike Patriotske lige]] i počinili [[Masakr u Bijeljini|masakr]] nad civilima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katera.news/lat/oslobadjanje-bijeljine-1992-godine|title=Oslobađanje Bijeljine 1992. godine {{!}} Katera|website=katera.news|language=sr-Latn|access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref> Rat se ubrzo proširio po cijeloj zemlji, praćen [[Etničko čišćenje|etničkim čišćenjem]]. Rat u BiH eskalirao je u aprilu. Dana 3. aprila započela je [[Bitka za Kupres (1992)|Bitka na Kupresu]] između JNA i kombinovanih snaga HVO-HOS koja je završila pobjedom JNA.{{Sfn|CIA|2002b}} Dana 6. aprila, srpske snage su počele granatirati [[Sarajevo]], a u naredna dva dana prešle su [[Drina|Drinu]] iz [[Centralna Srbija|uže Srbije]] i opkolile [[Zvornik]], [[Višegrad]] i [[Foča (Republika Srpska)|Foču,]] gdje su većinsko muslimansko stanovništvo. Dana 15. aprila [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|JNA]] je preuzela potpunu kontrolu nad [[Višegrad|Višegradom]] u [[Operacija Višegrad|Operaciji Višegrad]]. Dana 17. aprila JNA je preuzela potpunu kontrolu nad [[Foča (Republika Srpska)|Fočom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katera.news/lat/borbe-u-podrinju-visegrad-foca-1992|title=Borbe u Podrinju - Višegrad, Foča 1992. {{!}} Katera|website=katera.news|language=sr-Latn|access-date=2024-07-23}}</ref> Nakon zauzimanja [[Zvornik|Zvornika]], vojnici VRS ubile su nekoliko stotina Muslimana i prisilile desetine hiljada na bijeg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-53805419|title=Kako su Ukrajinci u Bosni spasili hiljade ljudi od masakra|date=18 August 2020|website=BBC News na srpskom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103204350/https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-53805419|archive-date=3 January 2021|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Cijela BiH je bila zahvaćena ratom do sredine aprila. Dana 23. aprila, JNA je helikopterom evakuirala svoje osoblje iz kasarne u [[Čapljina|Čapljini]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niskevesti.info/izvedena-za-samo-75-minuta-godisnjica-operacije-spasavanja-vojnika-iz-opkoljene-kasarne-u-capljini/|title=IZVEDENA ZA SAMO 7,5 MINUTA Godišnjica operacije spašavanja vojnika iz opkoljene kasarne u Čapljini - Niške vesti|website=niskevesti.info|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> koja je bila blokirana od 4. marta. Uloženi su napori da se zaustavi nasilje. Dana 27. aprila, vlada BiH je naredila da se JNA stavi pod civilnu kontrolu ili protjera, nakon čega su uslijedili sukobi početkom maja između njih. Dana 22. aprila Bošnjaci i Hrvati napali su [[Ilidža|Ilidžu,]] ali taj napad nije uspio. [[Prijedor]] su preuzeli Srbi 30. aprila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icty.org/en/outreach/bridging-the-gap-with-local-communities/prijedor|title=Bridging the Gap in Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina {{!}} International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|website=www.icty.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923161147/https://www.icty.org/en/outreach/bridging-the-gap-with-local-communities/prijedor|archive-date=23 September 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2022-08-24}}</ref> Dana 2. maja, [[Zelene beretke (Bosna i Hercegovina)|Zelene beretke]] i lokalni članovi bandi odbranili su neorganizovani srpski napad čiji je cilj bio prepoloviti Sarajevo. Dana 3. maja, Izetbegovića su na sarajevskom aerodromu oteli oficiri JNA, a on je korišten za siguran prolaz trupa JNA iz centra Sarajeva. Međutim, paravojne muslimanske snage [[Incident u Dobrovoljačkoj 1992.|su napale konvoj JNA koji je odlazio]], što je ogorčilo sve strane. [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|ARBIH]] i HVO su ponovo napali [[Ilidža|Ilidžu]] 14. maja, ali taj napad nije uspio i JNA ih je pobijedila. Dana 15. maja došlo je do [[Tuzlanska kolona|sličnog incidenta i s kolonom]] u [[Tuzla|Tuzli]]. Ono što je započelo kao mirno povlačenje uz dogovor s lokalnim vlastima završilo se zasjedom, kada su [[Patriotska liga]], [[Zelene beretke (Bosna i Hercegovina)|Zelene beretke]] i ostali iz lokalne policije napali kolonu. Prekid vatre i sporazum o evakuaciji JNA potpisani su 18. maja, a 20. maja bosanskohercegovačko predsjedništvo proglasilo je JNA okupacijskom snagom. [[Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju]] (MKSJ) utvrdio je da je [[Incident u Dobrovoljačkoj 1992.|vojna kolona u Dobrovoljačkoj ulici]] bila legitiman vojni cilj, dok u slučaju [[Tuzlanska kolona|Tuzlanske kolone]] nije podigao optužnice, prepustivši procese lokalnim pravosuđima koja su, poput Apelacionog suda u Beogradu, donijela oslobađajuće presude zbog nedostatka dokaza o navodnom ratnom zločinu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sarajevotimes.com/why-was-the-jna-column-a-legitimate-military-target/|title=Why was the JNA Column a legitimate military Target?|last=Y.Z|date=2022-05-04|website=Sarajevo Times|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-61445058|title=Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini: Tuzlanska kolona, 30 godina kasnije - ratni zločin ili simbol odbrane|date=2022-05-15|website=BBC News na srpskom|language=sr-Latn|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Posljedice == [[Vojska Republike Srpske]] je novoosnovana i stavljena pod komandu generala [[Ratko Mladić|Ratka Mladića]], u novoj fazi rata. Kampanja JNA u BiH se isplatila kao veoma korisna za stranu VRS-a. Nakon što je [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija]] napustila BiH, odigrala je ulogu u vojnoj pomoći. Samo su [[Srpska dobrovoljačka garda]] i druge srpske dobrovoljačke grupe iz Srbije ostale u BiH, sukobljavajući se sa Bošnjacima i Hrvatima zajedno sa [[Vojska Republike Srpske|Vojskom Republike Srpske]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/u-hrasnici-obiljezeno-27-godina-bitke-za-famos/190805045|title=U Hrasnici obilježeno 27. godina bitke za Famos|website=www.klix.ba|language=hr|access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini]] * [[Plan "RAM"]] * [[Opsada Sarajeva]] * [[Teritorijalna odbrana Bosne i Hercegovine]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Literatura == * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC|title=The Yugoslav Crisis in International Law|first1=Daniel|last1=Bethlehem|first2=Marc|last2=Weller|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780521463041}} * {{cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Contested Lands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02856-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Burg|first1=Steven L.|last2=Shoup|first2=Paul S.|title=The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/warinbosniaherze00stev|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3189-3}} * {{cite book|last=Caspersen|first=Nina|title=Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtYcqAF1EegC|year=2010|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-791-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|CIA|2002}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oZpAAAAMAAJ|title=Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 1|author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]], Office of Russian and European Analysis|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2002|isbn=978-0-16-066472-4}} * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|CIA|2002b}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jodpAAAAMAAJ|title=Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 2|author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]], Office of Russian and European Analysis|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2002|isbn=978-0-16-066472-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Lučić |first=Ivo |title=Bosna i Hercegovina od prvih izbora do međunarodnog priznanja |trans-title=Bosnia and Herzegovina from the first elections to international recognition |date=June 2008 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/27111?lang=en |journal=Review of Contemporary History |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=107–140 |publisher=Croatian Institute of History |location=Zagreb, Croatia}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC|title=Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|first1=Reneo|last1=Lukic|first2=Allen|last2=Lynch|publisher=SIPRI, Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn= 9780198292005}} * {{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2006|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=978-0-253-34656-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC}} * {{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=24047&lang=en|title=Franjo Tuđman and the Muslim-Croat War of 1993|first=James J.|last=Sadkovich|pages=204–245|volume=2|issue=1|date=January 2007|journal=Review of Croatian History|issn=1845-4380}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC|last=Schindler |first=John R. |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |location=New York City |publisher=Zenith Press|year=2007 |isbn=9780760330036}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_ceXJTw71MC|title=The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994|first=Charles R.|last=Shrader|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|location=College Station, Texas|year=2003|isbn=978-1-58544-261-4}} * {{cite book | last = Tanner | first = Marcus | title = Croatia: A Nation Forged in War | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-300-09125-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sfcpsAoSoewC }} * {{cite book|last=Trbovich|first=Ana S.|title=A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ojur7dVoxIcC&pg=PA190|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-533343-5}} {{Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini}} [[Kategorija:Jugoslavenska narodna armija]] [[Kategorija:Sukobi u 1992.]] [[Kategorija:Bitke u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:1992. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] sg73g9v421oi98qtzm1ukhnjose1w0r 10 532906 3839559 3837432 2026-05-04T21:59:33Z KWiki 9400 3839559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija |ime = Psihologija |tijeloklasa = hlist |naslov = [[Psihologija]] |naslovstil = background:#BFD7FF; |grupastil = background:#CFE1FF; |iznadstil = background:#DFEBFF; |ispodstil = background:#DFEBFF; |iznad = * [[Historija psihologije|Historija]] * [[Filozofija psihologije|Filozofija]] * [[Psiholog]] |grupa1 = [[Osnovna nauka (psihologija)|Osnovna]] |podaci1 = <!--Abecedno:--> * [[Abnormalna psihologija|Abnormalna]] * [[Afektivna neuronauka]] * [[Afektivna nauka]] * [[Bihevioralna genetika]] * [[Bihevioralna neuronauka]] * [[Biheviorizam]] * [[Diferencijalna psihologija|Diferencijalna]] * [[Ekološka psihologija|Ekološka]] * [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|Eksperimentalna]] * [[Evolucijska psihologija|Evolucijska]] * [[Geštalt-psihologija|Geštalt]] * [[Ljudska inteligencija|Inteligencija]] * [[Kognitivna psihologija|Kognitivna]] / [[Kognitivizam (psihologija)|Kognitivizam]] * [[Kognitivna neuronauka]] ** [[Socijalna kognitivna neuronauka|socijalna]] * [[Komparativna psihologija|Komparativna]] * [[Kulturna psihologija|Kulturna]] * [[Kvantitativna psihologija|Kvantitativna]] * [[Matematička psihologija|Matematička]] * [[Međukulturna psihologija|Međukulturna]] * [[Moralna psihologija|Moralna]] * [[Neuropsihologija]] * [[Percepcija]] * [[Psihofiziologija]] * [[Psiholingvistika]] * [[Psihologija ličnosti]] * [[Razvojna psihologija|Razvojna]] * [[Socijalna psihologija|Socijalna]] * [[Teorijska psihologija|Teorijska]] |grupa2 = [[Primijenjena psihologija|Primijenjena]] |podaci2 = <!--Abecedno:--> * [[Anomalistička psihologija|Anomalistička]] * [[Avijacijska psihologija|Avijacijska]] * [[Psihobiografija|Biografija poznatih osoba]] * [[Psihologija boja|Boja]] * [[Ergonomija]] * [[Feministička psihologija|Feministička]] * [[Forenzička psihologija|Forenzička]] ** [[Policijska psihologija|policijska]] * [[Fotopsihologija|Fotografija]] * [[Psihohistorija|Historija]] * [[Psihologija hrane|Hrana]] * [[Humanistička psihologija|Humanistička]] * [[Industrijska i organizacijska psihologija|Industrijska i organizacijska]] * [[Klinička psihologija|Klinička]] * [[Psihologija koučinga|Koučing]] * [[Kritička psihologija|Kritička]] * [[Psihologija mase|Masa]] * [[Medicinska psihologija|Medicinska]] * [[Psihologija medija|Mediji]] * [[Psihologija mira|Mir i rat]] * [[Psihologija mode|Moda]] * [[Muzička psihologija|Muzička]] * [[Pedagoška psihologija|Pedagoška]] * [[Politička psihologija|Politička]] * [[Potrošačko ponašanje|Potrošač]] * [[Pozitivna psihologija|Pozitivna]] * [[Pravna psihologija|Pravna]] * [[Primijenjena bihevioralna analiza]] * [[Psihometrija]] * [[Psihoterapija]] * [[Psihologija religije|Religija]] * [[Saobraćajna psihologija|Saobraćajna]] * [[Psihološko savjetovanje|Savjetovanje]] * [[Psihologija sistema|Sistemi]] * [[Spolne razlike u psihologiji|Spolne razlike]] * [[Sportska psihologija|Sport i vježbanje]] * [[Suicidologija]] * [[Svemirska psihologija|Svemirska]] * [[Školska psihologija|Školska]] * [[Psihološko testiranje|Testiranje]] * [[Psihologija umjetnosti|Umjetnost]] * [[Vojna psihologija|Vojna]] * [[Psihologija zajednice|Zajednica]] * [[Psihologija zdravlja na radu|Zdravlje na radu]] * [[Zdravstvena psihologija|Zdravstvena]] |grupa3 = [[Spisak istraživačkih metoda u psihologiji|Metodologije]] |podaci3 = <!--Abecedno:--> * [[Analiza sadržaja]] * [[Arhivsko istraživanje]] * [[Bihevioralna epigenetika]] * [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|Eksperimenti]] ** [[Eksperimenti na ljudima|na ljudima]] * [[Intervju (istraživanje)|Intervjui]] * [[Kvalitativno psihološko istraživanje|Kvalitativno istraživanje]] * [[Kvantitativno psihološko istraživanje|Kvantitativno istraživanje]] * [[Neurosnimanje]] * [[Opservacija]] * [[Psihofizika]] <!-- * [[Self-report inventory]] --> * [[Metodologija ankete|Statističke ankete]] * [[Studija slučaja]] * [[Testiranje na životinjama]] |grupa4 = Pojmovi |podaci4 = * [[Emocija|Emocije]] * [[Inteligencija]] * [[Kompetencija (psihologija)|Kompetencija]] * [[Maslowljeva hijerarhija potreba]] * [[Mentalno stanje]] * [[Osjećanje|Osjećanja]] * [[Ponašanje]] * [[Spoznaja]] * [[Svjesnost]] * [[Teorija upravljanja strahom]] * [[Um]] |grupa5 = [[Spisak psihologa|Psiholozi]] |podaci5 = <!-- Prema godini rođenja --> *[[Wilhelm Wundt|Wundt]]<!-- 1832. --> *[[William James|James]]<!-- 1842. --> *[[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlov]]<!-- 1849. --> *[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]<!-- 1856. --> *[[Edward Thorndike|Thorndike]]<!-- 1874. --> *[[Carl Gustav Jung|Jung]]<!-- 1875. --> *[[John B. Watson|Watson]]<!-- 1878. --> *[[Clark L. Hull|Hull]]<!-- 1884. --> *[[Kurt Lewin|Lewin]]<!-- 1890. --> *[[Jean Piaget|Piaget]]<!-- 1896. --> *[[Gordon Allport|Allport]]<!-- 1897. --> *[[J. P. Guilford|Guilford]]<!-- 1897. --> *[[Carl Rogers|Rogers]]<!-- 1902. --> *[[Erik Erikson|Erikson]]<!-- 1902. --> *[[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]]<!-- 1904. --> *[[Donald O. Hebb|Hebb]]<!-- 1904. --> *[[Ernest Hilgard|Hilgard]]<!-- 1904. --> *[[Harry Harlow|Harlow]]<!-- 1905. --> *[[Raymond Cattell|Cattell]]<!-- 1905. --> *[[Abraham Maslow|Maslow]]<!-- 1908. --> *[[Neal E. Miller|N. Miller]]<!-- 1909. --> *[[Jerome Bruner|Bruner]]<!-- 1915. --> *[[Donald T. Campbell|Campbell]]<!-- 1916. --> *[[Hans Eysenck|Eysenck]]<!-- 1916. --> *[[Herbert A. Simon|Simon]]<!-- 1916. --> *[[David McClelland|McClelland]]<!-- 1917. --> *[[Leon Festinger|Festinger]]<!-- 1919. --> *[[George Armitage Miller|G. Miller]]<!-- 1920. --> *[[Richard Lazarus|Lazarus]]<!-- 1922. --> *[[Stanley Schachter|Schachter]]<!-- 1922. --> *[[Robert Zajonc|Zajonc]]<!-- 1923. --> *[[Albert Bandura|Bandura]]<!-- 1925. --> *[[Roger Brown (psiholog)|Brown]]<!-- 1925. --> *[[Endel Tulving|Tulving]]<!-- 1927. --> *[[Lawrence Kohlberg|Kohlberg]]<!-- 1927. --> *[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]]<!-- 1928. --> *[[Ulric Neisser|Neisser]]<!-- 1928. --> *[[Jerome Kagan|Kagan]]<!-- 1929. --> *[[Walter Mischel|Mischel]]<!-- 1930. --> *[[Elliot Aronson|Aronson]]<!-- 1932. --> *[[Daniel Kahneman|Kahneman]]<!-- 1934. --> *[[Paul Ekman|Ekman]]<!-- 1934. --> *[[Michael Posner (psiholog)|Posner]]<!-- 1936. --> *[[Amos Tversky|Tversky]]<!-- 1937. --> *[[Bruce McEwen|McEwen]]<!-- 1938. --> *[[Larry Squire|Squire]]<!-- 1941. --> *[[Richard E. Nisbett|Nisbett]]<!-- 1941. --> *[[Martin Seligman|Seligman]]<!-- 1942. --> *[[Ed Diener|Diener]]<!-- 1946. --> *[[Shelley E. Taylor|Taylor]]<!-- 1946. --> *[[John Robert Anderson (psiholog)|Anderson]]<!-- 1947. --> *[[Ronald C. Kessler|Kessler]]<!-- 1947. --> *[[Joseph E. LeDoux|LeDoux]]<!-- 1949. --> *[[Richard Davidson|Davidson]]<!-- 1951. --> *[[Susan Fiske|Fiske]]<!-- 1952. --> *[[Roy Baumeister|Baumeister]]<!-- 1953. --> |grupa6 = [[:Kategorija:Spiskovi vezani za psihologiju|Spiskovi]] |podaci6 = * [[Spisak grana psihologije|Discipline]] * [[Hronologija psihologije|Hronologija]] * [[Spisak istraživačkih metoda u psihologiji|Istraživačke metode]] * [[Opći prikaz psihologije|Opći prikaz]] * [[Spisak psiholoških organizacija|Organizacije]] * [[Spisak psihologa|Psiholozi]] * [[Spisak psihoterapija|Psihoterapije]] * [[Spisak psiholoških škola|Škole misli]] * [[Indeks članaka o psihologiji|Teme]] * [[Opći prikaz psihološkog savjetovanja|Teme u psihološkom savjetovanju]] |ispod = * {{ikona|kategorija}} [[:Kategorija:Psihologija|Kategorija]] * {{ikona|portal}} [[Portal:Psihologija|Portal]] <noinclude>[[Kategorija:Šabloni za psihologiju]]</noinclude> }} 6hfuk3k2syyy9vmnhig22lphexs9qd8 0 533669 3839484 3837658 2026-05-04T15:57:27Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija album | | naziv = Artpop | vrsta =Album | izvođač_gen = [[Lady Gaga]] | slika = Artpop Cover.png | pozadina = studio | objavljen = [[6. novembar]] [[2013]]. | snimljen = 2012.–2013. | žanr = Synthpop, dance-pop, EDM | trajanje = 59:16 | izdavač = Streamline , Interscope Records | producent = Lady Gaga, DJ White Shadow, Zedd, Madeon, Rick Rubin, Giorgio Tuinfort, Infected Mushroom, will.i.am, David Guetta | Kritike = | prethodni_album = ''A Very Gaga Holiday'' <br /> (2011) | ovaj_album = '''''Artpop''''' <br /> (2013) | sljedeći_album = ''Cheek to Cheek'' <br /> (2014) | dodatno = {{Singlovi | naziv = Artpop | vrsta = studio | singl1 = Applause | singl1datum = {{start date|2013|08|12}} | singl2 = Do What U Want | singl2datum = {{start date|2013|10|21}} | singl3 = G.U.Y. | singl3datum = {{start date|2014|03|28}} }} }} '''''Artpop''''' (stilizirano kao '''''ARTPOP''''') je treći studijski album američke pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]]. Objavljen je [[6. novembar]] [[2013]]. godine u izdanju diskografskih kuća Streamline i Interscope Records.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARTPOP - Album by Lady Gaga|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/artpop/1451767863|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=April 27, 2026|website=Apple Music}}</ref> == Pozadina i razvoj == Nakon velikog uspjeha albuma ''[[Born This Way]]'' (2011), [[Lady Gaga]] je počela rad na novom projektu već tokom iste godine. U avgustu 2012. godine javno je potvrdila naslov ''Artpop'' putem društvenih mreža, najavljujući album kao konceptualni spoj muzike, vizuelne umjetnosti i tehnologije. Razvoj albuma odvijao se u periodu 2012–2013, a Gaga je sarađivala s dugogodišnjim producentom DJ White Shadowom, kao i sa muzičarima i producentima poput Zedda i Madeona. Projekat je od početka zamišljen kao multimedijalno iskustvo, koje je uključivalo i planove za interaktivnu mobilnu aplikaciju povezanu s albumom.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Abramovitch|first=Seth|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/475255/lady-gagas-artpop-album-will-be-an-interactive-app|title=Lady Gaga's 'Artpop' Album Will Be an Interactive App|magazine=[[Billboard]]|date=September 6, 2012|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716141338/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/475255/lady-gagas-artpop-album-will-be-an-interactive-app|archive-date=July 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> U februaru 2013. godine, Gaga je bila primorana da napravi pauzu u radu nakon što je podvrgnuta operaciji kuka zbog povrede zadobijene tokom turneje ''Born This Way Ball''. Ovaj događaj značajno je uticao na produkcijski proces, produživši vrijeme završetka albuma.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/lady-gaga-cancels-tour-dates-needs-hip-surgery|title=Lady Gaga Cancels Tour, Needs Hip Surgery|magazine=Vibe|date=February 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024094643/http://www.vibe.com/article/lady-gaga-cancels-tour-dates-needs-hip-surgery|archive-date=October 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Tokom rada na ''Artpop'', Gaga je eksperimentisala s različitim muzičkim pravcima i konceptima, nastojeći pomjeriti granice pop muzike i spojiti je s umjetničkim izrazom. Inspiraciju je crpila iz savremene umjetnosti, mode i ličnih iskustava, što se odrazilo i na tematsku i vizuelnu estetiku projekta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/arts/music/blurring-art-artifice-and-pop-culture.html|title=Blurring Art, Artifice and Pop Culture|first=Jon|last=Pareles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=November 8, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006114233/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/arts/music/blurring-art-artifice-and-pop-culture.html|archive-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> == Spisak pjesama == === Standardno izdanje === {{Track listing | title1 = Aura | length1 = 3:55 | title2 = Venus | length2 = 3:54 | title3 = G.U.Y. | length3 = 3:52 | title4 = Sexxx Dreams | length4 = 3:34 | title5 = Jewels n' Drugs (ft. T.I., Too $hort & Twista) | length5 = 3:48 | title6 = MANiCURE | length6 = 3:19 | title7 = Do What U Want (ft. R. Kelly) | length7 = 3:47 | title8 = Artpop | length8 = 4:07 | title9 = Swine | length9 = 4:28 | title10 = Donatella | length10 = 4:24 | title11 = Fashion! | length11 = 3:59 | title12 = Mary Jane Holland | length12 = 4:37 | title13 = Dope | length13 = 3:41 | title14 = Gypsy | length14 = 4:08 | title15 = Applause | length15 = 3:32 }} == Reference == {{refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2013.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] hn2yxozonfqghu9172sn5bhl68osccj 3839534 3839484 2026-05-04T19:25:27Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija album | | naziv = Artpop | vrsta =Album | izvođač_gen = [[Lady Gaga]] | slika = Artpop Cover.png | pozadina = studio | objavljen = [[6. novembar]] [[2013]]. | snimljen = 2012.–2013. | žanr = Synthpop, dance-pop, EDM | trajanje = 59:16 | izdavač = Streamline , Interscope Records | producent = Lady Gaga, DJ White Shadow, Zedd, Madeon, Rick Rubin, Giorgio Tuinfort, Infected Mushroom, will.i.am, David Guetta | Kritike = | prethodni_album = ''A Very Gaga Holiday'' <br /> (2011) | ovaj_album = '''''Artpop''''' <br /> (2013) | sljedeći_album = ''Cheek to Cheek'' <br /> (2014) | dodatno = {{Singlovi | naziv = Artpop | vrsta = studio | singl1 = Applause | singl1datum = {{start date|2013|08|12}} | singl2 = Do What U Want | singl2datum = {{start date|2013|10|21}} | singl3 = G.U.Y. | singl3datum = {{start date|2014|03|28}} }} }} '''''Artpop''''' (stilizirano kao '''''ARTPOP''''') je četvrti studijski album američke pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]]. Objavljen je [[6. novembar]] [[2013]]. godine u izdanju diskografskih kuća Streamline i Interscope Records.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARTPOP - Album by Lady Gaga|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/artpop/1451767863|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=April 27, 2026|website=Apple Music}}</ref> == Pozadina i razvoj == Nakon velikog uspjeha albuma ''[[Born This Way]]'' (2011), [[Lady Gaga]] je počela rad na novom projektu već tokom iste godine. U avgustu 2012. godine javno je potvrdila naslov ''Artpop'' putem društvenih mreža, najavljujući album kao konceptualni spoj muzike, vizuelne umjetnosti i tehnologije. Razvoj albuma odvijao se u periodu 2012–2013, a Gaga je sarađivala s dugogodišnjim producentom DJ White Shadowom, kao i sa muzičarima i producentima poput Zedda i Madeona. Projekat je od početka zamišljen kao multimedijalno iskustvo, koje je uključivalo i planove za interaktivnu mobilnu aplikaciju povezanu s albumom.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Abramovitch|first=Seth|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/475255/lady-gagas-artpop-album-will-be-an-interactive-app|title=Lady Gaga's 'Artpop' Album Will Be an Interactive App|magazine=[[Billboard]]|date=September 6, 2012|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716141338/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/475255/lady-gagas-artpop-album-will-be-an-interactive-app|archive-date=July 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> U februaru 2013. godine, Gaga je bila primorana da napravi pauzu u radu nakon što je podvrgnuta operaciji kuka zbog povrede zadobijene tokom turneje ''Born This Way Ball''. Ovaj događaj značajno je uticao na produkcijski proces, produživši vrijeme završetka albuma.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/lady-gaga-cancels-tour-dates-needs-hip-surgery|title=Lady Gaga Cancels Tour, Needs Hip Surgery|magazine=Vibe|date=February 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024094643/http://www.vibe.com/article/lady-gaga-cancels-tour-dates-needs-hip-surgery|archive-date=October 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Tokom rada na ''Artpop'', Gaga je eksperimentisala s različitim muzičkim pravcima i konceptima, nastojeći pomjeriti granice pop muzike i spojiti je s umjetničkim izrazom. Inspiraciju je crpila iz savremene umjetnosti, mode i ličnih iskustava, što se odrazilo i na tematsku i vizuelnu estetiku projekta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/arts/music/blurring-art-artifice-and-pop-culture.html|title=Blurring Art, Artifice and Pop Culture|first=Jon|last=Pareles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=November 8, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006114233/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/arts/music/blurring-art-artifice-and-pop-culture.html|archive-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> == Spisak pjesama == === Standardno izdanje === {{Track listing | title1 = Aura | length1 = 3:55 | title2 = Venus | length2 = 3:54 | title3 = G.U.Y. | length3 = 3:52 | title4 = Sexxx Dreams | length4 = 3:34 | title5 = Jewels n' Drugs (ft. T.I., Too $hort & Twista) | length5 = 3:48 | title6 = MANiCURE | length6 = 3:19 | title7 = Do What U Want (ft. R. Kelly) | length7 = 3:47 | title8 = Artpop | length8 = 4:07 | title9 = Swine | length9 = 4:28 | title10 = Donatella | length10 = 4:24 | title11 = Fashion! | length11 = 3:59 | title12 = Mary Jane Holland | length12 = 4:37 | title13 = Dope | length13 = 3:41 | title14 = Gypsy | length14 = 4:08 | title15 = Applause | length15 = 3:32 }} == Reference == {{refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2013.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] mldzcvc8wrpah19cwa729ybwskypc5j 3839542 3839534 2026-05-04T19:50:21Z Felipeofpo 169769 3839542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija album | | naziv = Artpop | vrsta =Album | izvođač_gen = [[Lady Gaga]] | slika = Artpop Cover.png | pozadina = studio | objavljen = [[6. novembar]] [[2013]]. | snimljen = 2012.–2013. | žanr = Synthpop, dance-pop, EDM | trajanje = 59:16 | izdavač = Streamline , Interscope Records | producent = Lady Gaga, DJ White Shadow, Zedd, Madeon, Rick Rubin, Giorgio Tuinfort, Infected Mushroom, will.i.am, David Guetta | Kritike = | prethodni_album = ''A Very Gaga Holiday'' <br /> (2011) | ovaj_album = '''''Artpop''''' <br /> (2013) | sljedeći_album = ''Cheek to Cheek'' <br /> (2014) | dodatno = {{Singlovi | naziv = Artpop | vrsta = studio | singl1 = Applause | singl1datum = {{start date|2013|08|12}} | singl2 = Do What U Want | singl2datum = {{start date|2013|10|21}} | singl3 = G.U.Y. | singl3datum = {{start date|2014|03|28}} }} }} '''''Artpop''''' (stilizirano kao '''''ARTPOP''''') je četvrti studijski album američke pjevačice [[Lady Gaga]]. Objavljen je [[6. novembar]] [[2013]]. godine u izdanju diskografskih kuća Streamline i Interscope Records.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARTPOP - Album by Lady Gaga|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/artpop/1451767863|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=April 27, 2026|website=Apple Music}}</ref> == Pozadina i razvoj == Nakon velikog uspjeha albuma ''[[Born This Way]]'' (2011), [[Lady Gaga]] je počela rad na novom projektu već tokom iste godine. U avgustu 2012. godine javno je potvrdila naslov ''Artpop'' putem društvenih mreža, najavljujući album kao konceptualni spoj muzike, vizuelne umjetnosti i tehnologije. Razvoj albuma odvijao se u periodu 2012–2013, a Gaga je sarađivala s dugogodišnjim producentom DJ White Shadowom, kao i sa muzičarima i producentima poput Zedda i Madeona. Projekat je od početka zamišljen kao multimedijalno iskustvo, koje je uključivalo i planove za interaktivnu mobilnu aplikaciju povezanu s albumom.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Abramovitch|first=Seth|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/475255/lady-gagas-artpop-album-will-be-an-interactive-app|title=Lady Gaga's 'Artpop' Album Will Be an Interactive App|magazine=[[Billboard]]|date=September 6, 2012|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716141338/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/475255/lady-gagas-artpop-album-will-be-an-interactive-app|archive-date=July 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> U februaru 2013. godine, Gaga je bila primorana da napravi pauzu u radu nakon što je podvrgnuta operaciji kuka zbog povrede zadobijene tokom turneje ''Born This Way Ball''. Ovaj događaj značajno je uticao na produkcijski proces, produživši vrijeme završetka albuma.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/lady-gaga-cancels-tour-dates-needs-hip-surgery|title=Lady Gaga Cancels Tour, Needs Hip Surgery|magazine=Vibe|date=February 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024094643/http://www.vibe.com/article/lady-gaga-cancels-tour-dates-needs-hip-surgery|archive-date=October 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Tokom rada na ''Artpop'', Gaga je eksperimentisala s različitim muzičkim pravcima i konceptima, nastojeći pomjeriti granice pop muzike i spojiti je s umjetničkim izrazom. Inspiraciju je crpila iz savremene umjetnosti, mode i ličnih iskustava, što se odrazilo i na tematsku i vizuelnu estetiku projekta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/arts/music/blurring-art-artifice-and-pop-culture.html|title=Blurring Art, Artifice and Pop Culture|first=Jon|last=Pareles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 6, 2013|access-date=November 8, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006114233/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/arts/music/blurring-art-artifice-and-pop-culture.html|archive-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> == Spisak pjesama == === Standardno izdanje === {{Track listing | title1 = Aura | length1 = 3:55 | title2 = Venus | length2 = 3:54 | title3 = G.U.Y. | length3 = 3:52 | title4 = Sexxx Dreams | length4 = 3:34 | title5 = Jewels n' Drugs (ft. T.I., Too $hort & Twista) | length5 = 3:48 | title6 = MANiCURE | length6 = 3:19 | title7 = Do What U Want (ft. R. Kelly) | length7 = 3:47 | title8 = Artpop | length8 = 4:07 | title9 = Swine | length9 = 4:28 | title10 = Donatella | length10 = 4:24 | title11 = Fashion! | length11 = 3:59 | title12 = Mary Jane Holland | length12 = 4:37 | title13 = Dope | length13 = 3:41 | title14 = Gypsy | length14 = 4:08 | title15 = Applause | length15 = 3:32 }} == Reference == {{refspisak}} {{Lady Gaga}} [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 2013.]] [[Kategorija:Albumi Lady Gage]] 6yczx2kegtrvv21xh5w5ssjr32zn1zl 3 533735 3839490 3838454 2026-05-04T16:02:07Z Felipeofpo 169769 /* Albums */ odgovor 3839490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dobrodošlica}} == Albums == Lady Gaga's albums are brought back, so it's your turn (or whoever wants to expand them a bit). [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 22:27, 30 april 2026 (CEST) :Thank you for restoring the articles, I really appreciate it. I’m already working on expanding them and improving the content. [[Korisnik:Felipeofpo|Felipeofpo]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Felipeofpo|razgovor]]) 18:02, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) n3t0hfjpdmtny62fh2xvabhgn5dajeo 14 533840 3839609 3839190 2026-05-05T08:12:13Z KWiki 9400 [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Afrika)]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Niger River}} {{Kategorija|Niger (rijeka)}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Beninu|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Gvineji|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Maliju|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Nigeriji|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Nigeru|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Međunarodne afričke rijeke|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Pogranične rijeke|Niger]] [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv (Afrika)|Niger]] hpshfxw72juj9krkllae2luwjudsvhl 0 533856 3839525 3839397 2026-05-04T18:42:39Z Arnel 102555 3839525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Hudinja}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Hudinja | slika = Hudinja vojnik2007.jpg | opis_slike = Hudinja u [[Vojnik (Slovenija)|Vojnik]]u nakon poplave u septembru 2007. | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 32 | sliv = 207 km² | izvor = Zapadna padina Kraguljišča na [[Pohorje|Pohorju]] | ušće = [[Voglajna (rijeka)|Voglajna]] u [[Celje|Celju]] }} '''Hudinja''' je rijeka u centralnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], desna pritoka [[Voglajna (rijeka)|Voglajne]]. Izvire na zapadnoj šumovitoj padini brda Kraguljišče na centralnom [[Pohorje|Pohorju]], teče isprva kroz usku jarugu, a zatim kroz nešto širu dolinu kroz [[Vitanje]]. Ispod Vitanja se probija kroz usku klisuru [[Socka (klisura)|Socka]], te kod naselja [[Nova Cerkev]] utiče u šire dno Dobrnskog podolja. Svoj tok nastavlja prema jugoistoku kroz [[Vojnik]], ulazi u istočni rub [[Celje|Celja]] i protiče kroz industrijsku zonu grada do ušća u Voglajnu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Natek|first=Milan|title=Poplavna področja v porečju Hudinje|year=1983|location=Ljubljana|pages=43-44}}</ref> Glavne lijeve pritoke su Hočna, Novaški graben, Tesnica i (Istočna) Ložnica, dok su veće desne pritoke Paška voda, Jesenica, Vrbnica i Dobrnica. == Opis rijeke == Gornji tok Hudinje iznad [[Vitanje|Vitanja]] karakteriše veliki nagib, jer se na udaljenosti od četiri kilometra rijeka spusti za više od 650 m. U ovom dijelu prima desnu pritoku Pašku vodu, koja se smatra drugim izvorišnim krakom rijeke. Ispod Vitanja rijeka usijeca klisuru Socku između brda [[Paški Kozjak]] i [[Stenica (brdo)|Stenica]]. U ovoj klisuri se nalazi i 3 metra visoki Hudinjski vodopad. Kod sela [[Socka]] rijeka izlazi u širu dolinu sa ravnim dnom. U donjem toku, rijeka teče kroz [[Celjska kotlina|Celjsku kotlinu]], gdje su u prošlosti česte poplave stvarale močvarni pejzaž poznat kao celjski Čret. == Etimologija == Prema lingvisti [[Marko Snoj|Marku Snoju]], rijeka se prvobitno zvala ''Xodin'a (voda/rijeka)'', što je posvojna zamjenica iz ličnog imena ''Xodin'a'' ili ''Xodinъ''. Prvi zapisi imena datiraju iz srednjeg vijeka u latinskim i njemačkim oblicima: ''Chodinie'' (1025), ''Chodin'' (1303), ''Khoding'' (oko 1500). Prema narodnom vjerovanju, rijeka je dobila svoje ime (koje asocira na "huda" – zla, opasna) zbog siline i opasnosti od čestih poplava. == Hidrogeografija == Hudinja je izrazito bujična rijeka sa alpskim kišno-snježnim režimom. Maksimalni protoci zabilježeni su tokom katastrofalnih poplava 1954. (463 m³/s)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/pov_arhiv_tab.php?p_vodotok=Hudinja&p_postaja=6780&p_leto=1954&b_arhiv=Prika%C5%BEi|title=Arhivski podatki|website=vode.arso.gov.si|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> i 1964. (355 m³/s), dok je tokom poplave 2007. iznosio 173 m³/s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Geografski vidiki poplav v Sloveniji}}</ref> Poplave Hudinje su tipično bujične: nastupaju veoma brzo, ali traju svega nekoliko sati. Najteže poplave zabilježene su u [[Vojnik (Slovenija)|Vojniku]] i Celju, gdje su narasle vode Hudinje i Voglajne često plavile gradsko jezgro zbog uskih grla ispod željezničkih mostova. == Kvalitet vode i zaštita prirode == U gornjem toku Hudinja je veoma čista i dio vode se crpi za celjski vodovodni sistem. U srednjem i donjem toku kvalitet vode je lošiji zbog prisustva teških metala (cink, kadmij, bakar) iz industrijske zone Celja, mada se stanje popravilo izgradnjom modernih uređaja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. Klisura [[Socka (klisura)|Socka]] je proglašena prirodnom vrijednošću od državnog značaja, dok je gornji tok rijeke stanište autohtone potočne pastrmke (''Salmo trutta''). == Literatura == * ARSO (Agencija RS za okoliš). ''Arhiv površinskih voda i ocjena stanja rijeka u Sloveniji (2011)''. * Bezlaj, France (1956). ''Slovenska vodna imena, 1. knjiga''. Ljubljana: SAZU. * ''Državna topografska karta Republike Slovenije 1:25.000, list 056 (Pragersko)'' (1998). Ljubljana: Geodetska uprava RS. * ''Franzisco-Josephinische Landesaufnahme (1869–1887)''. * ''Josephinische Landesaufnahme (1763–1787)''. * Juvan, Smiljan; Suhadolnik, Agata; Kovačič, Alenka; Borec, Andreja (1993). ''Vodnogospodarska in ekološka študija Dravinje''. Mišičev vodarski dan '93. Maribor. * Krušič, Marjan (2009). ''Slovenija – turistični vodnik'' (4. dopunjeno izd.). Ljubljana: Založba Mladinska knjiga. * Krušnik, Ciril; Černač, Barbara (1996). ''Jez na Dravinji in njegov vpliv na združbe večjih vodnih nevretenčarjev ter na kakovost rečne vode''. Ichthyos, god. 13. Ljubljana. * Natek, Milan (1983). ''Poplavna področja v porečju Hudinje''. Geografski zbornik, 22. Ljubljana. * Radovanovič, Sašo; Bevc Varl, Valentina; Žiberna, Igor (1996). ''Podravje, Maribor, Ptuj A-Ž. Priročnik za popotnika in poslovnega človeka''. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba. * Snoj, Marko (2009). ''Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen''. Ljubljana: Založba Modrijan. * Statistični urad Republike Slovenije (SURS) (2002). ''Reke, dolge nad 25 km, in njihova padavinska območja''. * Šifrer, Milan (1974). ''Kvartarni razvoj Dravinjskih goric in bližnjega obrobja''. Geografski zbornik, 14. Ljubljana. * Vogrin, Milan (2006). ''Oaza miru in življenja. Krajinski park Rački ribniki-Požeg: vodnik po poteh''. Rače: Občina Rače-Fram. * Vovk Korže, Ana (1995). ''Vpliv reliefa na lastnosti prsti na Boču, v dolini Dravinje in v Dravinjskih goricah''. Geografski vestnik, 66. Ljubljana. * Zorič, Zdenko; Avšič, Franci (1997). ''Sonaravno vzdrževanje z revitalizacijo Framskega potoka''. Mišičev vodarski dan '97. Maribor. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Hudinja (river)}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] dv75cmx3qlbcdidsubnd55nci4t1h4m 3839619 3839525 2026-05-05T08:23:03Z Srđan 73336 3839619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Hudinja | slika = Hudinja vojnik2007.jpg | opis_slike = Hudinja u [[Vojnik (Slovenija)|Vojnik]]u nakon poplave u septembru 2007. | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 32 | sliv = 207 km² | izvor = Zapadna padina Kraguljišča na [[Pohorje|Pohorju]] | ušće = [[Voglajna (rijeka)|Voglajna]] u [[Celje|Celju]] }} '''Hudinja''' je rijeka u centralnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], desna pritoka [[Voglajna (rijeka)|Voglajne]]. Izvire na zapadnoj šumovitoj padini brda Kraguljišče na centralnom [[Pohorje|Pohorju]], teče isprva kroz usku jarugu, a zatim kroz nešto širu dolinu kroz [[Vitanje]]. Ispod Vitanja se probija kroz usku klisuru [[Socka (klisura)|Socka]], te kod naselja [[Nova Cerkev]] utiče u šire dno Dobrnskog podolja. Svoj tok nastavlja prema jugoistoku kroz [[Vojnik]], ulazi u istočni rub [[Celje|Celja]] i protiče kroz industrijsku zonu grada do ušća u Voglajnu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Natek|first=Milan|title=Poplavna področja v porečju Hudinje|year=1983|location=Ljubljana|pages=43-44}}</ref> Glavne lijeve pritoke su Hočna, Novaški graben, Tesnica i (Istočna) Ložnica, dok su veće desne pritoke Paška voda, Jesenica, Vrbnica i Dobrnica. == Opis rijeke == Gornji tok Hudinje iznad [[Vitanje|Vitanja]] karakteriše veliki nagib, jer se na udaljenosti od četiri kilometra rijeka spusti za više od 650 m. U ovom dijelu prima desnu pritoku Pašku vodu, koja se smatra drugim izvorišnim krakom rijeke. Ispod Vitanja rijeka usijeca klisuru Socku između brda [[Paški Kozjak]] i [[Stenica (brdo)|Stenica]]. U ovoj klisuri se nalazi i 3 metra visoki Hudinjski vodopad. Kod sela [[Socka]] rijeka izlazi u širu dolinu sa ravnim dnom. U donjem toku, rijeka teče kroz [[Celjska kotlina|Celjsku kotlinu]], gdje su u prošlosti česte poplave stvarale močvarni pejzaž poznat kao celjski Čret. == Etimologija == Prema lingvisti [[Marko Snoj|Marku Snoju]], rijeka se prvobitno zvala ''Xodin'a (voda/rijeka)'', što je posvojna zamjenica iz ličnog imena ''Xodin'a'' ili ''Xodinъ''. Prvi zapisi imena datiraju iz srednjeg vijeka u latinskim i njemačkim oblicima: ''Chodinie'' (1025), ''Chodin'' (1303), ''Khoding'' (oko 1500). Prema narodnom vjerovanju, rijeka je dobila svoje ime (koje asocira na "huda" – zla, opasna) zbog siline i opasnosti od čestih poplava. == Hidrogeografija == Hudinja je izrazito bujična rijeka sa alpskim kišno-snježnim režimom. Maksimalni protoci zabilježeni su tokom katastrofalnih poplava 1954. (463 m³/s)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/pov_arhiv_tab.php?p_vodotok=Hudinja&p_postaja=6780&p_leto=1954&b_arhiv=Prika%C5%BEi|title=Arhivski podatki|website=vode.arso.gov.si|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> i 1964. (355 m³/s), dok je tokom poplave 2007. iznosio 173 m³/s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Geografski vidiki poplav v Sloveniji}}</ref> Poplave Hudinje su tipično bujične: nastupaju veoma brzo, ali traju svega nekoliko sati. Najteže poplave zabilježene su u [[Vojnik (Slovenija)|Vojniku]] i Celju, gdje su narasle vode Hudinje i Voglajne često plavile gradsko jezgro zbog uskih grla ispod željezničkih mostova. == Kvalitet vode i zaštita prirode == U gornjem toku Hudinja je veoma čista i dio vode se crpi za celjski vodovodni sistem. U srednjem i donjem toku kvalitet vode je lošiji zbog prisustva teških metala (cink, kadmij, bakar) iz industrijske zone Celja, mada se stanje popravilo izgradnjom modernih uređaja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. Klisura [[Socka (klisura)|Socka]] je proglašena prirodnom vrijednošću od državnog značaja, dok je gornji tok rijeke stanište autohtone potočne pastrmke (''Salmo trutta''). == Literatura == * ARSO (Agencija RS za okoliš). ''Arhiv površinskih voda i ocjena stanja rijeka u Sloveniji (2011)''. * Bezlaj, France (1956). ''Slovenska vodna imena, 1. knjiga''. Ljubljana: SAZU. * ''Državna topografska karta Republike Slovenije 1:25.000, list 056 (Pragersko)'' (1998). Ljubljana: Geodetska uprava RS. * ''Franzisco-Josephinische Landesaufnahme (1869–1887)''. * ''Josephinische Landesaufnahme (1763–1787)''. * Juvan, Smiljan; Suhadolnik, Agata; Kovačič, Alenka; Borec, Andreja (1993). ''Vodnogospodarska in ekološka študija Dravinje''. Mišičev vodarski dan '93. Maribor. * Krušič, Marjan (2009). ''Slovenija – turistični vodnik'' (4. dopunjeno izd.). Ljubljana: Založba Mladinska knjiga. * Krušnik, Ciril; Černač, Barbara (1996). ''Jez na Dravinji in njegov vpliv na združbe večjih vodnih nevretenčarjev ter na kakovost rečne vode''. Ichthyos, god. 13. Ljubljana. * Natek, Milan (1983). ''Poplavna področja v porečju Hudinje''. Geografski zbornik, 22. Ljubljana. * Radovanovič, Sašo; Bevc Varl, Valentina; Žiberna, Igor (1996). ''Podravje, Maribor, Ptuj A-Ž. Priročnik za popotnika in poslovnega človeka''. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba. * Snoj, Marko (2009). ''Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen''. Ljubljana: Založba Modrijan. * Statistični urad Republike Slovenije (SURS) (2002). ''Reke, dolge nad 25 km, in njihova padavinska območja''. * Šifrer, Milan (1974). ''Kvartarni razvoj Dravinjskih goric in bližnjega obrobja''. Geografski zbornik, 14. Ljubljana. * Vogrin, Milan (2006). ''Oaza miru in življenja. Krajinski park Rački ribniki-Požeg: vodnik po poteh''. Rače: Občina Rače-Fram. * Vovk Korže, Ana (1995). ''Vpliv reliefa na lastnosti prsti na Boču, v dolini Dravinje in v Dravinjskih goricah''. Geografski vestnik, 66. Ljubljana. * Zorič, Zdenko; Avšič, Franci (1997). ''Sonaravno vzdrževanje z revitalizacijo Framskega potoka''. Mišičev vodarski dan '97. Maribor. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Hudinja (river)}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] cso2x71iyih4ez3o0ulh8p9ueh2q5ak 1 533875 3839425 3839419 2026-05-04T11:59:41Z Mhare 481 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) 7663idulkfypoq2yv2tx8au9wzwy0kh 3839444 3839425 2026-05-04T13:41:52Z Z1KA 87045 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) mhvd6384rui9it1x3ocjdoipnba7xzk 3839446 3839444 2026-05-04T13:46:51Z KWiki 9400 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) 4ezh5rroxf8zpy45zg8e2u8404qy4ld 3839452 3839446 2026-05-04T14:07:46Z Z1KA 87045 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) dr54nt9jfq43bayk4eky75fhn4oinqn 3839453 3839452 2026-05-04T14:11:45Z Mhare 481 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::Ovo je čisto jezičko pitanje o naslovu članka, a ne rasprava o sadržaju članka. Jugoslovenska kampanja iz ugla maternjeg jezika je apstraktna. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 16:11, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) 2yt976e7mrz4nh2lkcm059sg85urd9i 3839466 3839453 2026-05-04T14:31:31Z KWiki 9400 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::Ovo je čisto jezičko pitanje o naslovu članka, a ne rasprava o sadržaju članka. Jugoslovenska kampanja iz ugla maternjeg jezika je apstraktna. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 16:11, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::U vezi s jezičkim aspektom: može se prihvatiti Haretov prijedlog ("Operacije JNA /ili SRJ/ u BiH 1992.") jer je to precizan i jasan naziv. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 16:31, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) bjv6185qdjr7a3klceynzwqgoa7bj1t 3839473 3839466 2026-05-04T15:06:36Z Z1KA 87045 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::Ovo je čisto jezičko pitanje o naslovu članka, a ne rasprava o sadržaju članka. Jugoslovenska kampanja iz ugla maternjeg jezika je apstraktna. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 16:11, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::U vezi s jezičkim aspektom: može se prihvatiti Haretov prijedlog ("Operacije JNA /ili SRJ/ u BiH 1992.") jer je to precizan i jasan naziv. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 16:31, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hoćeš li pisati npr. hrvatsko-turski rat (historiografski naziv) ili hrvatsko-osmanski rat (jezički i logički ispravno; Turska tek nastala 1920-tih)? Što se mene tiče može se zvati "Političko-vojno-društveno-geostrateška vojna kampanja Savezne Republike Jugoslavije na prostoru nezavisne Republike Bosne i Hercegovine tokom početne faze rata u Bosni i Hercegovin 1992," ako ćemo precizno. Ja ukazujem na problematiku imenovanja članaka "kako kome paše". Moj (lični) cilj je kada Googleam nešto, HOĆU da mi izbaci prvo bs.wiki ako je kontekst oko nje. Međutim, meni izbaci 3 druga jezička projekta, samo zbog takvih naslova. Toliko od mene. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 17:06, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) a26rbp36eemw8bpe63qkmri0jb4d4ac 3839475 3839473 2026-05-04T15:14:50Z Mhare 481 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::Ovo je čisto jezičko pitanje o naslovu članka, a ne rasprava o sadržaju članka. Jugoslovenska kampanja iz ugla maternjeg jezika je apstraktna. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 16:11, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::U vezi s jezičkim aspektom: može se prihvatiti Haretov prijedlog ("Operacije JNA /ili SRJ/ u BiH 1992.") jer je to precizan i jasan naziv. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 16:31, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hoćeš li pisati npr. hrvatsko-turski rat (historiografski naziv) ili hrvatsko-osmanski rat (jezički i logički ispravno; Turska tek nastala 1920-tih)? Što se mene tiče može se zvati "Političko-vojno-društveno-geostrateška vojna kampanja Savezne Republike Jugoslavije na prostoru nezavisne Republike Bosne i Hercegovine tokom početne faze rata u Bosni i Hercegovin 1992," ako ćemo precizno. Ja ukazujem na problematiku imenovanja članaka "kako kome paše". Moj (lični) cilj je kada Googleam nešto, HOĆU da mi izbaci prvo bs.wiki ako je kontekst oko nje. Međutim, meni izbaci 3 druga jezička projekta, samo zbog takvih naslova. Toliko od mene. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 17:06, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Mislim da se ne razumijemo. Ovdje se radi čisto o jezičkoj konstrukciji koja ima smisla na engleskom, ali ne i na našem. Ne znam stručni naziv za ovaj fenomen prenošenja engleske konstrukcije rečenica i nazivlja, ali postaje sve više učestalo sa automatskim prevodiocima. A što se tiče Google fenomena, pogledaj [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika/Arhiva 2#Vidljivost na Googleu|ovu raspravu]]. Tu lijeka (za sada) nema, čak i kada su nam naslovi isti i članci očigledno bolji. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 17:14, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) r2gwtznllhn3wzt17bvizn36ynobtr7 3839532 3839475 2026-05-04T19:13:42Z AnToni 2325 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::Ovo je čisto jezičko pitanje o naslovu članka, a ne rasprava o sadržaju članka. Jugoslovenska kampanja iz ugla maternjeg jezika je apstraktna. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 16:11, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::U vezi s jezičkim aspektom: može se prihvatiti Haretov prijedlog ("Operacije JNA /ili SRJ/ u BiH 1992.") jer je to precizan i jasan naziv. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 16:31, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hoćeš li pisati npr. hrvatsko-turski rat (historiografski naziv) ili hrvatsko-osmanski rat (jezički i logički ispravno; Turska tek nastala 1920-tih)? Što se mene tiče može se zvati "Političko-vojno-društveno-geostrateška vojna kampanja Savezne Republike Jugoslavije na prostoru nezavisne Republike Bosne i Hercegovine tokom početne faze rata u Bosni i Hercegovin 1992," ako ćemo precizno. Ja ukazujem na problematiku imenovanja članaka "kako kome paše". Moj (lični) cilj je kada Googleam nešto, HOĆU da mi izbaci prvo bs.wiki ako je kontekst oko nje. Međutim, meni izbaci 3 druga jezička projekta, samo zbog takvih naslova. Toliko od mene. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 17:06, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Mislim da se ne razumijemo. Ovdje se radi čisto o jezičkoj konstrukciji koja ima smisla na engleskom, ali ne i na našem. Ne znam stručni naziv za ovaj fenomen prenošenja engleske konstrukcije rečenica i nazivlja, ali postaje sve više učestalo sa automatskim prevodiocima. A što se tiče Google fenomena, pogledaj [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika/Arhiva 2#Vidljivost na Googleu|ovu raspravu]]. Tu lijeka (za sada) nema, čak i kada su nam naslovi isti i članci očigledno bolji. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 17:14, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::::Ja nisam (osim u engleskoj literaturi) naišao na naziv "jugoslavenska... Operacije i planove je izvodila JNA pod naređenjima političkog vođstva, koje je samo po vokaciji bilo jugoslavensko. Nije potrebno objašnjavati šta i ko je bila Jugoslavija. Dakle: "Operacije JNA u BIH" ili nešto stilski kvalitetnije. A ovdje je tema članak, te o sukobu u Bihaću i okolici, ne bih davao komentar ovdje...svako može da se izjašnjava kako hoće, a "narod" Bošnjaci+izdajnici mi nije poznat. [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]_{([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])} 21:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) bz8vwy7smhn3eqwmrot9x94un8xms2x 3839544 3839532 2026-05-04T20:37:31Z Panasko 146730 /* Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv */ odgovor 3839544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|država=Bosna i Hercegovina|država2=Srbija|država3=Hrvatska}} == Ovo ne može biti pravilan naziv == Nisam siguran, ali "jugoslovenska kampanja" djeluje kao engleski izraz doslovno preveden. Treba bolji naziv, moj prijedlog je "Kampanja Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992." Možda neko ima i bolji prijedlog. @[[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]], @[[Korisnik:AnToni|AnToni]]? [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :Mislim da se tako spominje u literaturi, ali eto. MKSJ je presudio učešće SRJ u ratu u BiH (UZP), tako da po meni lično naziv je na mjestu. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 13:29, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Za naš jezik, ima manje smisla. Jugoslovenska – šta? Za engleske govornike možda ima više smisla. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 13:59, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Teško da ima neki domaći termin. Većinom se to veže za ranu fazu/početke rata u BiH. Iskreno najbliže bi bilo (Vojna) Kampanja ili (Vojne) Operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije/Savezne Republike Jugoslavije u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992, ali nema te terminologije u historiografiji i u izvorima, pa nekako sam podijeljenog mišljenja - izmišljamo imena. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 15:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::U čijoj literaturi? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:46, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Navedena je u članku, doduše engleski su većinom izvori. Međutim, ni kod nas nema konkretno ništa sem "agresija", "UZP" ili sve u 1 koš "Rat u BiH" i "Međunarodni sukob". Slična situacija oko imena je bila i sa [[Unutarbošnjački sukob u Bosanskoj krajini]]. Stavili smo im etiketu [[Bošnjaci]] (dodaj +izdajnici) iako od "Babinih" niko se, uključujući i njega, nije izjasnio kao Bošnjak, tj. nisu prihvatili taj demonim tada, a ni sada (može se to vidjet i na popisu 2013, iako ih sad ima značajno manje nego tada). Imenujemo članke kako se kome ćefne, bez ikakvog konkrentog pravila, osim onog "meni odgovara, meći to", u ovom kontekstu "ma oni su bošnjaci samo to ne znaju, meći unutarbošnjački". Napisao sam tamo konkretno objašnjenje, ali očigledno odgovara (GBL-ov) narativ. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 16:07, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::Ovo je čisto jezičko pitanje o naslovu članka, a ne rasprava o sadržaju članka. Jugoslovenska kampanja iz ugla maternjeg jezika je apstraktna. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 16:11, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::U vezi s jezičkim aspektom: može se prihvatiti Haretov prijedlog ("Operacije JNA /ili SRJ/ u BiH 1992.") jer je to precizan i jasan naziv. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 16:31, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hoćeš li pisati npr. hrvatsko-turski rat (historiografski naziv) ili hrvatsko-osmanski rat (jezički i logički ispravno; Turska tek nastala 1920-tih)? Što se mene tiče može se zvati "Političko-vojno-društveno-geostrateška vojna kampanja Savezne Republike Jugoslavije na prostoru nezavisne Republike Bosne i Hercegovine tokom početne faze rata u Bosni i Hercegovin 1992," ako ćemo precizno. Ja ukazujem na problematiku imenovanja članaka "kako kome paše". Moj (lični) cilj je kada Googleam nešto, HOĆU da mi izbaci prvo bs.wiki ako je kontekst oko nje. Međutim, meni izbaci 3 druga jezička projekta, samo zbog takvih naslova. Toliko od mene. [[Korisnik:Z1KA|<span style="border:1px solid #002366;border-radius:20px;background:#1E90FF;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Comic Sans;">&nbsp;'''✪ Z1KA ✪'''&nbsp;</span>]] 17:06, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Mislim da se ne razumijemo. Ovdje se radi čisto o jezičkoj konstrukciji koja ima smisla na engleskom, ali ne i na našem. Ne znam stručni naziv za ovaj fenomen prenošenja engleske konstrukcije rečenica i nazivlja, ali postaje sve više učestalo sa automatskim prevodiocima. A što se tiče Google fenomena, pogledaj [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika/Arhiva 2#Vidljivost na Googleu|ovu raspravu]]. Tu lijeka (za sada) nema, čak i kada su nam naslovi isti i članci očigledno bolji. [[Korisnik:Mhare|Haris]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Mhare|razgovor]]) 17:14, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::::Ja nisam (osim u engleskoj literaturi) naišao na naziv "jugoslavenska... Operacije i planove je izvodila JNA pod naređenjima političkog vođstva, koje je samo po vokaciji bilo jugoslavensko. Nije potrebno objašnjavati šta i ko je bila Jugoslavija. Dakle: "Operacije JNA u BIH" ili nešto stilski kvalitetnije. A ovdje je tema članak, te o sukobu u Bihaću i okolici, ne bih davao komentar ovdje...svako može da se izjašnjava kako hoće, a "narod" Bošnjaci+izdajnici mi nije poznat. [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]_{([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])} 21:13, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Z1ka mislim da se ovdje treba zadržati na razumljivosti i preciznosti kod imenovanja članaka a ne širiti bespotrebno priču. ::::::::Treba pokriti jako puno rupa u člancima iz historije BiH posebno bliže pa bih rekao da je produktivnije trositi energiju na njih umjesto na raspravu oko naziva. Ja bih se držao ovoga što Haris i KWiki predlažu, naziv će biti precizniji a ništa se neće izgubiti. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 22:37, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) 1zortjj3uwyxx20uvqhe6cgasx1wzx1 0 533882 3839433 2026-05-04T12:27:05Z Mhare 481 + 3839433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija košarkaš | ime_košarkaša = Dario Gjergja | slika = | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = | puno_ime = Dario Gjergja | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1975|8|21}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Zadar]], [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|SR Hrvatska]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]] | pozicija = [[Košarkaški trener|trener]] | početak_karijere = 2001 | trenutni_klub = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | godine1 = 2001–2003. | klub1 = [[KK Zagreb]] (pomoćni trener) | godine2 = 2003–2007. | klub2 = [[KK Cibona|Cibona]] (pomoćni trener) | godine3 = 2007–2008. | klub3 = Ural Great Perm (pomoćni trener) | godine4 = 2008–2009. | klub4 = [[Spirou Charleroi]] (pomoćni trener) | godine5 = 2009–2011. | klub5 = Liège Basket | godine6 = 2011–2025. | klub6 = [[BC Oostende]] | godine7 = 2015. | klub7 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Hrvatske|Hrvatska]] (pomoćni trener) | godine8 = 2018–2025. | klub8 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Belgije|Belgija]] | godine9 = 2025–2026. | klub9 = [[Limoges CSP]] | godine10 = 2025– | klub10 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Bosna i Hercegovina]] | nagrade = * 14× prvak Belgije s Oostendeom * osvajač [[BNXT liga|BNXT lige]] s Oostendeom * višestruki osvajač belgijskog kupa i superkupa }} '''Dario Gjergja''' hrvatski je [[Košarka|košarkaški]] trener i selektor [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|košarkaške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Rođen je 21. augusta 1975. u [[Zadar|Zadru]], tada u [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|SR Hrvatskoj]] u sastavu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]], a trenersku reputaciju izgradio je prvenstveno u [[Belgija|Belgiji]], gdje je s [[BC Oostende|Oostendeom]] osvojio niz državnih titula.<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje">{{cite web |url=https://basket.ba/dario-gjergja-odlukom-uo-ksbih-imenovan-za-selektora-zmajeva/ |title=Dario Gjergja odlukom UO KSBiH imenovan za selektora Zmajeva |website=Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine |date=10. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="fiba-profil">{{cite web |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/13399-dario-gjergja |title=Dario Gjergja |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bio je selektor [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Belgije|Belgije]] od 2018. do 2025, a u novembru 2025. preuzeo je reprezentaciju Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="belgija-mahe">{{cite web |url=https://www.basketballbelgium.be/nl/news/julien-mahe-is-de-nieuwe-head-coach-van-de-belgian-lions/ |title=Julien Mahé is de nieuwe head coach van de Belgian Lions |website=Basketball Belgium |date=1. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="ksbih-ugovor">{{cite web |url=https://basket.ba/dario-gjergja-potpisao-ugovor-s-ksbih/ |title=Dario Gjergja potpisao ugovor s KSBiH |website=Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine |date=24. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Trenerska karijera == Gjergja je trenersku karijeru započeo kao pomoćni trener u hrvatskoj klupskoj košarci. Radio je u stručnom štabu [[KK Zagreb|Zagreba]], a zatim u [[KK Cibona|Ciboni]], gdje je bio dio sistema jednog od najuspješnijih hrvatskih klubova. Nakon rada u Hrvatskoj nastavio je karijeru u inostranstvu, uključujući angažman u ruskom Ural Great Permu i belgijskom [[Spirou Charleroi]]u.<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje"/> Prvi samostalni posao glavnog trenera dobio je 2009. u belgijskom Liège Basketu. U tom klubu radio je do 2011, nakon čega je preuzeo [[BC Oostende|Oostende]].<ref name="basketballsphere">{{cite web |url=https://basketballsphere.com/en/bosnia-and-herzegovina-name-dario-gjergja-as-new-national-team-head-coach/ |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina name Dario Gjergja as new national team head coach |website=Basketball Sphere |date=10. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Period u Oostendeu postao je središnji dio njegove klupske karijere: klub je pod njegovim vodstvom osvojio 14 uzastopnih titula prvaka Belgije, a 2024. i naslov u belgijsko-nizozemskoj [[BNXT liga|BNXT ligi]].<ref name="oostende">{{cite web |url=https://www.bebasket.fr/dario-gjergja-lhomme-aux-29-trophees-en-14-saisons-est-officiellement-le-nouveau-coach-de-limoges |title=Dario Gjergja, l'homme aux 29 trophées en 14 saisons, est officiellement le nouveau coach de Limoges |website=BeBasket |date=11. 6. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Nakon sezone 2024/25. napustio je Oostende i prešao u [[Francuska|francuski]] [[Limoges CSP]], koji je 11. juna 2025. objavio njegovo imenovanje za trenera profesionalnog tima na ugovor od dvije sezone.<ref name="limoges-imenovanje">{{cite web |url=https://www.limogescsp.com/la-vie-du-club.html |title=Vie du club |website=Limoges CSP |date=11. 6. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> U aprilu 2026. Limoges se službeno razišao s njim nakon što je prethodno bio udaljen s klupe, a vođenje ekipe preuzeli su članovi stručnog štaba kluba.<ref name="lequipe-limoges">{{cite web |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Basket/Actualites/Le-limoges-csp-se-separe-officiellement-de-dario-gjergja-et-nomme-maxence-broyer-en-tant-qu-entraineur-adjoint/1670605 |title=Le Limoges CSP se sépare officiellement de Dario Gjergja et nomme Maxence Broyer en tant qu'entraîneur adjoint |website=L'Équipe |date=24. 4. 2026 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Reprezentacije == Gjergja je 2015. bio pomoćni trener [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Hrvatske|reprezentacije Hrvatske]] na [[Evropsko prvenstvo u košarci 2015.|Evropskom prvenstvu]], u stručnom štabu selektora Velimira Perasovića. Belgijski košarkaški savez imenovao ga je 2018. za selektora muške reprezentacije Belgije. Na toj funkciji ostao je sedam godina, a nakon njegovog odlaska ga je 1. novembra 2025. naslijedio francuski trener Julien Mahé.<ref name="belgija-mahe"/> Upravni odbor [[Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine|Košarkaškog saveza Bosne i Hercegovine]] imenovao je Gjergju 10. novembra 2025. za selektora muške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine, na mjestu na kojem je naslijedio [[Adis Bećiragić|Adisa Bećiragića]].<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje"/> Dvije sedmice kasnije u Sarajevu je potpisao četverogodišnji ugovor sa Savezom, čime je formalno potvrđeno njegovo preuzimanje reprezentacije u ciklusu kvalifikacija za Svjetsko prvenstvo.<ref name="ksbih-ugovor"/> == Privatni život == Gjergja je rođen u košarkaškoj sredini Zadra, grada s dugom tradicijom tog sporta. Pored hrvatskog državljanstva, stekao je i belgijsko državljanstvo tokom dugogodišnjeg rada u belgijskoj košarci.<ref name="fiba-profil"/> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gjergja, Dario}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1975.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Zadar]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski košarkaški treneri]] [[Kategorija:Belgijski košarkaški treneri]] [[Kategorija:Selektori košarkaške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine]] 4htjxxg6qgp6xmpm9pe36gr52m0keew 3839434 3839433 2026-05-04T12:27:30Z Mhare 481 3839434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija košarkaš | ime_košarkaša = Dario Gjergja | slika = Dario Gjergja Bosnia and Herzegovina 20251127 (4) (cropped).jpg | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = | puno_ime = Dario Gjergja | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1975|8|21}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Zadar]], [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|SR Hrvatska]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]] | pozicija = [[Košarkaški trener|trener]] | početak_karijere = 2001 | trenutni_klub = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | godine1 = 2001–2003. | klub1 = [[KK Zagreb]] (pomoćni trener) | godine2 = 2003–2007. | klub2 = [[KK Cibona|Cibona]] (pomoćni trener) | godine3 = 2007–2008. | klub3 = Ural Great Perm (pomoćni trener) | godine4 = 2008–2009. | klub4 = [[Spirou Charleroi]] (pomoćni trener) | godine5 = 2009–2011. | klub5 = Liège Basket | godine6 = 2011–2025. | klub6 = [[BC Oostende]] | godine7 = 2015. | klub7 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Hrvatske|Hrvatska]] (pomoćni trener) | godine8 = 2018–2025. | klub8 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Belgije|Belgija]] | godine9 = 2025–2026. | klub9 = [[Limoges CSP]] | godine10 = 2025– | klub10 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Bosna i Hercegovina]] | nagrade = * 14× prvak Belgije s Oostendeom * osvajač [[BNXT liga|BNXT lige]] s Oostendeom * višestruki osvajač belgijskog kupa i superkupa }} '''Dario Gjergja''' hrvatski je [[Košarka|košarkaški]] trener i selektor [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|košarkaške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Rođen je 21. augusta 1975. u [[Zadar|Zadru]], tada u [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|SR Hrvatskoj]] u sastavu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]], a trenersku reputaciju izgradio je prvenstveno u [[Belgija|Belgiji]], gdje je s [[BC Oostende|Oostendeom]] osvojio niz državnih titula.<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje">{{cite web |url=https://basket.ba/dario-gjergja-odlukom-uo-ksbih-imenovan-za-selektora-zmajeva/ |title=Dario Gjergja odlukom UO KSBiH imenovan za selektora Zmajeva |website=Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine |date=10. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="fiba-profil">{{cite web |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/13399-dario-gjergja |title=Dario Gjergja |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bio je selektor [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Belgije|Belgije]] od 2018. do 2025, a u novembru 2025. preuzeo je reprezentaciju Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="belgija-mahe">{{cite web |url=https://www.basketballbelgium.be/nl/news/julien-mahe-is-de-nieuwe-head-coach-van-de-belgian-lions/ |title=Julien Mahé is de nieuwe head coach van de Belgian Lions |website=Basketball Belgium |date=1. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="ksbih-ugovor">{{cite web |url=https://basket.ba/dario-gjergja-potpisao-ugovor-s-ksbih/ |title=Dario Gjergja potpisao ugovor s KSBiH |website=Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine |date=24. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Trenerska karijera == Gjergja je trenersku karijeru započeo kao pomoćni trener u hrvatskoj klupskoj košarci. Radio je u stručnom štabu [[KK Zagreb|Zagreba]], a zatim u [[KK Cibona|Ciboni]], gdje je bio dio sistema jednog od najuspješnijih hrvatskih klubova. Nakon rada u Hrvatskoj nastavio je karijeru u inostranstvu, uključujući angažman u ruskom Ural Great Permu i belgijskom [[Spirou Charleroi]]u.<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje"/> Prvi samostalni posao glavnog trenera dobio je 2009. u belgijskom Liège Basketu. U tom klubu radio je do 2011, nakon čega je preuzeo [[BC Oostende|Oostende]].<ref name="basketballsphere">{{cite web |url=https://basketballsphere.com/en/bosnia-and-herzegovina-name-dario-gjergja-as-new-national-team-head-coach/ |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina name Dario Gjergja as new national team head coach |website=Basketball Sphere |date=10. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Period u Oostendeu postao je središnji dio njegove klupske karijere: klub je pod njegovim vodstvom osvojio 14 uzastopnih titula prvaka Belgije, a 2024. i naslov u belgijsko-nizozemskoj [[BNXT liga|BNXT ligi]].<ref name="oostende">{{cite web |url=https://www.bebasket.fr/dario-gjergja-lhomme-aux-29-trophees-en-14-saisons-est-officiellement-le-nouveau-coach-de-limoges |title=Dario Gjergja, l'homme aux 29 trophées en 14 saisons, est officiellement le nouveau coach de Limoges |website=BeBasket |date=11. 6. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Nakon sezone 2024/25. napustio je Oostende i prešao u [[Francuska|francuski]] [[Limoges CSP]], koji je 11. juna 2025. objavio njegovo imenovanje za trenera profesionalnog tima na ugovor od dvije sezone.<ref name="limoges-imenovanje">{{cite web |url=https://www.limogescsp.com/la-vie-du-club.html |title=Vie du club |website=Limoges CSP |date=11. 6. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> U aprilu 2026. Limoges se službeno razišao s njim nakon što je prethodno bio udaljen s klupe, a vođenje ekipe preuzeli su članovi stručnog štaba kluba.<ref name="lequipe-limoges">{{cite web |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Basket/Actualites/Le-limoges-csp-se-separe-officiellement-de-dario-gjergja-et-nomme-maxence-broyer-en-tant-qu-entraineur-adjoint/1670605 |title=Le Limoges CSP se sépare officiellement de Dario Gjergja et nomme Maxence Broyer en tant qu'entraîneur adjoint |website=L'Équipe |date=24. 4. 2026 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Reprezentacije == Gjergja je 2015. bio pomoćni trener [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Hrvatske|reprezentacije Hrvatske]] na [[Evropsko prvenstvo u košarci 2015.|Evropskom prvenstvu]], u stručnom štabu selektora Velimira Perasovića. Belgijski košarkaški savez imenovao ga je 2018. za selektora muške reprezentacije Belgije. Na toj funkciji ostao je sedam godina, a nakon njegovog odlaska ga je 1. novembra 2025. naslijedio francuski trener Julien Mahé.<ref name="belgija-mahe"/> Upravni odbor [[Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine|Košarkaškog saveza Bosne i Hercegovine]] imenovao je Gjergju 10. novembra 2025. za selektora muške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine, na mjestu na kojem je naslijedio [[Adis Bećiragić|Adisa Bećiragića]].<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje"/> Dvije sedmice kasnije u Sarajevu je potpisao četverogodišnji ugovor sa Savezom, čime je formalno potvrđeno njegovo preuzimanje reprezentacije u ciklusu kvalifikacija za Svjetsko prvenstvo.<ref name="ksbih-ugovor"/> == Privatni život == Gjergja je rođen u košarkaškoj sredini Zadra, grada s dugom tradicijom tog sporta. Pored hrvatskog državljanstva, stekao je i belgijsko državljanstvo tokom dugogodišnjeg rada u belgijskoj košarci.<ref name="fiba-profil"/> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gjergja, Dario}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1975.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Zadar]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski košarkaški treneri]] [[Kategorija:Belgijski košarkaški treneri]] [[Kategorija:Selektori košarkaške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine]] cp5ixy3pf080ta66sisf1nxw0hirsov 3839435 3839434 2026-05-04T12:29:44Z Mhare 481 3839435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija košarkaš | ime_košarkaša = Dario Gjergja | slika = Dario Gjergja Bosnia and Herzegovina 20251127 (4) (cropped).jpg | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = | puno_ime = Dario Gjergja | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1975|8|21}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Zadar]], [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|SR Hrvatska]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]] | pozicija = [[Košarkaški trener|trener]] | početak_karijere = 2001 | trenutni_klub = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | godine1 = 2001–2003. | klub1 = [[KK Zagreb]] (pomoćni trener) | godine2 = 2003–2007. | klub2 = [[KK Cibona|Cibona]] (pomoćni trener) | godine3 = 2007–2008. | klub3 = Ural Great Perm (pomoćni trener) | godine4 = 2008–2009. | klub4 = [[Spirou Charleroi]] (pomoćni trener) | godine5 = 2009–2011. | klub5 = Liège Basket | godine6 = 2011–2025. | klub6 = [[BC Oostende]] | godine7 = 2015. | klub7 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Hrvatske|Hrvatska]] (pomoćni trener) | godine8 = 2018–2025. | klub8 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Belgije|Belgija]] | godine9 = 2025–2026. | klub9 = [[Limoges CSP]] | godine10 = 2025– | klub10 = [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Bosna i Hercegovina]] | nagrade = * 14× prvak Belgije s Oostendeom * osvajač [[BNXT liga|BNXT lige]] s Oostendeom * višestruki osvajač belgijskog kupa i superkupa }} '''Dario Gjergja''' [[Hrvatska|hrvatski]] je [[Košarka|košarkaški]] trener i selektor [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|košarkaške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Rođen je 21. augusta 1975. u [[Zadar|Zadru]], tada u [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|SR Hrvatskoj]] u sastavu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]], a trenersku reputaciju izgradio je prvenstveno u [[Belgija|Belgiji]], gdje je s [[BC Oostende|Oostendeom]] osvojio niz državnih titula.<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje">{{cite web |url=https://basket.ba/dario-gjergja-odlukom-uo-ksbih-imenovan-za-selektora-zmajeva/ |title=Dario Gjergja odlukom UO KSBiH imenovan za selektora Zmajeva |website=Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine |date=10. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="fiba-profil">{{cite web |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/13399-dario-gjergja |title=Dario Gjergja |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bio je selektor [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Belgije|Belgije]] od 2018. do 2025, a u novembru 2025. preuzeo je [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine|reprezentaciju Bosne i Hercegovine]].<ref name="belgija-mahe">{{cite web |url=https://www.basketballbelgium.be/nl/news/julien-mahe-is-de-nieuwe-head-coach-van-de-belgian-lions/ |title=Julien Mahé is de nieuwe head coach van de Belgian Lions |website=Basketball Belgium |date=1. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="ksbih-ugovor">{{cite web |url=https://basket.ba/dario-gjergja-potpisao-ugovor-s-ksbih/ |title=Dario Gjergja potpisao ugovor s KSBiH |website=Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine |date=24. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Trenerska karijera == Gjergja je trenersku karijeru započeo kao pomoćni trener u hrvatskoj klupskoj košarci. Radio je u stručnom štabu [[KK Zagreb|Zagreba]], a zatim u [[KK Cibona|Ciboni]], gdje je bio dio sistema jednog od najuspješnijih hrvatskih klubova. Nakon rada u Hrvatskoj nastavio je karijeru u inostranstvu, uključujući angažman u ruskom Ural Great Permu i belgijskom [[Spirou Charleroi]]u.<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje"/> Prvi samostalni posao glavnog trenera dobio je 2009. u belgijskom Liège Basketu. U tom klubu radio je do 2011, nakon čega je preuzeo [[BC Oostende|Oostende]].<ref name="basketballsphere">{{cite web |url=https://basketballsphere.com/en/bosnia-and-herzegovina-name-dario-gjergja-as-new-national-team-head-coach/ |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina name Dario Gjergja as new national team head coach |website=Basketball Sphere |date=10. 11. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Period u Oostendeu postao je središnji dio njegove klupske karijere: klub je pod njegovim vodstvom osvojio 14 uzastopnih titula prvaka Belgije, a 2024. i naslov u belgijsko-nizozemskoj [[BNXT liga|BNXT ligi]].<ref name="oostende">{{cite web |url=https://www.bebasket.fr/dario-gjergja-lhomme-aux-29-trophees-en-14-saisons-est-officiellement-le-nouveau-coach-de-limoges |title=Dario Gjergja, l'homme aux 29 trophées en 14 saisons, est officiellement le nouveau coach de Limoges |website=BeBasket |date=11. 6. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Nakon sezone 2024/25. napustio je Oostende i prešao u [[Francuska|francuski]] [[Limoges CSP]], koji je 11. juna 2025. objavio njegovo imenovanje za trenera tima na ugovor od dvije sezone.<ref name="limoges-imenovanje">{{cite web |url=https://www.limogescsp.com/la-vie-du-club.html |title=Vie du club |website=Limoges CSP |date=11. 6. 2025 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> U aprilu 2026. Limoges se službeno razišao s njim nakon što je prethodno bio udaljen s klupe, a vođenje ekipe preuzeli su članovi stručnog štaba kluba.<ref name="lequipe-limoges">{{cite web |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Basket/Actualites/Le-limoges-csp-se-separe-officiellement-de-dario-gjergja-et-nomme-maxence-broyer-en-tant-qu-entraineur-adjoint/1670605 |title=Le Limoges CSP se sépare officiellement de Dario Gjergja et nomme Maxence Broyer en tant qu'entraîneur adjoint |website=L'Équipe |date=24. 4. 2026 |access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Reprezentacije == Gjergja je 2015. bio pomoćni trener [[Košarkaška reprezentacija Hrvatske|reprezentacije Hrvatske]] na [[Evropsko prvenstvo u košarci 2015.|Evropskom prvenstvu]], u stručnom štabu selektora [[Velimir Perasović|Velimira Perasovića]]. Belgijski košarkaški savez imenovao ga je 2018. za selektora muške reprezentacije Belgije. Na toj funkciji ostao je sedam godina, a nakon njegovog odlaska ga je 1. novembra 2025. naslijedio francuski trener Julien Mahé.<ref name="belgija-mahe"/> Upravni odbor [[Košarkaški savez Bosne i Hercegovine|Košarkaškog saveza Bosne i Hercegovine]] imenovao je Gjergju 10. novembra 2025. za selektora muške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine, na mjestu na kojem je naslijedio [[Adis Bećiragić|Adisa Bećiragića]].<ref name="ksbih-imenovanje"/> Dvije sedmice kasnije u Sarajevu je potpisao četverogodišnji ugovor sa Savezom, čime je formalno potvrđeno njegovo preuzimanje reprezentacije u ciklusu kvalifikacija za Svjetsko prvenstvo.<ref name="ksbih-ugovor"/> == Privatni život == Gjergja je rođen u košarkaškoj sredini Zadra, grada s dugom tradicijom tog sporta. Pored hrvatskog državljanstva, stekao je i belgijsko državljanstvo tokom dugogodišnjeg rada u belgijskoj košarci.<ref name="fiba-profil"/> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gjergja, Dario}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1975.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Zadar]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski košarkaški treneri]] [[Kategorija:Belgijski košarkaški treneri]] [[Kategorija:Selektori košarkaške reprezentacije Bosne i Hercegovine]] 7gh2kmhr5od3ab08pol7k4mdw59v923 14 533883 3839449 2026-05-04T13:50:43Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Protesti po godinama|199|2|198|200|20}} 3839449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Protesti po godinama|199|2|198|200|20}} tq2o5rsx8bpzlvmb6ldgllvjsqlwodu 14 533884 3839450 2026-05-04T13:53:43Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: [[Kategorija:Protests po temi]] [[Kategorija:Antiratni pokret|Protesti]] 3839450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Protests po temi]] [[Kategorija:Antiratni pokret|Protesti]] 0e503hvmjf1o3veliaksn6la79g730r 3839451 3839450 2026-05-04T13:54:00Z Z1KA 87045 [[Kategorija:Protests po temi]] uklonjena; [[Kategorija:Protesti po temi]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Protesti po temi]] [[Kategorija:Antiratni pokret|Protesti]] kgd27ccmk8oac54zzyt7dmoapt4jor6 14 533885 3839454 2026-05-04T14:12:12Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Portal|Bosna i Hercegovina}} {{Commonscat|Demonstrations and protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Kategorija:Protesti po državama|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Evropi po državama|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Politički pokreti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Politička historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] 3839454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal|Bosna i Hercegovina}} {{Commonscat|Demonstrations and protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Kategorija:Protesti po državama|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Evropi po državama|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Politički pokreti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Politička historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] azuiv6e7ay2dsuqsnh2uughfz2oehi0 14 533886 3839463 2026-05-04T14:15:29Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Portal|Bosna i Hercegovina}} {{Kategorija|Društvena historija Bosne i Hercegovine}} [[Kategorija:Historija Bosne i Hercegovine po temama]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovačko društvo|Historija]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija po državama|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Evrope|Bosna i Hercegovina]] 3839463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal|Bosna i Hercegovina}} {{Kategorija|Društvena historija Bosne i Hercegovine}} [[Kategorija:Historija Bosne i Hercegovine po temama]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovačko društvo|Historija]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija po državama|Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[Kategorija:Društvena historija Evrope|Bosna i Hercegovina]] 6u4xqxd1d86emv30c5o4tud8eymh16e 0 533887 3839468 2026-05-04T14:42:24Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija civilni konflikt | naslov = | podnaslov = | dio = | slika = Blokada (9181851465).jpg | opis_slike = Protesti ispred [[Zgrada Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine|Zgrade Parlamentarne skupštine BiH]], 1. juli 2013. | datum = 5. juni – juli 2013. (1 mjesec) | lokacija = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | coord = <!--Koordinate. Koristi {{Coord}}--> | uzroci = * Suspenzija zakona o JMBG-... 3839468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija civilni konflikt | naslov = | podnaslov = | dio = | slika = Blokada (9181851465).jpg | opis_slike = Protesti ispred [[Zgrada Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine|Zgrade Parlamentarne skupštine BiH]], 1. juli 2013. | datum = 5. juni – juli 2013. (1 mjesec) | lokacija = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | coord = <!--Koordinate. Koristi {{Coord}}--> | uzroci = * Suspenzija zakona o JMBG-u, čime se građanima uskraćuje jedinstveni identifikacijski broj, potreban za dobijanje pravne dokumentacije. | ciljevi = * Politička reforma * Poboljšanje životnog standarda | metode = * [[Protest]]i * [[Demonstracija|Demonstracije]] | status = Završeni | ishod = * Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine usvojila izmjene Zakona o JMBG-u | strana1 = | strana2 = | strana3 = | strana4 = | vodeća_osoba1 = | vodeća_osoba2 = | vodeća_osoba3 = | vodeća_osoba4 = | broj1 = | broj2 = | broj3 = | broj4 = | žrtve1 = | žrtve2 = | žrtve3 = | žrtve4 = | oznaka_žrtve = | ozlijeđenih = | umrlih = | uhapšenih = | zadržanih = | optuženih = | kažnjenih = | napomene = }} '''JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini''' bili su demonstracije u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] između juna i jula 2013. Skraćenica JMBG je skraćenica od ''[[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]]'', identifikacijski broj koji se dodjeljuje građanima. Zbog političkih prepirki po etničkim linijama, političari koji predstavljaju [[Etničke grupe u Bosni i Hercegovini|etničke grupe]] koje čine [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosnu i Hercegovinu]] dozvolili su da dodjeljivanje JMBG-a istekne u februaru 2013. Kao rezultat toga, djeci rođenoj nakon februara nije dodijeljen JMBG i stoga nisu mogla dobiti zdravstvene knjižice ili pasoše. == Etimologija == Protesti su nazvani ''Bebolucija'' i ''JMBG protesti''. == Pozadina == U maju 2011. [[Ustavni sud Bosne i Hercegovine]] proglasio je zakon o [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|jedinstvenim matičnim brojevima građana]] (JMBG), koji je potreban za podnošenje zahtjeva za pasoše i druge administrativne dokumente, neustavnim, zbog činjenice da jedan od njegovih članova nije sadržavao nove nazive nekolicine općina u entitetu [[Republika Srpska]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/igor-%C5%A0tiks/%E2%80%98we-are-all-in-this-together%E2%80%99-civic-awakening-in-bosnia-herzegovina|title='We are all in this together': a civic awakening in Bosnia-Herzegovina|date=12 June 2013|publisher=Open Democracy|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Sud je naložio [[Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine|Parlamentarnoj skupštini Bosne i Hercegovine]] da izmijeni zakon u roku od šest mjeseci. Međutim, kako je šestomjesečni rok istekao, a zastupnici u parlamentu nisu donijeli nikakvu odluku, Sud je u januaru 2013. u potpunosti suspendovao zakon. Kao rezultat blokiranog zakonodavstva, bebe rođene nakon februara 2013. nisu imale pasoše niti zdravstveno osiguranje jer je za to potreban lični identifikacioni broj.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://wkbn.com/2013/06/06/thousands-protest-new-bosnian-law-on-id-numbers/|title=Thousands protest lack of Bosnia law on ID numbers|last=|first=|date=6 June 2013|website=|publisher=WKBN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423201107/http://wkbn.com/2013/06/06/thousands-protest-new-bosnian-law-on-id-numbers/|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> == Protesti == [[Datoteka:Otkaz_Dismissed_(9186150530).jpg|desno|mini|Natpis koji su demonstranti postavili ispred zgrade [[Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine|Parlamenta]] glasi "Otkaz!"]] Protesti su počeli 5. juna 2013. kada se grupa građana okupila ispred zgrade [[Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine|Parlamentarne skupštine]] kako bi protestovala. Kako su protesti rasli, pristizale su hiljade drugih, odlučnih da ostanu dok se problem ne riješi.<ref name=":0" /> Do 11. juna, procijenjenih 10.000 demonstranata bilo je prisutno oko parlamenta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarajevotimes.com/mass-jmbg-protests-in-sarajevo-go-out-and-fire-them/|title=Mass JMBG Protests in Sarajevo: 'Go Out and Fire Them'|date=1 July 2013|publisher=Sarajevo Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070709/http://www.sarajevotimes.com/mass-jmbg-protests-in-sarajevo-go-out-and-fire-them/|archive-date=5 May 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Kontinuirani protesti pozvali su zakonodavce da usvoje zakon kojim bi se spriječile takve situacije u budućnosti, donošenjem zakona o uspostavljanju novog sistema identifikacije. Vlast je počela izdavati privremene identifikacijske dokumente, ali su demonstranti zahtijevali trajnije rješenje.<ref name=":0" /> Mlade majke s bebama bez ličnih dokumenata gurale su svoje kolica između demonstranata i specijalnih policijskih snaga, dok su [[Sarajevo|sarajevski]] taksisti blokirali ulice oko zgrade.<ref name=":0" /> Usred protesta, 16. juna 2013, tromjesečna Berina Hamidović je umrla nakon što joj je odbijen ulazak u susjednu [[Srbija|Srbiju]] radi hitne medicinske pomoći, jer beba nije mogla dobiti pasoš zbog toga što joj nije dodijeljen identifikacijski broj.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/07/01/bosnia-facing-political-inertia-jmbg-protests-call-for-civil-disobedience-/|title=Bosnia: facing political inertia, #JMBG protests call for civil disobedience|date=1 July 2013|publisher=Euro News|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Demonstranti su održali bdijenje sa svijećama ispred parlamenta kako bi ožalili njenu smrt i zahtijevali promjene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/edin-dedovic/bosnia%E2%80%99s-baby-revolution-is-protest-movement-coming-of-age|title=Bosnia's baby revolution: is the protest movement coming of age?|date=26 June 2013|publisher=Open Democracy|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Demonstranti su postavili rok do 30. juna 2013. za donošenje novog zakona. == Reakcija == [[Amnesty International]] je objavio saopštenje u kojem se navodi da "kašnjenje u usvajanju novog zakona u Bosni i Hercegovini, kojim se dodjeljuju lični identifikacijski brojevi novorođenim građanima Bosne i Hercegovine, predstavlja nezakonit napad na osnovna ljudska prava građana zemlje."<ref name="auto" /> == Posljedice == Pod pritiskom javnosti, [[Vijeće ministara Bosne i Hercegovine|Vijeće ministara BiH]] prvo je donijelo privremenu odluku, a zatim je u julu 2013. Parlamentarna skupština je usvojila izmjene Zakona o JMBG-u; konačno zakonsko rješenje završeno je kasnije kroz parlamentarnu proceduru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/news/balkan/2013/7/1/zavrseni-protesti-u-sarajevu|title=Završeni protesti u Sarajevu|website=Al Jazeera Balkans|language=bs|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Protesti su pokazali da se građani u BiH mogu mobilizirati oko pitanja koje nije stranačko, etničko ili ideološko, nego građansko i životno. Okupljanja su počela u Sarajevu, ali su se proširila i na druge gradove, uz snažnu upotrebu društvenih mreža. Zbog toga se JMBG protesti često tumače kao jedan od najvažnijih primjera poslijeratnog građanskog buđenja u BiH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://6yka.com/bih/buka-dogadaj-2013-godine-protesti-i-gradanski-aktivizmi-u-bih/|title=BUKA događaj 2013. godine: Protesti i građanski aktivizmi u BiH {{!}} 6yka|last=Portal|first=BUKA|date=2014-01-02|website=6yka.com|language=bs-BA|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Novija akademska analiza ih povezuje i sa [[Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini (februar 2014)|širim protestima 2014]], jer su otvorili prostor za drugačije razumijevanje građanstva, solidarnosti i političke odgovornosti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chrzová|first=Barbora|date=2024|title=Bosnian-Herzegovinian Citizens in the Making – The Citizenship Debate in the Time of Social Mobilizations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/bosnianherzegovinian-citizens-in-the-making-the-citizenship-debate-in-the-time-of-social-mobilizations/A7A587E5E006D1D064B357A7D0CD6B5D|journal=Nationalities Papers|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=60–78|doi=10.1017/nps.2022.110|issn=0090-5992|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] * [[Antiratni protesti u Sarajevu 1992.]] * [[Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini (februar 2014)]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == *{{Commonscat-inline|JMBG protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Kategorija:Protesti u 2013.]] [[Kategorija:2013. u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Politika Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Politički skandali u Bosni i Hercegovini]] lexqhh21or5ktna5xwsekoumqlbpwdq 6 533888 3839469 2026-05-04T14:44:39Z Z1KA 87045 {{Infoslika |Opis=Protesti ispred [[Zgrada Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine|Zgrade Parlamentarne skupštine BiH]], 1. juli 2013. |Izvor=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blokada_(9181851465).jpg en.wiki] |Datum=1. 7. 2013. |Autor=[https://www.flickr.com/people/97749740@N05 Bebolucija #jmbg] |Objašnjenje= }} 3839469 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sažetak == {{Infoslika |Opis=Protesti ispred [[Zgrada Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine|Zgrade Parlamentarne skupštine BiH]], 1. juli 2013. |Izvor=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blokada_(9181851465).jpg en.wiki] |Datum=1. 7. 2013. |Autor=[https://www.flickr.com/people/97749740@N05 Bebolucija #jmbg] |Objašnjenje= }} == Licenciranje == {{JD-predao}} caoc4313456bnl3002k39p29qrycsbn 3839470 3839469 2026-05-04T14:47:07Z Z1KA 87045 3839470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sažetak == {{Infoslika |Opis=Protesti ispred [[Zgrada Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine|Zgrade Parlamentarne skupštine BiH]], 1. juli 2013. |Izvor=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blokada_(9181851465).jpg en.wiki] |Datum=1. 7. 2013. |Autor=[https://www.flickr.com/people/97749740@N05 Bebolucija #jmbg] |Objašnjenje= }} == Licenciranje == {{cc-by-sa-2.0}} {{Sloboda panorame (SAD)}} {{Izbrisano na Commonsu}} {{Imbox |text=Ova datoteka je potvrđena od strane pouzdanog korisnika kao datoteka sa gore navedenom licencom na Flickr-u ili nekoj drugoj eksternoj stranici u trenutku njenog postavljanja na Commons i/ili Wikipediju (pogledajte lokalnu historiju datoteka, izbrisane na Commonsu ili historiju Flickr licenci radi provjere). Iako je moguće da se licenca promijenila na toj stranici, Creative Commons i druge slične licence se ne mogu opozvati.}} feeb0uyxmilz0d470xzq2wbpyfi0zct 10 533889 3839471 2026-05-04T14:54:01Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{imbox |type=license |image=[[Datoteka:SemiPD-icon.svg|50px|link=]]<br /><br />[[Datoteka:Flag of the United States.svg|50px|Sjedinjene Američke Države]] |text= Ova slika prikazuje autorskim pravom zaštićeno arhitektonsko djelo iz zemlje koja nema izuzetak za [[Sloboda panorame|slobodu panorame]]. U skladu s [[:en:Template talk:FoP-USonly#RFC: Does US FoP apply to foreign works?|općim konsenzusom (2012)]], Wikipedija slijedi samo autorsko pravo Sjedinjenih Američkih... 3839471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{imbox |type=license |image=[[Datoteka:SemiPD-icon.svg|50px|link=]]<br /><br />[[Datoteka:Flag of the United States.svg|50px|Sjedinjene Američke Države]] |text= Ova slika prikazuje autorskim pravom zaštićeno arhitektonsko djelo iz zemlje koja nema izuzetak za [[Sloboda panorame|slobodu panorame]]. U skladu s [[:en:Template talk:FoP-USonly#RFC: Does US FoP apply to foreign works?|općim konsenzusom (2012)]], Wikipedija slijedi samo [[autorsko pravo Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] ([https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.pdf Title 17 of the United States Code]). Stoga se američka sloboda panorame (samo za arhitekturu) primjenjuje na slike svih autorskim pravom zaštićenih arhitektonskih djela iz zemalja koje nemaju izuzetke za slobodu panorame. Američka sloboda panorame, navedena u Sec. 120(a), dozvoljava fotografisanje i distribuciju ili javno prikazivanje nastalih slika arhitektonskih djela koja se nalaze u javnim prostorima ili su vidljiva iz njih. Za više informacija pogledajte [[c:Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States#Freedom of panorama]]. {{imbox |image=[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|45px|left|alt=|link=]] |text= {{Sakrij |headerstyle=text-align:left |1=Definicija arhitekture ili zgrade (prema 17 U.S. Code, Sec. 101) |2= :''Građevine pogodne za ljudsko stanovanje koje su namijenjene da budu i trajne i nepokretne, kao što su kuće i poslovne zgrade, te druge trajne i nepokretne građevine namijenjene ljudskom boravku, uključujući, ali ne ograničavajući se na crkve, muzeje, sjenice i vrtne paviljone.'' ([https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/37/202.1137 CFR 202.11(b)(2)]) }} {{Sakrij |headerstyle=text-align:left |1=Napomena čitaocima engleske Wikipedije iz zemalja bez slobode panorame |2= :Iako je ova slika slobodna u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i Wikipediji slijedi samo američko autorsko pravo, čitaoci Wikipedije iz zemalja bez slobode panorame upozoravaju se da ne koriste ovu sliku na način koji bi mogao povrijediti ekonomska prava arhitekata koji su projektovali ovo arhitektonsko djelo. }} {{Sakrij |headerstyle=text-align:left |1=Ne koristite ovaj šablon na autorskim pravom zaštićenim javnim umjetničkim djelima (kao što su statue, skulpture i murali)! |2= :Američka sloboda panorame ne odnosi se na javna umjetnička djela. To znači da se slike takvih djela moraju tretirati kao [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|neslobodne]] (čak i ako sadrže licenciranje postavljača) i moraju slijediti [[Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria#Policy|relevantne smjernice o neslobodnom sadržaju]], ili u suprotnom biti obrisane, osim ako su djela u [[c:Wikipedia:Public domain#United States|javnom vlasništvu]], ili je njihovo prisustvo [[c:Commons:De minimis|sporedno]]. }} }} }}<includeonly>[[Kategorija:Wikipedia datoteke koje koriste slobodu panorame]]</includeonly> {{Slobodno u medijima u SAD-u}} {{Ne izvozi na Commons|razlog=Iako je ova slika slobodna prema američkom autorskom pravu i stoga [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights|prihvatljiva]] na Wikipediji, smatra se da je '''neslobodna''' u svojoj matičnoj zemlji{{#if:{{{1|}}}|, {{{1}}}}}. Ova slika ne bi se trebala prenositi na Wikimedia Commons osim ako se može '''dokazati''' da su prikazi arhitektonskog djela slobodni u zemlji u kojoj se djelo nalazi, jer Commons zahtijeva da slike budu slobodne u zemlji porijekla i u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.|expiry{{#if:{{{2|}}}||dummy}}={{{2}}}|suppress={{{suppress|}}}}}{{Slobodno u medijima u SAD-u}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> rl1qnza2klx2gwdz59vyduoabh5evzo 3839472 3839471 2026-05-04T14:54:45Z Z1KA 87045 3839472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{imbox |type=license |image=[[Datoteka:SemiPD-icon.svg|50px|link=]]<br /><br />[[Datoteka:Flag of the United States.svg|50px|Sjedinjene Američke Države]] |text= Ova slika prikazuje autorskim pravom zaštićeno arhitektonsko djelo iz zemlje koja nema izuzetak za [[Sloboda panorame|slobodu panorame]]. U skladu s [[:en:Template talk:FoP-USonly#RFC: Does US FoP apply to foreign works?|općim konsenzusom (2012)]], Wikipedija slijedi samo [[autorsko pravo Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] ([https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.pdf Title 17 of the United States Code]). Stoga se američka sloboda panorame (samo za arhitekturu) primjenjuje na slike svih autorskim pravom zaštićenih arhitektonskih djela iz zemalja koje nemaju izuzetke za slobodu panorame. Američka sloboda panorame, navedena u Sec. 120(a), dozvoljava fotografisanje i distribuciju ili javno prikazivanje nastalih slika arhitektonskih djela koja se nalaze u javnim prostorima ili su vidljiva iz njih. Za više informacija pogledajte [[c:Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States#Freedom of panorama]]. {{imbox |image=[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|45px|left|alt=|link=]] |text= {{Sakrij |headerstyle=text-align:left |1=Definicija arhitekture ili zgrade (prema 17 U.S. Code, Sec. 101) |2= :''Građevine pogodne za ljudsko stanovanje koje su namijenjene da budu i trajne i nepokretne, kao što su kuće i poslovne zgrade, te druge trajne i nepokretne građevine namijenjene ljudskom boravku, uključujući, ali ne ograničavajući se na crkve, muzeje, sjenice i vrtne paviljone.'' ([https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/37/202.1137 CFR 202.11(b)(2)]) }} {{Sakrij |headerstyle=text-align:left |1=Napomena čitaocima Wikipedije iz zemalja bez slobode panorame |2= :Iako je ova slika slobodna u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i Wikipediji slijedi samo američko autorsko pravo, čitaoci Wikipedije iz zemalja bez slobode panorame upozoravaju se da ne koriste ovu sliku na način koji bi mogao povrijediti ekonomska prava arhitekata koji su projektovali ovo arhitektonsko djelo. }} {{Sakrij |headerstyle=text-align:left |1=Ne koristite ovaj šablon na autorskim pravom zaštićenim javnim umjetničkim djelima (kao što su statue, skulpture i murali)! |2= :Američka sloboda panorame ne odnosi se na javna umjetnička djela. To znači da se slike takvih djela moraju tretirati kao [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|neslobodne]] (čak i ako sadrže licenciranje postavljača) i moraju slijediti [[Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria#Policy|relevantne smjernice o neslobodnom sadržaju]], ili u suprotnom biti obrisane, osim ako su djela u [[c:Wikipedia:Public domain#United States|javnom vlasništvu]], ili je njihovo prisustvo [[c:Commons:De minimis|sporedno]]. }} }} }}<includeonly>[[Kategorija:Wikipedia datoteke koje koriste slobodu panorame]]</includeonly> {{Slobodno u medijima u SAD-u}} {{Ne izvozi na Commons|razlog=Iako je ova slika slobodna prema američkom autorskom pravu i stoga [[:en:Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights|prihvatljiva]] na Wikipediji, smatra se da je '''neslobodna''' u svojoj matičnoj zemlji{{#if:{{{1|}}}|, {{{1}}}}}. Ova slika ne bi se trebala prenositi na Wikimedia Commons osim ako se može '''dokazati''' da su prikazi arhitektonskog djela slobodni u zemlji u kojoj se djelo nalazi, jer Commons zahtijeva da slike budu slobodne u zemlji porijekla i u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.|expiry{{#if:{{{2|}}}||dummy}}={{{2}}}|suppress={{{suppress|}}}}}{{Slobodno u medijima u SAD-u}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 8pvx62d1xobh9yatxy9ygvcgt10cuwc 1 533890 3839474 2026-05-04T15:08:25Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|tema2=društvo|država=Bosna i Hercegovina}} 3839474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=historija|tema2=društvo|država=Bosna i Hercegovina}} 0pe6irq7b3kah0hxenaujf5jqij6uv5 6 533891 3839479 2026-05-04T15:51:58Z Felipeofpo 169769 == Sažetak == {{Infoslika |Opis= Ovo je omot muzičkog albuma Artpop čiji je autor Lady Gaga. |Izvor=https://greenday.com/ |Datum= 4. 5. 2026. |Autor= Lady Gaga |Objašnjenje= Smatram da je ova datoteka pokrivena američkim zakonom o poštenoj upotrebi, i to iz sljedećih razloga: # To je primjerak niske rezolucije. # Ona uveliko doprinosi članku. # Ona ne oštećuje vlasnika niti mu ograničava mogućnost da zarađuje prodavajući bilo kakve proizvode koji su asocirani s ovim brendom. # Nijedan slobodn... 3839479 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sažetak == {{Infoslika |Opis= Ovo je omot muzičkog albuma Artpop čiji je autor Lady Gaga. |Izvor=https://greenday.com/ |Datum= 4. 5. 2026. |Autor= Lady Gaga |Objašnjenje= Smatram da je ova datoteka pokrivena američkim zakonom o poštenoj upotrebi, i to iz sljedećih razloga: # To je primjerak niske rezolucije. # Ona uveliko doprinosi članku. # Ona ne oštećuje vlasnika niti mu ograničava mogućnost da zarađuje prodavajući bilo kakve proizvode koji su asocirani s ovim brendom. # Nijedan slobodni primjerak trenutno nije dostupan. }} == Licenciranje == {{Omot albuma}} d4fqy2mihhiil64hqk6vbgidudsxqnv 3839494 3839479 2026-05-04T16:06:29Z Felipeofpo 169769 /* Sažetak */ 3839494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sažetak == {{Infoslika |Opis= Ovo je omot muzičkog albuma Artpop čiji je autor Lady Gaga. |Izvor=https://ladygaga.com/ |Datum= 4. 5. 2026. |Autor= Lady Gaga |Objašnjenje= Smatram da je ova datoteka pokrivena američkim zakonom o poštenoj upotrebi, i to iz sljedećih razloga: # To je primjerak niske rezolucije. # Ona uveliko doprinosi članku. # Ona ne oštećuje vlasnika niti mu ograničava mogućnost da zarađuje prodavajući bilo kakve proizvode koji su asocirani s ovim brendom. # Nijedan slobodni primjerak trenutno nije dostupan. }} == Licenciranje == {{Omot albuma}} 2381eqzr7v39hoxf3z7ukgfs4tgha72 0 533892 3839480 2026-05-04T15:55:53Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] Socijalistička Federativna Republ... 3839480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFR Jugoslavije]]. I dalje se koristi u gotovo svim državama koje su nastale nakon [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]: [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Crna Gora]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija]], [[Srbija]] i [[Slovenija]] ga koriste u izvornom obliku, dok je [[Hrvatska]] prešla na novi identifikacijski broj pod nazivom [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB). == Historija == JMBG je uveden u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji]] 8. januara 1977.{{Efn|Zakon o uvođenju jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 58/76., reg. 840., str. 1823. i 1824.) objavljen je 31.12.1976. Zakon je stupio na snagu 08.01.1977. Član 12. Zakona dao je rok od pet godina za uvođenje jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana.|naziv=58/76|grupa=lower-alpha}} i primjenjivao se na sve građane rođene prije tog datuma i žive u to vrijeme. Svih šest republika usvojilo je zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana. Iako je [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]] nastavila koristiti JMBG nakon sticanja nezavisnosti 2002,<ref>Croatian Law on JMBG from 1992 – ''Zakon o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 1992-9 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|title=9 21.02.1992 Ukaz o proglašenju Zakona o matičnom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610194819/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> službeni naziv broja promijenjen je u Matični broj građana (MBG).<ref>Changes in the Croatian Law on MBG from 2002 – ''Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 2002-66 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|title=66 7.6.2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o mati?nom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105154039/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mup.hr/main.aspx?id=95 Full text of the Croatian master citizen number law at the Croatian Ministry of Interior Affairs]</ref> Zagovornici [[Pravo na privatnost|prava na privatnost]] tvrdili su da je JMBG dio [[Lični podatak|ličnih podataka]] koji treba zaštititi [[Zakon o privatnosti informacija|zakonom o privatnosti informacija]], uglavnom zato što je jedinstven i uključuje datum rođenja osobe. Kada je zakon u tom smislu donesen 2003,<ref>Zakon o zaštiti osobnih podataka, [[Narodne novine]] 2003-103 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|title=103 26.6.2003 Zakon o za?titi osobnih podataka|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922122141/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|archive-date=September 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> JMBG je uklonjen iz [[Lična karta|ličnih karata]], [[Vozačka dozvola|vozačkih dozvola]] i sličnih dokumenata. Hrvatska je 2009. donijela novi zakon kojim je uveden drugačiji jedinstveni identifikator nazvan [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB).<ref>Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju, [[Narodne novine]] 2008-60 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|title=60 28.5.2008 Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022102120/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|archive-date=October 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> OIB se sastoji od 11 nasumično odabranih cifara i dodijeljen je svim hrvatskim građanima, kompanijama registrovanim u Hrvatskoj i stranim državljanima sa prebivalištem u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://porezna-uprava.gov.hr/hr/oib-3966/3966|title=OIB - Porezna uprava Hrvatske|website=porezna-uprava.gov.hr|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Iako je OIB u upotrebi, zakon o MBG-u ostaje na snazi, a MBG broj se i dalje izdaje. MBG se više ne pojavljuje na [[Lična karta Hrvatske|hrvatskim ličnim kartama]] od 2003, a umjesto toga se OIB pojavljuje od 2013. U [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] je 2001. službeni naziv broja promijenjen u Jedinstveni matični broj (JMB), iako se akronim JMBG još uvijek uveliko koristi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/law/DownloadDocument?lawDocumentId=2c35d62c-7a60-407a-9dc5-9dd364e05978&langTag=hr|title=ZAKON O JEDINSTVENOM MATIČNOM BROJU (Neslužbeni pročišćeni tekst1 ) Poglavlje I - OPĆE ODREDBE Članak 1. Ovim zakonom pro}}</ref> == Sastav == Broj se sastoji od 13 cifara u obliku "DDMMGGGRRBBBK" gdje je:<div style="font-size:85%"> : DD &#x2013; dan rođenja : MM &#x2013; mjesec rođenja : GGG &#x2013; posljednja tri broja godine rođenja : RR &#x2013; politička regija rođenja (za osobe rođenje prije 1976, politička regija je ona gdje su se prvi put registrovali)<ref>Agreement on allocation of registry numbers for the Unique Master Citizen Number (»Official Gazette of SFRY«, No. 13/78., reg. 240.)</ref> :* 01-08 &#x2013; strani državljani bez državljanstva bivše Jugoslavije ili zemalja nasljednica (strani državljani koji dobiju državljanstvo također dobijaju 'redovni' JMBG, a ne ovaj 'samo za strance'){{Efn|Pravilnik o načinu određivanja jedinstvenog matičnog broja stranca (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 43/80., reg. 705., str. 1431. i 1431.) objavljen 1.8.1980. i stupio je na snagu 9.8.1980. Ovaj pravilnik je svojim članom 5. utvrdio matične brojeve za jedinstveni matični broj stranca.|naziv=43/80|grupa=lower-alpha}} :** 01 – stranci u Bosni i Hercegovini :** 02 – stranci u Crnoj Gori :** 03 – stranci u Hrvatskoj :** 04 – stranci u Makedoniji :** 05 – stranci u Sloveniji :** 06 – stranci u Srbiji :** 07 – stranci u Vojvodini :** 08 – stranci na Kosovu :* 00 i 09 &#x2013; naturalizirani građani koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo{{Efn|Matični brojevi 00 i 09 dodijeljeni su Saveznom sekretarijatu za unutrašnje poslove i korišteni su za naturalizirane državljane SFRJ koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo. U Hrvatskoj su se matični brojevi 00 trebali koristiti u slučaju popunjavanja kvote matičnog broja 03.|naziv=00i09|grupa=lower-alpha}} :* 10–19 &#x2013; [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] :** 10 – [[Banja Luka]] :** 11 – [[Bihać]] :** 12 – [[Doboj]] :** 13 – [[Goražde]] :** 14 – [[Livno]] :** 15 – [[Mostar]] :** 16 – [[Prijedor]] :** 17 – [[Sarajevo]] :** 18 – [[Tuzla]] :** 19 – [[Zenica]] :* 20–29 &#x2013; [[Crna Gora]] :** 20 – (ne koristi se) :** 21 – [[Podgorica]], [[Danilovgrad]], [[Kolašin]] :** 22 – [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bar]], [[Ulcinj]] :** 23 – [[Budva]], [[Kotor]], [[Tivat]] :** 24 – [[Herceg Novi]] :** 25 – [[Cetinje]] :** 26 – [[Nikšić]], [[Plužine]], [[Šavnik (Crna Gora)|Šavnik]] :** 27 – [[Berane]], [[Rožaje]], [[Plav]], [[Andrijevica]] :** 28 – [[Bijelo Polje]], [[Mojkovac]] :** 29 – [[Pljevlja]], [[Žabljak]] :* 30–39 &#x2013; [[Hrvatska]] (više se ne koristi) :** 30 – [[Osijek]], [[Slavonija]] :** 31 – [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Pakrac]], [[Podravina]] :** 32 – [[Varaždin]], [[Međimurska županija|Međimurje]] :** 33 – [[Zagreb]] :** 34 – [[Karlovac]], [[Kordun]] :** 35 – [[Gospić]], [[Lika]] :** 36 – [[Rijeka]], [[Pula]], [[Gorski kotar]], [[Istra]] i [[Hrvatsko primorje]] :** 37 – [[Sisak]], [[Banovina (regija)|Banovina]] :** 38 – [[Split]], [[Zadar]], [[Šibenik]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmacija]] :** 39 – [[Hrvatsko zagorje]] i ostalo :* 41–49 &#x2013; [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija]] :** 41 – [[Bitolj]] :** 42 – [[Kumanovo]] :** 43 – [[Ohrid]] :** 44 – [[Prilep]] :** 45 – [[Skoplje]] :** 46 – [[Strumica]] :** 47 – [[Tetovo]] :** 48 – [[Veles]] :** 49 – [[Štip]] :* 50–59 &#x2013; [[Slovenija]] (samo 50 se koristio do 2024) :* 60–69 &#x2013; (Osobe s privremenim boravkom) :* 70–79 &#x2013; [[Centralna Srbija]] :** 70 – Državljani Srbije registrovani u inostranstvu u diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Srbije (član 4. Zakona o JMBG) :** 71 – [[Beograd]] :** 72 – [[Šumadija]] i [[Pomoravlje]] ([[Šumadijski upravni okrug]] i [[Pomoravski upravni okrug]]) :** 73 – [[Niš]] ([[Nišavski upravni okrug]], [[Pirotski upravni okrug]] i [[Toplički upravni okrug]]) :** 74 – [[Južna Morava]] ([[Jablanički upravni okrug]] i [[Pčinjski upravni okrug]]) :** 75 – [[Zaječar]] ([[Zaječarski upravni okrug]] i [[Borski upravni okrug]]) :** 76 – [[Podunavlje]] ([[Podunavski upravni okrug]] i [[Braničevski upravni okrug]]) :** 77 – [[Podrinje]] i [[Kolubara]] ([[Mačvanski upravni okrug]] i [[Kolubarski upravni okrug]]) :** 78 – [[Kraljevo]] ([[Raški upravni okrug]], [[Moravički upravni okrug]] i [[Rasinski upravni okrug]]) :** 79 – [[Užice]] ([[Zlatiborski upravni okrug]]) :* 80–89 &#x2013; [[Vojvodina]] :** 80 – [[Novi Sad]] ([[Južnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 81 – [[Sombor]] ([[Zapadnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 82 – [[Subotica]] ([[Sjevernobački upravni okrug]]) :** 84 – [[Kikinda]] ([[Sjevernobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 85 – [[Zrenjanin]] ([[Srednjobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 86 – [[Pančevo]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 87 – [[Vršac]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 88 – [[Ruma]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 89 – [[Sremska Mitrovica]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :* 90–99 &#x2013; [[Kosovo]] :** 91 – [[Priština]] ([[Kosovski upravni okrug]]) :** 92 – [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] ([[Kosovskomitrovački upravni okrug]]) :** 93 – [[Peć]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 94 – [[Đakovica]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 95 – [[Prizren]] ([[Prizrenski upravni okrug]]) :** 96 – [[Gnjilane]] ([[Kosovskopomoravski upravni okrug]]) : BBB &#x2013; jedinstveni broj određenog RR-a (predstavlja osobu unutar područja DDMMGGGGRR u određenoj općini) :* 000–499 &#x2013; [[mužjak]] :* 500–999 &#x2013; [[ženka]] : K – [[Kontrolni broj]] </div> === Kontrolni broj === Kontrolni broj se izračunava iz mapiranja DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ''abcdefghijklm'', koristeći formulu: :''m'' = 11 &minus; (( 7×(''a'' + ''g'') + 6×(''b'' + ''h'') + 5×(''c'' + ''i'') + 4×(''d'' + ''j'') + 3×(''e'' + ''k'') + 2×(''f'' + ''l'') ) [[Kongruencija|mod]] 11) * Ako je ''m'' između 1 i 9, broj K je isti kao i broj ''m.'' * Ako je ''m'' 10 ili 11, K postaje 0 (nula) == Primjer == Na primjer, važeći identifikacijski broj je 0101006500006; to je broj prve muške bebe registrovane u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] 1. januara 2006. == Greške == Postoji mali broj JMBG-ova koje su dodijelili važeći autoriteti, ali koji su imali nevažeću kontrolnu sumu. Također, postoji i nekoliko duplikata. Uobičajeno anegdotsko objašnjenje za ovo je jednostavna greška operatera. Navodno su se ove greške češće dešavale početkom 1990-ih. Šanse za nailaženje na izuzetke su navodno male, a nije naučno analizirano da li takvi izuzeci opravdavaju dovođenje u pitanje upotrebe JMBG-a kao jedinstvenog identifikatora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3417266/jedan-covek-a-tri-maticna-broja.html|title=Jedan čovek, a tri matična broja|website=РТС|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1535234/sta-ako-ste-jedan-od-gradjana-koji-ima-dva-maticna-broja|title=Šta ako ste jedan od građana koji ima dva matična broja?|website=www.ekapija.com|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a1tv.net/gotovo-nestvarno-novopazarska-sa-dva/|title=GOTOVO NESTVARNO: Novopazarka sa dva identiteta|last=Radetinac|first=Enes|date=2022-11-10|website=A1 TV Novi Pazar|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] * [[JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] == Napomene == {{Spisaknapomena}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Pravo u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Crnoj Gori]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pravo na Kosovu]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Srbiji]] [[Kategorija:1977. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] o9o771ar2a8i5vucwd0ylv3mbixah8n 3839485 3839480 2026-05-04T15:57:54Z Z1KA 87045 3839485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFR Jugoslavije]]. I dalje se koristi u gotovo svim državama koje su nastale nakon [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]: [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Crna Gora]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija]], [[Srbija]] i [[Slovenija]] ga koriste u izvornom obliku, dok je [[Hrvatska]] prešla na novi identifikacijski broj pod nazivom [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB). == Historija == JMBG je uveden u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji]] 8. januara 1977.{{Efn|Zakon o uvođenju jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 58/76., reg. 840., str. 1823. i 1824.) objavljen je 31.12.1976. Zakon je stupio na snagu 08.01.1977. Član 12. Zakona dao je rok od pet godina za uvođenje jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana.|naziv=58/76|grupa=lower-alpha}} i primjenjivao se na sve građane rođene prije tog datuma i žive u to vrijeme. Svih šest republika usvojilo je zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana. Iako je [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]] nastavila koristiti JMBG nakon sticanja nezavisnosti 2002,<ref>Croatian Law on JMBG from 1992 – ''Zakon o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 1992-9 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|title=9 21.02.1992 Ukaz o proglašenju Zakona o matičnom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610194819/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> službeni naziv broja promijenjen je u Matični broj građana (MBG).<ref>Changes in the Croatian Law on MBG from 2002 – ''Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 2002-66 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|title=66 7.6.2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o mati?nom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105154039/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mup.hr/main.aspx?id=95 Full text of the Croatian master citizen number law at the Croatian Ministry of Interior Affairs]</ref> Zagovornici [[Pravo na privatnost|prava na privatnost]] tvrdili su da je JMBG dio [[Lični podatak|ličnih podataka]] koji treba zaštititi [[Zakon o privatnosti informacija|zakonom o privatnosti informacija]], uglavnom zato što je jedinstven i uključuje datum rođenja osobe. Kada je zakon u tom smislu donesen 2003,<ref>Zakon o zaštiti osobnih podataka, [[Narodne novine]] 2003-103 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|title=103 26.6.2003 Zakon o za?titi osobnih podataka|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922122141/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|archive-date=September 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> JMBG je uklonjen iz [[Lična karta|ličnih karata]], [[Vozačka dozvola|vozačkih dozvola]] i sličnih dokumenata. Hrvatska je 2009. donijela novi zakon kojim je uveden drugačiji jedinstveni identifikator nazvan [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB).<ref>Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju, [[Narodne novine]] 2008-60 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|title=60 28.5.2008 Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022102120/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|archive-date=October 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> OIB se sastoji od 11 nasumično odabranih cifara i dodijeljen je svim hrvatskim građanima, kompanijama registrovanim u Hrvatskoj i stranim državljanima sa prebivalištem u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://porezna-uprava.gov.hr/hr/oib-3966/3966|title=OIB - Porezna uprava Hrvatske|website=porezna-uprava.gov.hr|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Iako je OIB u upotrebi, zakon o MBG-u ostaje na snazi, a MBG broj se i dalje izdaje. MBG se više ne pojavljuje na [[Lična karta Hrvatske|hrvatskim ličnim kartama]] od 2003, a umjesto toga se OIB pojavljuje od 2013. U [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] je 2001. službeni naziv broja promijenjen u Jedinstveni matični broj (JMB), iako se akronim JMBG još uvijek uveliko koristi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/law/DownloadDocument?lawDocumentId=2c35d62c-7a60-407a-9dc5-9dd364e05978&langTag=hr|title=ZAKON O JEDINSTVENOM MATIČNOM BROJU (Neslužbeni pročišćeni tekst1 ) Poglavlje I - OPĆE ODREDBE Članak 1. Ovim zakonom pro}}</ref> == Sastav == Broj se sastoji od 13 cifara u obliku "DDMMGGGRRBBBK" gdje je:<div style="font-size:85%"> : DD &#x2013; dan rođenja : MM &#x2013; mjesec rođenja : GGG &#x2013; posljednja tri broja godine rođenja : RR &#x2013; politička regija rođenja (za osobe rođenje prije 1976, politička regija je ona gdje su se prvi put registrovali)<ref>Agreement on allocation of registry numbers for the Unique Master Citizen Number (»Official Gazette of SFRY«, No. 13/78., reg. 240.)</ref> :* 01-08 &#x2013; strani državljani bez državljanstva bivše Jugoslavije ili zemalja nasljednica (strani državljani koji dobiju državljanstvo također dobijaju 'redovni' JMBG, a ne ovaj 'samo za strance'){{Efn|Pravilnik o načinu određivanja jedinstvenog matičnog broja stranca (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 43/80., reg. 705., str. 1431. i 1431.) objavljen 1.8.1980. i stupio je na snagu 9.8.1980. Ovaj pravilnik je svojim članom 5. utvrdio matične brojeve za jedinstveni matični broj stranca.|naziv=43/80|grupa=lower-alpha}} :** 01 – stranci u Bosni i Hercegovini :** 02 – stranci u Crnoj Gori :** 03 – stranci u Hrvatskoj :** 04 – stranci u Makedoniji :** 05 – stranci u Sloveniji :** 06 – stranci u Srbiji :** 07 – stranci u Vojvodini :** 08 – stranci na Kosovu :* 00 i 09 &#x2013; naturalizirani građani koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo{{Efn|Matični brojevi 00 i 09 dodijeljeni su Saveznom sekretarijatu za unutrašnje poslove i korišteni su za naturalizirane državljane SFRJ koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo. U Hrvatskoj su se matični brojevi 00 trebali koristiti u slučaju popunjavanja kvote matičnog broja 03.|naziv=00i09|grupa=lower-alpha}} :* 10–19 &#x2013; [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] :** 10 – [[Banja Luka]] :** 11 – [[Bihać]] :** 12 – [[Doboj]] :** 13 – [[Goražde]] :** 14 – [[Livno]] :** 15 – [[Mostar]] :** 16 – [[Prijedor]] :** 17 – [[Sarajevo]] :** 18 – [[Tuzla]] :** 19 – [[Zenica]] :* 20–29 &#x2013; [[Crna Gora]] :** 20 – (ne koristi se) :** 21 – [[Podgorica]], [[Danilovgrad]], [[Kolašin]] :** 22 – [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bar]], [[Ulcinj]] :** 23 – [[Budva]], [[Kotor]], [[Tivat]] :** 24 – [[Herceg Novi]] :** 25 – [[Cetinje]] :** 26 – [[Nikšić]], [[Plužine]], [[Šavnik (Crna Gora)|Šavnik]] :** 27 – [[Berane]], [[Rožaje]], [[Plav]], [[Andrijevica]] :** 28 – [[Bijelo Polje]], [[Mojkovac]] :** 29 – [[Pljevlja]], [[Žabljak]] :* 30–39 &#x2013; [[Hrvatska]] (više se ne koristi) :** 30 – [[Osijek]], [[Slavonija]] :** 31 – [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Pakrac]], [[Podravina]] :** 32 – [[Varaždin]], [[Međimurska županija|Međimurje]] :** 33 – [[Zagreb]] :** 34 – [[Karlovac]], [[Kordun]] :** 35 – [[Gospić]], [[Lika]] :** 36 – [[Rijeka]], [[Pula]], [[Gorski kotar]], [[Istra]] i [[Hrvatsko primorje]] :** 37 – [[Sisak]], [[Banovina (regija)|Banovina]] :** 38 – [[Split]], [[Zadar]], [[Šibenik]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmacija]] :** 39 – [[Hrvatsko zagorje]] i ostalo :* 41–49 &#x2013; [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija]] :** 41 – [[Bitolj]] :** 42 – [[Kumanovo]] :** 43 – [[Ohrid]] :** 44 – [[Prilep]] :** 45 – [[Skoplje]] :** 46 – [[Strumica]] :** 47 – [[Tetovo]] :** 48 – [[Veles]] :** 49 – [[Štip]] :* 50–59 &#x2013; [[Slovenija]] (samo 50 se koristio do 2024) :* 60–69 &#x2013; (Osobe s privremenim boravkom) :* 70–79 &#x2013; [[Centralna Srbija]] :** 70 – Državljani Srbije registrovani u inostranstvu u diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Srbije (član 4. Zakona o JMBG) :** 71 – [[Beograd]] :** 72 – [[Šumadija]] i [[Pomoravlje]] ([[Šumadijski upravni okrug]] i [[Pomoravski upravni okrug]]) :** 73 – [[Niš]] ([[Nišavski upravni okrug]], [[Pirotski upravni okrug]] i [[Toplički upravni okrug]]) :** 74 – [[Južna Morava]] ([[Jablanički upravni okrug]] i [[Pčinjski upravni okrug]]) :** 75 – [[Zaječar]] ([[Zaječarski upravni okrug]] i [[Borski upravni okrug]]) :** 76 – [[Podunavlje]] ([[Podunavski upravni okrug]] i [[Braničevski upravni okrug]]) :** 77 – [[Podrinje]] i [[Kolubara]] ([[Mačvanski upravni okrug]] i [[Kolubarski upravni okrug]]) :** 78 – [[Kraljevo]] ([[Raški upravni okrug]], [[Moravički upravni okrug]] i [[Rasinski upravni okrug]]) :** 79 – [[Užice]] ([[Zlatiborski upravni okrug]]) :* 80–89 &#x2013; [[Vojvodina]] :** 80 – [[Novi Sad]] ([[Južnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 81 – [[Sombor]] ([[Zapadnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 82 – [[Subotica]] ([[Sjevernobački upravni okrug]]) :** 84 – [[Kikinda]] ([[Sjevernobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 85 – [[Zrenjanin]] ([[Srednjobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 86 – [[Pančevo]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 87 – [[Vršac]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 88 – [[Ruma]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 89 – [[Sremska Mitrovica]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :* 90–99 &#x2013; [[Kosovo]] :** 91 – [[Priština]] ([[Kosovski upravni okrug]]) :** 92 – [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] ([[Kosovskomitrovački upravni okrug]]) :** 93 – [[Peć]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 94 – [[Đakovica]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 95 – [[Prizren]] ([[Prizrenski upravni okrug]]) :** 96 – [[Gnjilane]] ([[Kosovskopomoravski upravni okrug]]) : BBB &#x2013; jedinstveni broj određenog RR-a (predstavlja osobu unutar područja DDMMGGGGRR u određenoj općini) :* 000–499 &#x2013; [[mužjak]] :* 500–999 &#x2013; [[ženka]] : K – [[Kontrolni broj]] </div> === Kontrolni broj === Kontrolni broj se izračunava iz mapiranja DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ''abcdefghijklm'', koristeći formulu: :''m'' = 11 &minus; (( 7×(''a'' + ''g'') + 6×(''b'' + ''h'') + 5×(''c'' + ''i'') + 4×(''d'' + ''j'') + 3×(''e'' + ''k'') + 2×(''f'' + ''l'') ) [[Kongruencija|mod]] 11) * Ako je ''m'' između 1 i 9, broj K je isti kao i broj ''m.'' * Ako je ''m'' 10 ili 11, K postaje 0 (nula) == Primjer == Na primjer, važeći identifikacijski broj je 0101006500006; to je broj prve muške bebe registrovane u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] 1. januara 2006. == Greške == Postoji mali broj JMBG-ova koje su dodijelili važeći autoriteti, ali koji su imali nevažeću kontrolnu sumu. Također, postoji i nekoliko duplikata. Uobičajeno anegdotsko objašnjenje za ovo je jednostavna greška operatera. Navodno su se ove greške češće dešavale početkom 1990-ih. Šanse za nailaženje na izuzetke su navodno male, a nije naučno analizirano da li takvi izuzeci opravdavaju dovođenje u pitanje upotrebe JMBG-a kao jedinstvenog identifikatora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3417266/jedan-covek-a-tri-maticna-broja.html|title=Jedan čovek, a tri matična broja|website=РТС|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1535234/sta-ako-ste-jedan-od-gradjana-koji-ima-dva-maticna-broja|title=Šta ako ste jedan od građana koji ima dva matična broja?|website=www.ekapija.com|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a1tv.net/gotovo-nestvarno-novopazarska-sa-dva/|title=GOTOVO NESTVARNO: Novopazarka sa dva identiteta|last=Radetinac|first=Enes|date=2022-11-10|website=A1 TV Novi Pazar|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] * [[JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] == Napomene == {{Spisaknapomena}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Pravo u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Crnoj Gori]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pravo na Kosovu]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Srbiji]] [[Kategorija:1977. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] [[Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] jiyymyhbvee3ytry56h1sqz26st0zfw 3839486 3839485 2026-05-04T15:58:10Z Z1KA 87045 3839486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFR Jugoslavije]]. I dalje se koristi u gotovo svim državama koje su nastale nakon [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]: [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Crna Gora]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija]], [[Srbija]] i [[Slovenija]] ga koriste u izvornom obliku, dok je [[Hrvatska]] prešla na novi identifikacijski broj pod nazivom [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB). == Historija == JMBG je uveden u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji]] 8. januara 1977.{{Efn|Zakon o uvođenju jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 58/76., reg. 840., str. 1823. i 1824.) objavljen je 31.12.1976. Zakon je stupio na snagu 08.01.1977. Član 12. Zakona dao je rok od pet godina za uvođenje jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana.|naziv=58/76|grupa=lower-alpha}} i primjenjivao se na sve građane rođene prije tog datuma i žive u to vrijeme. Svih šest republika usvojilo je zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana. Iako je [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]] nastavila koristiti JMBG nakon sticanja nezavisnosti 2002,<ref>Croatian Law on JMBG from 1992 – ''Zakon o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 1992-9 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|title=9 21.02.1992 Ukaz o proglašenju Zakona o matičnom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610194819/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> službeni naziv broja promijenjen je u Matični broj građana (MBG).<ref>Changes in the Croatian Law on MBG from 2002 – ''Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 2002-66 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|title=66 7.6.2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o mati?nom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105154039/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mup.hr/main.aspx?id=95 Full text of the Croatian master citizen number law at the Croatian Ministry of Interior Affairs]</ref> Zagovornici [[Pravo na privatnost|prava na privatnost]] tvrdili su da je JMBG dio [[Lični podatak|ličnih podataka]] koji treba zaštititi [[Zakon o privatnosti informacija|zakonom o privatnosti informacija]], uglavnom zato što je jedinstven i uključuje datum rođenja osobe. Kada je zakon u tom smislu donesen 2003,<ref>Zakon o zaštiti osobnih podataka, [[Narodne novine]] 2003-103 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|title=103 26.6.2003 Zakon o za?titi osobnih podataka|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922122141/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|archive-date=September 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> JMBG je uklonjen iz [[Lična karta|ličnih karata]], [[Vozačka dozvola|vozačkih dozvola]] i sličnih dokumenata. Hrvatska je 2009. donijela novi zakon kojim je uveden drugačiji jedinstveni identifikator nazvan [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB).<ref>Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju, [[Narodne novine]] 2008-60 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|title=60 28.5.2008 Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022102120/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|archive-date=October 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> OIB se sastoji od 11 nasumično odabranih cifara i dodijeljen je svim hrvatskim građanima, kompanijama registrovanim u Hrvatskoj i stranim državljanima sa prebivalištem u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://porezna-uprava.gov.hr/hr/oib-3966/3966|title=OIB - Porezna uprava Hrvatske|website=porezna-uprava.gov.hr|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Iako je OIB u upotrebi, zakon o MBG-u ostaje na snazi, a MBG broj se i dalje izdaje. MBG se više ne pojavljuje na [[Lična karta Hrvatske|hrvatskim ličnim kartama]] od 2003, a umjesto toga se OIB pojavljuje od 2013. U [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] je 2001. službeni naziv broja promijenjen u Jedinstveni matični broj (JMB), iako se akronim JMBG još uvijek uveliko koristi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/law/DownloadDocument?lawDocumentId=2c35d62c-7a60-407a-9dc5-9dd364e05978&langTag=hr|title=ZAKON O JEDINSTVENOM MATIČNOM BROJU (Neslužbeni pročišćeni tekst1 ) Poglavlje I - OPĆE ODREDBE Članak 1. Ovim zakonom pro}}</ref> == Sastav == Broj se sastoji od 13 cifara u obliku "DDMMGGGRRBBBK" gdje je:<div style="font-size:85%"> : DD &#x2013; dan rođenja : MM &#x2013; mjesec rođenja : GGG &#x2013; posljednja tri broja godine rođenja : RR &#x2013; politička regija rođenja (za osobe rođenje prije 1976, politička regija je ona gdje su se prvi put registrovali)<ref>Agreement on allocation of registry numbers for the Unique Master Citizen Number (»Official Gazette of SFRY«, No. 13/78., reg. 240.)</ref> :* 01-08 &#x2013; strani državljani bez državljanstva bivše Jugoslavije ili zemalja nasljednica (strani državljani koji dobiju državljanstvo također dobijaju 'redovni' JMBG, a ne ovaj 'samo za strance'){{Efn|Pravilnik o načinu određivanja jedinstvenog matičnog broja stranca (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 43/80., reg. 705., str. 1431. i 1431.) objavljen 1.8.1980. i stupio je na snagu 9.8.1980. Ovaj pravilnik je svojim članom 5. utvrdio matične brojeve za jedinstveni matični broj stranca.|naziv=43/80|grupa=lower-alpha}} :** 01 – stranci u Bosni i Hercegovini :** 02 – stranci u Crnoj Gori :** 03 – stranci u Hrvatskoj :** 04 – stranci u Makedoniji :** 05 – stranci u Sloveniji :** 06 – stranci u Srbiji :** 07 – stranci u Vojvodini :** 08 – stranci na Kosovu :* 00 i 09 &#x2013; naturalizirani građani koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo{{Efn|Matični brojevi 00 i 09 dodijeljeni su Saveznom sekretarijatu za unutrašnje poslove i korišteni su za naturalizirane državljane SFRJ koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo. U Hrvatskoj su se matični brojevi 00 trebali koristiti u slučaju popunjavanja kvote matičnog broja 03.|naziv=00i09|grupa=lower-alpha}} :* 10–19 &#x2013; [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] :** 10 – [[Banja Luka]] :** 11 – [[Bihać]] :** 12 – [[Doboj]] :** 13 – [[Goražde]] :** 14 – [[Livno]] :** 15 – [[Mostar]] :** 16 – [[Prijedor]] :** 17 – [[Sarajevo]] :** 18 – [[Tuzla]] :** 19 – [[Zenica]] :* 20–29 &#x2013; [[Crna Gora]] :** 20 – (ne koristi se) :** 21 – [[Podgorica]], [[Danilovgrad]], [[Kolašin]] :** 22 – [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bar]], [[Ulcinj]] :** 23 – [[Budva]], [[Kotor]], [[Tivat]] :** 24 – [[Herceg Novi]] :** 25 – [[Cetinje]] :** 26 – [[Nikšić]], [[Plužine]], [[Šavnik (Crna Gora)|Šavnik]] :** 27 – [[Berane]], [[Rožaje]], [[Plav]], [[Andrijevica]] :** 28 – [[Bijelo Polje]], [[Mojkovac]] :** 29 – [[Pljevlja]], [[Žabljak]] :* 30–39 &#x2013; [[Hrvatska]] (više se ne koristi) :** 30 – [[Osijek]], [[Slavonija]] :** 31 – [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Pakrac]], [[Podravina]] :** 32 – [[Varaždin]], [[Međimurska županija|Međimurje]] :** 33 – [[Zagreb]] :** 34 – [[Karlovac]], [[Kordun]] :** 35 – [[Gospić]], [[Lika]] :** 36 – [[Rijeka]], [[Pula]], [[Gorski kotar]], [[Istra]] i [[Hrvatsko primorje]] :** 37 – [[Sisak]], [[Banovina (regija)|Banovina]] :** 38 – [[Split]], [[Zadar]], [[Šibenik]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmacija]] :** 39 – [[Hrvatsko zagorje]] i ostalo :* 41–49 &#x2013; [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija]] :** 41 – [[Bitolj]] :** 42 – [[Kumanovo]] :** 43 – [[Ohrid]] :** 44 – [[Prilep]] :** 45 – [[Skoplje]] :** 46 – [[Strumica]] :** 47 – [[Tetovo]] :** 48 – [[Veles]] :** 49 – [[Štip]] :* 50–59 &#x2013; [[Slovenija]] (samo 50 se koristio do 2024) :* 60–69 &#x2013; (Osobe s privremenim boravkom) :* 70–79 &#x2013; [[Centralna Srbija]] :** 70 – Državljani Srbije registrovani u inostranstvu u diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Srbije (član 4. Zakona o JMBG) :** 71 – [[Beograd]] :** 72 – [[Šumadija]] i [[Pomoravlje]] ([[Šumadijski upravni okrug]] i [[Pomoravski upravni okrug]]) :** 73 – [[Niš]] ([[Nišavski upravni okrug]], [[Pirotski upravni okrug]] i [[Toplički upravni okrug]]) :** 74 – [[Južna Morava]] ([[Jablanički upravni okrug]] i [[Pčinjski upravni okrug]]) :** 75 – [[Zaječar]] ([[Zaječarski upravni okrug]] i [[Borski upravni okrug]]) :** 76 – [[Podunavlje]] ([[Podunavski upravni okrug]] i [[Braničevski upravni okrug]]) :** 77 – [[Podrinje]] i [[Kolubara]] ([[Mačvanski upravni okrug]] i [[Kolubarski upravni okrug]]) :** 78 – [[Kraljevo]] ([[Raški upravni okrug]], [[Moravički upravni okrug]] i [[Rasinski upravni okrug]]) :** 79 – [[Užice]] ([[Zlatiborski upravni okrug]]) :* 80–89 &#x2013; [[Vojvodina]] :** 80 – [[Novi Sad]] ([[Južnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 81 – [[Sombor]] ([[Zapadnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 82 – [[Subotica]] ([[Sjevernobački upravni okrug]]) :** 84 – [[Kikinda]] ([[Sjevernobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 85 – [[Zrenjanin]] ([[Srednjobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 86 – [[Pančevo]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 87 – [[Vršac]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 88 – [[Ruma]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 89 – [[Sremska Mitrovica]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :* 90–99 &#x2013; [[Kosovo]] :** 91 – [[Priština]] ([[Kosovski upravni okrug]]) :** 92 – [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] ([[Kosovskomitrovački upravni okrug]]) :** 93 – [[Peć]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 94 – [[Đakovica]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 95 – [[Prizren]] ([[Prizrenski upravni okrug]]) :** 96 – [[Gnjilane]] ([[Kosovskopomoravski upravni okrug]]) : BBB &#x2013; jedinstveni broj određenog RR-a (predstavlja osobu unutar područja DDMMGGGGRR u određenoj općini) :* 000–499 &#x2013; [[mužjak]] :* 500–999 &#x2013; [[ženka]] : K – [[Kontrolni broj]] </div> === Kontrolni broj === Kontrolni broj se izračunava iz mapiranja DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ''abcdefghijklm'', koristeći formulu: :''m'' = 11 &minus; (( 7×(''a'' + ''g'') + 6×(''b'' + ''h'') + 5×(''c'' + ''i'') + 4×(''d'' + ''j'') + 3×(''e'' + ''k'') + 2×(''f'' + ''l'') ) [[Kongruencija|mod]] 11) * Ako je ''m'' između 1 i 9, broj K je isti kao i broj ''m.'' * Ako je ''m'' 10 ili 11, K postaje 0 (nula) === Primjer === Na primjer, važeći identifikacijski broj je 0101006500006; to je broj prve muške bebe registrovane u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] 1. januara 2006. == Greške == Postoji mali broj JMBG-ova koje su dodijelili važeći autoriteti, ali koji su imali nevažeću kontrolnu sumu. Također, postoji i nekoliko duplikata. Uobičajeno anegdotsko objašnjenje za ovo je jednostavna greška operatera. Navodno su se ove greške češće dešavale početkom 1990-ih. Šanse za nailaženje na izuzetke su navodno male, a nije naučno analizirano da li takvi izuzeci opravdavaju dovođenje u pitanje upotrebe JMBG-a kao jedinstvenog identifikatora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3417266/jedan-covek-a-tri-maticna-broja.html|title=Jedan čovek, a tri matična broja|website=РТС|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1535234/sta-ako-ste-jedan-od-gradjana-koji-ima-dva-maticna-broja|title=Šta ako ste jedan od građana koji ima dva matična broja?|website=www.ekapija.com|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a1tv.net/gotovo-nestvarno-novopazarska-sa-dva/|title=GOTOVO NESTVARNO: Novopazarka sa dva identiteta|last=Radetinac|first=Enes|date=2022-11-10|website=A1 TV Novi Pazar|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] * [[JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] == Napomene == {{Spisaknapomena}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Pravo u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Crnoj Gori]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pravo na Kosovu]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Srbiji]] [[Kategorija:1977. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] [[Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] fkbnisciu3bi8pdtjyqo2ulpefkw46i 3839489 3839486 2026-05-04T16:01:18Z Z1KA 87045 ubrzo i šablon 3839489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFR Jugoslavije]]. I dalje se koristi u gotovo svim državama koje su nastale nakon [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]: [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Crna Gora]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija]], [[Srbija]] i [[Slovenija]] ga koriste u izvornom obliku, dok je [[Hrvatska]] prešla na novi identifikacijski broj pod nazivom [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB). == Historija == JMBG je uveden u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji]] 8. januara 1977.{{Efn|Zakon o uvođenju jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 58/76., reg. 840., str. 1823. i 1824.) objavljen je 31.12.1976. Zakon je stupio na snagu 08.01.1977. Član 12. Zakona dao je rok od pet godina za uvođenje jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana.|naziv=58/76|grupa=lower-alpha}} i primjenjivao se na sve građane rođene prije tog datuma i žive u to vrijeme. Svih šest republika usvojilo je zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana. Iako je [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]] nastavila koristiti JMBG nakon sticanja nezavisnosti 2002,<ref>Croatian Law on JMBG from 1992 – ''Zakon o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 1992-9 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|title=9 21.02.1992 Ukaz o proglašenju Zakona o matičnom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610194819/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> službeni naziv broja promijenjen je u Matični broj građana (MBG).<ref>Changes in the Croatian Law on MBG from 2002 – ''Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 2002-66 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|title=66 7.6.2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o mati?nom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105154039/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mup.hr/main.aspx?id=95 Full text of the Croatian master citizen number law at the Croatian Ministry of Interior Affairs]</ref> Zagovornici [[Pravo na privatnost|prava na privatnost]] tvrdili su da je JMBG dio [[Lični podatak|ličnih podataka]] koji treba zaštititi [[Zakon o privatnosti informacija|zakonom o privatnosti informacija]], uglavnom zato što je jedinstven i uključuje datum rođenja osobe. Kada je zakon u tom smislu donesen 2003,<ref>Zakon o zaštiti osobnih podataka, [[Narodne novine]] 2003-103 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|title=103 26.6.2003 Zakon o za?titi osobnih podataka|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922122141/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|archive-date=September 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> JMBG je uklonjen iz [[Lična karta|ličnih karata]], [[Vozačka dozvola|vozačkih dozvola]] i sličnih dokumenata. Hrvatska je 2009. donijela novi zakon kojim je uveden drugačiji jedinstveni identifikator nazvan [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB).<ref>Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju, [[Narodne novine]] 2008-60 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|title=60 28.5.2008 Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022102120/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|archive-date=October 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> OIB se sastoji od 11 nasumično odabranih cifara i dodijeljen je svim hrvatskim građanima, kompanijama registrovanim u Hrvatskoj i stranim državljanima sa prebivalištem u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://porezna-uprava.gov.hr/hr/oib-3966/3966|title=OIB - Porezna uprava Hrvatske|website=porezna-uprava.gov.hr|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Iako je OIB u upotrebi, zakon o MBG-u ostaje na snazi, a MBG broj se i dalje izdaje. MBG se više ne pojavljuje na [[Lična karta Hrvatske|hrvatskim ličnim kartama]] od 2003, a umjesto toga se OIB pojavljuje od 2013. U [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] je 2001. službeni naziv broja promijenjen u Jedinstveni matični broj (JMB), iako se akronim JMBG još uvijek uveliko koristi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/law/DownloadDocument?lawDocumentId=2c35d62c-7a60-407a-9dc5-9dd364e05978&langTag=hr|title=ZAKON O JEDINSTVENOM MATIČNOM BROJU (Neslužbeni pročišćeni tekst1 ) Poglavlje I - OPĆE ODREDBE Članak 1. Ovim zakonom pro}}</ref> == Sastav == Broj se sastoji od 13 cifara u obliku "DDMMGGGRRBBBK" gdje je:<div style="font-size:85%"> : DD &#x2013; dan rođenja : MM &#x2013; mjesec rođenja : GGG &#x2013; posljednja tri broja godine rođenja : RR &#x2013; politička regija rođenja (za osobe rođenje prije 1976, politička regija je ona gdje su se prvi put registrovali)<ref>Agreement on allocation of registry numbers for the Unique Master Citizen Number (»Official Gazette of SFRY«, No. 13/78., reg. 240.)</ref> :* 01-08 &#x2013; strani državljani bez državljanstva bivše Jugoslavije ili zemalja nasljednica (strani državljani koji dobiju državljanstvo također dobijaju 'redovni' JMBG, a ne ovaj 'samo za strance'){{Efn|Pravilnik o načinu određivanja jedinstvenog matičnog broja stranca (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 43/80., reg. 705., str. 1431. i 1431.) objavljen 1.8.1980. i stupio je na snagu 9.8.1980. Ovaj pravilnik je svojim članom 5. utvrdio matične brojeve za jedinstveni matični broj stranca.|naziv=43/80|grupa=lower-alpha}} :** 01 – stranci u Bosni i Hercegovini :** 02 – stranci u Crnoj Gori :** 03 – stranci u Hrvatskoj :** 04 – stranci u Makedoniji :** 05 – stranci u Sloveniji :** 06 – stranci u Srbiji :** 07 – stranci u Vojvodini :** 08 – stranci na Kosovu :* 00 i 09 &#x2013; naturalizirani građani koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo{{Efn|Matični brojevi 00 i 09 dodijeljeni su Saveznom sekretarijatu za unutrašnje poslove i korišteni su za naturalizirane državljane SFRJ koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo. U Hrvatskoj su se matični brojevi 00 trebali koristiti u slučaju popunjavanja kvote matičnog broja 03.|naziv=00i09|grupa=lower-alpha}} :* 10–19 &#x2013; [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] :** 10 – [[Banja Luka]] :** 11 – [[Bihać]] :** 12 – [[Doboj]] :** 13 – [[Goražde]] :** 14 – [[Livno]] :** 15 – [[Mostar]] :** 16 – [[Prijedor]] :** 17 – [[Sarajevo]] :** 18 – [[Tuzla]] :** 19 – [[Zenica]] :* 20–29 &#x2013; [[Crna Gora]] :** 20 – (ne koristi se) :** 21 – [[Podgorica]], [[Danilovgrad]], [[Kolašin]] :** 22 – [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bar]], [[Ulcinj]] :** 23 – [[Budva]], [[Kotor]], [[Tivat]] :** 24 – [[Herceg Novi]] :** 25 – [[Cetinje]] :** 26 – [[Nikšić]], [[Plužine]], [[Šavnik (Crna Gora)|Šavnik]] :** 27 – [[Berane]], [[Rožaje]], [[Plav]], [[Andrijevica]] :** 28 – [[Bijelo Polje]], [[Mojkovac]] :** 29 – [[Pljevlja]], [[Žabljak]] :* 30–39 &#x2013; [[Hrvatska]] (više se ne koristi) :** 30 – [[Osijek]], [[Slavonija]] :** 31 – [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Pakrac]], [[Podravina]] :** 32 – [[Varaždin]], [[Međimurska županija|Međimurje]] :** 33 – [[Zagreb]] :** 34 – [[Karlovac]], [[Kordun]] :** 35 – [[Gospić]], [[Lika]] :** 36 – [[Rijeka]], [[Pula]], [[Gorski kotar]], [[Istra]] i [[Hrvatsko primorje]] :** 37 – [[Sisak]], [[Banovina (regija)|Banovina]] :** 38 – [[Split]], [[Zadar]], [[Šibenik]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmacija]] :** 39 – [[Hrvatsko zagorje]] i ostalo :* 41–49 &#x2013; [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija]] :** 41 – [[Bitolj]] :** 42 – [[Kumanovo]] :** 43 – [[Ohrid]] :** 44 – [[Prilep]] :** 45 – [[Skoplje]] :** 46 – [[Strumica]] :** 47 – [[Tetovo]] :** 48 – [[Veles]] :** 49 – [[Štip]] :* 50–59 &#x2013; [[Slovenija]] (samo 50 se koristio do 2024) :* 60–69 &#x2013; (Osobe s privremenim boravkom) :* 70–79 &#x2013; [[Centralna Srbija]] :** 70 – Državljani Srbije registrovani u inostranstvu u diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Srbije (član 4. Zakona o JMBG) :** 71 – [[Beograd]] :** 72 – [[Šumadija]] i [[Pomoravlje]] ([[Šumadijski upravni okrug]] i [[Pomoravski upravni okrug]]) :** 73 – [[Niš]] ([[Nišavski upravni okrug]], [[Pirotski upravni okrug]] i [[Toplički upravni okrug]]) :** 74 – [[Južna Morava]] ([[Jablanički upravni okrug]] i [[Pčinjski upravni okrug]]) :** 75 – [[Zaječar]] ([[Zaječarski upravni okrug]] i [[Borski upravni okrug]]) :** 76 – [[Podunavlje]] ([[Podunavski upravni okrug]] i [[Braničevski upravni okrug]]) :** 77 – [[Podrinje]] i [[Kolubara]] ([[Mačvanski upravni okrug]] i [[Kolubarski upravni okrug]]) :** 78 – [[Kraljevo]] ([[Raški upravni okrug]], [[Moravički upravni okrug]] i [[Rasinski upravni okrug]]) :** 79 – [[Užice]] ([[Zlatiborski upravni okrug]]) :* 80–89 &#x2013; [[Vojvodina]] :** 80 – [[Novi Sad]] ([[Južnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 81 – [[Sombor]] ([[Zapadnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 82 – [[Subotica]] ([[Sjevernobački upravni okrug]]) :** 84 – [[Kikinda]] ([[Sjevernobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 85 – [[Zrenjanin]] ([[Srednjobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 86 – [[Pančevo]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 87 – [[Vršac]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 88 – [[Ruma]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 89 – [[Sremska Mitrovica]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :* 90–99 &#x2013; [[Kosovo]] :** 91 – [[Priština]] ([[Kosovski upravni okrug]]) :** 92 – [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] ([[Kosovskomitrovački upravni okrug]]) :** 93 – [[Peć]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 94 – [[Đakovica]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 95 – [[Prizren]] ([[Prizrenski upravni okrug]]) :** 96 – [[Gnjilane]] ([[Kosovskopomoravski upravni okrug]]) : BBB &#x2013; jedinstveni broj određenog RR-a (predstavlja osobu unutar područja DDMMGGGGRR u određenoj općini) :* 000–499 &#x2013; [[mužjak]] :* 500–999 &#x2013; [[ženka]] : K – [[Kontrolni broj]] </div> === Kontrolni broj === Kontrolni broj se izračunava iz mapiranja DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ''abcdefghijklm'', koristeći formulu: :''m'' = 11 &minus; (( 7×(''a'' + ''g'') + 6×(''b'' + ''h'') + 5×(''c'' + ''i'') + 4×(''d'' + ''j'') + 3×(''e'' + ''k'') + 2×(''f'' + ''l'') ) [[Kongruencija|mod]] 11) * Ako je ''m'' između 1 i 9, broj K je isti kao i broj ''m.'' * Ako je ''m'' 10 ili 11, K postaje 0 (nula) === Primjer === Na primjer, važeći identifikacijski broj je 0101006500006; to je broj prve muške bebe registrovane u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] 1. januara 2006. == Greške == Postoji mali broj JMBG-ova koje su dodijelili važeći autoriteti, ali koji su imali nevažeću kontrolnu sumu. Također, postoji i nekoliko duplikata. Uobičajeno anegdotsko objašnjenje za ovo je jednostavna greška operatera. Navodno su se ove greške češće dešavale početkom 1990-ih. Šanse za nailaženje na izuzetke su navodno male, a nije naučno analizirano da li takvi izuzeci opravdavaju dovođenje u pitanje upotrebe JMBG-a kao jedinstvenog identifikatora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3417266/jedan-covek-a-tri-maticna-broja.html|title=Jedan čovek, a tri matična broja|website=РТС|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1535234/sta-ako-ste-jedan-od-gradjana-koji-ima-dva-maticna-broja|title=Šta ako ste jedan od građana koji ima dva matična broja?|website=www.ekapija.com|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a1tv.net/gotovo-nestvarno-novopazarska-sa-dva/|title=GOTOVO NESTVARNO: Novopazarka sa dva identiteta|last=Radetinac|first=Enes|date=2022-11-10|website=A1 TV Novi Pazar|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] * [[JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] == Napomene == {{Spisaknapomena}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Nacionalni identifikacijski broj}} [[Kategorija:Pravo u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Crnoj Gori]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pravo na Kosovu]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Srbiji]] [[Kategorija:1977. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] [[Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi]] m6lgyey49mxx0kiivpjsmid33a1dilp 3839492 3839489 2026-05-04T16:05:00Z Z1KA 87045 /* Reference */ 3839492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFR Jugoslavije]]. I dalje se koristi u gotovo svim državama koje su nastale nakon [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]: [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Crna Gora]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija]], [[Srbija]] i [[Slovenija]] ga koriste u izvornom obliku, dok je [[Hrvatska]] prešla na novi identifikacijski broj pod nazivom [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB). == Historija == JMBG je uveden u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji]] 8. januara 1977.{{Efn|Zakon o uvođenju jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 58/76., reg. 840., str. 1823. i 1824.) objavljen je 31.12.1976. Zakon je stupio na snagu 08.01.1977. Član 12. Zakona dao je rok od pet godina za uvođenje jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana.|naziv=58/76|grupa=lower-alpha}} i primjenjivao se na sve građane rođene prije tog datuma i žive u to vrijeme. Svih šest republika usvojilo je zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana. Iako je [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]] nastavila koristiti JMBG nakon sticanja nezavisnosti 2002,<ref>Croatian Law on JMBG from 1992 – ''Zakon o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 1992-9 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|title=9 21.02.1992 Ukaz o proglašenju Zakona o matičnom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610194819/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> službeni naziv broja promijenjen je u Matični broj građana (MBG).<ref>Changes in the Croatian Law on MBG from 2002 – ''Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 2002-66 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|title=66 7.6.2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o mati?nom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105154039/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mup.hr/main.aspx?id=95 Full text of the Croatian master citizen number law at the Croatian Ministry of Interior Affairs]</ref> Zagovornici [[Pravo na privatnost|prava na privatnost]] tvrdili su da je JMBG dio [[Lični podatak|ličnih podataka]] koji treba zaštititi [[Zakon o privatnosti informacija|zakonom o privatnosti informacija]], uglavnom zato što je jedinstven i uključuje datum rođenja osobe. Kada je zakon u tom smislu donesen 2003,<ref>Zakon o zaštiti osobnih podataka, [[Narodne novine]] 2003-103 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|title=103 26.6.2003 Zakon o za?titi osobnih podataka|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922122141/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|archive-date=September 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> JMBG je uklonjen iz [[Lična karta|ličnih karata]], [[Vozačka dozvola|vozačkih dozvola]] i sličnih dokumenata. Hrvatska je 2009. donijela novi zakon kojim je uveden drugačiji jedinstveni identifikator nazvan [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB).<ref>Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju, [[Narodne novine]] 2008-60 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|title=60 28.5.2008 Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022102120/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|archive-date=October 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> OIB se sastoji od 11 nasumično odabranih cifara i dodijeljen je svim hrvatskim građanima, kompanijama registrovanim u Hrvatskoj i stranim državljanima sa prebivalištem u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://porezna-uprava.gov.hr/hr/oib-3966/3966|title=OIB - Porezna uprava Hrvatske|website=porezna-uprava.gov.hr|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Iako je OIB u upotrebi, zakon o MBG-u ostaje na snazi, a MBG broj se i dalje izdaje. MBG se više ne pojavljuje na [[Lična karta Hrvatske|hrvatskim ličnim kartama]] od 2003, a umjesto toga se OIB pojavljuje od 2013. U [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] je 2001. službeni naziv broja promijenjen u Jedinstveni matični broj (JMB), iako se akronim JMBG još uvijek uveliko koristi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/law/DownloadDocument?lawDocumentId=2c35d62c-7a60-407a-9dc5-9dd364e05978&langTag=hr|title=ZAKON O JEDINSTVENOM MATIČNOM BROJU (Neslužbeni pročišćeni tekst1 ) Poglavlje I - OPĆE ODREDBE Članak 1. Ovim zakonom pro}}</ref> == Sastav == Broj se sastoji od 13 cifara u obliku "DDMMGGGRRBBBK" gdje je:<div style="font-size:85%"> : DD &#x2013; dan rođenja : MM &#x2013; mjesec rođenja : GGG &#x2013; posljednja tri broja godine rođenja : RR &#x2013; politička regija rođenja (za osobe rođenje prije 1976, politička regija je ona gdje su se prvi put registrovali)<ref>Agreement on allocation of registry numbers for the Unique Master Citizen Number (»Official Gazette of SFRY«, No. 13/78., reg. 240.)</ref> :* 01-08 &#x2013; strani državljani bez državljanstva bivše Jugoslavije ili zemalja nasljednica (strani državljani koji dobiju državljanstvo također dobijaju 'redovni' JMBG, a ne ovaj 'samo za strance'){{Efn|Pravilnik o načinu određivanja jedinstvenog matičnog broja stranca (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 43/80., reg. 705., str. 1431. i 1431.) objavljen 1.8.1980. i stupio je na snagu 9.8.1980. Ovaj pravilnik je svojim članom 5. utvrdio matične brojeve za jedinstveni matični broj stranca.|naziv=43/80|grupa=lower-alpha}} :** 01 – stranci u Bosni i Hercegovini :** 02 – stranci u Crnoj Gori :** 03 – stranci u Hrvatskoj :** 04 – stranci u Makedoniji :** 05 – stranci u Sloveniji :** 06 – stranci u Srbiji :** 07 – stranci u Vojvodini :** 08 – stranci na Kosovu :* 00 i 09 &#x2013; naturalizirani građani koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo{{Efn|Matični brojevi 00 i 09 dodijeljeni su Saveznom sekretarijatu za unutrašnje poslove i korišteni su za naturalizirane državljane SFRJ koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo. U Hrvatskoj su se matični brojevi 00 trebali koristiti u slučaju popunjavanja kvote matičnog broja 03.|naziv=00i09|grupa=lower-alpha}} :* 10–19 &#x2013; [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] :** 10 – [[Banja Luka]] :** 11 – [[Bihać]] :** 12 – [[Doboj]] :** 13 – [[Goražde]] :** 14 – [[Livno]] :** 15 – [[Mostar]] :** 16 – [[Prijedor]] :** 17 – [[Sarajevo]] :** 18 – [[Tuzla]] :** 19 – [[Zenica]] :* 20–29 &#x2013; [[Crna Gora]] :** 20 – (ne koristi se) :** 21 – [[Podgorica]], [[Danilovgrad]], [[Kolašin]] :** 22 – [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bar]], [[Ulcinj]] :** 23 – [[Budva]], [[Kotor]], [[Tivat]] :** 24 – [[Herceg Novi]] :** 25 – [[Cetinje]] :** 26 – [[Nikšić]], [[Plužine]], [[Šavnik (Crna Gora)|Šavnik]] :** 27 – [[Berane]], [[Rožaje]], [[Plav]], [[Andrijevica]] :** 28 – [[Bijelo Polje]], [[Mojkovac]] :** 29 – [[Pljevlja]], [[Žabljak]] :* 30–39 &#x2013; [[Hrvatska]] (više se ne koristi) :** 30 – [[Osijek]], [[Slavonija]] :** 31 – [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Pakrac]], [[Podravina]] :** 32 – [[Varaždin]], [[Međimurska županija|Međimurje]] :** 33 – [[Zagreb]] :** 34 – [[Karlovac]], [[Kordun]] :** 35 – [[Gospić]], [[Lika]] :** 36 – [[Rijeka]], [[Pula]], [[Gorski kotar]], [[Istra]] i [[Hrvatsko primorje]] :** 37 – [[Sisak]], [[Banovina (regija)|Banovina]] :** 38 – [[Split]], [[Zadar]], [[Šibenik]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmacija]] :** 39 – [[Hrvatsko zagorje]] i ostalo :* 41–49 &#x2013; [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija]] :** 41 – [[Bitolj]] :** 42 – [[Kumanovo]] :** 43 – [[Ohrid]] :** 44 – [[Prilep]] :** 45 – [[Skoplje]] :** 46 – [[Strumica]] :** 47 – [[Tetovo]] :** 48 – [[Veles]] :** 49 – [[Štip]] :* 50–59 &#x2013; [[Slovenija]] (samo 50 se koristio do 2024) :* 60–69 &#x2013; (Osobe s privremenim boravkom) :* 70–79 &#x2013; [[Centralna Srbija]] :** 70 – Državljani Srbije registrovani u inostranstvu u diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Srbije (član 4. Zakona o JMBG) :** 71 – [[Beograd]] :** 72 – [[Šumadija]] i [[Pomoravlje]] ([[Šumadijski upravni okrug]] i [[Pomoravski upravni okrug]]) :** 73 – [[Niš]] ([[Nišavski upravni okrug]], [[Pirotski upravni okrug]] i [[Toplički upravni okrug]]) :** 74 – [[Južna Morava]] ([[Jablanički upravni okrug]] i [[Pčinjski upravni okrug]]) :** 75 – [[Zaječar]] ([[Zaječarski upravni okrug]] i [[Borski upravni okrug]]) :** 76 – [[Podunavlje]] ([[Podunavski upravni okrug]] i [[Braničevski upravni okrug]]) :** 77 – [[Podrinje]] i [[Kolubara]] ([[Mačvanski upravni okrug]] i [[Kolubarski upravni okrug]]) :** 78 – [[Kraljevo]] ([[Raški upravni okrug]], [[Moravički upravni okrug]] i [[Rasinski upravni okrug]]) :** 79 – [[Užice]] ([[Zlatiborski upravni okrug]]) :* 80–89 &#x2013; [[Vojvodina]] :** 80 – [[Novi Sad]] ([[Južnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 81 – [[Sombor]] ([[Zapadnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 82 – [[Subotica]] ([[Sjevernobački upravni okrug]]) :** 84 – [[Kikinda]] ([[Sjevernobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 85 – [[Zrenjanin]] ([[Srednjobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 86 – [[Pančevo]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 87 – [[Vršac]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 88 – [[Ruma]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 89 – [[Sremska Mitrovica]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :* 90–99 &#x2013; [[Kosovo]] :** 91 – [[Priština]] ([[Kosovski upravni okrug]]) :** 92 – [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] ([[Kosovskomitrovački upravni okrug]]) :** 93 – [[Peć]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 94 – [[Đakovica]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 95 – [[Prizren]] ([[Prizrenski upravni okrug]]) :** 96 – [[Gnjilane]] ([[Kosovskopomoravski upravni okrug]]) : BBB &#x2013; jedinstveni broj određenog RR-a (predstavlja osobu unutar područja DDMMGGGGRR u određenoj općini) :* 000–499 &#x2013; [[mužjak]] :* 500–999 &#x2013; [[ženka]] : K – [[Kontrolni broj]] </div> === Kontrolni broj === Kontrolni broj se izračunava iz mapiranja DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ''abcdefghijklm'', koristeći formulu: :''m'' = 11 &minus; (( 7×(''a'' + ''g'') + 6×(''b'' + ''h'') + 5×(''c'' + ''i'') + 4×(''d'' + ''j'') + 3×(''e'' + ''k'') + 2×(''f'' + ''l'') ) [[Kongruencija|mod]] 11) * Ako je ''m'' između 1 i 9, broj K je isti kao i broj ''m.'' * Ako je ''m'' 10 ili 11, K postaje 0 (nula) === Primjer === Na primjer, važeći identifikacijski broj je 0101006500006; to je broj prve muške bebe registrovane u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] 1. januara 2006. == Greške == Postoji mali broj JMBG-ova koje su dodijelili važeći autoriteti, ali koji su imali nevažeću kontrolnu sumu. Također, postoji i nekoliko duplikata. Uobičajeno anegdotsko objašnjenje za ovo je jednostavna greška operatera. Navodno su se ove greške češće dešavale početkom 1990-ih. Šanse za nailaženje na izuzetke su navodno male, a nije naučno analizirano da li takvi izuzeci opravdavaju dovođenje u pitanje upotrebe JMBG-a kao jedinstvenog identifikatora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3417266/jedan-covek-a-tri-maticna-broja.html|title=Jedan čovek, a tri matična broja|website=РТС|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1535234/sta-ako-ste-jedan-od-gradjana-koji-ima-dva-maticna-broja|title=Šta ako ste jedan od građana koji ima dva matična broja?|website=www.ekapija.com|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a1tv.net/gotovo-nestvarno-novopazarska-sa-dva/|title=GOTOVO NESTVARNO: Novopazarka sa dva identiteta|last=Radetinac|first=Enes|date=2022-11-10|website=A1 TV Novi Pazar|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] * [[JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] == Napomene == {{Spisaknapomena}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Nacionalni identifikacioni brojevi}} [[Kategorija:Pravo u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Crnoj Gori]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pravo na Kosovu]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Srbiji]] [[Kategorija:1977. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] [[Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi]] mcx4g9rcafr2g85kgwn7jkzefau1xim 3839493 3839492 2026-05-04T16:05:51Z Z1KA 87045 /* Reference */ 3839493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jedinstveni matični broj građana''' ('''JMBG'''; [[ćirilica]]: Јединствени матични број грађана, ЈМБГ; {{Jez-mk|Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот, ЕМБГ}}; {{Jez-sl|enotna matična številka občana, EMŠO}}) jest identifikacijski broj koji je dodijeljen svakom građaninu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija#Sastav|bivših jugoslavenskih republika]] [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFR Jugoslavije]]. I dalje se koristi u gotovo svim državama koje su nastale nakon [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]]: [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Crna Gora]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija]], [[Srbija]] i [[Slovenija]] ga koriste u izvornom obliku, dok je [[Hrvatska]] prešla na novi identifikacijski broj pod nazivom [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB). == Historija == JMBG je uveden u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji]] 8. januara 1977.{{Efn|Zakon o uvođenju jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 58/76., reg. 840., str. 1823. i 1824.) objavljen je 31.12.1976. Zakon je stupio na snagu 08.01.1977. Član 12. Zakona dao je rok od pet godina za uvođenje jedinstvenog matičnog broja građana.|naziv=58/76|grupa=lower-alpha}} i primjenjivao se na sve građane rođene prije tog datuma i žive u to vrijeme. Svih šest republika usvojilo je zakon o jedinstvenom matičnom broju građana. Iako je [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]] nastavila koristiti JMBG nakon sticanja nezavisnosti 2002,<ref>Croatian Law on JMBG from 1992 – ''Zakon o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 1992-9 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|title=9 21.02.1992 Ukaz o proglašenju Zakona o matičnom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610194819/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_02_9_145.html|archive-date=June 10, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> službeni naziv broja promijenjen je u Matični broj građana (MBG).<ref>Changes in the Croatian Law on MBG from 2002 – ''Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju'' – [[Narodne novine]] 2002-66 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|title=66 7.6.2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o mati?nom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105154039/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_06_66_1126.html|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mup.hr/main.aspx?id=95 Full text of the Croatian master citizen number law at the Croatian Ministry of Interior Affairs]</ref> Zagovornici [[Pravo na privatnost|prava na privatnost]] tvrdili su da je JMBG dio [[Lični podatak|ličnih podataka]] koji treba zaštititi [[Zakon o privatnosti informacija|zakonom o privatnosti informacija]], uglavnom zato što je jedinstven i uključuje datum rođenja osobe. Kada je zakon u tom smislu donesen 2003,<ref>Zakon o zaštiti osobnih podataka, [[Narodne novine]] 2003-103 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|title=103 26.6.2003 Zakon o za?titi osobnih podataka|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922122141/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305952.html|archive-date=September 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref> JMBG je uklonjen iz [[Lična karta|ličnih karata]], [[Vozačka dozvola|vozačkih dozvola]] i sličnih dokumenata. Hrvatska je 2009. donijela novi zakon kojim je uveden drugačiji jedinstveni identifikator nazvan [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] (OIB).<ref>Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju, [[Narodne novine]] 2008-60 {{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|title=60 28.5.2008 Zakon o osobnom identifikacijskom broju|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022102120/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_05_60_2033.html|archive-date=October 22, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> OIB se sastoji od 11 nasumično odabranih cifara i dodijeljen je svim hrvatskim građanima, kompanijama registrovanim u Hrvatskoj i stranim državljanima sa prebivalištem u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://porezna-uprava.gov.hr/hr/oib-3966/3966|title=OIB - Porezna uprava Hrvatske|website=porezna-uprava.gov.hr|access-date=4. 5. 2026}}</ref> Iako je OIB u upotrebi, zakon o MBG-u ostaje na snazi, a MBG broj se i dalje izdaje. MBG se više ne pojavljuje na [[Lična karta Hrvatske|hrvatskim ličnim kartama]] od 2003, a umjesto toga se OIB pojavljuje od 2013. U [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] je 2001. službeni naziv broja promijenjen u Jedinstveni matični broj (JMB), iako se akronim JMBG još uvijek uveliko koristi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/law/DownloadDocument?lawDocumentId=2c35d62c-7a60-407a-9dc5-9dd364e05978&langTag=hr|title=ZAKON O JEDINSTVENOM MATIČNOM BROJU (Neslužbeni pročišćeni tekst1 ) Poglavlje I - OPĆE ODREDBE Članak 1. Ovim zakonom pro}}</ref> == Sastav == Broj se sastoji od 13 cifara u obliku "DDMMGGGRRBBBK" gdje je:<div style="font-size:85%"> : DD &#x2013; dan rođenja : MM &#x2013; mjesec rođenja : GGG &#x2013; posljednja tri broja godine rođenja : RR &#x2013; politička regija rođenja (za osobe rođenje prije 1976, politička regija je ona gdje su se prvi put registrovali)<ref>Agreement on allocation of registry numbers for the Unique Master Citizen Number (»Official Gazette of SFRY«, No. 13/78., reg. 240.)</ref> :* 01-08 &#x2013; strani državljani bez državljanstva bivše Jugoslavije ili zemalja nasljednica (strani državljani koji dobiju državljanstvo također dobijaju 'redovni' JMBG, a ne ovaj 'samo za strance'){{Efn|Pravilnik o načinu određivanja jedinstvenog matičnog broja stranca (»Službeni list SFRJ«, br. 43/80., reg. 705., str. 1431. i 1431.) objavljen 1.8.1980. i stupio je na snagu 9.8.1980. Ovaj pravilnik je svojim članom 5. utvrdio matične brojeve za jedinstveni matični broj stranca.|naziv=43/80|grupa=lower-alpha}} :** 01 – stranci u Bosni i Hercegovini :** 02 – stranci u Crnoj Gori :** 03 – stranci u Hrvatskoj :** 04 – stranci u Makedoniji :** 05 – stranci u Sloveniji :** 06 – stranci u Srbiji :** 07 – stranci u Vojvodini :** 08 – stranci na Kosovu :* 00 i 09 &#x2013; naturalizirani građani koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo{{Efn|Matični brojevi 00 i 09 dodijeljeni su Saveznom sekretarijatu za unutrašnje poslove i korišteni su za naturalizirane državljane SFRJ koji nisu imali jugoslavensko državljanstvo. U Hrvatskoj su se matični brojevi 00 trebali koristiti u slučaju popunjavanja kvote matičnog broja 03.|naziv=00i09|grupa=lower-alpha}} :* 10–19 &#x2013; [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] :** 10 – [[Banja Luka]] :** 11 – [[Bihać]] :** 12 – [[Doboj]] :** 13 – [[Goražde]] :** 14 – [[Livno]] :** 15 – [[Mostar]] :** 16 – [[Prijedor]] :** 17 – [[Sarajevo]] :** 18 – [[Tuzla]] :** 19 – [[Zenica]] :* 20–29 &#x2013; [[Crna Gora]] :** 20 – (ne koristi se) :** 21 – [[Podgorica]], [[Danilovgrad]], [[Kolašin]] :** 22 – [[Bar (Crna Gora)|Bar]], [[Ulcinj]] :** 23 – [[Budva]], [[Kotor]], [[Tivat]] :** 24 – [[Herceg Novi]] :** 25 – [[Cetinje]] :** 26 – [[Nikšić]], [[Plužine]], [[Šavnik (Crna Gora)|Šavnik]] :** 27 – [[Berane]], [[Rožaje]], [[Plav]], [[Andrijevica]] :** 28 – [[Bijelo Polje]], [[Mojkovac]] :** 29 – [[Pljevlja]], [[Žabljak]] :* 30–39 &#x2013; [[Hrvatska]] (više se ne koristi) :** 30 – [[Osijek]], [[Slavonija]] :** 31 – [[Bjelovar]], [[Virovitica]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Pakrac]], [[Podravina]] :** 32 – [[Varaždin]], [[Međimurska županija|Međimurje]] :** 33 – [[Zagreb]] :** 34 – [[Karlovac]], [[Kordun]] :** 35 – [[Gospić]], [[Lika]] :** 36 – [[Rijeka]], [[Pula]], [[Gorski kotar]], [[Istra]] i [[Hrvatsko primorje]] :** 37 – [[Sisak]], [[Banovina (regija)|Banovina]] :** 38 – [[Split]], [[Zadar]], [[Šibenik]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmacija]] :** 39 – [[Hrvatsko zagorje]] i ostalo :* 41–49 &#x2013; [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija]] :** 41 – [[Bitolj]] :** 42 – [[Kumanovo]] :** 43 – [[Ohrid]] :** 44 – [[Prilep]] :** 45 – [[Skoplje]] :** 46 – [[Strumica]] :** 47 – [[Tetovo]] :** 48 – [[Veles]] :** 49 – [[Štip]] :* 50–59 &#x2013; [[Slovenija]] (samo 50 se koristio do 2024) :* 60–69 &#x2013; (Osobe s privremenim boravkom) :* 70–79 &#x2013; [[Centralna Srbija]] :** 70 – Državljani Srbije registrovani u inostranstvu u diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Srbije (član 4. Zakona o JMBG) :** 71 – [[Beograd]] :** 72 – [[Šumadija]] i [[Pomoravlje]] ([[Šumadijski upravni okrug]] i [[Pomoravski upravni okrug]]) :** 73 – [[Niš]] ([[Nišavski upravni okrug]], [[Pirotski upravni okrug]] i [[Toplički upravni okrug]]) :** 74 – [[Južna Morava]] ([[Jablanički upravni okrug]] i [[Pčinjski upravni okrug]]) :** 75 – [[Zaječar]] ([[Zaječarski upravni okrug]] i [[Borski upravni okrug]]) :** 76 – [[Podunavlje]] ([[Podunavski upravni okrug]] i [[Braničevski upravni okrug]]) :** 77 – [[Podrinje]] i [[Kolubara]] ([[Mačvanski upravni okrug]] i [[Kolubarski upravni okrug]]) :** 78 – [[Kraljevo]] ([[Raški upravni okrug]], [[Moravički upravni okrug]] i [[Rasinski upravni okrug]]) :** 79 – [[Užice]] ([[Zlatiborski upravni okrug]]) :* 80–89 &#x2013; [[Vojvodina]] :** 80 – [[Novi Sad]] ([[Južnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 81 – [[Sombor]] ([[Zapadnobački upravni okrug]]) :** 82 – [[Subotica]] ([[Sjevernobački upravni okrug]]) :** 84 – [[Kikinda]] ([[Sjevernobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 85 – [[Zrenjanin]] ([[Srednjobanatski upravni okrug]]) :** 86 – [[Pančevo]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 87 – [[Vršac]] (dio [[Južnobanatski upravni okrug|Južnobanatskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 88 – [[Ruma]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :** 89 – [[Sremska Mitrovica]] (dio [[Sremski upravni okrug|Sremskog upravnog okruga]]) :* 90–99 &#x2013; [[Kosovo]] :** 91 – [[Priština]] ([[Kosovski upravni okrug]]) :** 92 – [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] ([[Kosovskomitrovački upravni okrug]]) :** 93 – [[Peć]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 94 – [[Đakovica]] (dio [[Pećki upravni okrug|Pećkog upravnog okruga]]) :** 95 – [[Prizren]] ([[Prizrenski upravni okrug]]) :** 96 – [[Gnjilane]] ([[Kosovskopomoravski upravni okrug]]) : BBB &#x2013; jedinstveni broj određenog RR-a (predstavlja osobu unutar područja DDMMGGGGRR u određenoj općini) :* 000–499 &#x2013; [[mužjak]] :* 500–999 &#x2013; [[ženka]] : K – [[Kontrolni broj]] </div> === Kontrolni broj === Kontrolni broj se izračunava iz mapiranja DDMMGGGRRBBBK = ''abcdefghijklm'', koristeći formulu: :''m'' = 11 &minus; (( 7×(''a'' + ''g'') + 6×(''b'' + ''h'') + 5×(''c'' + ''i'') + 4×(''d'' + ''j'') + 3×(''e'' + ''k'') + 2×(''f'' + ''l'') ) [[Kongruencija|mod]] 11) * Ako je ''m'' između 1 i 9, broj K je isti kao i broj ''m.'' * Ako je ''m'' 10 ili 11, K postaje 0 (nula) === Primjer === Na primjer, važeći identifikacijski broj je 0101006500006; to je broj prve muške bebe registrovane u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] 1. januara 2006. == Greške == Postoji mali broj JMBG-ova koje su dodijelili važeći autoriteti, ali koji su imali nevažeću kontrolnu sumu. Također, postoji i nekoliko duplikata. Uobičajeno anegdotsko objašnjenje za ovo je jednostavna greška operatera. Navodno su se ove greške češće dešavale početkom 1990-ih. Šanse za nailaženje na izuzetke su navodno male, a nije naučno analizirano da li takvi izuzeci opravdavaju dovođenje u pitanje upotrebe JMBG-a kao jedinstvenog identifikatora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3417266/jedan-covek-a-tri-maticna-broja.html|title=Jedan čovek, a tri matična broja|website=РТС|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1535234/sta-ako-ste-jedan-od-gradjana-koji-ima-dva-maticna-broja|title=Šta ako ste jedan od građana koji ima dva matična broja?|website=www.ekapija.com|language=sr|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a1tv.net/gotovo-nestvarno-novopazarska-sa-dva/|title=GOTOVO NESTVARNO: Novopazarka sa dva identiteta|last=Radetinac|first=Enes|date=2022-11-10|website=A1 TV Novi Pazar|language=sr-RS|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj]] * [[JMBG protesti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] == Napomene == {{Spisaknapomena}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi}} [[Kategorija:Pravo u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Crnoj Gori]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pravo na Kosovu]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pravo u Srbiji]] [[Kategorija:1977. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđe Jugoslavije]] [[Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi]] b34mdug8p48n2mmdyc1ou0abmo9qif6 0 533893 3839481 2026-05-04T15:56:10Z Z1KA 87045 Preusmjereno na [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] 3839481 wikitext text/x-wiki #PREUSMJERI [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] 91jin0jdmgj5i86uklvdssglt8mm7ja 0 533894 3839482 2026-05-04T15:56:19Z Z1KA 87045 Preusmjereno na [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] 3839482 wikitext text/x-wiki #PREUSMJERI [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] 91jin0jdmgj5i86uklvdssglt8mm7ja 0 533895 3839483 2026-05-04T15:56:28Z Z1KA 87045 Preusmjereno na [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] 3839483 wikitext text/x-wiki #PREUSMJERI [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana]] 91jin0jdmgj5i86uklvdssglt8mm7ja 14 533896 3839487 2026-05-04T16:00:14Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: [[Kategorija:Jugoslavija]] [[Kategorija:Historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Historija Crne Gore]] [[Kategorija:Historija Hrvatske]] [[Kategorija:Historija Kosova]] [[Kategorija:Historija Slovenije]] [[Kategorija:Historija Sjeverne Makedonije]] [[Kategorija:Historija Srbije]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđa]] 3839487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Jugoslavija]] [[Kategorija:Historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Historija Crne Gore]] [[Kategorija:Historija Hrvatske]] [[Kategorija:Historija Kosova]] [[Kategorija:Historija Slovenije]] [[Kategorija:Historija Sjeverne Makedonije]] [[Kategorija:Historija Srbije]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđa]] t742bs10jyvn6s0pawpr3ugcgs4hmjd 3839488 3839487 2026-05-04T16:00:31Z Z1KA 87045 novi ključ za [[Kategorija:Naslijeđa]]: "Jugoslavija" (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Jugoslavija]] [[Kategorija:Historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Historija Crne Gore]] [[Kategorija:Historija Hrvatske]] [[Kategorija:Historija Kosova]] [[Kategorija:Historija Slovenije]] [[Kategorija:Historija Sjeverne Makedonije]] [[Kategorija:Historija Srbije]] [[Kategorija:Naslijeđa|Jugoslavija]] 47tlu2fnii7kwmfac08bkle74ycs6oh 14 533897 3839491 2026-05-04T16:02:47Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Kategorija|Nacionalni identifikacijski broj}} [[Kategorija:Državljanstvo]] [[Kategorija:Identifikatori]] [[Kategorija:Masovni nadzor]] [[Kategorija:Lična identifikacija]] [[Kategorija:Javni zapisi]] 3839491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategorija|Nacionalni identifikacijski broj}} [[Kategorija:Državljanstvo]] [[Kategorija:Identifikatori]] [[Kategorija:Masovni nadzor]] [[Kategorija:Lična identifikacija]] [[Kategorija:Javni zapisi]] eix3fxz71nml1ahmkm6nla7qiqfcfv2 10 533898 3839495 2026-05-04T16:10:41Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Navkutija | ime = Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi | naslov = [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]]evi po državi | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * [[Porezni broj (Australija)|Australija]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Bosna i Hercegovina]] * Brazil ([[Registro Geral|RG]] &bull; [[Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas|CPF]] &bull; [[CNPJ]]) * [[Jedinstveni građanski broj|Bugarska]] * [[Broj socijalnog osiguranja|Kanada]] * Lična karta stanovnika Ki... 3839495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi | naslov = [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]]evi po državi | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * [[Porezni broj (Australija)|Australija]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Bosna i Hercegovina]] * Brazil ([[Registro Geral|RG]] &bull; [[Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas|CPF]] &bull; [[CNPJ]]) * [[Jedinstveni građanski broj|Bugarska]] * [[Broj socijalnog osiguranja|Kanada]] * [[Lična karta stanovnika Kine#Broj lične karte|Kina]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj|Hrvatska]] * [[Lični identifikacijski broj u Danskoj|Danska]] ** [[Lični identifikacijski broj na Farskim Ostrvima|Farska Ostrva]] ** [[Lični identifikacijski broj na Grenlandu|Grenland]] * [[INSEE kod|Francuska]] * [[Ganska kartica|Gana]] * [[Lična karta Hong Konga|Hong Kong]] * [[Nacionalno identifikacijsko numeriranje na Islandu|Island]] * [[Aadhaar|Indija]] * [[Indonezijska lična karta#Identifikacijski broj građanina|Indonezija]] * [[Broj lične javne službe|Irska]] * [[Mispar zehut|Izrael]] * [[Italijanski fiskalni kod|Italija]] * [[Individualni broj (Japan)|Japan]] * [[MyKad#Struktura broja Nacionalne registracijske lične karte (NRIC)|Malezija]] * [[Jedinstveni kod registra stanovništva|Meksiko]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Crna Gora]] * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj#Nizozemska|Nizozemska]] * [[NHI broj|Novi Zeland]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Sjeverna Makedonija]] * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj u Norveškoj|Norveška]] * [[PESEL|Poljska]] * [[SNILS|Rusija]] * [[Saudijska nacionalna lična karta|Saudijska Arabija]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Srbija]] * [[Nacionalna registracijska lična karta|Singapur]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Slovenija]] * [[NIRA Somalija|Somalija]] * [[Rezidentni registracijski broj|Južna Koreja]] * Španija ([[Nacionalni identifikacijski dokument Španije|DNI]] &bull; [[NIE broj|NIE]]) * [[Nacionalna lična karta Šri Lanke|Šri Lanka]] * [[Lični identifikacijski broj u Švedskoj|Švedska]] * [[Nacionalna identifikacijska kartica Tajvana|Tajvan]] * [[Turski identifikacijski broj|Turska]] * [[Broj nacionalnog osiguranja|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] * [[Broj socijalnog osiguranja u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama|Sjedinjene Američke Države]] | ispod = * {{Icon|Kategorija}} [[:Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi|Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi]] }} <noinclude> [[Kategorija:Političke navigacijske kutije]] </noinclude> hpqta6cstxc44776ktols7pr25av2x9 3839501 3839495 2026-05-04T16:16:59Z Z1KA 87045 3839501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi | naslov = [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj]]evi po državi | tijeloklasa = hlist | podaci1 = * [[Porezni broj (Australija)|Australija]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Bosna i Hercegovina]] * Brazil ([[Registro Geral|RG]] &bull; [[Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas|CPF]] &bull; [[CNPJ]]) * [[Jedinstveni građanski broj|Bugarska]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Crna Gora]] * [[Lični identifikacijski broj u Danskoj|Danska]] ** [[Lični identifikacijski broj na Farskim Ostrvima|Farska Ostrva]] ** [[Lični identifikacijski broj na Grenlandu|Grenland]] * [[INSEE kod|Francuska]] * [[Ganska kartica|Gana]] * [[Lična karta Hong Konga|Hong Kong]] * [[Osobni identifikacijski broj|Hrvatska]] * [[Nacionalno identifikacijsko numeriranje na Islandu|Island]] * [[Aadhaar|Indija]] * [[Indonezijska lična karta#Identifikacijski broj građanina|Indonezija]] * [[Broj lične javne službe|Irska]] * [[Mispar zehut|Izrael]] * [[Italijanski fiskalni kod|Italija]] * [[Individualni broj (Japan)|Japan]] * [[Rezidentni registracijski broj|Južna Koreja]] * [[Broj socijalnog osiguranja|Kanada]] * [[Lična karta stanovnika Kine#Broj lične karte|Kina]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Kosovo]] * [[MyKad#Struktura broja Nacionalne registracijske lične karte (NRIC)|Malezija]] * [[Jedinstveni kod registra stanovništva|Meksiko]] * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj#Nizozemska|Nizozemska]] * [[NHI broj|Novi Zeland]] * [[Nacionalni identifikacijski broj u Norveškoj|Norveška]] * [[PESEL|Poljska]] * [[SNILS|Rusija]] * [[Saudijska nacionalna lična karta|Saudijska Arabija]] * [[Nacionalna registracijska lična karta|Singapur]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Sjeverna Makedonija]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Slovenija]] * [[NIRA Somalija|Somalija]] * [[Jedinstveni matični broj građana|Srbija]] * [[Broj socijalnog osiguranja u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama|Sjedinjene Američke Države]] * Španija ([[Nacionalni identifikacijski dokument Španije|DNI]] &bull; [[NIE broj|NIE]]) * [[Nacionalna lična karta Šri Lanke|Šri Lanka]] * [[Lični identifikacijski broj u Švedskoj|Švedska]] * [[Nacionalna identifikacijska kartica Tajvana|Tajvan]] * [[Turski identifikacijski broj|Turska]] * [[Broj nacionalnog osiguranja|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] | ispod = * {{Icon|Kategorija}} [[:Kategorija:Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi|Nacionalni identifikacijski brojevi]] }} <noinclude> [[Kategorija:Političke navigacijske kutije]] </noinclude> lo8g95safe1o3oc3nicnf9b37x2z451 14 533899 3839496 2026-05-04T16:12:39Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{commonscat|Law of Montenegro}} {{Pravo po državama|Crne Gore}} 3839496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Law of Montenegro}} {{Pravo po državama|Crne Gore}} aumw1ddnzadxobqrer20xp8a9kwab8d 14 533900 3839497 2026-05-04T16:12:41Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{commonscat|Law of Kosovo}} {{Pravo po državama|Kosova}} 3839497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Law of Kosovo}} {{Pravo po državama|Kosova}} 1loyapchx3k0acwyye9wa9l4q3jk2mz 14 533901 3839498 2026-05-04T16:12:42Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{commonscat|Law of North Macedonia}} {{Pravo po državama|Sjeverne Makedonije}} 3839498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Law of North Macedonia}} {{Pravo po državama|Sjeverne Makedonije}} iwdcpll8fw3hs2p0fjnlkpr11n58aji 0 533902 3839500 2026-05-04T16:15:19Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lebnica | slika = View from the Lebnitsa River.jpg | veličina_slike = 250px | opis_slike = Lebnica kod [[Nikudin]]a | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_alt = | karta_opis = | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | izvor = [[Ogražden]] | ušće = Kod sela [[Lebnica (selo)|Lebnice]] | progresija = [[Struma]]... 3839500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lebnica | slika = View from the Lebnitsa River.jpg | veličina_slike = 250px | opis_slike = Lebnica kod [[Nikudin]]a | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_alt = | karta_opis = | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | izvor = [[Ogražden]] | ušće = Kod sela [[Lebnica (selo)|Lebnice]] | progresija = [[Struma]] → [[Egejsko more]] | države kroz koje protiče = {{ZID|Sjeverna Makedonija}}<br/>{{ZID|Bugarska}} | lokacija = | etimologija = | dužina = 50 | nadmorska visina izvora = 1480 | nadmorska visina ušća = 104 | prosječni protok = 2,64 m³/s (ušće) | sliv = [[Egejsko more|Egejski]] | površina sliva = 318 | riječni_sistem = | lijeve_pritoke = | desne_pritoke = | prazno_ime = Koordinate | prazno_info = '''Izvor:''' {{coord|41|31|44.04|N|22|52|59.16|E|region:BG}} <br/> '''Ušće:''' {{coord|41|31|54.84|N|23|14|47.04|E|display=it|region:BG_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} }} '''Lebnica''' je [[rijeka]] na jugoistoku [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Sjeverne Makedonije]] i jugozapadu [[Bugarska|Bugarske]], desna [[pritoka]] [[Struma|Strume]].<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 282">{{harvnb|Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria|1980|p=282}}</ref> Duga je 50&nbsp;km, od čega su 42 u Bugarskoj. Odvodnjava južni dio [[Maleševska planina|Maleševske planine]] ​​i sjeverni dio [[Ogražden]]a, formirajući granicu između tih [[Planinski lanac|planinskih lanaca]] cijelim tokom.<ref name="Pirin Region 502">{{harvnb|Encyclopaedia "Pirin Region"|1995|p=502}}</ref> Izvire u Sjevernoj Makedoniji na nadmorskoj visini 1480&nbsp;m, 1,4&nbsp;km jugoistočno od vrha Ograždenec (1748&nbsp;m), najvišeg u masivu Ogražden. Teče na istok i nakon 8&nbsp;km prelazi [[Granica između Bugarske i Sjeverne Makedonije|granicu]] s Bugarskom. Na bugarskoj teritoriji teče na sjeveroistok do sela [[Nikudin]]a, gdje skreće na jugoistok do sela [[Draguš (Bugarska)|Draguša]], a potom prema istoku. U blizini sela [[Lebnica (selo)|Lebnice]] ulazi u Sandansko-petričku dolinu, formirajući opsežni aluvijalni konus. Ulijeva se u Strumu na nadmorskoj visini 104&nbsp;m u blizini industrijske zone grada [[Sandanski|Sandanskog]].<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 282"/> Njena dolina duboko je usječena u [[metamorfne stijene]] i [[granit]], formirajući brojne [[Meandar|meandre]]. Padine uz njenu dolinu često su iskrčene i [[Erozija|erodirane]].<ref name="Pirin Region 502"/> Njen sliv obuhvata 318 km² ili 1,84% ukupne površine sliva Strume.<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 282"/><ref name="Pirin Region 502"/> Najveće su joj pritoke Trolski dol (desna) te Crvilska i Dobrilačka reka (lijeve). Pretežno se napaja [[Kiša|kišom]] i [[snijeg]]om, s visokim vodostajem u martu i niskim u augustu. Prosječni godišnji protok na ušću iznosi 2,64 m³/s,<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 282"/> a maksimalni je 101 m³/s.<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 282"/><ref name="Pirin Region 502"/> Uz rijeku je samo jedno naselje, već spomenuto selo Nikudin u općini [[Strumjani]], u [[Oblast Blagoevgrad|Blagoevgradskoj oblasti]]. Vode Lebnice koriste se za [[navodnjavanje]].<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 282"/> Vrste riba uključuju [[Strumska mrena|strumsku mrenu]], [[Skobalj|skoblja]] i [[klijen]]a. Uz njenu lijevu obalu u području Maleševske ​​planine na bugarskoj teritoriji proteže se prirodni rezervat [[Sokolata]], osnovan radi zaštite starih šuma [[sladun]]a.<ref name="Pirin Region 502"/> == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite book |ref= {{harvid|Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria|1980}} |title = Географски речник на България |trans-title= Geografski rječnik Bugarske |last1 = Мичев (Mičev) |first1= Николай (Nikolaj) |last2= Михайлов (Mihajlov) |first2= Цветко (Cvetko) |last3= Вапцаров (Vapcarov) |first3= Иван (Ivan) |last4= Кираджиев (Kiradžiev) |first4= Светлин (Svetlin) |year=1980 |language= bg |publisher= Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura) |location= [[Sofija]] |isbn= }} * {{cite book | ref= {{harvid|Encyclopaedia "Pirin Region"|1995}} |title= Енциклопедия "Пирински край", том I |trans-title= Enciklopedija "Pirinska regija", tom I |year=1995 |language=bg |publisher= Редакция "Енциклопедия" (edicija "Enciklopedija") |location= [[Blagoevgrad]] |isbn =}} {{Hidrografija Sjeverne Makedonije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sjevernoj Makedoniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Bugarskoj]] [[Kategorija:Egejski sliv]] [[Kategorija:Međunarodne evropske rijeke]] 6ntekp8w3kaxammsgo071965lzwkfvi 1 533903 3839502 2026-05-04T16:18:51Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = KWiki | tema = geografija | tema2 = | tema3 = | država = Sjeverna Makedonija | država2 = Bugarska | država3 = }} 3839502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = KWiki | tema = geografija | tema2 = | tema3 = | država = Sjeverna Makedonija | država2 = Bugarska | država3 = }} 0rsx8zmtc5bcc2za869s2sjvu51mmk7 1 533904 3839503 2026-05-04T16:20:45Z Z1KA 87045 Nova stranica: {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=društvo|država=Slovenija|država2=Crna Gora|država3=Sjeverna Makedonija|država4=Kosovo|država5=Hrvatska|država6=Bosna i Hercegovina|država7=Srbija}} 3839503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026.|korisnik=Z1KA|tema=društvo|država=Slovenija|država2=Crna Gora|država3=Sjeverna Makedonija|država4=Kosovo|država5=Hrvatska|država6=Bosna i Hercegovina|država7=Srbija}} 0vyi29yufqxz8nqem8svda0zqqxdyg5 14 533905 3839505 2026-05-04T16:22:21Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: {{commonscat|Aegean Sea Basin}} [[Kategorija:Egejsko more|Sliv]] [[Kategorija:Sredozemni sliv|Egejski]] 3839505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Aegean Sea Basin}} [[Kategorija:Egejsko more|Sliv]] [[Kategorija:Sredozemni sliv|Egejski]] p4obheikjj7a9449pt8ji1w82kd4xuy 0 533906 3839511 2026-05-04T17:11:17Z ~2026-27063-56 180991 Nova stranica: [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''', tj. '''[[odsoljavanje]]''' je vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (defini... 3839511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''', tj. '''[[odsoljavanje]]''' je vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{toclimit|3}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Drugi pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] qwa80zwusyffe32o83zw51dqq2f9jp7 3839512 3839511 2026-05-04T17:21:35Z ~2026-27063-56 180991 3839512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''' je '''[[odsoljavanje]]''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{toclimit|3}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] s025yecsyaxcns27uyeuteochji6gj3 3839514 3839512 2026-05-04T17:36:07Z ~2026-27063-56 180991 3839514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''' je '''[[odsoljavanje]]''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} {{toclimit|3}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] mah5rw2b6izlezgm99663r89t2zad2v 3839515 3839514 2026-05-04T17:38:46Z ~2026-27063-56 180991 3839515 wikitext text/x-wiki [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''' je '''[[odsoljavanje]]''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] dhc9vhb8bfbq9zafolw66qh3htpy7up 3839516 3839515 2026-05-04T17:46:20Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 3839516 wikitext text/x-wiki [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''' je '''[[odsoljavanje]]''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]].]] Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] b1if5cg6048dg8kxnkptkexcb1ygn72 3839518 3839516 2026-05-04T18:14:31Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 3839518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''[[desalinacija]]''' je '''[[odsoljavanje]]''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[morska voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]].]] Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] 4p9m4zn2yob47ewueqopo9ltedij7xd 3839520 3839518 2026-05-04T18:17:59Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 3839520 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]].]] Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] tuxb5k7bps80pco88v6s6fzb3f61p2c 3839521 3839520 2026-05-04T18:18:51Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 3839521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] hif8cakzp0i1qfa8aq7dqwia4odefv0 3839522 3839521 2026-05-04T18:22:00Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* Troškovi */ 3839522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke| školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; [[Peter Gleick|Gleick, Peter H.]] and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] tfzy58qlppoa2w5c8g7gnftae35e80q 3839523 3839522 2026-05-04T18:27:10Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* Unos */ 3839523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke|školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; Peter Gleick and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/|access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaj]]ima, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] bq0l5y7fk8ovw1qrymtduka1b1obclo 3839524 3839523 2026-05-04T18:30:29Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada */ 3839524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke|školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; Peter Gleick and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/|access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaji]]ma, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. {{Citation needed|date=januar 2012}} ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] q7862g8k32u51wjadqodohkvba7fy8k 3839526 3839524 2026-05-04T18:48:26Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* Geotermalna energija */ 3839526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m³ u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m³ (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m³ u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke|školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; Peter Gleick and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/|access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaji]]ma, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm³ i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] rbic51alerj5hyrtvser7lgd7fwej5z 0 533908 3839517 2026-05-04T18:13:42Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 Preusmjereno na [[Desalinizacija]] 3839517 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Desalinizacija]] fuwblsimjba4flyzjkwkxxcjt1lszde 0 533909 3839519 2026-05-04T18:15:03Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 Preusmjereno na [[Desalinizacija]] 3839519 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Desalinizacija]] fuwblsimjba4flyzjkwkxxcjt1lszde 0 533910 3839527 2026-05-04T19:02:10Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kamniška Bistrica | slika = Veliki Predoselj 3078.JPG | opis_slike = Gornji tok Kamniške Bistrice pri ulazu u klisuru Predoselj | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33 | sliv = 530 km² | izvor = Blizu [[Planinarski dom u Kamniškoj Bistrici|planinarskog doma]], [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe]] | ušće... 3839527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kamniška Bistrica | slika = Veliki Predoselj 3078.JPG | opis_slike = Gornji tok Kamniške Bistrice pri ulazu u klisuru Predoselj | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33 | sliv = 530 km² | izvor = Blizu [[Planinarski dom u Kamniškoj Bistrici|planinarskog doma]], [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]] | lijeve_pritoke = [[Nevljica]], Črna | desne_pritoke = [[Pšata (rijeka)]] }} '''Kamniška Bistrica'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perko |first1=Drago |last2=Ciglič |first2=Rok |last3=Zorn |first3=Matija |title=The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |page=67}}</ref> je alpska rijeka u sjevernoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka rijeke [[Sava|Save]]. Izvire u [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniškim Alpama]] u blizini granice s Austrijom i duga je 33 km. Rijeka protiče kroz grad [[Kamnik]], gdje prima pritoku [[Nevljica|Nevljicu]], te se ulijeva u Savu južno od naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]], oko 10 km istočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. [[Datoteka:Kamnik Bistrica Sava Ljubljanica confluence.jpg|thumb|lijevo|Ušće Kamniške Bistrice (desno) sa [[Sava|Savom]] i [[Ljubljanica (rijeka)|Ljubljanicom]]]] == Tok i geologija sliva == Rijeka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] na južnoj strani [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]] na otprilike 630 m nadmorske visine. Sliv obuhvata otprilike 380 km² uglavnom šumovitog krečnjačkog i dolomitnog gorja. Kamniška Bistrica počinje kao hladan i bistar alpski potok, ali nizvodno skuplja sedimente prolazeći kroz glacijalne doline i pleistocenske terase. Njene glavne pritoke su lijeva Črna i [[Nevljica]], te desna [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]]. Črna je značajna jer nosi ostatke gline i metala iz napuštenog rudnika kaolina, što kod [[Stahovica|Stahovice]] označava tačku gdje ljudski utjecaj prvi put značajno mijenja kvalitet vode. Srednji protok na ušću u Savu iznosi oko 15 m³/s, ali alpski režim padavina uzrokuje oštre sezonske kontraste s vrhuncima u kasno proljeće i novembru. == Hidrologija i hemija vode == Gornja klisura rijeke usječena je u čvrste [[Trijas|trijaske]] krečnjake i dolomite koji se lako rastvaraju, zasićujući vodu [[Kalcij|kalcijem]] i [[Magnezij bikarbonat|magnezij bikarbonatom]]. Hemijska ispitivanja pokazuju koncentracije bikarbonata između 1,9 i 5,6 mmol/l. Voda je često prezasićena [[Kalcit|kalcitom]] i [[Dolomit|dolomitom]], a pritisak otopljenog CO₂ može biti i do 25 puta veći od atmosferskog, zbog čega rijeka služi kao neto izvor CO₂ za atmosferu.<ref name="Kanduc">{{cite journal |last1=Kanduć |first1=Tjaša |last2=Kocman |first2=David |last3=Verbovšek |first3=Timotej |year=2017 |title=Biogeochemistry of some selected Slovenian rivers (Kamniška Bistrica, Idrijca and Sava in Slovenia) |journal=Geologija |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–26 |doi=10.5474/geologija.2017.001}}</ref> Izotopska analiza potvrđuje da trošenje karbonatnih stijena opskrbljuje između jedne četvrtine i dvije petine otopljenog neorganskog karbonata koji rijeka predaje Savi. Ovi hemijski procesi također objašnjavaju karakteristične tirkizne bazene rijeke i brzo taloženje [[Sedra|sedre]] (tufa) na potopljenom kamenju i korijenju, što gornju dolinu čini popularnom turističkom destinacijom. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kamnik Bistrica}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024622/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H06_g_30.html Stanje Kamniške Bistrice] – podaci o vodostaju i temperaturi (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] nkkdeqnlvtwms9q5lf5jglswt61yup9 3839528 3839527 2026-05-04T19:03:46Z Arnel 102555 3839528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Kamniška Bistrica}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kamniška Bistrica | slika = Veliki Predoselj 3078.JPG | opis_slike = Gornji tok Kamniške Bistrice pri ulazu u klisuru Predoselj | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33 | sliv = 530 km² | izvor = Blizu [[Planinarski dom u Kamniškoj Bistrici|planinarskog doma]], [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]] | lijeve_pritoke = [[Nevljica]], Črna | desne_pritoke = [[Pšata (rijeka)]] }} '''Kamniška Bistrica'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perko |first1=Drago |last2=Ciglič |first2=Rok |last3=Zorn |first3=Matija |title=The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |page=67}}</ref> je alpska rijeka u sjevernoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka rijeke [[Sava|Save]]. Izvire u [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniškim Alpama]] u blizini granice s Austrijom i duga je 33 km. Rijeka protiče kroz grad [[Kamnik]], gdje prima pritoku [[Nevljica|Nevljicu]], te se ulijeva u Savu južno od naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]], oko 10 km istočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. [[Datoteka:Kamnik Bistrica Sava Ljubljanica confluence.jpg|thumb|lijevo|Ušće Kamniške Bistrice (desno) sa [[Sava|Savom]] i [[Ljubljanica (rijeka)|Ljubljanicom]]]] == Tok i geologija sliva == Rijeka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] na južnoj strani [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]] na otprilike 630 m nadmorske visine. Sliv obuhvata otprilike 380 km² uglavnom šumovitog krečnjačkog i dolomitnog gorja. Kamniška Bistrica počinje kao hladan i bistar alpski potok, ali nizvodno skuplja sedimente prolazeći kroz glacijalne doline i pleistocenske terase. Njene glavne pritoke su lijeva Črna i [[Nevljica]], te desna [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]]. Črna je značajna jer nosi ostatke gline i metala iz napuštenog rudnika kaolina, što kod [[Stahovica|Stahovice]] označava tačku gdje ljudski utjecaj prvi put značajno mijenja kvalitet vode. Srednji protok na ušću u Savu iznosi oko 15 m³/s, ali alpski režim padavina uzrokuje oštre sezonske kontraste s vrhuncima u kasno proljeće i novembru. == Hidrologija i hemija vode == Gornja klisura rijeke usječena je u čvrste [[Trijas|trijaske]] krečnjake i dolomite koji se lako rastvaraju, zasićujući vodu [[Kalcij|kalcijem]] i [[Magnezij bikarbonat|magnezij bikarbonatom]]. Hemijska ispitivanja pokazuju koncentracije bikarbonata između 1,9 i 5,6 mmol/l. Voda je često prezasićena [[Kalcit|kalcitom]] i [[Dolomit|dolomitom]], a pritisak otopljenog CO₂ može biti i do 25 puta veći od atmosferskog, zbog čega rijeka služi kao neto izvor CO₂ za atmosferu.<ref name="Kanduc">{{cite journal |last1=Kanduć |first1=Tjaša |last2=Kocman |first2=David |last3=Verbovšek |first3=Timotej |year=2017 |title=Biogeochemistry of some selected Slovenian rivers (Kamniška Bistrica, Idrijca and Sava in Slovenia) |journal=Geologija |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–26 |doi=10.5474/geologija.2017.001}}</ref> Izotopska analiza potvrđuje da trošenje karbonatnih stijena opskrbljuje između jedne četvrtine i dvije petine otopljenog neorganskog karbonata koji rijeka predaje Savi. Ovi hemijski procesi također objašnjavaju karakteristične tirkizne bazene rijeke i brzo taloženje [[Sedra|sedre]] (tufa) na potopljenom kamenju i korijenju, što gornju dolinu čini popularnom turističkom destinacijom. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kamnik Bistrica}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024622/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H06_g_30.html Stanje Kamniške Bistrice] – podaci o vodostaju i temperaturi (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] bznj5fl51xtopyeqemnag5pengqalba 3839529 3839528 2026-05-04T19:04:33Z Arnel 102555 3839529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Kamniška Bistrica (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kamniška Bistrica | slika = Veliki Predoselj 3078.JPG | opis_slike = Gornji tok Kamniške Bistrice pri ulazu u klisuru Predoselj | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33 | sliv = 530 km² | izvor = Blizu [[Planinarski dom u Kamniškoj Bistrici|planinarskog doma]], [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]] | lijeve_pritoke = [[Nevljica]], Črna | desne_pritoke = [[Pšata (rijeka)]] }} '''Kamniška Bistrica'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perko |first1=Drago |last2=Ciglič |first2=Rok |last3=Zorn |first3=Matija |title=The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |page=67}}</ref> je alpska rijeka u sjevernoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka rijeke [[Sava|Save]]. Izvire u [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniškim Alpama]] u blizini granice s Austrijom i duga je 33 km. Rijeka protiče kroz grad [[Kamnik]], gdje prima pritoku [[Nevljica|Nevljicu]], te se ulijeva u Savu južno od naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]], oko 10 km istočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. [[Datoteka:Kamnik Bistrica Sava Ljubljanica confluence.jpg|thumb|lijevo|Ušće Kamniške Bistrice (desno) sa [[Sava|Savom]] i [[Ljubljanica (rijeka)|Ljubljanicom]]]] == Tok i geologija sliva == Rijeka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] na južnoj strani [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]] na otprilike 630 m nadmorske visine. Sliv obuhvata otprilike 380 km² uglavnom šumovitog krečnjačkog i dolomitnog gorja. Kamniška Bistrica počinje kao hladan i bistar alpski potok, ali nizvodno skuplja sedimente prolazeći kroz glacijalne doline i pleistocenske terase. Njene glavne pritoke su lijeva Črna i [[Nevljica]], te desna [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]]. Črna je značajna jer nosi ostatke gline i metala iz napuštenog rudnika kaolina, što kod [[Stahovica|Stahovice]] označava tačku gdje ljudski utjecaj prvi put značajno mijenja kvalitet vode. Srednji protok na ušću u Savu iznosi oko 15 m³/s, ali alpski režim padavina uzrokuje oštre sezonske kontraste s vrhuncima u kasno proljeće i novembru. == Hidrologija i hemija vode == Gornja klisura rijeke usječena je u čvrste [[Trijas|trijaske]] krečnjake i dolomite koji se lako rastvaraju, zasićujući vodu [[Kalcij|kalcijem]] i [[Magnezij bikarbonat|magnezij bikarbonatom]]. Hemijska ispitivanja pokazuju koncentracije bikarbonata između 1,9 i 5,6 mmol/l. Voda je često prezasićena [[Kalcit|kalcitom]] i [[Dolomit|dolomitom]], a pritisak otopljenog CO₂ može biti i do 25 puta veći od atmosferskog, zbog čega rijeka služi kao neto izvor CO₂ za atmosferu.<ref name="Kanduc">{{cite journal |last1=Kanduć |first1=Tjaša |last2=Kocman |first2=David |last3=Verbovšek |first3=Timotej |year=2017 |title=Biogeochemistry of some selected Slovenian rivers (Kamniška Bistrica, Idrijca and Sava in Slovenia) |journal=Geologija |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–26 |doi=10.5474/geologija.2017.001}}</ref> Izotopska analiza potvrđuje da trošenje karbonatnih stijena opskrbljuje između jedne četvrtine i dvije petine otopljenog neorganskog karbonata koji rijeka predaje Savi. Ovi hemijski procesi također objašnjavaju karakteristične tirkizne bazene rijeke i brzo taloženje [[Sedra|sedre]] (tufa) na potopljenom kamenju i korijenju, što gornju dolinu čini popularnom turističkom destinacijom. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kamnik Bistrica}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024622/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H06_g_30.html Stanje Kamniške Bistrice] – podaci o vodostaju i temperaturi (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] 0gvwpoxt1eqt47wi0ahsmcslvxd81qy 3839531 3839529 2026-05-04T19:06:07Z Arnel 102555 3839531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Kamniška Bistrica (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kamniška Bistrica | slika = Veliki Predoselj 3078.JPG | opis_slike = Gornji tok Kamniške Bistrice pri ulazu u klisuru Predoselj | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33 | sliv = 530 km² | izvor = Blizu [[Planinarski dom u Kamniškoj Bistrici|planinarskog doma]], [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]] | lijeve_pritoke = [[Nevljica]], Črna | desne_pritoke = [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]] }} '''Kamniška Bistrica'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perko |first1=Drago |last2=Ciglič |first2=Rok |last3=Zorn |first3=Matija |title=The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |page=67}}</ref> je alpska rijeka u sjevernoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka rijeke [[Sava|Save]]. Izvire u [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniškim Alpama]] u blizini granice s Austrijom i duga je 33 km. Rijeka protiče kroz grad [[Kamnik]], gdje prima pritoku [[Nevljica|Nevljicu]], te se ulijeva u Savu južno od naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]], oko 10 km istočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. [[Datoteka:Kamnik Bistrica Sava Ljubljanica confluence.jpg|thumb|lijevo|Ušće Kamniške Bistrice (desno) sa [[Sava|Savom]] i [[Ljubljanica (rijeka)|Ljubljanicom]]]] == Tok i geologija sliva == Rijeka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] na južnoj strani [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]] na otprilike 630 m nadmorske visine. Sliv obuhvata otprilike 380 km² uglavnom šumovitog krečnjačkog i dolomitnog gorja. Kamniška Bistrica počinje kao hladan i bistar alpski potok, ali nizvodno skuplja sedimente prolazeći kroz glacijalne doline i pleistocenske terase. Njene glavne pritoke su lijeva Črna i [[Nevljica]], te desna [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]]. Črna je značajna jer nosi ostatke gline i metala iz napuštenog rudnika kaolina, što kod [[Stahovica|Stahovice]] označava tačku gdje ljudski utjecaj prvi put značajno mijenja kvalitet vode. Srednji protok na ušću u Savu iznosi oko 15 m³/s, ali alpski režim padavina uzrokuje oštre sezonske kontraste s vrhuncima u kasno proljeće i novembru. == Hidrologija i hemija vode == Gornja klisura rijeke usječena je u čvrste [[Trijas|trijaske]] krečnjake i dolomite koji se lako rastvaraju, zasićujući vodu [[Kalcij|kalcijem]] i [[Magnezij bikarbonat|magnezij bikarbonatom]]. Hemijska ispitivanja pokazuju koncentracije bikarbonata između 1,9 i 5,6 mmol/l. Voda je često prezasićena [[Kalcit|kalcitom]] i [[Dolomit|dolomitom]], a pritisak otopljenog CO₂ može biti i do 25 puta veći od atmosferskog, zbog čega rijeka služi kao neto izvor CO₂ za atmosferu.<ref name="Kanduc">{{cite journal |last1=Kanduć |first1=Tjaša |last2=Kocman |first2=David |last3=Verbovšek |first3=Timotej |year=2017 |title=Biogeochemistry of some selected Slovenian rivers (Kamniška Bistrica, Idrijca and Sava in Slovenia) |journal=Geologija |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–26 |doi=10.5474/geologija.2017.001}}</ref> Izotopska analiza potvrđuje da trošenje karbonatnih stijena opskrbljuje između jedne četvrtine i dvije petine otopljenog neorganskog karbonata koji rijeka predaje Savi. Ovi hemijski procesi također objašnjavaju karakteristične tirkizne bazene rijeke i brzo taloženje [[Sedra|sedre]] (tufa) na potopljenom kamenju i korijenju, što gornju dolinu čini popularnom turističkom destinacijom. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kamnik Bistrica}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024622/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H06_g_30.html Stanje Kamniške Bistrice] – podaci o vodostaju i temperaturi (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] l44zg2yujzs130vbfqmnevd8lg1u9cy 3839621 3839531 2026-05-05T08:23:27Z Srđan 73336 3839621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kamniška Bistrica | slika = Veliki Predoselj 3078.JPG | opis_slike = Gornji tok Kamniške Bistrice pri ulazu u klisuru Predoselj | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33 | sliv = 530 km² | izvor = Blizu [[Planinarski dom u Kamniškoj Bistrici|planinarskog doma]], [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]] | lijeve_pritoke = [[Nevljica]], Črna | desne_pritoke = [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]] }} '''Kamniška Bistrica'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perko |first1=Drago |last2=Ciglič |first2=Rok |last3=Zorn |first3=Matija |title=The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |page=67}}</ref> je alpska rijeka u sjevernoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka rijeke [[Sava|Save]]. Izvire u [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniškim Alpama]] u blizini granice s Austrijom i duga je 33 km. Rijeka protiče kroz grad [[Kamnik]], gdje prima pritoku [[Nevljica|Nevljicu]], te se ulijeva u Savu južno od naselja [[Videm (Dol pri Ljubljani)|Videm]], oko 10 km istočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. [[Datoteka:Kamnik Bistrica Sava Ljubljanica confluence.jpg|thumb|lijevo|Ušće Kamniške Bistrice (desno) sa [[Sava|Savom]] i [[Ljubljanica (rijeka)|Ljubljanicom]]]] == Tok i geologija sliva == Rijeka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] na južnoj strani [[Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]] na otprilike 630 m nadmorske visine. Sliv obuhvata otprilike 380 km² uglavnom šumovitog krečnjačkog i dolomitnog gorja. Kamniška Bistrica počinje kao hladan i bistar alpski potok, ali nizvodno skuplja sedimente prolazeći kroz glacijalne doline i pleistocenske terase. Njene glavne pritoke su lijeva Črna i [[Nevljica]], te desna [[Pšata (rijeka)|Pšata]]. Črna je značajna jer nosi ostatke gline i metala iz napuštenog rudnika kaolina, što kod [[Stahovica|Stahovice]] označava tačku gdje ljudski utjecaj prvi put značajno mijenja kvalitet vode. Srednji protok na ušću u Savu iznosi oko 15 m³/s, ali alpski režim padavina uzrokuje oštre sezonske kontraste s vrhuncima u kasno proljeće i novembru. == Hidrologija i hemija vode == Gornja klisura rijeke usječena je u čvrste [[Trijas|trijaske]] krečnjake i dolomite koji se lako rastvaraju, zasićujući vodu [[Kalcij|kalcijem]] i [[Magnezij bikarbonat|magnezij bikarbonatom]]. Hemijska ispitivanja pokazuju koncentracije bikarbonata između 1,9 i 5,6 mmol/l. Voda je često prezasićena [[Kalcit|kalcitom]] i [[Dolomit|dolomitom]], a pritisak otopljenog CO₂ može biti i do 25 puta veći od atmosferskog, zbog čega rijeka služi kao neto izvor CO₂ za atmosferu.<ref name="Kanduc">{{cite journal |last1=Kanduć |first1=Tjaša |last2=Kocman |first2=David |last3=Verbovšek |first3=Timotej |year=2017 |title=Biogeochemistry of some selected Slovenian rivers (Kamniška Bistrica, Idrijca and Sava in Slovenia) |journal=Geologija |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–26 |doi=10.5474/geologija.2017.001}}</ref> Izotopska analiza potvrđuje da trošenje karbonatnih stijena opskrbljuje između jedne četvrtine i dvije petine otopljenog neorganskog karbonata koji rijeka predaje Savi. Ovi hemijski procesi također objašnjavaju karakteristične tirkizne bazene rijeke i brzo taloženje [[Sedra|sedre]] (tufa) na potopljenom kamenju i korijenju, što gornju dolinu čini popularnom turističkom destinacijom. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kamnik Bistrica}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024622/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H06_g_30.html Stanje Kamniške Bistrice] – podaci o vodostaju i temperaturi (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] no9wrxybf0ecyytqlwrt4ls5jpqqdzn 1 533911 3839530 2026-05-04T19:05:37Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} 3839530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} g75ifd9zyy5ov98b4r0yxw6in4rv62a 0 533912 3839533 2026-05-04T19:24:15Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{Drugo značenje|Kokra}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kokra | slika = Kranj Kanjon Kokre.JPG | opis_slike = Kanjon rijeke Kokre u [[Kranj]]u | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 34 | sliv = 221 km² | izvor = [[Karavanke]], zapadno od Spodnjeg Jezerskog | ušće = [[Sava]], [[Kranj]] | visina_izvora = 1.410 m }} '''Kokra''' je rijeka u sjeverozapadnoj Slovenija|Slov... 3839533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Kokra}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kokra | slika = Kranj Kanjon Kokre.JPG | opis_slike = Kanjon rijeke Kokre u [[Kranj]]u | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 34 | sliv = 221 km² | izvor = [[Karavanke]], zapadno od Spodnjeg Jezerskog | ušće = [[Sava]], [[Kranj]] | visina_izvora = 1.410 m }} '''Kokra''' je rijeka u sjeverozapadnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka [[Sava|Save]] u [[Kranj]]u. Izvire ispod graničnog grebena u [[Karavanke|Karavankama]] i teče prvo prema jugu kroz usku i duboku dolinu. Kod [[Preddvor]]a ulazi u ravnicu [[Ljubljanska kotlina|Ljubljanske kotline]], skreće prema jugozapadu i ulijeva se u Savu ispod starog gradskog jezgra Kranja. Glavne desne pritoke su [[Reka (Kokra)|Reka]], [[Koritarica (Kokra)|Koritarica]], [[Lobnica (Kokra)|Lobnica]], [[Čemšeniški potok]], [[Bistrica (Kokra)|Bistrica]], [[Suha (Kokra)|Suha]], [[Bela (Kokra)|Bela]] i [[Kokrica]] (poznata i kao Rupovščica). Jedina veća lijeva pritoka je [[Jezernica (Kokra)|Jezernica]]. == Opis toka == Kokra je u većem dijelu svog toka brza planinska rijeka. Nastaje na južnoj strani glavnog grebena Karavanki od nekoliko manjih izvora u strmom području između Virnikovog Grintavca (1.654 m) i [[Pečovnik|Pečovnika]] (1.636 m). Ispod kamenoloma sedre, koji je jedini te vrste u Sloveniji, rijeka prima lijevu pritoku Jezernicu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/edini-kamnolom-lehnjaka-pred-zaprtjem.html|website=www.delo.si|access-date=4. 5. 2026|title=Edini kamnolom lehnjaka pred zaprtjem}}</ref> Zatim ulazi u duboku klisuru usječenu u krečnjačke stijene [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]], između [[Storžič]]a (2.132 m) na zapadu i Grintovaca na istoku. Klisura je na nekim mjestima toliko uska da u njoj ima mjesta samo za rijeku i cestu [[Preddvor]]–[[Zgornje Jezersko]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meze|first=Drago|title=Porečje Kokre v pleistocenu|year=1974}}</ref> Kod Preddvora rijeka ulazi u Ljubljansku kotlinu, gdje je tokom pleistocena nasula prostranu lepezu šljunka. Između naselja [[Visoko (Šenčur)|Visoko]] i [[Britof]] rijeka snažno vijuga (meandrira), a zatim se usijeca u sve dublji kanjon. == Kanjon Kokre u Kranju == Posebnost donjeg toka je kanjon rijeke Kokre, dubok do 30 metara, koji je rijeka usjekla u debele naslage [[Konglomerat (geologija)|konglomerata]]. Kanjon je dug oko dva kilometra i proteže se od ušća Kokrice do ušća u Savu. Zbog geološki "mladog" konglomerata, stijene kanjona su podložne odronima. Najveći zabilježeni odron dogodio se 1881, kada su stijene visoke 35 metara blokirale korito rijeke i stvorile privremeno jezero. Kanjon je danas zaštićen kao prirodna vrijednost i dio je kulturno-historijskog spomenika starog jezgra Kranja. == Etimologija == Ime rijeke je predslavenskog porijekla i lingvisti smatraju da je u srodstvu s imenom rijeke [[Krka|Krke]], koja se u antici nazivala ''Corcoras''. U historijskim izvorima se pojavljuje kao ''Chocher'' (1154) i ''Coker'' (1239), dok je kasnije prevladala njemačka forma ''Kanker''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bezlaj|first=France|title=Slovenska vodna imena, 1. knjiga|year=1956}}</ref> == Hidrologija i kvalitet vode == Kokra ima alpski režim padavina s izraženim vrhuncem u novembru (zbog jesenskih kiša) i u proljeće (zbog topljenja snijega). Iako je izraziti bujični vodotok, rijeka rijetko uzrokuje veće poplave jer su naselja u ravnici smještena na sigurnim, višim terasama. U gornjem i srednjem toku rijeka je veoma čista i zaštićena kao dio mreže [[Natura 2000]]. Donji tok je pod većim pritiskom zbog industrije i naselja, ali se stanje popravilo izgradnjom modernih sistema za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda u Preddvoru i Kranju. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kokra}} * [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H4155_g_1.html Trenutni podaci o protoku i temperaturi Kokre (ARSO)] {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] d5bed8w1c0nl02cls8en5j7zoxxl9ev 3839610 3839533 2026-05-05T08:16:11Z Srđan 73336 3839610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Kokra | slika = Kranj Kanjon Kokre.JPG | opis_slike = Kanjon rijeke Kokre u [[Kranj]]u | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 34 | sliv = 221 km² | izvor = [[Karavanke]], zapadno od Spodnjeg Jezerskog | ušće = [[Sava]], [[Kranj]] | visina_izvora = 1.410 m }} '''Kokra''' je rijeka u sjeverozapadnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]], lijeva pritoka [[Sava|Save]] u [[Kranj]]u. Izvire ispod graničnog grebena u [[Karavanke|Karavankama]] i teče prvo prema jugu kroz usku i duboku dolinu. Kod [[Preddvor]]a ulazi u ravnicu [[Ljubljanska kotlina|Ljubljanske kotline]], skreće prema jugozapadu i ulijeva se u Savu ispod starog gradskog jezgra Kranja. Glavne desne pritoke su [[Reka (Kokra)|Reka]], [[Koritarica (Kokra)|Koritarica]], [[Lobnica (Kokra)|Lobnica]], [[Čemšeniški potok]], [[Bistrica (Kokra)|Bistrica]], [[Suha (Kokra)|Suha]], [[Bela (Kokra)|Bela]] i [[Kokrica]] (poznata i kao Rupovščica). Jedina veća lijeva pritoka je [[Jezernica (Kokra)|Jezernica]]. == Opis toka == Kokra je u većem dijelu svog toka brza planinska rijeka. Nastaje na južnoj strani glavnog grebena Karavanki od nekoliko manjih izvora u strmom području između Virnikovog Grintavca (1.654 m) i [[Pečovnik|Pečovnika]] (1.636 m). Ispod kamenoloma sedre, koji je jedini te vrste u Sloveniji, rijeka prima lijevu pritoku Jezernicu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/edini-kamnolom-lehnjaka-pred-zaprtjem.html|website=www.delo.si|access-date=4. 5. 2026|title=Edini kamnolom lehnjaka pred zaprtjem}}</ref> Zatim ulazi u duboku klisuru usječenu u krečnjačke stijene [[Kamniško-savinjske Alpe|Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpi]], između [[Storžič]]a (2.132 m) na zapadu i Grintovaca na istoku. Klisura je na nekim mjestima toliko uska da u njoj ima mjesta samo za rijeku i cestu [[Preddvor]]–[[Zgornje Jezersko]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meze|first=Drago|title=Porečje Kokre v pleistocenu|year=1974}}</ref> Kod Preddvora rijeka ulazi u Ljubljansku kotlinu, gdje je tokom pleistocena nasula prostranu lepezu šljunka. Između naselja [[Visoko (Šenčur)|Visoko]] i [[Britof]] rijeka snažno vijuga (meandrira), a zatim se usijeca u sve dublji kanjon. == Kanjon Kokre u Kranju == Posebnost donjeg toka je kanjon rijeke Kokre, dubok do 30 metara, koji je rijeka usjekla u debele naslage [[Konglomerat (geologija)|konglomerata]]. Kanjon je dug oko dva kilometra i proteže se od ušća Kokrice do ušća u Savu. Zbog geološki "mladog" konglomerata, stijene kanjona su podložne odronima. Najveći zabilježeni odron dogodio se 1881, kada su stijene visoke 35 metara blokirale korito rijeke i stvorile privremeno jezero. Kanjon je danas zaštićen kao prirodna vrijednost i dio je kulturno-historijskog spomenika starog jezgra Kranja. == Etimologija == Ime rijeke je predslavenskog porijekla i lingvisti smatraju da je u srodstvu s imenom rijeke [[Krka|Krke]], koja se u antici nazivala ''Corcoras''. U historijskim izvorima se pojavljuje kao ''Chocher'' (1154) i ''Coker'' (1239), dok je kasnije prevladala njemačka forma ''Kanker''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bezlaj|first=France|title=Slovenska vodna imena, 1. knjiga|year=1956}}</ref> == Hidrologija i kvalitet vode == Kokra ima alpski režim padavina s izraženim vrhuncem u novembru (zbog jesenskih kiša) i u proljeće (zbog topljenja snijega). Iako je izraziti bujični vodotok, rijeka rijetko uzrokuje veće poplave jer su naselja u ravnici smještena na sigurnim, višim terasama. U gornjem i srednjem toku rijeka je veoma čista i zaštićena kao dio mreže [[Natura 2000]]. Donji tok je pod većim pritiskom zbog industrije i naselja, ali se stanje popravilo izgradnjom modernih sistema za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda u Preddvoru i Kranju. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Kokra}} * [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H4155_g_1.html Trenutni podaci o protoku i temperaturi Kokre (ARSO)] {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] ldjmhiknk10x5s2bysyee6nlhq6ty1q 1 533913 3839535 2026-05-04T19:25:49Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} 3839535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} g75ifd9zyy5ov98b4r0yxw6in4rv62a 10 533914 3839536 2026-05-04T19:47:35Z Felipeofpo 169769 Nova stranica: {{Navkutija muzičar | ime = Lady Gaga | naslov = [[Lady Gaga]] | stanje = {{{stanje|autocollapse}}} | tijeloklasa = hlist | pozadina = solo_izvođač | grupa1 = Studijski albumi | podaci1 = * ''[[The Fame]]'' * ''[[The Fame Monster]]'' * ''[[Born This Way]]'' * ''[[Artpop]]'' * ''[[Joanne]]'' * ''[[Chromatica]]'' * ''[[Mayhem (album)|Mayhem]]'' | grupa2 = Kolaborativni studijski albumi | podaci2 = * ''[[Cheek to Cheek]]'' * ''Love f... 3839536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija muzičar | ime = Lady Gaga | naslov = [[Lady Gaga]] | stanje = {{{stanje|autocollapse}}} | tijeloklasa = hlist | pozadina = solo_izvođač | grupa1 = Studijski albumi | podaci1 = * ''[[The Fame]]'' * ''[[The Fame Monster]]'' * ''[[Born This Way]]'' * ''[[Artpop]]'' * ''[[Joanne]]'' * ''[[Chromatica]]'' * ''[[Mayhem (album)|Mayhem]]'' | grupa2 = Kolaborativni studijski albumi | podaci2 = * ''[[Cheek to Cheek]]'' * ''[[Love for Sale]]'' | grupa3 = Soundtrack albumi | podaci3 = * ''[[A Star Is Born (soundtrack)|A Star Is Born]]'' * ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'' * ''[[Harlequin]]'' * ''[[Joker: Folie à Deux]]'' | grupa4 = Kompilacijski albumi | podaci4 = * ''[[The Remix]]'' * ''[[Born This Way: The Remix]]'' * ''[[Dawn of Chromatica]]'' | grupa5 = Singlovi | podaci5 = * "[[Just Dance]]" * "[[Poker Face (pjesma)|Poker Face]]" * "[[Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)]]" * "[[LoveGame]]" * "[[Paparazzi]]" * "[[Bad Romance]]" * "[[Telephone]]" * "[[Alejandro]]" * "[[Born This Way (pjesma)|Born This Way]]" * "[[Judas (pjesma)|Judas]]" * "[[The Edge of Glory]]" * "[[You and I]]" * "[[Marry The Night]]" * "[[Applause (pjesma)|Applause]]" * "[[Do What U Want]]" * "[[G.U.Y.]]" * "[[Perfect Illusion]]" * "[[Million Reasons]]" * "[[Joanne (pjesma)|Joanne]]" * "[[Shallow (pjesma)|Shallow]]" * "[[Always Remember Us This Way]] * "[[I'll Never Love Again]]" * "[[Stupid Love]]" * "[[Rain on Me]]" * "[[911 (pjesma)|911]]" * "[[Free Woman]]" * "[[Hold My Hand (pjesma)|Hold My Hand]]" * "[[Die with a Smile]]" * "[[Disease]]" * "[[Abracadabra (pjesma Lady Gaga)|Abracadabra]]" * "[[The Dead Dance]]" }} <noinclude> [[Kategorija:Navigacijske kutije muzike]] </noinclude> dc0w1qt3wd5xo47578gsmroj3hhlomh 0 533915 3839543 2026-05-04T20:07:23Z Markonixbg 121510 Kreirana stranica za javnu federalnu instituciju 3839543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija kompanija | ime = Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju | slika = Logo - Operator OIEiEK.jpg | veličina_slike = | skraćenica = Operator za OIEiEK | vrsta = Javna institucija | industrija = Energetika | osnivač = Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine | osnovano = 2014. | sjedište = Mostar, Bosna i Hercegovina | poslužuje = Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine | ključne_osobe = Goran Valka, Haris Lulić, Semin Petrović, Frano Glavaš | vlasnik = Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine | zaposleni = 12 | veb-sajt = https://www.oieiek.ba/ }} '''Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju''' (skraćeno '''Operator za OIEiEK''') je javna institucija u [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine]] nadležna za implementaciju sistema podsticaja proizvodnje električne energije iz [[obnovljivi izvori energije|obnovljivih izvora energije]] i [[kogeneracija|efikasne kogeneracije]].<ref name="o-nama">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/o-nama/ |title=O nama |publisher=Operator za OIEiEK |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Operator djeluje u skladu sa Zakonom o korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije i efikasne kogeneracije („Službene novine Federacije BiH”, broj: 82/23). == Historija == Operator za OIEiEK osnovan je 14. januara 2014. godine sa sjedištem u Mostaru, s ciljem uspostavljanja sistema podsticaja za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora i kogeneracije.<ref name="o-nama"/> Osnivanje institucije povezano je s procesom usklađivanja energetskog sektora Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine sa relevantnim evropskim direktivama i politikama energetske tranzicije. == Oblast djelovanja == Osnovne nadležnosti Operatora za OIEiEK uključuju:<ref name="o-nama"/> * upravljanje sistemom podsticaja za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora * vođenje registara proizvođača električne energije iz OIE i kogeneracije * prikupljanje i raspodjelu sredstava od naknada za obnovljive izvore energije * zaključivanje ugovora sa proizvođačima električne energije * praćenje i analiza tržišta električne energije u segmentu OIE == Organi upravljanja == Upravljačku strukturu Operatora čine: *Uprava *Upravni odbor Prema dostupnim javnim informacijama, imenovanja u upravljačke strukture vrše se odlukama Vlade Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="avaz">{{cite web |url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/1034605/brojna-imenovanja-na-vladi-fbih-kadar-nase-stranke-novi-clan-uprave-operatora-za-oieiek |title=Brojna imenovanja na Vladi FBiH |publisher=Avaz |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Rad Operatora regulišu i nadziru Federalno ministarstvo energije, rudarstva i industrije i Regulatorna komisija za energiju u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, u okviru svojih nadležnosti. == Finansiranje == Rad Operatora finansira se prvenstveno iz naknada za obnovljive izvore energije koje plaćaju krajnji potrošači električne energije u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="izvjestaj">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Godisnji-izvjestaj-o-radu-i-poslovanju-2021..pdf |title=Godišnji izvještaj o radu i poslovanju 2021 |publisher=Operator za OIEiEK |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Sredstva se koriste za isplatu podsticaja proizvođačima električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora i efikasne kogeneracije, kao i za administrativne troškove sistema. Operator se može finansirati i iz bespovratnih sredstava međunarodnih fondova. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.oieiek.ba/ Službena stranica] * [https://www.oieiek.ba/kontakt/ Kontakt] [[Kategorija:Organizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Energetika]] [[Kategorija:Obnovljivi izvori energije]] sll9qr08mnemqbtotddurtco44hl835 3839594 3839543 2026-05-05T06:30:39Z Markonixbg 121510 Dodati linkovi i reference. 3839594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija kompanija | ime = Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju | slika = Logo - Operator OIEiEK.jpg | veličina_slike = | skraćenica = Operator za OIEiEK | vrsta = Javna institucija | industrija = [[Energetika]] | osnivač = Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine | osnovano = 2014. | sjedište = [[Mostar]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | poslužuje = [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | ključne_osobe = Goran Valka <ref name="hercegovinainfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.hercegovina.info/vijesti/bih/imenovanja-u-gender-centru-energetskom-sektoru-i-drzavnim-tvrtkama/254609/ |title=Imenovanja u Gender centru, energetskom sektoru i državnim tvrtkama |publisher=Hercegovina.info |date=2026 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref>, Haris Lulić <ref name="revizija2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.vrifbih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/FR_2022_Operator_za_OIEIEK.pdf |title=Izvještaj o finansijskoj reviziji Operatora za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju za 2022. godinu |publisher=Ured za reviziju institucija u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine |date=2023 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref>, Semin Petrović <ref name="revizija2022"/>, Frano Glavaš <ref name="revizija2022"/> | vlasnik = Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine | zaposleni = 12 <ref name="pius2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Izvjestaj-o-PiUS-u-2025.pdf |title=Izvještaj o prikupljenim i utrošenim sredstvima iz naknade za podsticanje proizvodnje privilegovanih proizvođača električne energije u 2025. godini |publisher=Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju |date=2026 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref> | veb-sajt = https://www.oieiek.ba/ }} '''Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju''' (skraćeno '''Operator za OIEiEK''') je javna institucija u [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine]] nadležna za implementaciju sistema podsticaja proizvodnje električne energije iz [[obnovljivi izvori energije|obnovljivih izvora energije]] i [[kogeneracija|efikasne kogeneracije]].<ref name="o-nama">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/o-nama/ |title=O nama |publisher=Operator za OIEiEK |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Operator djeluje u skladu sa Zakonom o korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije i efikasne kogeneracije („Službene novine Federacije BiH”, broj: 82/23). == Historija == Operator za OIEiEK osnovan je 14. januara 2014. godine sa sjedištem u Mostaru, s ciljem uspostavljanja sistema podsticaja za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora i kogeneracije.<ref name="o-nama"/> Osnivanje institucije povezano je s procesom usklađivanja energetskog sektora Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine sa relevantnim evropskim direktivama i politikama energetske tranzicije. == Oblast djelovanja == Osnovne nadležnosti Operatora za OIEiEK uključuju:<ref name="o-nama"/> * upravljanje sistemom podsticaja za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora * vođenje registara proizvođača električne energije iz OIE i kogeneracije * prikupljanje i raspodjelu sredstava od naknada za obnovljive izvore energije * zaključivanje ugovora sa proizvođačima električne energije * praćenje i analiza tržišta električne energije u segmentu OIE == Organi upravljanja == Upravljačku strukturu Operatora čine: *Uprava *Upravni odbor Prema dostupnim javnim informacijama, imenovanja u upravljačke strukture vrše se odlukama Vlade Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="avaz">{{cite web |url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/1034605/brojna-imenovanja-na-vladi-fbih-kadar-nase-stranke-novi-clan-uprave-operatora-za-oieiek |title=Brojna imenovanja na Vladi FBiH |publisher=Avaz |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Rad Operatora regulišu i nadziru Federalno ministarstvo energije, rudarstva i industrije i Regulatorna komisija za energiju u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, u okviru svojih nadležnosti. == Finansiranje == Rad Operatora finansira se prvenstveno iz naknada za obnovljive izvore energije <ref name="zakonOIE2023">{{cite web |url=https://privredahnk.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zakon-o-koristenju-OIE-i-EK-Sluzbene-novine-Federacije-BiH-82-23.pdf |title=Zakon o korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije i efikasne kogeneracije |publisher=Službene novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine |date=2023 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref> koje plaćaju krajnji potrošači električne energije u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="izvjestaj">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Godisnji-izvjestaj-o-radu-i-poslovanju-2021..pdf |title=Godišnji izvještaj o radu i poslovanju 2021 |publisher=Operator za OIEiEK |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Sredstva se koriste za isplatu podsticaja proizvođačima električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora i efikasne kogeneracije, kao i za administrativne troškove sistema. Operator se može finansirati i iz bespovratnih sredstava međunarodnih fondova. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.oieiek.ba/ Službena stranica] * [https://www.oieiek.ba/kontakt/ Kontakt] [[Kategorija:Organizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Energetika]] [[Kategorija:Obnovljivi izvori energije]] jlyedth1ehpdb61w93jdopeztu7wtvc 3839595 3839594 2026-05-05T06:35:06Z Markonixbg 121510 3839595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija kompanija | ime = Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju | slika = Logo - Operator OIEiEK.jpg | veličina_slike = | skraćenica = Operator za OIEiEK | vrsta = Javna institucija | industrija = [[Energetika]] | osnivač = Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine | osnovano = 2014. | sjedište = [[Mostar]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | poslužuje = [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | ključne_osobe = * Goran Valka <ref name="hercegovinainfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.hercegovina.info/vijesti/bih/imenovanja-u-gender-centru-energetskom-sektoru-i-drzavnim-tvrtkama/254609/ |title=Imenovanja u Gender centru, energetskom sektoru i državnim tvrtkama |publisher=Hercegovina.info |date=2026 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref> * Haris Lulić <ref name="revizija2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.vrifbih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/FR_2022_Operator_za_OIEIEK.pdf |title=Izvještaj o finansijskoj reviziji Operatora za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju za 2022. godinu |publisher=Ured za reviziju institucija u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine |date=2023 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref> * Semin Petrović <ref name="revizija2022"/> * Frano Glavaš <ref name="revizija2022"/> | vlasnik = Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine | zaposleni = 12 <ref name="pius2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Izvjestaj-o-PiUS-u-2025.pdf |title=Izvještaj o prikupljenim i utrošenim sredstvima iz naknade za podsticanje proizvodnje privilegovanih proizvođača električne energije u 2025. godini |publisher=Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju |date=2026 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref> | veb-sajt = https://www.oieiek.ba/ }} '''Operator za obnovljive izvore energije i efikasnu kogeneraciju''' (skraćeno '''Operator za OIEiEK''') je javna institucija u [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine]] nadležna za implementaciju sistema podsticaja proizvodnje električne energije iz [[obnovljivi izvori energije|obnovljivih izvora energije]] i [[kogeneracija|efikasne kogeneracije]].<ref name="o-nama">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/o-nama/ |title=O nama |publisher=Operator za OIEiEK |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Operator djeluje u skladu sa Zakonom o korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije i efikasne kogeneracije („Službene novine Federacije BiH”, broj: 82/23). == Historija == Operator za OIEiEK osnovan je 14. januara 2014. godine sa sjedištem u Mostaru, s ciljem uspostavljanja sistema podsticaja za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora i kogeneracije.<ref name="o-nama"/> Osnivanje institucije povezano je s procesom usklađivanja energetskog sektora Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine sa relevantnim evropskim direktivama i politikama energetske tranzicije. == Oblast djelovanja == Osnovne nadležnosti Operatora za OIEiEK uključuju:<ref name="o-nama"/> * upravljanje sistemom podsticaja za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora * vođenje registara proizvođača električne energije iz OIE i kogeneracije * prikupljanje i raspodjelu sredstava od naknada za obnovljive izvore energije * zaključivanje ugovora sa proizvođačima električne energije * praćenje i analiza tržišta električne energije u segmentu OIE == Organi upravljanja == Upravljačku strukturu Operatora čine: *Uprava *Upravni odbor Prema dostupnim javnim informacijama, imenovanja u upravljačke strukture vrše se odlukama Vlade Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="avaz">{{cite web |url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/1034605/brojna-imenovanja-na-vladi-fbih-kadar-nase-stranke-novi-clan-uprave-operatora-za-oieiek |title=Brojna imenovanja na Vladi FBiH |publisher=Avaz |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Rad Operatora regulišu i nadziru Federalno ministarstvo energije, rudarstva i industrije i Regulatorna komisija za energiju u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, u okviru svojih nadležnosti. == Finansiranje == Rad Operatora finansira se prvenstveno iz naknada za obnovljive izvore energije <ref name="zakonOIE2023">{{cite web |url=https://privredahnk.gov.ba/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zakon-o-koristenju-OIE-i-EK-Sluzbene-novine-Federacije-BiH-82-23.pdf |title=Zakon o korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije i efikasne kogeneracije |publisher=Službene novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine |date=2023 |access-date=2026-05-05 }}</ref> koje plaćaju krajnji potrošači električne energije u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="izvjestaj">{{cite web |url=https://www.oieiek.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Godisnji-izvjestaj-o-radu-i-poslovanju-2021..pdf |title=Godišnji izvještaj o radu i poslovanju 2021 |publisher=Operator za OIEiEK |access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> Sredstva se koriste za isplatu podsticaja proizvođačima električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora i efikasne kogeneracije, kao i za administrativne troškove sistema. Operator se može finansirati i iz bespovratnih sredstava međunarodnih fondova. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.oieiek.ba/ Službena stranica] * [https://www.oieiek.ba/kontakt/ Kontakt] [[Kategorija:Organizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Energetika]] [[Kategorija:Obnovljivi izvori energije]] ewv872onyd08vxi4z7kormmalp5jpkr 0 533916 3839546 2026-05-04T20:45:45Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 Nova stranica: {{Razlikovati|Nitracija|Nitrifikacija}} [[Datoteka:Nitroso-compound-2D.svg|thumb| Nitrozilacija rezultira molekulom "R" aduktovanom sa grupom N=O]] '''Nitrozacija i nitrozilacija''' su dva naziva za proces pretvaranja [[organski spoj|organskih spojeva]] ili [[metalni kompleks|metalnih kompleksa]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayton|first=T. W.|author2=Legzdins, P. |author3=Sharp, W. B. |year=2002|title=Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry of Metal-NO Complexes|journal=Chem... 3839546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Razlikovati|Nitracija|Nitrifikacija}} [[Datoteka:Nitroso-compound-2D.svg|thumb| Nitrozilacija rezultira molekulom "R" aduktovanom sa grupom N=O]] '''Nitrozacija i nitrozilacija''' su dva naziva za proces pretvaranja [[organski spoj|organskih spojeva]] ili [[metalni kompleks|metalnih kompleksa]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayton|first=T. W.|author2=Legzdins, P. |author3=Sharp, W. B. |year=2002|title=Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry of Metal-NO Complexes|journal=Chem. Rev.|volume=102|issue=1|pages=935–991|doi=10.1021/cr000074t|pmid=11942784}}</ref> u [[nitrozo]]-derivate, tj. spojeve koji sadrže {{chem2|R\sNO}} funkcionalnost. Sinonimija nastaje jer se R-NO funkcionalnost može interpretirati na dva različita načina, ovisno o fizičko-hemijskom okruženju: * [[Nitrozilacija]] interpretira proces kao dodavanje [[dušik-oksid|nitrozil radikala]] NO^•. Nitrozilacija se obično javlja u kontekstu metala (npr. [[željezo|željeza]]) ili [[tiol]]a, što dovodi do nitrozil željeza {{chem2|Fe\sNO}} (npr. u nitroziliranom [[hem]]u = nitrozilhemu) ili ''S''-nitrozotiola (RSNO). * [[Nitrozacija]] interpretira proces kao dodavanje [[nitrozonij-ion|nitrozonij-ona]] {{chem2|NO+}}. Nitrozacija se obično javlja s aminima (–{{chem2|NH2}}), što dovodi do [[nitrozamin]]a. Postoji više hemijskih mehanizama kojima se ovo može postići, uključujući [[Enzim|enzime]] i hemijsku sintezu. ==U biohemiji== [[biološke funkcije dušik-oksida|Biološke funkcije]] [[dušik-oksid]]a uključuju [[S-nitrozilacija|S-nitrozilaciju]], konjugaciju NO sa [[cistein]]-[[tiol]]ima u proteinima, što je važan dio [[ćelijska signalizacija|ćelijske signalizacije]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannick |first1=Joan B. |last2=Schonhoff |first2=Christopher M. |title=Review: NO Means No and Yes: Regulation of Cell Signaling by Protein Nitrosylation |journal=Free Radical Research |date=7 July 2009 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/10715760310001629065|pmid=15061648|s2cid=21787778 }}</ref> ==Organska sinteza== Nitrozacija se obično izvodi sa [[dušična kiselina|dušičnom kiselinom]], koja nastaje zakiseljavanjem rastvora [[natrij-nitrit]]a. Dušična kiselina je nestabilna, a visoki prinosi zahtijevaju brzu reakciju. Prijenos NO⁺ [[sinton]]a katalizira jak [[nukleofil]], kao što su (po redoslijedu rastuće efikasnosti) [[hlorid]], [[bromid]], [[tiocijanat]] ili [[tiourea]]. Zaista, (meta)stabilni produkti nitrozacije ([[alkil-nitrit]]i ili [[nitrozamin]]i) također mogu nitrozirati pod takvim uvjetima; ravnoteža [[Le Chatelierov princip|može se usmjeriti]] u bilo kojem željenom smjeru. U odsustvu pokretačke sile, tionitrozosi nastaju iz nitrozamina, koji nastaju iz nitritnih estera, od dušične kiseline.{{sfn|Williams|1988}} Neki oblici [[Lewisove kiseline]] također pojačavaju elektrofilnost NO⁺ nosača, ali kiselina ne mora biti Brønsted: [[nitroprusid]], naprimjer, nitrozati najbolje reagiraju u neutralno-baznim uvjetima. [[Roussinove soli]] mogu reagirati slično, ali nije jasno oslobađaju li NO⁺ ili NO^•.{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=202,206-207}} Općenito, [[dušik-oksid]] je slab nitrozant, uprkos [[Traubeova reakcija|Traubeovim reakcijama]]. Ali atmosferski kisik može oksidirati dušik-oksid u [[dušik-dioksid]], koji nitrozira. Alternativno, [[bakar]]ni ioni [[kataliza|kataliziraju]] disproporcionaciju u NO⁺ i NO^&minus;.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1988}}, pp.&nbsp;27&ndash;28, 209. Williams refers to Traube products as "Drago complexes"; note the typo on p.&nbsp;27, which should refer to "2:1 complexes".</ref> ===Na ugljikovom skeletu=== [[Nitrozo-spoj]]evi, kao što je [[nitrozobenzen]], obično se pripremaju [[redoks|oksidacijom]] [[hidroksilamin]]a: :RNHOH + [O] → RNO + H₂O U principu, [[nitrozil|NO⁺]] može direktno supstituirati na aromatskom prstenu, ali prsten mora biti značajno aktiviran, jer je NO⁺ oko 14 [[logaritamska skala|bel]] manje elektrofilan od [[nitronij|NO{{su|b=2|p=+}}]].<ref>{{cite book|page=634|title=March's Organic Chemistry|edition=8th|first1=Michael&nbsp;B.|last1=Smith|publisher=Wiley|year=2020}}</ref> Neobično za [[elektrofilna aromatska supstitucija|elektrofilnu aromatsku supstituciju]], oslobađanje protona u [[rastvarač]] obično ograničava brzinu reakcije, a reakcija se može suzbiti u superkiselim uslovima.{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=63-70}} Višak [[nitrozil|NO⁺]] obično oksidira početni nitrozo-produkt u nitro spoj ili diazonijevu so.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nitrosation|first=D.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;H.|last=Williams|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=1988|isbn=0-521-26796-X|url=https://archive.org/details/nitrosation0000will|url-access=registration|pages=59,61}}</ref> ===Od heteroatoma halkogena=== [[S-Nitrozotiol|''S''-nitrozotioli]] se obično pripremaju [[reakcija kondenzacije|kondenzacijom]] [[tiol]]a i [[dušična kiselina|dušične kiseline]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Wang, P. G. |author2=Xian, M. |author3=Tang, X. |author4=Wu, X. |author5=Wen, Z. |author6=Cai, T. |author7=Janczuk, A. J. |title=Nitric Oxide Donors: Chemical Activities and Biological Applications|journal=Chemical Reviews|year=2002|volume= 102|pages= 1091–1134|doi=10.1021/cr000040l|issue=4|pmid=11942788}}</ref> :RSH + HONO → RSNO + H₂O Skloni su disproporcioniranju sa [[disulfid]]om i [[dušik-oksid|dušik-oksidima]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=174-175}} Iako takvi kationi nisu izolovani, nitrozirajući reagensi vjerovatno koordiniraju sa [[organski sulfid|sulfidima bez vodik-supstituenta]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=182-183}} [[Sulfinat]]i i sulfinske kiseline se dva puta dodaju na [[dušična kiselina| dušičnu kiselinu]], tako da se početni nitrozo-proizvod (iz prvog dodavanja) reducira na disulfonil-hidroksilamin. Varijanta ovog procesa sa [[bisulfit]]om je [[Raschigov hidroksilamin proces|Raschigova tehnika proizvodnje hidroksilamina]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=186,191-2}} ''O''-[[Nitrozo]]-spojevi slični su ''S''-nitrozo spojevima, ali su manje reaktivni jer je atom kisika manje [[Nukleofil|nukleofilan]] od atoma sumpora. Formiranje [[alkil-nitrit]]a iz [[alkohol]]a i dušikaste kiseline je čest primjer:{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=150-151,177}} :ROH + HONO → RONO + H₂O ===Od amina=== [[Datoteka:Formation N-Phenyl-nitrosamine.svg|thumb|left|upright=2.5|Nitrizacija [[anilin]]a]] ''N''-[[nitrozamin]]i nastaju reakcijom izvora [[nitrit]]a sa [[amin (hemija)|amino spojevima]]. Tipično, ova reakcija se dešava kada [[nukleofil|nukleofilni]] [[azot]] sekundarnog amina napadne dušik [[elektrofil|elektrofilnog]] [[nitrozonij]]-iona:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-Rodríguez |first1=Rocío |last2=McManus |first2=James A. |last3=Murphy |first3=Natasha S. |last4=Ott |first4=Martin A. |last5=Burns |first5=Michael J. |date=2020-09-18 |title=Pathways for N -Nitroso Compound Formation: Secondary Amines and Beyond |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323 |journal=Organic Process Research & Development |language=en |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1558–1585 |doi=10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323 |s2cid=225483602 |issn=1083-6160|url-access=subscription }}</ref> :NO₂⁻ + 2 H⁺ → NO⁺ + H₂O :R₂NH + NO⁺ → R₂N-NO + H⁺ Ako je amin sekundarni, onda je proizvod stabilan, ali primarni amini se razgrađuju u kiselini do odgovarajućeg [[diazonijum spoja|diazonijum kationa]], a zatim napadaju bilo koji obližnji nukleofil. Nitrozacija primarnog amina se stoga ponekad naziva [[deaminacija]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=81-83}} Stabilni sekundarni nitrozamini su kancerogeni kod [[glodar]]a. Spojevi [[stvaranje nitrozamina tokom probave|vjeruje se da]] nitroziraju primarne amine tokom kiselog okruženja [[želudac|želuca]], a rezultirajući diazonij-ioni alkiliraju [[DNK]], što dovodi do [[kancer]]a. ==Reference== {{clear}} {{reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi= {{Comonscat|Nitrosation}} * [http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch22/ch22-3-6.html Nitrosation of Amines] {{Signalizacija dušičnog oksida}} [[Kategorija: Hemijske reakcije]] [[Kategorija: Ciklus dušika]] [[Kategorija: Organske reakcije]] hoqbmhmbadrwsyhr4he49l1q3vkxxz2 3839547 3839546 2026-05-04T20:46:47Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* =Vanjski linkovi */ 3839547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Razlikovati|Nitracija|Nitrifikacija}} [[Datoteka:Nitroso-compound-2D.svg|thumb| Nitrozilacija rezultira molekulom "R" aduktovanom sa grupom N=O]] '''Nitrozacija i nitrozilacija''' su dva naziva za proces pretvaranja [[organski spoj|organskih spojeva]] ili [[metalni kompleks|metalnih kompleksa]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayton|first=T. W.|author2=Legzdins, P. |author3=Sharp, W. B. |year=2002|title=Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry of Metal-NO Complexes|journal=Chem. Rev.|volume=102|issue=1|pages=935–991|doi=10.1021/cr000074t|pmid=11942784}}</ref> u [[nitrozo]]-derivate, tj. spojeve koji sadrže {{chem2|R\sNO}} funkcionalnost. Sinonimija nastaje jer se R-NO funkcionalnost može interpretirati na dva različita načina, ovisno o fizičko-hemijskom okruženju: * [[Nitrozilacija]] interpretira proces kao dodavanje [[dušik-oksid|nitrozil radikala]] NO^•. Nitrozilacija se obično javlja u kontekstu metala (npr. [[željezo|željeza]]) ili [[tiol]]a, što dovodi do nitrozil željeza {{chem2|Fe\sNO}} (npr. u nitroziliranom [[hem]]u = nitrozilhemu) ili ''S''-nitrozotiola (RSNO). * [[Nitrozacija]] interpretira proces kao dodavanje [[nitrozonij-ion|nitrozonij-ona]] {{chem2|NO+}}. Nitrozacija se obično javlja s aminima (–{{chem2|NH2}}), što dovodi do [[nitrozamin]]a. Postoji više hemijskih mehanizama kojima se ovo može postići, uključujući [[Enzim|enzime]] i hemijsku sintezu. ==U biohemiji== [[biološke funkcije dušik-oksida|Biološke funkcije]] [[dušik-oksid]]a uključuju [[S-nitrozilacija|S-nitrozilaciju]], konjugaciju NO sa [[cistein]]-[[tiol]]ima u proteinima, što je važan dio [[ćelijska signalizacija|ćelijske signalizacije]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannick |first1=Joan B. |last2=Schonhoff |first2=Christopher M. |title=Review: NO Means No and Yes: Regulation of Cell Signaling by Protein Nitrosylation |journal=Free Radical Research |date=7 July 2009 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/10715760310001629065|pmid=15061648|s2cid=21787778 }}</ref> ==Organska sinteza== Nitrozacija se obično izvodi sa [[dušična kiselina|dušičnom kiselinom]], koja nastaje zakiseljavanjem rastvora [[natrij-nitrit]]a. Dušična kiselina je nestabilna, a visoki prinosi zahtijevaju brzu reakciju. Prijenos NO⁺ [[sinton]]a katalizira jak [[nukleofil]], kao što su (po redoslijedu rastuće efikasnosti) [[hlorid]], [[bromid]], [[tiocijanat]] ili [[tiourea]]. Zaista, (meta)stabilni produkti nitrozacije ([[alkil-nitrit]]i ili [[nitrozamin]]i) također mogu nitrozirati pod takvim uvjetima; ravnoteža [[Le Chatelierov princip|može se usmjeriti]] u bilo kojem željenom smjeru. U odsustvu pokretačke sile, tionitrozosi nastaju iz nitrozamina, koji nastaju iz nitritnih estera, od dušične kiseline.{{sfn|Williams|1988}} Neki oblici [[Lewisove kiseline]] također pojačavaju elektrofilnost NO⁺ nosača, ali kiselina ne mora biti Brønsted: [[nitroprusid]], naprimjer, nitrozati najbolje reagiraju u neutralno-baznim uvjetima. [[Roussinove soli]] mogu reagirati slično, ali nije jasno oslobađaju li NO⁺ ili NO^•.{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=202,206-207}} Općenito, [[dušik-oksid]] je slab nitrozant, uprkos [[Traubeova reakcija|Traubeovim reakcijama]]. Ali atmosferski kisik može oksidirati dušik-oksid u [[dušik-dioksid]], koji nitrozira. Alternativno, [[bakar]]ni ioni [[kataliza|kataliziraju]] disproporcionaciju u NO⁺ i NO^&minus;.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1988}}, pp.&nbsp;27&ndash;28, 209. Williams refers to Traube products as "Drago complexes"; note the typo on p.&nbsp;27, which should refer to "2:1 complexes".</ref> ===Na ugljikovom skeletu=== [[Nitrozo-spoj]]evi, kao što je [[nitrozobenzen]], obično se pripremaju [[redoks|oksidacijom]] [[hidroksilamin]]a: :RNHOH + [O] → RNO + H₂O U principu, [[nitrozil|NO⁺]] može direktno supstituirati na aromatskom prstenu, ali prsten mora biti značajno aktiviran, jer je NO⁺ oko 14 [[logaritamska skala|bel]] manje elektrofilan od [[nitronij|NO{{su|b=2|p=+}}]].<ref>{{cite book|page=634|title=March's Organic Chemistry|edition=8th|first1=Michael&nbsp;B.|last1=Smith|publisher=Wiley|year=2020}}</ref> Neobično za [[elektrofilna aromatska supstitucija|elektrofilnu aromatsku supstituciju]], oslobađanje protona u [[rastvarač]] obično ograničava brzinu reakcije, a reakcija se može suzbiti u superkiselim uslovima.{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=63-70}} Višak [[nitrozil|NO⁺]] obično oksidira početni nitrozo-produkt u nitro spoj ili diazonijevu so.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nitrosation|first=D.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;H.|last=Williams|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=1988|isbn=0-521-26796-X|url=https://archive.org/details/nitrosation0000will|url-access=registration|pages=59,61}}</ref> ===Od heteroatoma halkogena=== [[S-Nitrozotiol|''S''-nitrozotioli]] se obično pripremaju [[reakcija kondenzacije|kondenzacijom]] [[tiol]]a i [[dušična kiselina|dušične kiseline]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Wang, P. G. |author2=Xian, M. |author3=Tang, X. |author4=Wu, X. |author5=Wen, Z. |author6=Cai, T. |author7=Janczuk, A. J. |title=Nitric Oxide Donors: Chemical Activities and Biological Applications|journal=Chemical Reviews|year=2002|volume= 102|pages= 1091–1134|doi=10.1021/cr000040l|issue=4|pmid=11942788}}</ref> :RSH + HONO → RSNO + H₂O Skloni su disproporcioniranju sa [[disulfid]]om i [[dušik-oksid|dušik-oksidima]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=174-175}} Iako takvi kationi nisu izolovani, nitrozirajući reagensi vjerovatno koordiniraju sa [[organski sulfid|sulfidima bez vodik-supstituenta]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=182-183}} [[Sulfinat]]i i sulfinske kiseline se dva puta dodaju na [[dušična kiselina| dušičnu kiselinu]], tako da se početni nitrozo-proizvod (iz prvog dodavanja) reducira na disulfonil-hidroksilamin. Varijanta ovog procesa sa [[bisulfit]]om je [[Raschigov hidroksilamin proces|Raschigova tehnika proizvodnje hidroksilamina]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=186,191-2}} ''O''-[[Nitrozo]]-spojevi slični su ''S''-nitrozo spojevima, ali su manje reaktivni jer je atom kisika manje [[Nukleofil|nukleofilan]] od atoma sumpora. Formiranje [[alkil-nitrit]]a iz [[alkohol]]a i dušikaste kiseline je čest primjer:{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=150-151,177}} :ROH + HONO → RONO + H₂O ===Od amina=== [[Datoteka:Formation N-Phenyl-nitrosamine.svg|thumb|left|upright=2.5|Nitrizacija [[anilin]]a]] ''N''-[[nitrozamin]]i nastaju reakcijom izvora [[nitrit]]a sa [[amin (hemija)|amino spojevima]]. Tipično, ova reakcija se dešava kada [[nukleofil|nukleofilni]] [[azot]] sekundarnog amina napadne dušik [[elektrofil|elektrofilnog]] [[nitrozonij]]-iona:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-Rodríguez |first1=Rocío |last2=McManus |first2=James A. |last3=Murphy |first3=Natasha S. |last4=Ott |first4=Martin A. |last5=Burns |first5=Michael J. |date=2020-09-18 |title=Pathways for N -Nitroso Compound Formation: Secondary Amines and Beyond |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323 |journal=Organic Process Research & Development |language=en |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1558–1585 |doi=10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323 |s2cid=225483602 |issn=1083-6160|url-access=subscription }}</ref> :NO₂⁻ + 2 H⁺ → NO⁺ + H₂O :R₂NH + NO⁺ → R₂N-NO + H⁺ Ako je amin sekundarni, onda je proizvod stabilan, ali primarni amini se razgrađuju u kiselini do odgovarajućeg [[diazonijum spoja|diazonijum kationa]], a zatim napadaju bilo koji obližnji nukleofil. Nitrozacija primarnog amina se stoga ponekad naziva [[deaminacija]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=81-83}} Stabilni sekundarni nitrozamini su kancerogeni kod [[glodar]]a. Spojevi [[stvaranje nitrozamina tokom probave|vjeruje se da]] nitroziraju primarne amine tokom kiselog okruženja [[želudac|želuca]], a rezultirajući diazonij-ioni alkiliraju [[DNK]], što dovodi do [[kancer]]a. ==Reference== {{clear}} {{reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Comonscat|Nitrosation}} * [http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch22/ch22-3-6.html Nitrosation of Amines] {{Signalizacija dušičnog oksida}} [[Kategorija: Hemijske reakcije]] [[Kategorija: Ciklus dušika]] [[Kategorija: Organske reakcije]] d95kgxa6qxxpfp4mw7dkx19u6108713 3839548 3839547 2026-05-04T20:47:23Z ~2026-26925-78 180996 /* Vanjski linkovi */ 3839548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Razlikovati|Nitracija|Nitrifikacija}} [[Datoteka:Nitroso-compound-2D.svg|thumb| Nitrozilacija rezultira molekulom "R" aduktovanom sa grupom N=O]] '''Nitrozacija i nitrozilacija''' su dva naziva za proces pretvaranja [[organski spoj|organskih spojeva]] ili [[metalni kompleks|metalnih kompleksa]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayton|first=T. W.|author2=Legzdins, P. |author3=Sharp, W. B. |year=2002|title=Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry of Metal-NO Complexes|journal=Chem. Rev.|volume=102|issue=1|pages=935–991|doi=10.1021/cr000074t|pmid=11942784}}</ref> u [[nitrozo]]-derivate, tj. spojeve koji sadrže {{chem2|R\sNO}} funkcionalnost. Sinonimija nastaje jer se R-NO funkcionalnost može interpretirati na dva različita načina, ovisno o fizičko-hemijskom okruženju: * [[Nitrozilacija]] interpretira proces kao dodavanje [[dušik-oksid|nitrozil radikala]] NO^•. Nitrozilacija se obično javlja u kontekstu metala (npr. [[željezo|željeza]]) ili [[tiol]]a, što dovodi do nitrozil željeza {{chem2|Fe\sNO}} (npr. u nitroziliranom [[hem]]u = nitrozilhemu) ili ''S''-nitrozotiola (RSNO). * [[Nitrozacija]] interpretira proces kao dodavanje [[nitrozonij-ion|nitrozonij-ona]] {{chem2|NO+}}. Nitrozacija se obično javlja s aminima (–{{chem2|NH2}}), što dovodi do [[nitrozamin]]a. Postoji više hemijskih mehanizama kojima se ovo može postići, uključujući [[Enzim|enzime]] i hemijsku sintezu. ==U biohemiji== [[biološke funkcije dušik-oksida|Biološke funkcije]] [[dušik-oksid]]a uključuju [[S-nitrozilacija|S-nitrozilaciju]], konjugaciju NO sa [[cistein]]-[[tiol]]ima u proteinima, što je važan dio [[ćelijska signalizacija|ćelijske signalizacije]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannick |first1=Joan B. |last2=Schonhoff |first2=Christopher M. |title=Review: NO Means No and Yes: Regulation of Cell Signaling by Protein Nitrosylation |journal=Free Radical Research |date=7 July 2009 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/10715760310001629065|pmid=15061648|s2cid=21787778 }}</ref> ==Organska sinteza== Nitrozacija se obično izvodi sa [[dušična kiselina|dušičnom kiselinom]], koja nastaje zakiseljavanjem rastvora [[natrij-nitrit]]a. Dušična kiselina je nestabilna, a visoki prinosi zahtijevaju brzu reakciju. Prijenos NO⁺ [[sinton]]a katalizira jak [[nukleofil]], kao što su (po redoslijedu rastuće efikasnosti) [[hlorid]], [[bromid]], [[tiocijanat]] ili [[tiourea]]. Zaista, (meta)stabilni produkti nitrozacije ([[alkil-nitrit]]i ili [[nitrozamin]]i) također mogu nitrozirati pod takvim uvjetima; ravnoteža [[Le Chatelierov princip|može se usmjeriti]] u bilo kojem željenom smjeru. U odsustvu pokretačke sile, tionitrozosi nastaju iz nitrozamina, koji nastaju iz nitritnih estera, od dušične kiseline.{{sfn|Williams|1988}} Neki oblici [[Lewisove kiseline]] također pojačavaju elektrofilnost NO⁺ nosača, ali kiselina ne mora biti Brønsted: [[nitroprusid]], naprimjer, nitrozati najbolje reagiraju u neutralno-baznim uvjetima. [[Roussinove soli]] mogu reagirati slično, ali nije jasno oslobađaju li NO⁺ ili NO^•.{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=202,206-207}} Općenito, [[dušik-oksid]] je slab nitrozant, uprkos [[Traubeova reakcija|Traubeovim reakcijama]]. Ali atmosferski kisik može oksidirati dušik-oksid u [[dušik-dioksid]], koji nitrozira. Alternativno, [[bakar]]ni ioni [[kataliza|kataliziraju]] disproporcionaciju u NO⁺ i NO^&minus;.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|1988}}, pp.&nbsp;27&ndash;28, 209. Williams refers to Traube products as "Drago complexes"; note the typo on p.&nbsp;27, which should refer to "2:1 complexes".</ref> ===Na ugljikovom skeletu=== [[Nitrozo-spoj]]evi, kao što je [[nitrozobenzen]], obično se pripremaju [[redoks|oksidacijom]] [[hidroksilamin]]a: :RNHOH + [O] → RNO + H₂O U principu, [[nitrozil|NO⁺]] može direktno supstituirati na aromatskom prstenu, ali prsten mora biti značajno aktiviran, jer je NO⁺ oko 14 [[logaritamska skala|bel]] manje elektrofilan od [[nitronij|NO{{su|b=2|p=+}}]].<ref>{{cite book|page=634|title=March's Organic Chemistry|edition=8th|first1=Michael&nbsp;B.|last1=Smith|publisher=Wiley|year=2020}}</ref> Neobično za [[elektrofilna aromatska supstitucija|elektrofilnu aromatsku supstituciju]], oslobađanje protona u [[rastvarač]] obično ograničava brzinu reakcije, a reakcija se može suzbiti u superkiselim uslovima.{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=63-70}} Višak [[nitrozil|NO⁺]] obično oksidira početni nitrozo-produkt u nitro spoj ili diazonijevu so.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nitrosation|first=D.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;H.|last=Williams|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=1988|isbn=0-521-26796-X|url=https://archive.org/details/nitrosation0000will|url-access=registration|pages=59,61}}</ref> ===Od heteroatoma halkogena=== [[S-Nitrozotiol|''S''-nitrozotioli]] se obično pripremaju [[reakcija kondenzacije|kondenzacijom]] [[tiol]]a i [[dušična kiselina|dušične kiseline]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Wang, P. G. |author2=Xian, M. |author3=Tang, X. |author4=Wu, X. |author5=Wen, Z. |author6=Cai, T. |author7=Janczuk, A. J. |title=Nitric Oxide Donors: Chemical Activities and Biological Applications|journal=Chemical Reviews|year=2002|volume= 102|pages= 1091–1134|doi=10.1021/cr000040l|issue=4|pmid=11942788}}</ref> :RSH + HONO → RSNO + H₂O Skloni su disproporcioniranju sa [[disulfid]]om i [[dušik-oksid|dušik-oksidima]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=174-175}} Iako takvi kationi nisu izolovani, nitrozirajući reagensi vjerovatno koordiniraju sa [[organski sulfid|sulfidima bez vodik-supstituenta]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=182-183}} [[Sulfinat]]i i sulfinske kiseline se dva puta dodaju na [[dušična kiselina| dušičnu kiselinu]], tako da se početni nitrozo-proizvod (iz prvog dodavanja) reducira na disulfonil-hidroksilamin. Varijanta ovog procesa sa [[bisulfit]]om je [[Raschigov hidroksilamin proces|Raschigova tehnika proizvodnje hidroksilamina]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=186,191-2}} ''O''-[[Nitrozo]]-spojevi slični su ''S''-nitrozo spojevima, ali su manje reaktivni jer je atom kisika manje [[Nukleofil|nukleofilan]] od atoma sumpora. Formiranje [[alkil-nitrit]]a iz [[alkohol]]a i dušikaste kiseline je čest primjer:{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=150-151,177}} :ROH + HONO → RONO + H₂O ===Od amina=== [[Datoteka:Formation N-Phenyl-nitrosamine.svg|thumb|left|upright=2.5|Nitrizacija [[anilin]]a]] ''N''-[[nitrozamin]]i nastaju reakcijom izvora [[nitrit]]a sa [[amin (hemija)|amino spojevima]]. Tipično, ova reakcija se dešava kada [[nukleofil|nukleofilni]] [[azot]] sekundarnog amina napadne dušik [[elektrofil|elektrofilnog]] [[nitrozonij]]-iona:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-Rodríguez |first1=Rocío |last2=McManus |first2=James A. |last3=Murphy |first3=Natasha S. |last4=Ott |first4=Martin A. |last5=Burns |first5=Michael J. |date=2020-09-18 |title=Pathways for N -Nitroso Compound Formation: Secondary Amines and Beyond |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323 |journal=Organic Process Research & Development |language=en |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1558–1585 |doi=10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00323 |s2cid=225483602 |issn=1083-6160|url-access=subscription }}</ref> :NO₂⁻ + 2 H⁺ → NO⁺ + H₂O :R₂NH + NO⁺ → R₂N-NO + H⁺ Ako je amin sekundarni, onda je proizvod stabilan, ali primarni amini se razgrađuju u kiselini do odgovarajućeg [[diazonijum spoja|diazonijum kationa]], a zatim napadaju bilo koji obližnji nukleofil. Nitrozacija primarnog amina se stoga ponekad naziva [[deaminacija]].{{sfn|Williams|1988|pp=81-83}} Stabilni sekundarni nitrozamini su kancerogeni kod [[glodar]]a. Spojevi [[stvaranje nitrozamina tokom probave|vjeruje se da]] nitroziraju primarne amine tokom kiselog okruženja [[želudac|želuca]], a rezultirajući diazonij-ioni alkiliraju [[DNK]], što dovodi do [[kancer]]a. ==Reference== {{clear}} {{reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Nitrosation}} * [http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch22/ch22-3-6.html Nitrosation of Amines] {{Signalizacija dušičnog oksida}} [[Kategorija: Hemijske reakcije]] [[Kategorija: Ciklus dušika]] [[Kategorija: Organske reakcije]] il231yvx90mudcpkfwjv1g7qxtz07hd 0 533917 3839549 2026-05-04T20:54:12Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Prevedeno sa wikipedia en 3839549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Clark L. Hull | slika = Clark Leonard Hull.jpg | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Akron, New York|Akron]], [[New York (savezna država)|New York]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti|1952|5|10|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_smrti = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | prebivalište = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | državljanstvo = Američko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Psihologija]] ([[Biheviorizam]], [[Eksperimentalna psihologija]]) | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] * [[Univerzitet Yale]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Michiganu]] * [[Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] }} | doktorski_mentor = [[Joseph Jastrow]] | doktorski_studenti = {{Plainlist| * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] }} | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = {{Plainlist| * [[Albert Bandura]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] * [[John Dollard]] }} | uticali_na_njega = {{Plainlist| * [[Ivan Pavlov]] * [[Edward Thorndike]] * [[Charles Darwin]] }} | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|Teorija redukcije nagona]] * Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja * Hipoteza "gradijenta cilja" }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = Howard Crosby Warrenova medalja (1945) | religija = | fusnote = Predsjednik [[Američko psihološko udruženje|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] (APA) (1936) }} '''Clark Leonard Hull''' (24. maj 1884 – 10. maj 1952) bio je američki psiholog poznat po nastojanju da procese [[učenje|učenja]] i [[motivacija|motivacije]] objasni kroz naučno zasnovane zakonitosti [[ponašanje|ponašanja]]. Smatra se jednim od najistaknutijih predstavnika [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i jednom od centralnih ličnosti [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] prve polovine 20. vijeka. Posebno je poznat po svojim teorijskim raspravama sa [[Edward C. Tolman|Edwardom C. Tolmanom]], kao i po razvoju [[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorije redukcije nagona]], koja je imala snažan utjecaj na razumijevanje [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]]. Najveći dio svoje profesionalne karijere proveo je na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje ga je angažovao tadašnji predsjednik univerziteta i psiholog [[James Rowland Angell]]. Tokom rada na Yaleu provodio je eksperimentalna istraživanja kojima je nastojao pokazati da njegove teorije mogu precizno predviđati ponašanje organizama. Njegova najznačajnija djela su ″Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja napamet″ (1940) i ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), u kojima je razvio formalizovani sistem objašnjenja životinjskog učenja i [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovljavanja]], čime je njegova teorija postala dominantan teorijski okvir u proučavanju [[Učenje|učenja]] svog vremena. Hullov teorijski model bio je zasnovan na biološkim pretpostavkama: organizam doživljava deprivaciju, deprivacija stvara potrebu, potreba aktivira nagon, nagon pokreće ponašanje, ponašanje je usmjereno prema cilju, a ostvarenje cilja doprinosi preživljavanju. Ovaj model predstavljao je pokušaj povezivanja fizioloških procesa i ponašanja u jedinstven teorijski okvir. Posebno je poznat po formulaciji hipoteze ″gradijenta cilja″, prema kojoj organizmi ulažu nesrazmjerno veći napor kako se približavaju ostvarivanju cilja. Ovaj fenomen kasnije je potvrđen i u savremenim istraživanjima [[Kognitivna psihologija|kognitivne psihologije]], posebno u zadacima koji zahtijevaju visok nivo mentalnog napora. Iako je utjecaj klasičnog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] u savremenoj psihologiji znatno oslabljen,<ref name="Kivetz_2006">{{cite journal |last=Kivetz |first=Ran |last2=Urminsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Zheng |first3=Yuhuang |date=2006 |title=The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/ourminsky/Goal-Gradient_Illusionary_Goal_Progress.pdf |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1509/jmkr.43.1.39 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a neki aspekti Hullove teorije smatraju se prevaziđenim, njegov doprinos razvoju eksperimentalne psihologije i teorijskom razumijevanju [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]] ostaje značajan. U istraživanju objavljenom u časopisu ''American Psychological Association Review of General Psychology'' 2002, Hull je rangiran kao 21. najcitiraniji [[Psiholog|psiholog]] 20. vijeka.<ref name="Haggbloom_2002">{{cite journal |last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |date=2002 |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |s2cid=145668721 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rani život == Clark L. Hull rođen je 24. maja 1884. u brvnari u [[Akron, New York|Akronu (New York)]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952">{{cite book |editor-last=Langfeld |editor-first=Herbert S. |editor2-last=Boring |editor2-first=Edwin G. |editor3-last=Werner |editor3-first=Heinz |editor4-last=Yerkes |editor4-first=Robert M. |date=1952 |title=A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume IV |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol00unse |location=Worcester, Mass. |publisher=Clark University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hovland_1952">{{cite journal |last=Hovland |first=Carl I. |date=1952 |title=Clark Leonard Hull, 1884–1952 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0056239 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1037/h0056239 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kazdin_2000">{{cite book |editor-last=Kazdin |editor-first=Alan E. |date=2000 |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/168 |location=Washington, D.C. / New York |publisher=American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press |pages=168–170 |isbn=978-1-55798-653-5 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Odrastao je u porodici obilježenoj strogim porodičnim odnosima; njegov otac bio je poznat po nagloj i nasilnoj naravi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Otac mu je imao vrlo skromno formalno obrazovanje, a oženio je Hullovu majku, povučenu djevojku iz [[Connecticut]]a, kada je imala svega petnaest godina.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zbog teških životnih okolnosti i rada u djetinjstvu, Hullov otac nije naučio čitati sve do odraslog doba, kada ga je tome podučila supruga.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kada je Hull imao tri ili četiri godine, porodica se preselila na farmu u [[Michigan]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tamo je, zajedno sa mlađim bratom Wayneom, pomagao u održavanju farme obavljajući fizičke poslove i svakodnevne kućne obaveze.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Osnovno obrazovanje stekao je u maloj seoskoj školi s jednom učionicom u selu Sickels, koju je pohađalo između dvadeset i trideset učenika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Školu je često izostavljao kako bi pomagao u radu na farmi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već u ranom djetinjstvu pokazao je izraženu nadarenost za [[Matematika|matematiku]], dok mu je [[gramatika]] predstavljala veći izazov.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U dobi od jedanaest ili dvanaest godina bio je pod snažnim utjecajem vjerske skupine poznate kao ''Christian Crusaders'', što je privremeno oblikovalo njegov religijski svjetonazor.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> To iskustvo potaknulo ga je na preispitivanje vlastitih uvjerenja, nakon čega je kasnije potpuno napustio [[Religija|religiju]] i prihvatio [[ateizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Sa sedamnaest godina položio je ispit za učitelja i počeo raditi kao nastavnik u sličnoj maloj seoskoj školi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kombinacija lične religijske krize i iskustva u podučavanju motivisala ga je da nastavi vlastito obrazovanje.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Pohađao je srednju školu u zapadnom dijelu [[Saginaw County]]ja, gdje je živio u kući školskog nadzornika u zamjenu za obavljanje kućnih poslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov otvoreni ateizam gotovo je doveo do toga da bude izbačen iz doma, ali je supruga nadzornika intervenisala i omogućila mu da ostane.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon završetka srednje škole napustio je domaćinstvo nadzornika, ali je s njim ostao u kontaktu do njegove smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> == Univerzitetsko obrazovanje == Nakon završetka srednje škole, Clark L. Hull upisao je [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je nastavio obrazovanje i pokazao posebno izražene sposobnosti u matematici, naročito u [[Geometrija|geometriji]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Upravo ga je interes za geometriju potaknuo na razmišljanje o tome kako ljudski um stvara nove veze na osnovu prethodno stečenog znanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom boravka na Alma Academy upoznao se s djelima [[Baruch Spinoza|Barucha Spinoze]], čijim se filozofskim idejama divio, iako se kasnije s mnogima od njih nije slagao.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Neposredno pred završetak školovanja prisustvovao je svečanom banketu na kojem se otrovao kontaminiranom hranom i obolio od teškog oblika [[tifus]]a, što je odgodilo njegov povratak studijama.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom [[Epidemija|epidemije]] mnogi su izgubili život, a i sam Hull bio je na ivici smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kao posljedicu bolesti razvio je trajne poteškoće s pamćenjem, posebno imena, što ga je pratilo tokom cijelog života.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je studirao [[Matematika|matematiku]], [[Fizika|fiziku]] i [[Hemija|hemiju]], s namjerom da postane [[inženjer]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /><ref name="Friedman_2002">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Howard S. |last2=Schustack |first2=Miriam W. |date=2002 |title=Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research |url=https://archive.org/details/personalityclass0000frie_h4n9 |edition=2. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-34805-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegov cilj bio je kvalifikovati se za studij rudarskog inženjerstva na drugoj visokoškolskoj ustanovi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon dvije godine provedene na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], Hull se preselio u [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing (Minnesota)]], gdje je radio kao pripravnik u rudarskom inženjerstvu.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Međutim, nakon samo dva mjeseca obolio je od [[poliomijelitis]]a, što je dovelo do trajne [[Paraliza|paralize]] jedne noge.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom jednogodišnjeg oporavka u roditeljskom domu bio je prisiljen preispitati vlastiti životni i profesionalni put.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> U tom periodu razmatrao je mogućnost da postane unitarijanski sveštenik, jer su mu bili privlačni filozofski usmjereni propovjednički govori karakteristični za [[unitarizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegovo interesovanje za [[Filozofija|filozofiju]] postepeno ga je usmjerilo prema [[Psihologija|psihologiji]], kojom se intenzivnije počeo baviti tokom oporavka.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Prve korake u psihologiji napravio je čitanjem djela ''The Principles of Psychology'' autora g [[William James|Williama Jamesa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Posebno interesovanje pokazivao je i za radove [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]] i [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]].<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se nastavničkom radu u rodnom kraju, u školi u kojoj je ranije predavao, a koja je u međuvremenu proširena s jedne na dvije učionice.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon dvije godine rada oženio se Berthom Iutzi, uprkos skromnim finansijskim mogućnostima.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon sklapanja braka, Hull i njegova supruga upisali su studij [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Univerzitet u Michiganu|Univerzitetu u Michiganu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Diplomirao je 1913.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Nakon što je predavao u [[Kentucky]]ju, Hull je prihvatio poziciju asistenta na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]] kako bi započeo postdiplomski studij pod mentorstvom [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom studija i asistentskog rada privatno je radio na istraživanju razvoja pojmova, što je kasnije postalo osnova njegove doktorske disertacije pod naslovom ″Kvantitativni aspekti razvoja pojmova″ ({{en|Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts}}).<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon stjecanja doktorata nastavio je raditi na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu Wisconsin]], prvo kao honorarni asistent, a potom kao redovni predavač, prije nego što je prešao na [[Univerzitet Yale]], gdje će ostvariti najznačajniji dio svoje naučne karijere.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Karijera == Godine 1929. Clark L. Hull je započeo rad na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je ostao do kraja života i radio kao profesor s najvišim univerzitetskim zvanjem ({{en|Sterling Professor}}). Pored drugih nastavnih obaveza, predavao je predmet iz psihološkog testiranja i mjerenja, u kojem je posebnu pažnju posvećivao matematičkim aspektima psihološke procjene. Zbog snažnog interesa za kvantitativne metode, preoblikovao je ovaj predmet u kurs sposobnosti i testiranja sklonosti, usmjeren na naučne osnove [[Profesionalna orijentacija|profesionalne orijentacije]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Istovremeno je radio na razvoju mehaničkog uređaja koji bi mogao automatski obavljati složene korelacijske proračune, čime je nastojao unaprijediti statističku obradu podataka u psihološkim istraživanjima. Nakon rada na području psihološkog testiranja, Hull je preuzeo i uvodni kurs psihologije za studente premedicinskih studija. Upravo tokom rada s tom grupom studenata razvio je snažno interesovanje za fenomene sugestije i [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], što je označilo početak njegovih eksperimentalnih istraživanja u toj oblasti. U tim istraživanjima posebno je insistirao na kvantitativnoj metodologiji, smatrajući da psihologija mora koristiti precizne eksperimentalne procedure kako bi ostvarila status prirodne nauke. Nakon gotovo deset godina intenzivnog istraživanja objavio je 1933. knjigu ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ ({{en|Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach}}), jedno od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon toga nastavio je razvijati [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalnu psihologiju]] kroz nastavu i istraživanja, uvjeren da upravo eksperimentalni pristup predstavlja osnovu naučne psihologije. Iste godine (1929) imenovan je istraživačkim profesorom psihologije na Institutu za psihologiju [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerziteta Yale]], gdje je započeo rad na problemima sistematske teorije ponašanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već 1930. formulisao je nekoliko osnovnih stavova o [[Psihologija|psihologiji]]: smatrao je da psihologija predstavlja istinsku prirodnu nauku, da se njene osnovne zakonitosti mogu izraziti kvantitativno pomoću ograničenog broja jednačina i da se složeni oblici ponašanja mogu objasniti kao izvedeni oblici tih osnovnih zakonitosti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zajedno sa saradnicima, među kojima su bili [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]] i [[Orval Hobart Mowrer]], razvijao je teorijske modele usmjerene na razumijevanje [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnih refleksa]] i ponašanja, nastojeći istovremeno povezati biheviorističke principe sa psihoanalitičkim idejama [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Ovaj teorijski i eksperimentalni rad doveo je do objavljivanja njegovog najpoznatijeg djela ″Principi ponašanja″ ({{en|Principles of Behavior}}) (1943), koje je postalo jedno od najutjecajnijih djela [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i teorije učenja u 20. vijeku. == Smrt == Clark L. Hull preminuo je 10. maja 1952. u [[New Havenu (Connecticut)|New Havenu]], u saveznoj državi [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Beach_1959">{{cite web |last=Beach |first=Frank A. |date=1959 |title=Clark Leonard Hull: 1884–1952 |url=https://www.appstate.edu/~steelekm/classes/psy5300/Documents/ClarkHullBio.pdf |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Istraživanja == Primarno naučno interesovanje Clarka L. Hulla bilo je usmjereno na teorije [[učenje|učenja]] i oblike [[ponašanje|ponašanja]] koji dovode do učenja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Većina njegovog istraživačkog rada bila je posvećena razvoju opće teorije učenja, a kao rezultat tog rada razvio je vlastitu teorijsku koncepciju poznatu kao ″[[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorija redukcije nagona]]″ ili ″sistematska teorija ponašanja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Pored istraživanja učenja, pokazivao je značajno interesovanje i za [[hipnoza|hipnozu]], iako to nije predstavljalo središnje područje njegovog naučnog rada. U istraživanjima hipnoze, kao i u razvoju teorije nagona, insistirao je na strogo kontrolisanim eksperimentalnim uslovima, nastojeći osigurati visoku metodološku preciznost.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Posebno je naglašavao važnost kvantitativnih podataka, smatrajući da numerička analiza omogućava preciznije tumačenje rezultata i smanjuje prostor za subjektivne interpretacije, koje su bile prisutne u ranijim istraživanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> === Testiranje sposobnosti === Hullovo interesovanje za [[psihološko testiranje]] razvilo se nakon što je preuzeo nastavu iz predmeta koji je prethodno predavao [[Daniel Starch]] na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegovo uključivanje u područje testiranja sposobnosti bilo je motivisano nezadovoljstvom tadašnjim testovima, koje je smatrao metodološki nedovoljno pouzdanim i upitne valjanosti.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Svoja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti sažeo je u knjizi ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ ({{en|Aptitude Testing}}) izdatoj 1928, u kojoj je analizirao probleme valjanosti testova i razvio postupke za konstrukciju skalarnih rezultata.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U okviru tog rada razvio je i vlastiti instrument za procjenu sposobnosti, poznat kao ″Wisconsin Lathe Test″.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kako bi olakšao obradu velikih količina podataka, konstruisao je računski uređaj namijenjen automatskoj izradi tabela korelacija među rezultatima testiranja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Uređaj je obrađivao podatke s bušenih kartica i automatski generisao korelacijske tabele, što predstavlja jedan od ranih pokušaja mehanizacije statističke obrade rezultata u psihologiji.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Ovo iskustvo kasnije je utjecalo na razvoj njegovih teorijskih modela u okviru [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iako je kasnije izgubio dio početnog entuzijazma za područje testiranja sposobnosti i usmjerio se prema drugim istraživačkim interesima, zadržao je trajan interes za pitanja individualnih razlika i [[Inteligencija|inteligencije]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tom kontekstu vodio je teorijske rasprave s [[Karl Lashley|Karlom Lashleyom]] o pitanju [[nasljeđivanje|nasljednosti]] inteligencije.<ref name="King_2009">{{cite book |last=King |first=D. Brett |last2=Viney |first2=Wayne |last3=Woody |first3=William Douglas |date=2009 |title=A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol0004king |edition=4. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-51213-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Hipnoza === Clark L. Hull često se smatra jednim od pionira savremenog naučnog proučavanja [[hipnoza|hipnoze]]. Za ovu oblast zainteresirao se nakon što je preuzeo premedicinski kurs psihologije od [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004">{{cite journal |last=Kihlstrom |first=John F. |date=2004 |title=Clark L. Hull, Hypnotist |url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/PDFs/2000s/2004/HullRetrospective.pdf |journal=Contemporary Psychology |volume=49 |issue=2 |doi=10.1037/004274 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegovo interesovanje dodatno je intenzivirano nakon što je uspio uvesti emocionalno uznemirenog studenta u hipnotički trans pomoću tzv. ″hipnotičkog kristala″, što ga je potaknulo na sistematsko istraživanje hipnoze i njenih mogućih medicinskih primjena.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Nezadovoljan dominantno nenaučnim pristupima u tadašnjim istraživanjima [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], Hull je nastojao uvesti strožiju metodološku disciplinu, zasnovanu na mjerenju ponašanja i eksperimentalnoj kontroli, umjesto oslanjanja na subjektivne iskaze ispitanika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Kao univerzitetski nastavnik podsticao je i svoje studente da provode istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, podučavajući ih tehnikama hipnotičkog indukovanja i eksperimentalnog rada.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Rezultat njegovih višegodišnjih istraživanja bila je knjiga ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost″ (1933), koja se smatra jednim od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi, zasnovanim na statističkoj i eksperimentalnoj analizi.<ref name="Grodner_Reid_2001">{{cite book |last=Grodner |first=Brian |last2=Reid |first2=David B. |date=2001 |title=Permanent Habit Control: Practitioner's Guide to Using Hypnosis and Other Alternative Health Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.kw/books?id=glNDDiaANa0C |location=New York |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8261-1384-9 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> U toj studiji Hull je pokazao da hipnoza nije isto što i san niti predstavlja stanje povezano sa spavanjem, čime je osporio tada rašireno uvjerenje da je hipnotičko stanje oblik sna.<ref name="Krout_1934">{{cite journal |last=Krout |first=Maurice H. |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0065370 |journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1037/h0065370 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegova istraživanja pokazala su da osobe pod hipnozom često iskazuju pojačanu budnost i osjetljivost, a ne pasivnost ili pospanost.<ref name="Krout_1934" /> Mnogi ispitanici izvještavali su o subjektivnom osjećaju pojačane perceptivne osjetljivosti i mentalne jasnoće, iako eksperimentalni podaci nisu pružili dovoljno dokaza da se takve promjene potvrde kao objektivno značajne.<ref name="Young_1934">{{cite journal |last=Young |first=Paul |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0066251 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1037/h0066251 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Centralno pitanje Hullovih istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje tačnosti tvrdnji hipnotizera o navodnim izuzetnim poboljšanjima [[kognicija|kognitivnih sposobnosti]] i osjetilne [[Percepcija|percepcije]] pod hipnozom. Njegovi nalazi pokazali su da između budnog i hipnotičkog stanja postoje relativno male razlike. Najizraženija razlika bila je povećana spremnost ispitanika u hipnotičkom stanju da odgovore na [[sugestija|sugestije]], kao i nešto izraženija mogućnost prisjećanja udaljenih događaja iz prošlosti.<ref name="Young_1934" /> Hullovi eksperimenti također su potvrdili postojanje nekih klasičnih fenomena povezanih s hipnozom, poput psihološki induciranog smanjenja bola i privremenog inhibiranja prisjećanja. Međutim, smatrao je da ti efekti ne zahtijevaju pretpostavku postojanja posebnog stanja svijesti, već se mogu objasniti djelovanjem [[sugestija|sugestije]] i [[Motivacija|motivacije]], što je kasnije snažno utjecalo na bihevioristički pristup proučavanju hipnoze. Njegova istraživanja pokazala su i da je moguće psihološkim putem izazvati umjerene promjene u fizičkim sposobnostima i pragovima osjetilne stimulacije, pri čemu su efekti smanjenja osjetljivosti na bol bili naročito izraženi. Nakon prelaska na [[Univerzitet Yale]], Hullov rad na hipnozi naišao je na značajan institucionalni otpor. Zabrinutost medicinskog fakulteta zbog mogućih opasnosti povezanih s hipnozom dovela je do toga da obustavi daljnja istraživanja u toj oblasti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> === Teorija ponašanja === Clark L. Hull razvio je vlastitu teoriju učenja pod snažnim utjecajem istraživanja [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]] o [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnim refleksima]] i biheviorističkog sistema [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]].<ref name="Hilgard_1977">{{cite book |last=Hilgard |first=Ernest R. |last2=Bower |first2=Gordon H. |date=1977 |title=Theories of Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198449 |edition=4. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Značajan utjecaj na njegovo teorijsko oblikovanje imao je i [[Edward Thorndike]], čiji je ″zakon efekta″ Hull uključio u vlastiti teorijski sistem.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Nakon upoznavanja s teorijama Pavlova, Watsona i Thorndikea, Hull je veliki dio svog [[Laboratorija|laboratorijskog]] rada posvetio razvoju vlastite teorije učenja. Mnogi eksperimenti koji su doprinijeli oblikovanju njegove teorije provedeni su i u okviru istraživanja njegovih studenata, inspirisanih njegovim seminarima i predavanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kvantifikacija je predstavljala osnovno metodološko opredjeljenje u Hullovom radu, a to opredjeljenje prenio je i na područje [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /> Iako je bio pod utjecajem Watsonovog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], nije ga prihvatio bez rezerve. Nakon što je prisustvovao predavanjima [[Kurt Koffka|Kurta Koffke]], jednog od predstavnika [[geštalt psihologija|geštalt psihologije]], usmjerio se prema razvoju vlastitog oblika neobiheviorizma.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov osnovni cilj bio je utvrditi opće zakonitosti ponašanja i razviti sistem koji bi omogućio predviđanje budućih oblika ponašanja na osnovu postojećih uslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iskustvo rada na mehaničkim uređajima za statističku obradu podataka dodatno ga je uvjerilo da se mentalni procesi mogu modelirati i objasniti mehanički, kroz precizne zakonitosti.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U svom najpoznatijem djelu ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), Hull je razvio model ponašanja zasnovan na matematičkom prikazu odnosa između [[Stimulus (psihologija)|podražaja]], navika, nagona i [[Motivacija|motivacije]].<ref name="Hull_1943">{{cite book |last=Hull |first=Clark L. |date=1943 |title=Principles of Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.205891 |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Osnovna formula njegovog modela bila je: _SE_R = _SH_R × D × V × K Gdje je: * _SE_R ekscitatorni potencijal (vjerovatnoća da će organizam proizvesti odgovor R na stimulus S), * _SH_R jačina navike (izvedena iz prethodnih pokušaja uslovljavanja), * D jačina nagonu slične potrebe (određena, npr. satima lišavanja hrane, vode itd.), * V dinamizam intenziteta stimulusa (neki stimulusi će imati veći utjecaj od drugih, kao što je osvjetljenje u određenoj situaciji), * K je motivacija (koliko je privlačan rezultat akcije).<ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Scriven_1961">{{cite book |last=Scriven |first=Michael |date=1961 |title=Psychology |chapter=An overview of stimulus-response reinforcement theory |location=Needham Heights |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |pages=321–329 |language=en}}</ref> Kasnije je model proširio dodatnim varijablama kako bi objasnio složenije obrasce ponašanja i faktore inhibicije: _SE_R = V x D x K x J x _SH_R - I_R - _SI_R - _SO_R - _SI_R tako da je: * I_R reaktivna inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom gubi), * _SI_R uslovljena inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom ne gubi).<ref name="Scriven_1961" /> _SL_R je prag reakcije, najmanja količina potkrepljenja koja će dovesti do učenja. Hull je prvobitno planirao napisati trilogiju knjiga o ponašanju, s namjerom da sistematski obradi socijalno i kognitivno ponašanje.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Međutim, umjesto toga posvetio se kontinuiranom revidiranju i proširivanju svog osnovnog teorijskog modela kako bi uključio nova eksperimentalna zapažanja i izuzetke.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U osnovi Hullove teorije nalazio se koncept [[navika (psihologija)|navike]], koju je definisao kao naučenu povezanost između [[podražaj (psihologija)|podražaja]] i odgovora.<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Prema njegovom modelu, ponašanje je usmjereno prema zadovoljenju primarnih nagona, kao što su glad, žeđ, seksualni nagon i izbjegavanje bola.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Njegova ″teorija redukcije nagona″ polazila je od pretpostavke da se navike formiraju kroz [[potkrepljenje]], odnosno kroz posljedice ponašanja koje smanjuju unutrašnju napetost izazvanu nagonom.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Kada određeno ponašanje dovede do zadovoljenja potrebe, smanjuje se nagon, a vjerovatnoća ponavljanja tog ponašanja raste. Hull je kasnije precizirao da se ne radi samo o ″potrebama″, nego i o specifičnim žudnjama ili unutrašnjim pobudama koje pokreću organizam na djelovanje.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Iako je Hullova teorija imala veliki utjecaj na razvoj [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] i teorije učenja, mnogi bihevioristi smatrali su njegov sistem previše složenim za praktičnu primjenu.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Zbog toga je njegov utjecaj kasnije djelimično potisnut jednostavnijim i operativno primjenjivijim modelima koje je razvio [[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Utjecaj == Godine 1936. Clark L. Hull, zajedno sa svojim studentima i saradnicima, pokrenuo je niz večernjih seminara koji su postali poznati kao ″Sastanci ponedjeljkom navečer″ ({{en|Monday Night Meetings}}). Na tim okupljanjima raspravljalo se o temama kao što su [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovni refleksi]], zakonitosti ponašanja i psihoanalitičke teorije [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]]. Ovi seminari ubrzo su stekli široku popularnost i okupljali ne samo [[Psiholog|psihologe]] nego i [[Sociologija|sociologe]] i [[Antropologija|antropologe]], a ponekad je prisustvovalo i do sedamdeset učesnika.<ref name="Beach_1959" /> U kasnijim godinama života, kada mu je zdravstveno stanje bilo narušeno, Hull se u eksperimentalnom radu u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na pomoć istraživačkih asistenata i volontera, koji su pomagali u provođenju eksperimenata i praćenju novih rasprava u [[Psihologija|psihologiji]] kojima više nije mogao lično prisustvovati. Hull je tokom 1940-ih i 1950-ih bio jedan od najcitiranijih psihologa svog vremena.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegova knjiga ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ (1928) dugo je služila kao standardni udžbenik u području psihološkog testiranja, dok je ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ (1933) predstavljala jedno od najutjecajnijih djela u eksperimentalnom proučavanju hipnoze. Njegovo najpoznatije djelo, ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), bilo je među najcitiranijim knjigama u psihologiji sredinom 20. vijeka.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tadašnjim pregledima [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] Hullov rad zauzimao je izuzetno istaknuto mjesto; u jednom izdanju ''Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' njegovi radovi bili su spomenuti na više od osamdeset stranica, što je bilo više nego kod bilo kojeg drugog savremenog autora.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U časopisima ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' i ''Psychological Review'' više od četrdeset posto bibliografskih jedinica sadržavalo je barem jedan njegov rad.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Hull je mentorisao i snažno utjecao na brojne studente i psihologe koji su kasnije razvili vlastite teorijske modele i ostvarili značajan doprinos psihologiji. Među njima se posebno izdvajaju [[Albert Bandura]], [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]], [[Kenneth Spence]] i [[Janet Taylor Spence]].<ref name="Beach_1959" /> [[John Dollard]] bio je profesor [[Antropologija|antropologije]], [[Psihologija|psihologije]] i [[Sociologija|sociologije]] na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], a zanimao se za proučavanje društvenih klasa i specifičnih iskustava učenja. [[Neal E. Miller]] studirao je pod Hullovim mentorstvom na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je i doktorirao. Miller je također osnovao Laboratoriju za fiziološku psihologiju na [[Univerzitet Rockefeller|Univerzitetu Rockefeller]] u [[New York|New Yorku]], gdje je provodio istraživanja o dresuri životinja, a taj rad pomogao je u razvoju [[Biofeedback|biofeedback]]a.<ref name="Coons_2002">{{cite journal |last=Coons |first=Edgar |date=2002 |title=Neal Elgar Miller (1909–2002) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232431150_Neal_Elgar_Miller_1909-2002 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=784–786 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.784 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Miller i Dollard sarađivali su na razvoju teorije socijalnog učenja koja je uspješno primijenjena u [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapiji]] i razumijevanju ponašanja. Millerova knjiga, ″Socijalno učenje i imitacija″ ({{en|Social Learning and Imitation}}), navodi četiri osnova neophodna za [[Operantno kondicioniranje|instrumentalno učenje]]. To su: nagon, znak, odgovor i nagrada, a zasnovani su na Hullovoj teoriji učenja o redukciji nagona.<ref name="Miller_Dollard_1941">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Neal E. |last2=Dollard |first2=John |date=1941 |title=Social Learning and Imitation |url=https://archive.org/details/sociallearningim00mill |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Icebreaker_Hull">{{cite web |title=Learning Theories – The Theory Into Practice Database: Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull) |url=https://icebreakerideas.com/learning-theories/#Drive_Reduction_Theory_C_Hull |website=IcebreakerIdeas |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koristili su konstrukt sličan Hullovoj teoriji, međutim, sugerisali su da bilo koji snažan [[Stimulus (psihologija)|stimulus]] može imati motivacijska svojstva ili svojstva nagona, a da pritom ne mora nužno biti vezan za biološku potrebu tog specifičnog organizma. Njihova knjiga, ''Personality and Psychotherapy'' (1950), smatra se vrlo značajnom jer je spojila Hullovu teoriju učenja s psihoanalizom i pomogla u postavljanju temelja razvoju [[Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija|kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije]].<ref name="Dollard_Miller_1950">{{cite book |last1=Dollard |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Neal E. |date=1950 |title=Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.2289personalityandpsychotherapy1950 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kenneth Spence]] bio je jedan od Hullovih najistaknutijih studenata. Razvio je i proširio Hullovu neobiheviorističku teoriju u model poznat kao Hull-Spenceova teorija uslovljavanja, učenja i motivacije.<ref name="Corsini_2010">{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Irving B. |last2=Craighead |first2=W. Edward |date=2010 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/corsiniencyclope0004unse |edition=4. |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ova teorija polazi od pretpostavke da ljudi uče povezivanjem podražaja i odgovora, dok potkrepljenje povećava vjerovatnoću ponavljanja naučenog ponašanja. Spence je dao značajan doprinos proučavanju motivacije i razvoju matematičkih modela procesa učenja, pri čemu je smatrao da poboljšanje izvođenja više zavisi od motivacijskih faktora nego od same snage navike, što je predstavljalo određeno odstupanje od Hullovog izvornog modela. [[Janet Taylor Spence]] započela je svoja istraživanja kao studentica [[Kenneth Spence|Kennetha Spencea]] na [[Univerzitet u Iowi|Univerzitetu u Iowi]], a kasnije je postala njegova supruga. Njena istraživanja bila su usmjerena na [[anksioznost]], koju je tumačila kao dispozicijsku osobinu i oblik nagona unutar Hullove motivacijske teorije.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004">{{cite journal |title=Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology: Janet Taylor Spence |date=2004 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=361–363 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.5.361 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-16479-007 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Razvila je i vlastiti instrument za mjerenje anksioznosti, poznat kao ″Taylorova skala manifestne anksioznosti″, koji je postao važan alat u psihološkim istraživanjima.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004" /> Kroz rad svojih studenata i saradnika, Hullov teorijski sistem nastavio je utjecati na razvoj teorija [[Učenje|učenja]], [[Motivacija|motivacije]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] dugo nakon njegove smrti. == Priznanja i počasti == Hull je tokom svoje karijere primio brojna priznanja naučnih i stručnih organizacija. Bio je predsjednik [[Američkog psihološkog udruženja|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] od 1935. do 1936.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Godine 1935. izabran je u [[Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka|Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka]], a 1936. i u [[Nacionalna akademija nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalnu akademiju nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]]. Godine 1945. dodijeljena mu je [[Howard C. Warren]] medalja od strane [[Društvo eksperimentalnih psihologa|Društva eksperimentalnih psihologa]].<ref name="Baker_Mahoney_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=David B. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Kevin T. |date=2005 |title=The Howard Crosby Warren Medal: Psychology's First Award |url=https://www.sepsych.org/documents/Baker-2005.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=459–468 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Naslijeđe == Hullove ideje bile su utjecajne dijelom i zbog njegovog obrazovanja u oblasti inženjerstva, što mu je omogućilo da matematičke i kvantitativne metode primijeni u psihologiji. Njegov pristup bio je u skladu s dominantnim naučnim razumijevanjem psihologije u prvoj polovini 20. vijeka, a snažno su na njega utjecali pioniri [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], među kojima su bili [[Edward Thorndike]], [[John B. Watson]] i [[Ivan Pavlov]]. Hull je dao značajan doprinos razumijevanju procesa potkrepljenja i učenja kroz razvoj formalizovanih matematičkih modela ponašanja. Njegov teorijski pristup [[Motivacija|motivaciji]] uključivao je kvantifikaciju pojma nagona, nastojeći pokazati da je snaga navike funkcija prethodnog potkrepljenja. Njegov savremenik [[Edward C. Tolman]] razvio je alternativnu teoriju učenja koja je bila konceptualno jednostavnija i logički preglednija. Tolman je zastupao stav da je ponašanje usmjereno prema cilju, a ne isključivo određeno nagonima i mehanizmima potkrepljenja. Kroz eksperimente s pacovima u labirintima pokazao je da se učenje može odvijati i bez neposrednog potkrepljenja i da je ponašanje bolje objasniti kroz ciljno usmjereno djelovanje i kognitivna očekivanja. Ovi nalazi predstavljali su ozbiljan izazov značajnom dijelu Hullove teorije učenja. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite journal |title=The Conflicting Psychologies of Learning: A Way Out |first=Clark L. |last=Hull |year=1935 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=491–516 |doi=10.1037/h0058665 |url=https://psychaanalyse.com/pdf/THE%20CONFLICTING%20PSYCHOLOGIES%20OF%20LEARNING%20AWAY%20OUT%20BY%20HULL%201935%20(23%20pages%20-%201,2%20Mo).pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Lemov |first=Rebecca |year=2005 |title=World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-8090-7464-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldaslaborator00lemo }} * {{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |year=1985 |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=978-0-306-42022-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/intrinsicmotivat0000deci }} * {{cite book |last1=Amsel |first1=Abram |last2=Rashotte |first2=Michael E. |year=1984 |title=Mechanisms of Adaptive Behavior: Clark L. Hull's Theoretical Papers, with Commentary |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-05904-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mechanismsofadap0000hull }} * {{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Clark L. |last2=Hovland |first2=Carl I. |last3=Ross |first3=Robert T. |last4=Hall |first4=Marshall |last5=Perkins |first5=Donald T. |last6=Fitch |first6=Frederic B. |year=1940 |title=Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning: A Study in Scientific Methodology |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-8371-3126-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicodeduc0000clar }} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hull-clark.pdf Biografski memoari Nacionalne akademije nauka Sjedinjenih američkih država] * [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0294 Dokumenti Clarka Leonarda Hulla (MS 294)]. Rukopisi i arhive, Biblioteka Univerziteta Yale. {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hull, Clark L.}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1884.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1952.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Akron (New York)]] [[Kategorija:Američki psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Bihevioralni psiholozi]] afxn10v4jizsyr2t6dv3dc5awpn4sjx 3839593 3839549 2026-05-05T06:27:50Z Bosancica by MK 173186 3839593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Clark L. Hull | slika = Clark Leonard Hull.jpg | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Akron, New York|Akron]], [[New York (savezna država)|New York]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti|1952|5|10|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_smrti = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | prebivalište = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | državljanstvo = Američko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Psihologija]] ([[Biheviorizam]], [[Eksperimentalna psihologija]]) | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] * [[Univerzitet Yale]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Michiganu]] * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] }} | doktorski_mentor = [[Joseph Jastrow]] | doktorski_studenti = {{Plainlist| * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] }} | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = {{Plainlist| * [[Albert Bandura]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] * [[John Dollard]] }} | uticali_na_njega = {{Plainlist| * [[Ivan Pavlov]] * [[Edward Thorndike]] * [[Charles Darwin]] }} | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|Teorija redukcije nagona]] * Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja * Hipoteza "gradijenta cilja" }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = Howard Crosby Warrenova medalja (1945) | religija = | fusnote = Predsjednik [[Američko psihološko udruženje|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] (APA) (1936) }} '''Clark Leonard Hull''' (24. maj 1884 – 10. maj 1952) bio je američki psiholog poznat po nastojanju da procese [[učenje|učenja]] i [[motivacija|motivacije]] objasni kroz naučno zasnovane zakonitosti [[ponašanje|ponašanja]]. Smatra se jednim od najistaknutijih predstavnika [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i jednom od centralnih ličnosti [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] prve polovine 20. vijeka. Posebno je poznat po svojim teorijskim raspravama sa [[Edward C. Tolman|Edwardom C. Tolmanom]], kao i po razvoju [[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorije redukcije nagona]], koja je imala snažan utjecaj na razumijevanje [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]]. Najveći dio svoje profesionalne karijere proveo je na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje ga je angažovao tadašnji predsjednik univerziteta i psiholog [[James Rowland Angell]]. Tokom rada na Yaleu provodio je eksperimentalna istraživanja kojima je nastojao pokazati da njegove teorije mogu precizno predviđati ponašanje organizama. Njegova najznačajnija djela su ″Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja napamet″ (1940) i ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), u kojima je razvio formalizovani sistem objašnjenja životinjskog učenja i [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovljavanja]], čime je njegova teorija postala dominantan teorijski okvir u proučavanju [[Učenje|učenja]] svog vremena. Hullov teorijski model bio je zasnovan na biološkim pretpostavkama: organizam doživljava deprivaciju, deprivacija stvara potrebu, potreba aktivira nagon, nagon pokreće ponašanje, ponašanje je usmjereno prema cilju, a ostvarenje cilja doprinosi preživljavanju. Ovaj model predstavljao je pokušaj povezivanja fizioloških procesa i ponašanja u jedinstven teorijski okvir. Posebno je poznat po formulaciji hipoteze ″gradijenta cilja″, prema kojoj organizmi ulažu nesrazmjerno veći napor kako se približavaju ostvarivanju cilja. Ovaj fenomen kasnije je potvrđen i u savremenim istraživanjima [[Kognitivna psihologija|kognitivne psihologije]], posebno u zadacima koji zahtijevaju visok nivo mentalnog napora. Iako je utjecaj klasičnog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] u savremenoj psihologiji znatno oslabljen,<ref name="Kivetz_2006">{{cite journal |last=Kivetz |first=Ran |last2=Urminsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Zheng |first3=Yuhuang |date=2006 |title=The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/ourminsky/Goal-Gradient_Illusionary_Goal_Progress.pdf |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1509/jmkr.43.1.39 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a neki aspekti Hullove teorije smatraju se prevaziđenim, njegov doprinos razvoju eksperimentalne psihologije i teorijskom razumijevanju [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]] ostaje značajan. U istraživanju objavljenom u časopisu ''American Psychological Association Review of General Psychology'' 2002, Hull je rangiran kao 21. najcitiraniji [[Psiholog|psiholog]] 20. vijeka.<ref name="Haggbloom_2002">{{cite journal |last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |date=2002 |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |s2cid=145668721 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rani život == Clark L. Hull rođen je 24. maja 1884. u brvnari u [[Akron, New York|Akronu (New York)]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952">{{cite book |editor-last=Langfeld |editor-first=Herbert S. |editor2-last=Boring |editor2-first=Edwin G. |editor3-last=Werner |editor3-first=Heinz |editor4-last=Yerkes |editor4-first=Robert M. |date=1952 |title=A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume IV |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol00unse |location=Worcester, Mass. |publisher=Clark University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hovland_1952">{{cite journal |last=Hovland |first=Carl I. |date=1952 |title=Clark Leonard Hull, 1884–1952 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0056239 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1037/h0056239 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kazdin_2000">{{cite book |editor-last=Kazdin |editor-first=Alan E. |date=2000 |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/168 |location=Washington, D.C. / New York |publisher=American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press |pages=168–170 |isbn=978-1-55798-653-5 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Odrastao je u porodici obilježenoj strogim porodičnim odnosima; njegov otac bio je poznat po nagloj i nasilnoj naravi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Otac mu je imao vrlo skromno formalno obrazovanje, a oženio je Hullovu majku, povučenu djevojku iz [[Connecticut]]a, kada je imala svega petnaest godina.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zbog teških životnih okolnosti i rada u djetinjstvu, Hullov otac nije naučio čitati sve do odraslog doba, kada ga je tome podučila supruga.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kada je Hull imao tri ili četiri godine, porodica se preselila na farmu u [[Michigan]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tamo je, zajedno sa mlađim bratom Wayneom, pomagao u održavanju farme obavljajući fizičke poslove i svakodnevne kućne obaveze.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Osnovno obrazovanje stekao je u maloj seoskoj školi s jednom učionicom u selu Sickels, koju je pohađalo između dvadeset i trideset učenika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Školu je često izostavljao kako bi pomagao u radu na farmi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već u ranom djetinjstvu pokazao je izraženu nadarenost za [[Matematika|matematiku]], dok mu je [[gramatika]] predstavljala veći izazov.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U dobi od jedanaest ili dvanaest godina bio je pod snažnim utjecajem vjerske skupine poznate kao ''Christian Crusaders'', što je privremeno oblikovalo njegov religijski svjetonazor.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> To iskustvo potaknulo ga je na preispitivanje vlastitih uvjerenja, nakon čega je kasnije potpuno napustio [[Religija|religiju]] i prihvatio [[ateizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Sa sedamnaest godina položio je ispit za učitelja i počeo raditi kao nastavnik u sličnoj maloj seoskoj školi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kombinacija lične religijske krize i iskustva u podučavanju motivisala ga je da nastavi vlastito obrazovanje.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Pohađao je srednju školu u zapadnom dijelu [[Saginaw County]]ja, gdje je živio u kući školskog nadzornika u zamjenu za obavljanje kućnih poslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov otvoreni ateizam gotovo je doveo do toga da bude izbačen iz doma, ali je supruga nadzornika intervenisala i omogućila mu da ostane.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon završetka srednje škole napustio je domaćinstvo nadzornika, ali je s njim ostao u kontaktu do njegove smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> == Univerzitetsko obrazovanje == Nakon završetka srednje škole, Clark L. Hull upisao je [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je nastavio obrazovanje i pokazao posebno izražene sposobnosti u matematici, naročito u [[Geometrija|geometriji]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Upravo ga je interes za geometriju potaknuo na razmišljanje o tome kako ljudski um stvara nove veze na osnovu prethodno stečenog znanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom boravka na Alma Academy upoznao se s djelima [[Baruch Spinoza|Barucha Spinoze]], čijim se filozofskim idejama divio, iako se kasnije s mnogima od njih nije slagao.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Neposredno pred završetak školovanja prisustvovao je svečanom banketu na kojem se otrovao kontaminiranom hranom i obolio od teškog oblika [[tifus]]a, što je odgodilo njegov povratak studijama.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom [[Epidemija|epidemije]] mnogi su izgubili život, a i sam Hull bio je na ivici smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kao posljedicu bolesti razvio je trajne poteškoće s pamćenjem, posebno imena, što ga je pratilo tokom cijelog života.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je studirao [[Matematika|matematiku]], [[Fizika|fiziku]] i [[Hemija|hemiju]], s namjerom da postane [[inženjer]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /><ref name="Friedman_2002">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Howard S. |last2=Schustack |first2=Miriam W. |date=2002 |title=Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research |url=https://archive.org/details/personalityclass0000frie_h4n9 |edition=2. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-34805-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegov cilj bio je kvalifikovati se za studij rudarskog inženjerstva na drugoj visokoškolskoj ustanovi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon dvije godine provedene na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], Hull se preselio u [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing (Minnesota)]], gdje je radio kao pripravnik u rudarskom inženjerstvu.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Međutim, nakon samo dva mjeseca obolio je od [[poliomijelitis]]a, što je dovelo do trajne [[Paraliza|paralize]] jedne noge.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom jednogodišnjeg oporavka u roditeljskom domu bio je prisiljen preispitati vlastiti životni i profesionalni put.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> U tom periodu razmatrao je mogućnost da postane unitarijanski sveštenik, jer su mu bili privlačni filozofski usmjereni propovjednički govori karakteristični za [[unitarizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegovo interesovanje za [[Filozofija|filozofiju]] postepeno ga je usmjerilo prema [[Psihologija|psihologiji]], kojom se intenzivnije počeo baviti tokom oporavka.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Prve korake u psihologiji napravio je čitanjem djela ''The Principles of Psychology'' autora g [[William James|Williama Jamesa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Posebno interesovanje pokazivao je i za radove [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]] i [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]].<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se nastavničkom radu u rodnom kraju, u školi u kojoj je ranije predavao, a koja je u međuvremenu proširena s jedne na dvije učionice.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon dvije godine rada oženio se Berthom Iutzi, uprkos skromnim finansijskim mogućnostima.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon sklapanja braka, Hull i njegova supruga upisali su studij [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Univerzitet u Michiganu|Univerzitetu u Michiganu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Diplomirao je 1913.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Nakon što je predavao u [[Kentucky]]ju, Hull je prihvatio poziciju asistenta na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]] kako bi započeo postdiplomski studij pod mentorstvom [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom studija i asistentskog rada privatno je radio na istraživanju razvoja pojmova, što je kasnije postalo osnova njegove doktorske disertacije pod naslovom ″Kvantitativni aspekti razvoja pojmova″ ({{en|Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts}}).<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon stjecanja doktorata nastavio je raditi na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu Wisconsin]], prvo kao honorarni asistent, a potom kao redovni predavač, prije nego što je prešao na [[Univerzitet Yale]], gdje će ostvariti najznačajniji dio svoje naučne karijere.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Karijera == Godine 1929. Clark L. Hull je započeo rad na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je ostao do kraja života i radio kao profesor s najvišim univerzitetskim zvanjem ({{en|Sterling Professor}}). Pored drugih nastavnih obaveza, predavao je predmet iz psihološkog testiranja i mjerenja, u kojem je posebnu pažnju posvećivao matematičkim aspektima psihološke procjene. Zbog snažnog interesa za kvantitativne metode, preoblikovao je ovaj predmet u kurs sposobnosti i testiranja sklonosti, usmjeren na naučne osnove [[Profesionalna orijentacija|profesionalne orijentacije]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Istovremeno je radio na razvoju mehaničkog uređaja koji bi mogao automatski obavljati složene korelacijske proračune, čime je nastojao unaprijediti statističku obradu podataka u psihološkim istraživanjima. Nakon rada na području psihološkog testiranja, Hull je preuzeo i uvodni kurs psihologije za studente premedicinskih studija. Upravo tokom rada s tom grupom studenata razvio je snažno interesovanje za fenomene sugestije i [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], što je označilo početak njegovih eksperimentalnih istraživanja u toj oblasti. U tim istraživanjima posebno je insistirao na kvantitativnoj metodologiji, smatrajući da psihologija mora koristiti precizne eksperimentalne procedure kako bi ostvarila status prirodne nauke. Nakon gotovo deset godina intenzivnog istraživanja objavio je 1933. knjigu ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ ({{en|Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach}}), jedno od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon toga nastavio je razvijati [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalnu psihologiju]] kroz nastavu i istraživanja, uvjeren da upravo eksperimentalni pristup predstavlja osnovu naučne psihologije. Iste godine (1929) imenovan je istraživačkim profesorom psihologije na Institutu za psihologiju [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerziteta Yale]], gdje je započeo rad na problemima sistematske teorije ponašanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već 1930. formulisao je nekoliko osnovnih stavova o [[Psihologija|psihologiji]]: smatrao je da psihologija predstavlja istinsku prirodnu nauku, da se njene osnovne zakonitosti mogu izraziti kvantitativno pomoću ograničenog broja jednačina i da se složeni oblici ponašanja mogu objasniti kao izvedeni oblici tih osnovnih zakonitosti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zajedno sa saradnicima, među kojima su bili [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]] i [[Orval Hobart Mowrer]], razvijao je teorijske modele usmjerene na razumijevanje [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnih refleksa]] i ponašanja, nastojeći istovremeno povezati biheviorističke principe sa psihoanalitičkim idejama [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Ovaj teorijski i eksperimentalni rad doveo je do objavljivanja njegovog najpoznatijeg djela ″Principi ponašanja″ ({{en|Principles of Behavior}}) (1943), koje je postalo jedno od najutjecajnijih djela [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i teorije učenja u 20. vijeku. == Smrt == Clark L. Hull preminuo je 10. maja 1952. u [[New Havenu (Connecticut)|New Havenu]], u saveznoj državi [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Beach_1959">{{cite web |last=Beach |first=Frank A. |date=1959 |title=Clark Leonard Hull: 1884–1952 |url=https://www.appstate.edu/~steelekm/classes/psy5300/Documents/ClarkHullBio.pdf |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Istraživanja == Primarno naučno interesovanje Clarka L. Hulla bilo je usmjereno na teorije [[učenje|učenja]] i oblike [[ponašanje|ponašanja]] koji dovode do učenja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Većina njegovog istraživačkog rada bila je posvećena razvoju opće teorije učenja, a kao rezultat tog rada razvio je vlastitu teorijsku koncepciju poznatu kao ″[[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorija redukcije nagona]]″ ili ″sistematska teorija ponašanja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Pored istraživanja učenja, pokazivao je značajno interesovanje i za [[hipnoza|hipnozu]], iako to nije predstavljalo središnje područje njegovog naučnog rada. U istraživanjima hipnoze, kao i u razvoju teorije nagona, insistirao je na strogo kontrolisanim eksperimentalnim uslovima, nastojeći osigurati visoku metodološku preciznost.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Posebno je naglašavao važnost kvantitativnih podataka, smatrajući da numerička analiza omogućava preciznije tumačenje rezultata i smanjuje prostor za subjektivne interpretacije, koje su bile prisutne u ranijim istraživanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> === Testiranje sposobnosti === Hullovo interesovanje za [[psihološko testiranje]] razvilo se nakon što je preuzeo nastavu iz predmeta koji je prethodno predavao [[Daniel Starch]] na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegovo uključivanje u područje testiranja sposobnosti bilo je motivisano nezadovoljstvom tadašnjim testovima, koje je smatrao metodološki nedovoljno pouzdanim i upitne valjanosti.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Svoja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti sažeo je u knjizi ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ ({{en|Aptitude Testing}}) izdatoj 1928, u kojoj je analizirao probleme valjanosti testova i razvio postupke za konstrukciju skalarnih rezultata.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U okviru tog rada razvio je i vlastiti instrument za procjenu sposobnosti, poznat kao ″Wisconsin Lathe Test″.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kako bi olakšao obradu velikih količina podataka, konstruisao je računski uređaj namijenjen automatskoj izradi tabela korelacija među rezultatima testiranja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Uređaj je obrađivao podatke s bušenih kartica i automatski generisao korelacijske tabele, što predstavlja jedan od ranih pokušaja mehanizacije statističke obrade rezultata u psihologiji.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Ovo iskustvo kasnije je utjecalo na razvoj njegovih teorijskih modela u okviru [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iako je kasnije izgubio dio početnog entuzijazma za područje testiranja sposobnosti i usmjerio se prema drugim istraživačkim interesima, zadržao je trajan interes za pitanja individualnih razlika i [[Inteligencija|inteligencije]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tom kontekstu vodio je teorijske rasprave s [[Karl Lashley|Karlom Lashleyom]] o pitanju [[nasljeđivanje|nasljednosti]] inteligencije.<ref name="King_2009">{{cite book |last=King |first=D. Brett |last2=Viney |first2=Wayne |last3=Woody |first3=William Douglas |date=2009 |title=A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol0004king |edition=4. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-51213-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Hipnoza === Clark L. Hull često se smatra jednim od pionira savremenog naučnog proučavanja [[hipnoza|hipnoze]]. Za ovu oblast zainteresirao se nakon što je preuzeo premedicinski kurs psihologije od [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004">{{cite journal |last=Kihlstrom |first=John F. |date=2004 |title=Clark L. Hull, Hypnotist |url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/PDFs/2000s/2004/HullRetrospective.pdf |journal=Contemporary Psychology |volume=49 |issue=2 |doi=10.1037/004274 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegovo interesovanje dodatno je intenzivirano nakon što je uspio uvesti emocionalno uznemirenog studenta u hipnotički trans pomoću tzv. ″hipnotičkog kristala″, što ga je potaknulo na sistematsko istraživanje hipnoze i njenih mogućih medicinskih primjena.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Nezadovoljan dominantno nenaučnim pristupima u tadašnjim istraživanjima [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], Hull je nastojao uvesti strožiju metodološku disciplinu, zasnovanu na mjerenju ponašanja i eksperimentalnoj kontroli, umjesto oslanjanja na subjektivne iskaze ispitanika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Kao univerzitetski nastavnik podsticao je i svoje studente da provode istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, podučavajući ih tehnikama hipnotičkog indukovanja i eksperimentalnog rada.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Rezultat njegovih višegodišnjih istraživanja bila je knjiga ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost″ (1933), koja se smatra jednim od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi, zasnovanim na statističkoj i eksperimentalnoj analizi.<ref name="Grodner_Reid_2001">{{cite book |last=Grodner |first=Brian |last2=Reid |first2=David B. |date=2001 |title=Permanent Habit Control: Practitioner's Guide to Using Hypnosis and Other Alternative Health Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.kw/books?id=glNDDiaANa0C |location=New York |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8261-1384-9 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> U toj studiji Hull je pokazao da hipnoza nije isto što i san niti predstavlja stanje povezano sa spavanjem, čime je osporio tada rašireno uvjerenje da je hipnotičko stanje oblik sna.<ref name="Krout_1934">{{cite journal |last=Krout |first=Maurice H. |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0065370 |journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1037/h0065370 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegova istraživanja pokazala su da osobe pod hipnozom često iskazuju pojačanu budnost i osjetljivost, a ne pasivnost ili pospanost.<ref name="Krout_1934" /> Mnogi ispitanici izvještavali su o subjektivnom osjećaju pojačane perceptivne osjetljivosti i mentalne jasnoće, iako eksperimentalni podaci nisu pružili dovoljno dokaza da se takve promjene potvrde kao objektivno značajne.<ref name="Young_1934">{{cite journal |last=Young |first=Paul |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0066251 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1037/h0066251 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Centralno pitanje Hullovih istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje tačnosti tvrdnji hipnotizera o navodnim izuzetnim poboljšanjima [[kognicija|kognitivnih sposobnosti]] i osjetilne [[Percepcija|percepcije]] pod hipnozom. Njegovi nalazi pokazali su da između budnog i hipnotičkog stanja postoje relativno male razlike. Najizraženija razlika bila je povećana spremnost ispitanika u hipnotičkom stanju da odgovore na [[sugestija|sugestije]], kao i nešto izraženija mogućnost prisjećanja udaljenih događaja iz prošlosti.<ref name="Young_1934" /> Hullovi eksperimenti također su potvrdili postojanje nekih klasičnih fenomena povezanih s hipnozom, poput psihološki induciranog smanjenja bola i privremenog inhibiranja prisjećanja. Međutim, smatrao je da ti efekti ne zahtijevaju pretpostavku postojanja posebnog stanja svijesti, već se mogu objasniti djelovanjem [[sugestija|sugestije]] i [[Motivacija|motivacije]], što je kasnije snažno utjecalo na bihevioristički pristup proučavanju hipnoze. Njegova istraživanja pokazala su i da je moguće psihološkim putem izazvati umjerene promjene u fizičkim sposobnostima i pragovima osjetilne stimulacije, pri čemu su efekti smanjenja osjetljivosti na bol bili naročito izraženi. Nakon prelaska na [[Univerzitet Yale]], Hullov rad na hipnozi naišao je na značajan institucionalni otpor. Zabrinutost medicinskog fakulteta zbog mogućih opasnosti povezanih s hipnozom dovela je do toga da obustavi daljnja istraživanja u toj oblasti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> === Teorija ponašanja === Clark L. Hull razvio je vlastitu teoriju učenja pod snažnim utjecajem istraživanja [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]] o [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnim refleksima]] i biheviorističkog sistema [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]].<ref name="Hilgard_1977">{{cite book |last=Hilgard |first=Ernest R. |last2=Bower |first2=Gordon H. |date=1977 |title=Theories of Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198449 |edition=4. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Značajan utjecaj na njegovo teorijsko oblikovanje imao je i [[Edward Thorndike]], čiji je ″zakon efekta″ Hull uključio u vlastiti teorijski sistem.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Nakon upoznavanja s teorijama Pavlova, Watsona i Thorndikea, Hull je veliki dio svog [[Laboratorija|laboratorijskog]] rada posvetio razvoju vlastite teorije učenja. Mnogi eksperimenti koji su doprinijeli oblikovanju njegove teorije provedeni su i u okviru istraživanja njegovih studenata, inspirisanih njegovim seminarima i predavanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kvantifikacija je predstavljala osnovno metodološko opredjeljenje u Hullovom radu, a to opredjeljenje prenio je i na područje [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /> Iako je bio pod utjecajem Watsonovog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], nije ga prihvatio bez rezerve. Nakon što je prisustvovao predavanjima [[Kurt Koffka|Kurta Koffke]], jednog od predstavnika [[geštalt psihologija|geštalt psihologije]], usmjerio se prema razvoju vlastitog oblika neobiheviorizma.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov osnovni cilj bio je utvrditi opće zakonitosti ponašanja i razviti sistem koji bi omogućio predviđanje budućih oblika ponašanja na osnovu postojećih uslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iskustvo rada na mehaničkim uređajima za statističku obradu podataka dodatno ga je uvjerilo da se mentalni procesi mogu modelirati i objasniti mehanički, kroz precizne zakonitosti.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U svom najpoznatijem djelu ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), Hull je razvio model ponašanja zasnovan na matematičkom prikazu odnosa između [[Stimulus (psihologija)|podražaja]], navika, nagona i [[Motivacija|motivacije]].<ref name="Hull_1943">{{cite book |last=Hull |first=Clark L. |date=1943 |title=Principles of Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.205891 |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Osnovna formula njegovog modela bila je: _SE_R = _SH_R × D × V × K Gdje je: * _SE_R ekscitatorni potencijal (vjerovatnoća da će organizam proizvesti odgovor R na stimulus S), * _SH_R jačina navike (izvedena iz prethodnih pokušaja uslovljavanja), * D jačina nagonu slične potrebe (određena, npr. satima lišavanja hrane, vode itd.), * V dinamizam intenziteta stimulusa (neki stimulusi će imati veći utjecaj od drugih, kao što je osvjetljenje u određenoj situaciji), * K je motivacija (koliko je privlačan rezultat akcije).<ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Scriven_1961">{{cite book |last=Scriven |first=Michael |date=1961 |title=Psychology |chapter=An overview of stimulus-response reinforcement theory |location=Needham Heights |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |pages=321–329 |language=en}}</ref> Kasnije je model proširio dodatnim varijablama kako bi objasnio složenije obrasce ponašanja i faktore inhibicije: _SE_R = V x D x K x J x _SH_R - I_R - _SI_R - _SO_R - _SI_R tako da je: * I_R reaktivna inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom gubi), * _SI_R uslovljena inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom ne gubi).<ref name="Scriven_1961" /> _SL_R je prag reakcije, najmanja količina potkrepljenja koja će dovesti do učenja. Hull je prvobitno planirao napisati trilogiju knjiga o ponašanju, s namjerom da sistematski obradi socijalno i kognitivno ponašanje.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Međutim, umjesto toga posvetio se kontinuiranom revidiranju i proširivanju svog osnovnog teorijskog modela kako bi uključio nova eksperimentalna zapažanja i izuzetke.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U osnovi Hullove teorije nalazio se koncept [[navika (psihologija)|navike]], koju je definisao kao naučenu povezanost između [[podražaj (psihologija)|podražaja]] i odgovora.<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Prema njegovom modelu, ponašanje je usmjereno prema zadovoljenju primarnih nagona, kao što su glad, žeđ, seksualni nagon i izbjegavanje bola.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Njegova ″teorija redukcije nagona″ polazila je od pretpostavke da se navike formiraju kroz [[potkrepljenje]], odnosno kroz posljedice ponašanja koje smanjuju unutrašnju napetost izazvanu nagonom.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Kada određeno ponašanje dovede do zadovoljenja potrebe, smanjuje se nagon, a vjerovatnoća ponavljanja tog ponašanja raste. Hull je kasnije precizirao da se ne radi samo o ″potrebama″, nego i o specifičnim žudnjama ili unutrašnjim pobudama koje pokreću organizam na djelovanje.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Iako je Hullova teorija imala veliki utjecaj na razvoj [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] i teorije učenja, mnogi bihevioristi smatrali su njegov sistem previše složenim za praktičnu primjenu.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Zbog toga je njegov utjecaj kasnije djelimično potisnut jednostavnijim i operativno primjenjivijim modelima koje je razvio [[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Utjecaj == Godine 1936. Clark L. Hull, zajedno sa svojim studentima i saradnicima, pokrenuo je niz večernjih seminara koji su postali poznati kao ″Sastanci ponedjeljkom navečer″ ({{en|Monday Night Meetings}}). Na tim okupljanjima raspravljalo se o temama kao što su [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovni refleksi]], zakonitosti ponašanja i psihoanalitičke teorije [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]]. Ovi seminari ubrzo su stekli široku popularnost i okupljali ne samo [[Psiholog|psihologe]] nego i [[Sociologija|sociologe]] i [[Antropologija|antropologe]], a ponekad je prisustvovalo i do sedamdeset učesnika.<ref name="Beach_1959" /> U kasnijim godinama života, kada mu je zdravstveno stanje bilo narušeno, Hull se u eksperimentalnom radu u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na pomoć istraživačkih asistenata i volontera, koji su pomagali u provođenju eksperimenata i praćenju novih rasprava u [[Psihologija|psihologiji]] kojima više nije mogao lično prisustvovati. Hull je tokom 1940-ih i 1950-ih bio jedan od najcitiranijih psihologa svog vremena.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegova knjiga ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ (1928) dugo je služila kao standardni udžbenik u području psihološkog testiranja, dok je ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ (1933) predstavljala jedno od najutjecajnijih djela u eksperimentalnom proučavanju hipnoze. Njegovo najpoznatije djelo, ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), bilo je među najcitiranijim knjigama u psihologiji sredinom 20. vijeka.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tadašnjim pregledima [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] Hullov rad zauzimao je izuzetno istaknuto mjesto; u jednom izdanju ''Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' njegovi radovi bili su spomenuti na više od osamdeset stranica, što je bilo više nego kod bilo kojeg drugog savremenog autora.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U časopisima ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' i ''Psychological Review'' više od četrdeset posto bibliografskih jedinica sadržavalo je barem jedan njegov rad.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Hull je mentorisao i snažno utjecao na brojne studente i psihologe koji su kasnije razvili vlastite teorijske modele i ostvarili značajan doprinos psihologiji. Među njima se posebno izdvajaju [[Albert Bandura]], [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]], [[Kenneth Spence]] i [[Janet Taylor Spence]].<ref name="Beach_1959" /> [[John Dollard]] bio je profesor [[Antropologija|antropologije]], [[Psihologija|psihologije]] i [[Sociologija|sociologije]] na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], a zanimao se za proučavanje društvenih klasa i specifičnih iskustava učenja. [[Neal E. Miller]] studirao je pod Hullovim mentorstvom na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je i doktorirao. Miller je također osnovao Laboratoriju za fiziološku psihologiju na [[Univerzitet Rockefeller|Univerzitetu Rockefeller]] u [[New York|New Yorku]], gdje je provodio istraživanja o dresuri životinja, a taj rad pomogao je u razvoju [[Biofeedback|biofeedback]]a.<ref name="Coons_2002">{{cite journal |last=Coons |first=Edgar |date=2002 |title=Neal Elgar Miller (1909–2002) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232431150_Neal_Elgar_Miller_1909-2002 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=784–786 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.784 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Miller i Dollard sarađivali su na razvoju teorije socijalnog učenja koja je uspješno primijenjena u [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapiji]] i razumijevanju ponašanja. Millerova knjiga, ″Socijalno učenje i imitacija″ ({{en|Social Learning and Imitation}}), navodi četiri osnova neophodna za [[Operantno kondicioniranje|instrumentalno učenje]]. To su: nagon, znak, odgovor i nagrada, a zasnovani su na Hullovoj teoriji učenja o redukciji nagona.<ref name="Miller_Dollard_1941">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Neal E. |last2=Dollard |first2=John |date=1941 |title=Social Learning and Imitation |url=https://archive.org/details/sociallearningim00mill |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Icebreaker_Hull">{{cite web |title=Learning Theories – The Theory Into Practice Database: Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull) |url=https://icebreakerideas.com/learning-theories/#Drive_Reduction_Theory_C_Hull |website=IcebreakerIdeas |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koristili su konstrukt sličan Hullovoj teoriji, međutim, sugerisali su da bilo koji snažan [[Stimulus (psihologija)|stimulus]] može imati motivacijska svojstva ili svojstva nagona, a da pritom ne mora nužno biti vezan za biološku potrebu tog specifičnog organizma. Njihova knjiga, ''Personality and Psychotherapy'' (1950), smatra se vrlo značajnom jer je spojila Hullovu teoriju učenja s psihoanalizom i pomogla u postavljanju temelja razvoju [[Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija|kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije]].<ref name="Dollard_Miller_1950">{{cite book |last1=Dollard |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Neal E. |date=1950 |title=Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.2289personalityandpsychotherapy1950 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kenneth Spence]] bio je jedan od Hullovih najistaknutijih studenata. Razvio je i proširio Hullovu neobiheviorističku teoriju u model poznat kao Hull-Spenceova teorija uslovljavanja, učenja i motivacije.<ref name="Corsini_2010">{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Irving B. |last2=Craighead |first2=W. Edward |date=2010 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/corsiniencyclope0004unse |edition=4. |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ova teorija polazi od pretpostavke da ljudi uče povezivanjem podražaja i odgovora, dok potkrepljenje povećava vjerovatnoću ponavljanja naučenog ponašanja. Spence je dao značajan doprinos proučavanju motivacije i razvoju matematičkih modela procesa učenja, pri čemu je smatrao da poboljšanje izvođenja više zavisi od motivacijskih faktora nego od same snage navike, što je predstavljalo određeno odstupanje od Hullovog izvornog modela. [[Janet Taylor Spence]] započela je svoja istraživanja kao studentica [[Kenneth Spence|Kennetha Spencea]] na [[Univerzitet u Iowi|Univerzitetu u Iowi]], a kasnije je postala njegova supruga. Njena istraživanja bila su usmjerena na [[anksioznost]], koju je tumačila kao dispozicijsku osobinu i oblik nagona unutar Hullove motivacijske teorije.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004">{{cite journal |title=Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology: Janet Taylor Spence |date=2004 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=361–363 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.5.361 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-16479-007 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Razvila je i vlastiti instrument za mjerenje anksioznosti, poznat kao ″Taylorova skala manifestne anksioznosti″, koji je postao važan alat u psihološkim istraživanjima.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004" /> Kroz rad svojih studenata i saradnika, Hullov teorijski sistem nastavio je utjecati na razvoj teorija [[Učenje|učenja]], [[Motivacija|motivacije]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] dugo nakon njegove smrti. == Priznanja i počasti == Hull je tokom svoje karijere primio brojna priznanja naučnih i stručnih organizacija. Bio je predsjednik [[Američkog psihološkog udruženja|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] od 1935. do 1936.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Godine 1935. izabran je u [[Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka|Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka]], a 1936. i u [[Nacionalna akademija nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalnu akademiju nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]]. Godine 1945. dodijeljena mu je [[Howard C. Warren]] medalja od strane [[Društvo eksperimentalnih psihologa|Društva eksperimentalnih psihologa]].<ref name="Baker_Mahoney_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=David B. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Kevin T. |date=2005 |title=The Howard Crosby Warren Medal: Psychology's First Award |url=https://www.sepsych.org/documents/Baker-2005.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=459–468 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Naslijeđe == Hullove ideje bile su utjecajne dijelom i zbog njegovog obrazovanja u oblasti inženjerstva, što mu je omogućilo da matematičke i kvantitativne metode primijeni u psihologiji. Njegov pristup bio je u skladu s dominantnim naučnim razumijevanjem psihologije u prvoj polovini 20. vijeka, a snažno su na njega utjecali pioniri [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], među kojima su bili [[Edward Thorndike]], [[John B. Watson]] i [[Ivan Pavlov]]. Hull je dao značajan doprinos razumijevanju procesa potkrepljenja i učenja kroz razvoj formalizovanih matematičkih modela ponašanja. Njegov teorijski pristup [[Motivacija|motivaciji]] uključivao je kvantifikaciju pojma nagona, nastojeći pokazati da je snaga navike funkcija prethodnog potkrepljenja. Njegov savremenik [[Edward C. Tolman]] razvio je alternativnu teoriju učenja koja je bila konceptualno jednostavnija i logički preglednija. Tolman je zastupao stav da je ponašanje usmjereno prema cilju, a ne isključivo određeno nagonima i mehanizmima potkrepljenja. Kroz eksperimente s pacovima u labirintima pokazao je da se učenje može odvijati i bez neposrednog potkrepljenja i da je ponašanje bolje objasniti kroz ciljno usmjereno djelovanje i kognitivna očekivanja. Ovi nalazi predstavljali su ozbiljan izazov značajnom dijelu Hullove teorije učenja. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite journal |title=The Conflicting Psychologies of Learning: A Way Out |first=Clark L. |last=Hull |year=1935 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=491–516 |doi=10.1037/h0058665 |url=https://psychaanalyse.com/pdf/THE%20CONFLICTING%20PSYCHOLOGIES%20OF%20LEARNING%20AWAY%20OUT%20BY%20HULL%201935%20(23%20pages%20-%201,2%20Mo).pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Lemov |first=Rebecca |year=2005 |title=World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-8090-7464-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldaslaborator00lemo }} * {{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |year=1985 |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=978-0-306-42022-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/intrinsicmotivat0000deci }} * {{cite book |last1=Amsel |first1=Abram |last2=Rashotte |first2=Michael E. |year=1984 |title=Mechanisms of Adaptive Behavior: Clark L. Hull's Theoretical Papers, with Commentary |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-05904-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mechanismsofadap0000hull }} * {{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Clark L. |last2=Hovland |first2=Carl I. |last3=Ross |first3=Robert T. |last4=Hall |first4=Marshall |last5=Perkins |first5=Donald T. |last6=Fitch |first6=Frederic B. |year=1940 |title=Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning: A Study in Scientific Methodology |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-8371-3126-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicodeduc0000clar }} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hull-clark.pdf Biografski memoari Nacionalne akademije nauka Sjedinjenih američkih država] * [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0294 Dokumenti Clarka Leonarda Hulla (MS 294)]. Rukopisi i arhive, Biblioteka Univerziteta Yale. {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hull, Clark L.}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1884.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1952.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Akron (New York)]] [[Kategorija:Američki psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Bihevioralni psiholozi]] j4wtg44h4jc8yer5u4687oqvl07c7w0 3839596 3839593 2026-05-05T06:44:54Z AnToni 2325 3839596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Clark L. Hull | slika = Clark Leonard Hull.jpg | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Akron (New York]|Akron]], [[New York (savezna država)|New York]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1952|5|10|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_smrti = [[New Haven (Connecticut)|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | prebivalište = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | državljanstvo = Američko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Psihologija]] ([[Biheviorizam]], [[Eksperimentalna psihologija]]) | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] * [[Univerzitet Yale]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Michiganu]] * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] }} | doktorski_mentor = [[Joseph Jastrow]] | doktorski_studenti = {{Plainlist| * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] }} | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = {{Plainlist| * [[Albert Bandura]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] * [[John Dollard]] }} | uticali_na_njega = {{Plainlist| * [[Ivan Pavlov]] * [[Edward Thorndike]] * [[Charles Darwin]] }} | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|Teorija redukcije nagona]] * Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja * Hipoteza "gradijenta cilja" }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = Howard Crosby Warrenova medalja (1945) | religija = | fusnote = Predsjednik [[Američko psihološko udruženje|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] (APA) (1936) }} '''Clark Leonard Hull''' (24. maj 1884 – 10. maj 1952) bio je američki psiholog poznat po nastojanju da procese [[učenje|učenja]] i [[motivacija|motivacije]] objasni kroz naučno zasnovane zakonitosti [[ponašanje|ponašanja]]. Smatra se jednim od najistaknutijih predstavnika [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i jednom od centralnih ličnosti [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] prve polovine 20. vijeka. Posebno je poznat po svojim teorijskim raspravama sa [[Edward C. Tolman|Edwardom C. Tolmanom]], kao i po razvoju [[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorije redukcije nagona]], koja je imala snažan utjecaj na razumijevanje [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]]. Najveći dio svoje profesionalne karijere proveo je na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje ga je angažovao tadašnji predsjednik univerziteta i psiholog [[James Rowland Angell]]. Tokom rada na Yaleu provodio je eksperimentalna istraživanja kojima je nastojao pokazati da njegove teorije mogu precizno predviđati ponašanje organizama. Njegova najznačajnija djela su ″Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja napamet″ (1940) i ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), u kojima je razvio formalizovani sistem objašnjenja životinjskog učenja i [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovljavanja]], čime je njegova teorija postala dominantan teorijski okvir u proučavanju [[Učenje|učenja]] svog vremena. Hullov teorijski model bio je zasnovan na biološkim pretpostavkama: organizam doživljava deprivaciju, deprivacija stvara potrebu, potreba aktivira nagon, nagon pokreće ponašanje, ponašanje je usmjereno prema cilju, a ostvarenje cilja doprinosi preživljavanju. Ovaj model predstavljao je pokušaj povezivanja fizioloških procesa i ponašanja u jedinstven teorijski okvir. Posebno je poznat po formulaciji hipoteze ″gradijenta cilja″, prema kojoj organizmi ulažu nesrazmjerno veći napor kako se približavaju ostvarivanju cilja. Ovaj fenomen kasnije je potvrđen i u savremenim istraživanjima [[Kognitivna psihologija|kognitivne psihologije]], posebno u zadacima koji zahtijevaju visok nivo mentalnog napora. Iako je utjecaj klasičnog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] u savremenoj psihologiji znatno oslabljen,<ref name="Kivetz_2006">{{cite journal |last=Kivetz |first=Ran |last2=Urminsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Zheng |first3=Yuhuang |date=2006 |title=The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/ourminsky/Goal-Gradient_Illusionary_Goal_Progress.pdf |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1509/jmkr.43.1.39 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a neki aspekti Hullove teorije smatraju se prevaziđenim, njegov doprinos razvoju eksperimentalne psihologije i teorijskom razumijevanju [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]] ostaje značajan. U istraživanju objavljenom u časopisu ''American Psychological Association Review of General Psychology'' 2002, Hull je rangiran kao 21. najcitiraniji [[Psiholog|psiholog]] 20. vijeka.<ref name="Haggbloom_2002">{{cite journal |last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |date=2002 |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |s2cid=145668721 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rani život == Clark L. Hull rođen je 24. maja 1884. u brvnari u [[Akron (New York)|Akronu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952">{{cite book |editor-last=Langfeld |editor-first=Herbert S. |editor2-last=Boring |editor2-first=Edwin G. |editor3-last=Werner |editor3-first=Heinz |editor4-last=Yerkes |editor4-first=Robert M. |date=1952 |title=A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume IV |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol00unse |location=Worcester, Mass. |publisher=Clark University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hovland_1952">{{cite journal |last=Hovland |first=Carl I. |date=1952 |title=Clark Leonard Hull, 1884–1952 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0056239 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1037/h0056239 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kazdin_2000">{{cite book |editor-last=Kazdin |editor-first=Alan E. |date=2000 |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/168 |location=Washington, D.C. / New York |publisher=American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press |pages=168–170 |isbn=978-1-55798-653-5 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Odrastao je u porodici obilježenoj strogim porodičnim odnosima; njegov otac bio je poznat po nagloj i nasilnoj naravi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Otac mu je imao vrlo skromno formalno obrazovanje, a oženio je Hullovu majku, povučenu djevojku iz [[Connecticut]]a, kada je imala svega petnaest godina.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zbog teških životnih okolnosti i rada u djetinjstvu, Hullov otac nije naučio čitati sve do odraslog doba, kada ga je tome podučila supruga.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kada je Hull imao tri ili četiri godine, porodica se preselila na farmu u [[Michigan]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tamo je, zajedno sa mlađim bratom Wayneom, pomagao u održavanju farme obavljajući fizičke poslove i svakodnevne kućne obaveze.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Osnovno obrazovanje stekao je u maloj seoskoj školi s jednom učionicom u selu Sickels, koju je pohađalo između dvadeset i trideset učenika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Školu je često izostavljao kako bi pomagao u radu na farmi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već u ranom djetinjstvu pokazao je izraženu nadarenost za [[Matematika|matematiku]], dok mu je [[gramatika]] predstavljala veći izazov.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U dobi od jedanaest ili dvanaest godina bio je pod snažnim utjecajem vjerske skupine poznate kao ''Christian Crusaders'', što je privremeno oblikovalo njegov religijski svjetonazor.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> To iskustvo potaknulo ga je na preispitivanje vlastitih uvjerenja, nakon čega je kasnije potpuno napustio [[Religija|religiju]] i prihvatio [[ateizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Sa sedamnaest godina položio je ispit za učitelja i počeo raditi kao nastavnik u sličnoj maloj seoskoj školi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kombinacija lične religijske krize i iskustva u podučavanju motivisala ga je da nastavi vlastito obrazovanje.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Pohađao je srednju školu u zapadnom dijelu [[Saginaw County]]ja, gdje je živio u kući školskog nadzornika u zamjenu za obavljanje kućnih poslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov otvoreni ateizam gotovo je doveo do toga da bude izbačen iz doma, ali je supruga nadzornika intervenisala i omogućila mu da ostane.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon završetka srednje škole napustio je domaćinstvo nadzornika, ali je s njim ostao u kontaktu do njegove smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> == Univerzitetsko obrazovanje == Nakon završetka srednje škole, Clark L. Hull upisao je [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je nastavio obrazovanje i pokazao posebno izražene sposobnosti u matematici, naročito u [[Geometrija|geometriji]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Upravo ga je interes za geometriju potaknuo na razmišljanje o tome kako ljudski um stvara nove veze na osnovu prethodno stečenog znanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom boravka na Alma Academy upoznao se s djelima [[Baruch Spinoza|Barucha Spinoze]], čijim se filozofskim idejama divio, iako se kasnije s mnogima od njih nije slagao.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Neposredno pred završetak školovanja prisustvovao je svečanom banketu na kojem se otrovao kontaminiranom hranom i obolio od teškog oblika [[tifus]]a, što je odgodilo njegov povratak studijama.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom [[Epidemija|epidemije]] mnogi su izgubili život, a i sam Hull bio je na ivici smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kao posljedicu bolesti razvio je trajne poteškoće s pamćenjem, posebno imena, što ga je pratilo tokom cijelog života.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je studirao [[Matematika|matematiku]], [[Fizika|fiziku]] i [[Hemija|hemiju]], s namjerom da postane [[inženjer]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /><ref name="Friedman_2002">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Howard S. |last2=Schustack |first2=Miriam W. |date=2002 |title=Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research |url=https://archive.org/details/personalityclass0000frie_h4n9 |edition=2. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-34805-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegov cilj bio je kvalifikovati se za studij rudarskog inženjerstva na drugoj visokoškolskoj ustanovi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon dvije godine provedene na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], Hull se preselio u [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing (Minnesota)]], gdje je radio kao pripravnik u rudarskom inženjerstvu.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Međutim, nakon samo dva mjeseca obolio je od [[poliomijelitis]]a, što je dovelo do trajne [[Paraliza|paralize]] jedne noge.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom jednogodišnjeg oporavka u roditeljskom domu bio je prisiljen preispitati vlastiti životni i profesionalni put.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> U tom periodu razmatrao je mogućnost da postane unitarijanski sveštenik, jer su mu bili privlačni filozofski usmjereni propovjednički govori karakteristični za [[unitarizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegovo interesovanje za [[Filozofija|filozofiju]] postepeno ga je usmjerilo prema [[Psihologija|psihologiji]], kojom se intenzivnije počeo baviti tokom oporavka.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Prve korake u psihologiji napravio je čitanjem djela ''The Principles of Psychology'' autora g [[William James|Williama Jamesa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Posebno interesovanje pokazivao je i za radove [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]] i [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]].<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se nastavničkom radu u rodnom kraju, u školi u kojoj je ranije predavao, a koja je u međuvremenu proširena s jedne na dvije učionice.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon dvije godine rada oženio se Berthom Iutzi, uprkos skromnim finansijskim mogućnostima.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon sklapanja braka, Hull i njegova supruga upisali su studij [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Univerzitet u Michiganu|Univerzitetu u Michiganu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Diplomirao je 1913.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Nakon što je predavao u [[Kentucky]]ju, Hull je prihvatio poziciju asistenta na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]] kako bi započeo postdiplomski studij pod mentorstvom [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom studija i asistentskog rada privatno je radio na istraživanju razvoja pojmova, što je kasnije postalo osnova njegove doktorske disertacije pod naslovom ″Kvantitativni aspekti razvoja pojmova″ ({{en|Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts}}).<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon stjecanja doktorata nastavio je raditi na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu Wisconsin]], prvo kao honorarni asistent, a potom kao redovni predavač, prije nego što je prešao na [[Univerzitet Yale]], gdje će ostvariti najznačajniji dio svoje naučne karijere.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Karijera == Godine 1929. Clark L. Hull je započeo rad na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je ostao do kraja života i radio kao profesor s najvišim univerzitetskim zvanjem ({{en|Sterling Professor}}). Pored drugih nastavnih obaveza, predavao je predmet iz psihološkog testiranja i mjerenja, u kojem je posebnu pažnju posvećivao matematičkim aspektima psihološke procjene. Zbog snažnog interesa za kvantitativne metode, preoblikovao je ovaj predmet u kurs sposobnosti i testiranja sklonosti, usmjeren na naučne osnove [[Profesionalna orijentacija|profesionalne orijentacije]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Istovremeno je radio na razvoju mehaničkog uređaja koji bi mogao automatski obavljati složene korelacijske proračune, čime je nastojao unaprijediti statističku obradu podataka u psihološkim istraživanjima. Nakon rada na području psihološkog testiranja, Hull je preuzeo i uvodni kurs psihologije za studente premedicinskih studija. Upravo tokom rada s tom grupom studenata razvio je snažno interesovanje za fenomene sugestije i [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], što je označilo početak njegovih eksperimentalnih istraživanja u toj oblasti. U tim istraživanjima posebno je insistirao na kvantitativnoj metodologiji, smatrajući da psihologija mora koristiti precizne eksperimentalne procedure kako bi ostvarila status prirodne nauke. Nakon gotovo deset godina intenzivnog istraživanja objavio je 1933. knjigu ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ ({{en|Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach}}), jedno od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon toga nastavio je razvijati [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalnu psihologiju]] kroz nastavu i istraživanja, uvjeren da upravo eksperimentalni pristup predstavlja osnovu naučne psihologije. Iste godine (1929) imenovan je istraživačkim profesorom psihologije na Institutu za psihologiju [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerziteta Yale]], gdje je započeo rad na problemima sistematske teorije ponašanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već 1930. formulisao je nekoliko osnovnih stavova o [[Psihologija|psihologiji]]: smatrao je da psihologija predstavlja istinsku prirodnu nauku, da se njene osnovne zakonitosti mogu izraziti kvantitativno pomoću ograničenog broja jednačina i da se složeni oblici ponašanja mogu objasniti kao izvedeni oblici tih osnovnih zakonitosti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zajedno sa saradnicima, među kojima su bili [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]] i [[Orval Hobart Mowrer]], razvijao je teorijske modele usmjerene na razumijevanje [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnih refleksa]] i ponašanja, nastojeći istovremeno povezati biheviorističke principe sa psihoanalitičkim idejama [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Ovaj teorijski i eksperimentalni rad doveo je do objavljivanja njegovog najpoznatijeg djela ″Principi ponašanja″ ({{en|Principles of Behavior}}) (1943), koje je postalo jedno od najutjecajnijih djela [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i teorije učenja u 20. vijeku. == Smrt == Clark L. Hull preminuo je 10. maja 1952. u [[New Havenu (Connecticut)|New Havenu]], u saveznoj državi [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Beach_1959">{{cite web |last=Beach |first=Frank A. |date=1959 |title=Clark Leonard Hull: 1884–1952 |url=https://www.appstate.edu/~steelekm/classes/psy5300/Documents/ClarkHullBio.pdf |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Istraživanja == Primarno naučno interesovanje Clarka L. Hulla bilo je usmjereno na teorije [[učenje|učenja]] i oblike [[ponašanje|ponašanja]] koji dovode do učenja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Većina njegovog istraživačkog rada bila je posvećena razvoju opće teorije učenja, a kao rezultat tog rada razvio je vlastitu teorijsku koncepciju poznatu kao ″[[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorija redukcije nagona]]″ ili ″sistematska teorija ponašanja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Pored istraživanja učenja, pokazivao je značajno interesovanje i za [[hipnoza|hipnozu]], iako to nije predstavljalo središnje područje njegovog naučnog rada. U istraživanjima hipnoze, kao i u razvoju teorije nagona, insistirao je na strogo kontrolisanim eksperimentalnim uslovima, nastojeći osigurati visoku metodološku preciznost.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Posebno je naglašavao važnost kvantitativnih podataka, smatrajući da numerička analiza omogućava preciznije tumačenje rezultata i smanjuje prostor za subjektivne interpretacije, koje su bile prisutne u ranijim istraživanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> === Testiranje sposobnosti === Hullovo interesovanje za [[psihološko testiranje]] razvilo se nakon što je preuzeo nastavu iz predmeta koji je prethodno predavao [[Daniel Starch]] na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegovo uključivanje u područje testiranja sposobnosti bilo je motivisano nezadovoljstvom tadašnjim testovima, koje je smatrao metodološki nedovoljno pouzdanim i upitne valjanosti.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Svoja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti sažeo je u knjizi ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ ({{en|Aptitude Testing}}) izdatoj 1928, u kojoj je analizirao probleme valjanosti testova i razvio postupke za konstrukciju skalarnih rezultata.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U okviru tog rada razvio je i vlastiti instrument za procjenu sposobnosti, poznat kao ″Wisconsin Lathe Test″.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kako bi olakšao obradu velikih količina podataka, konstruisao je računski uređaj namijenjen automatskoj izradi tabela korelacija među rezultatima testiranja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Uređaj je obrađivao podatke s bušenih kartica i automatski generisao korelacijske tabele, što predstavlja jedan od ranih pokušaja mehanizacije statističke obrade rezultata u psihologiji.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Ovo iskustvo kasnije je utjecalo na razvoj njegovih teorijskih modela u okviru [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iako je kasnije izgubio dio početnog entuzijazma za područje testiranja sposobnosti i usmjerio se prema drugim istraživačkim interesima, zadržao je trajan interes za pitanja individualnih razlika i [[Inteligencija|inteligencije]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tom kontekstu vodio je teorijske rasprave s [[Karl Lashley|Karlom Lashleyom]] o pitanju [[nasljeđivanje|nasljednosti]] inteligencije.<ref name="King_2009">{{cite book |last=King |first=D. Brett |last2=Viney |first2=Wayne |last3=Woody |first3=William Douglas |date=2009 |title=A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol0004king |edition=4. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-51213-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Hipnoza === Clark L. Hull često se smatra jednim od pionira savremenog naučnog proučavanja [[hipnoza|hipnoze]]. Za ovu oblast zainteresirao se nakon što je preuzeo premedicinski kurs psihologije od [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004">{{cite journal |last=Kihlstrom |first=John F. |date=2004 |title=Clark L. Hull, Hypnotist |url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/PDFs/2000s/2004/HullRetrospective.pdf |journal=Contemporary Psychology |volume=49 |issue=2 |doi=10.1037/004274 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegovo interesovanje dodatno je intenzivirano nakon što je uspio uvesti emocionalno uznemirenog studenta u hipnotički trans pomoću tzv. ″hipnotičkog kristala″, što ga je potaknulo na sistematsko istraživanje hipnoze i njenih mogućih medicinskih primjena.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Nezadovoljan dominantno nenaučnim pristupima u tadašnjim istraživanjima [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], Hull je nastojao uvesti strožiju metodološku disciplinu, zasnovanu na mjerenju ponašanja i eksperimentalnoj kontroli, umjesto oslanjanja na subjektivne iskaze ispitanika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Kao univerzitetski nastavnik podsticao je i svoje studente da provode istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, podučavajući ih tehnikama hipnotičkog indukovanja i eksperimentalnog rada.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Rezultat njegovih višegodišnjih istraživanja bila je knjiga ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost″ (1933), koja se smatra jednim od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi, zasnovanim na statističkoj i eksperimentalnoj analizi.<ref name="Grodner_Reid_2001">{{cite book |last=Grodner |first=Brian |last2=Reid |first2=David B. |date=2001 |title=Permanent Habit Control: Practitioner's Guide to Using Hypnosis and Other Alternative Health Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.kw/books?id=glNDDiaANa0C |location=New York |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8261-1384-9 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> U toj studiji Hull je pokazao da hipnoza nije isto što i san niti predstavlja stanje povezano sa spavanjem, čime je osporio tada rašireno uvjerenje da je hipnotičko stanje oblik sna.<ref name="Krout_1934">{{cite journal |last=Krout |first=Maurice H. |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0065370 |journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1037/h0065370 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegova istraživanja pokazala su da osobe pod hipnozom često iskazuju pojačanu budnost i osjetljivost, a ne pasivnost ili pospanost.<ref name="Krout_1934" /> Mnogi ispitanici izvještavali su o subjektivnom osjećaju pojačane perceptivne osjetljivosti i mentalne jasnoće, iako eksperimentalni podaci nisu pružili dovoljno dokaza da se takve promjene potvrde kao objektivno značajne.<ref name="Young_1934">{{cite journal |last=Young |first=Paul |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0066251 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1037/h0066251 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Centralno pitanje Hullovih istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje tačnosti tvrdnji hipnotizera o navodnim izuzetnim poboljšanjima [[kognicija|kognitivnih sposobnosti]] i osjetilne [[Percepcija|percepcije]] pod hipnozom. Njegovi nalazi pokazali su da između budnog i hipnotičkog stanja postoje relativno male razlike. Najizraženija razlika bila je povećana spremnost ispitanika u hipnotičkom stanju da odgovore na [[sugestija|sugestije]], kao i nešto izraženija mogućnost prisjećanja udaljenih događaja iz prošlosti.<ref name="Young_1934" /> Hullovi eksperimenti također su potvrdili postojanje nekih klasičnih fenomena povezanih s hipnozom, poput psihološki induciranog smanjenja bola i privremenog inhibiranja prisjećanja. Međutim, smatrao je da ti efekti ne zahtijevaju pretpostavku postojanja posebnog stanja svijesti, već se mogu objasniti djelovanjem [[sugestija|sugestije]] i [[Motivacija|motivacije]], što je kasnije snažno utjecalo na bihevioristički pristup proučavanju hipnoze. Njegova istraživanja pokazala su i da je moguće psihološkim putem izazvati umjerene promjene u fizičkim sposobnostima i pragovima osjetilne stimulacije, pri čemu su efekti smanjenja osjetljivosti na bol bili naročito izraženi. Nakon prelaska na [[Univerzitet Yale]], Hullov rad na hipnozi naišao je na značajan institucionalni otpor. Zabrinutost medicinskog fakulteta zbog mogućih opasnosti povezanih s hipnozom dovela je do toga da obustavi daljnja istraživanja u toj oblasti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> === Teorija ponašanja === Clark L. Hull razvio je vlastitu teoriju učenja pod snažnim utjecajem istraživanja [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]] o [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnim refleksima]] i biheviorističkog sistema [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]].<ref name="Hilgard_1977">{{cite book |last=Hilgard |first=Ernest R. |last2=Bower |first2=Gordon H. |date=1977 |title=Theories of Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198449 |edition=4. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Značajan utjecaj na njegovo teorijsko oblikovanje imao je i [[Edward Thorndike]], čiji je ″zakon efekta″ Hull uključio u vlastiti teorijski sistem.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Nakon upoznavanja s teorijama Pavlova, Watsona i Thorndikea, Hull je veliki dio svog [[Laboratorija|laboratorijskog]] rada posvetio razvoju vlastite teorije učenja. Mnogi eksperimenti koji su doprinijeli oblikovanju njegove teorije provedeni su i u okviru istraživanja njegovih studenata, inspirisanih njegovim seminarima i predavanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kvantifikacija je predstavljala osnovno metodološko opredjeljenje u Hullovom radu, a to opredjeljenje prenio je i na područje [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /> Iako je bio pod utjecajem Watsonovog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], nije ga prihvatio bez rezerve. Nakon što je prisustvovao predavanjima [[Kurt Koffka|Kurta Koffke]], jednog od predstavnika [[geštalt psihologija|geštalt psihologije]], usmjerio se prema razvoju vlastitog oblika neobiheviorizma.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov osnovni cilj bio je utvrditi opće zakonitosti ponašanja i razviti sistem koji bi omogućio predviđanje budućih oblika ponašanja na osnovu postojećih uslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iskustvo rada na mehaničkim uređajima za statističku obradu podataka dodatno ga je uvjerilo da se mentalni procesi mogu modelirati i objasniti mehanički, kroz precizne zakonitosti.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U svom najpoznatijem djelu ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), Hull je razvio model ponašanja zasnovan na matematičkom prikazu odnosa između [[Stimulus (psihologija)|podražaja]], navika, nagona i [[Motivacija|motivacije]].<ref name="Hull_1943">{{cite book |last=Hull |first=Clark L. |date=1943 |title=Principles of Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.205891 |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Osnovna formula njegovog modela bila je: _SE_R = _SH_R × D × V × K Gdje je: * _SE_R ekscitatorni potencijal (vjerovatnoća da će organizam proizvesti odgovor R na stimulus S), * _SH_R jačina navike (izvedena iz prethodnih pokušaja uslovljavanja), * D jačina nagonu slične potrebe (određena, npr. satima lišavanja hrane, vode itd.), * V dinamizam intenziteta stimulusa (neki stimulusi će imati veći utjecaj od drugih, kao što je osvjetljenje u određenoj situaciji), * K je motivacija (koliko je privlačan rezultat akcije).<ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Scriven_1961">{{cite book |last=Scriven |first=Michael |date=1961 |title=Psychology |chapter=An overview of stimulus-response reinforcement theory |location=Needham Heights |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |pages=321–329 |language=en}}</ref> Kasnije je model proširio dodatnim varijablama kako bi objasnio složenije obrasce ponašanja i faktore inhibicije: _SE_R = V x D x K x J x _SH_R - I_R - _SI_R - _SO_R - _SI_R tako da je: * I_R reaktivna inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom gubi), * _SI_R uslovljena inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom ne gubi).<ref name="Scriven_1961" /> _SL_R je prag reakcije, najmanja količina potkrepljenja koja će dovesti do učenja. Hull je prvobitno planirao napisati trilogiju knjiga o ponašanju, s namjerom da sistematski obradi socijalno i kognitivno ponašanje.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Međutim, umjesto toga posvetio se kontinuiranom revidiranju i proširivanju svog osnovnog teorijskog modela kako bi uključio nova eksperimentalna zapažanja i izuzetke.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U osnovi Hullove teorije nalazio se koncept [[navika (psihologija)|navike]], koju je definisao kao naučenu povezanost između [[podražaj (psihologija)|podražaja]] i odgovora.<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Prema njegovom modelu, ponašanje je usmjereno prema zadovoljenju primarnih nagona, kao što su glad, žeđ, seksualni nagon i izbjegavanje bola.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Njegova ″teorija redukcije nagona″ polazila je od pretpostavke da se navike formiraju kroz [[potkrepljenje]], odnosno kroz posljedice ponašanja koje smanjuju unutrašnju napetost izazvanu nagonom.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Kada određeno ponašanje dovede do zadovoljenja potrebe, smanjuje se nagon, a vjerovatnoća ponavljanja tog ponašanja raste. Hull je kasnije precizirao da se ne radi samo o ″potrebama″, nego i o specifičnim žudnjama ili unutrašnjim pobudama koje pokreću organizam na djelovanje.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Iako je Hullova teorija imala veliki utjecaj na razvoj [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] i teorije učenja, mnogi bihevioristi smatrali su njegov sistem previše složenim za praktičnu primjenu.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Zbog toga je njegov utjecaj kasnije djelimično potisnut jednostavnijim i operativno primjenjivijim modelima koje je razvio [[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Utjecaj == Godine 1936. Clark L. Hull, zajedno sa svojim studentima i saradnicima, pokrenuo je niz večernjih seminara koji su postali poznati kao ″Sastanci ponedjeljkom navečer″ ({{en|Monday Night Meetings}}). Na tim okupljanjima raspravljalo se o temama kao što su [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovni refleksi]], zakonitosti ponašanja i psihoanalitičke teorije [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]]. Ovi seminari ubrzo su stekli široku popularnost i okupljali ne samo [[Psiholog|psihologe]] nego i [[Sociologija|sociologe]] i [[Antropologija|antropologe]], a ponekad je prisustvovalo i do sedamdeset učesnika.<ref name="Beach_1959" /> U kasnijim godinama života, kada mu je zdravstveno stanje bilo narušeno, Hull se u eksperimentalnom radu u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na pomoć istraživačkih asistenata i volontera, koji su pomagali u provođenju eksperimenata i praćenju novih rasprava u [[Psihologija|psihologiji]] kojima više nije mogao lično prisustvovati. Hull je tokom 1940-ih i 1950-ih bio jedan od najcitiranijih psihologa svog vremena.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegova knjiga ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ (1928) dugo je služila kao standardni udžbenik u području psihološkog testiranja, dok je ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ (1933) predstavljala jedno od najutjecajnijih djela u eksperimentalnom proučavanju hipnoze. Njegovo najpoznatije djelo, ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), bilo je među najcitiranijim knjigama u psihologiji sredinom 20. vijeka.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tadašnjim pregledima [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] Hullov rad zauzimao je izuzetno istaknuto mjesto; u jednom izdanju ''Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' njegovi radovi bili su spomenuti na više od osamdeset stranica, što je bilo više nego kod bilo kojeg drugog savremenog autora.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U časopisima ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' i ''Psychological Review'' više od četrdeset posto bibliografskih jedinica sadržavalo je barem jedan njegov rad.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Hull je mentorisao i snažno utjecao na brojne studente i psihologe koji su kasnije razvili vlastite teorijske modele i ostvarili značajan doprinos psihologiji. Među njima se posebno izdvajaju [[Albert Bandura]], [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]], [[Kenneth Spence]] i [[Janet Taylor Spence]].<ref name="Beach_1959" /> [[John Dollard]] bio je profesor [[Antropologija|antropologije]], [[Psihologija|psihologije]] i [[Sociologija|sociologije]] na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], a zanimao se za proučavanje društvenih klasa i specifičnih iskustava učenja. [[Neal E. Miller]] studirao je pod Hullovim mentorstvom na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je i doktorirao. Miller je također osnovao Laboratoriju za fiziološku psihologiju na [[Univerzitet Rockefeller|Univerzitetu Rockefeller]] u [[New York|New Yorku]], gdje je provodio istraživanja o dresuri životinja, a taj rad pomogao je u razvoju [[Biofeedback|biofeedback]]a.<ref name="Coons_2002">{{cite journal |last=Coons |first=Edgar |date=2002 |title=Neal Elgar Miller (1909–2002) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232431150_Neal_Elgar_Miller_1909-2002 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=784–786 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.784 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Miller i Dollard sarađivali su na razvoju teorije socijalnog učenja koja je uspješno primijenjena u [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapiji]] i razumijevanju ponašanja. Millerova knjiga, ″Socijalno učenje i imitacija″ ({{en|Social Learning and Imitation}}), navodi četiri osnova neophodna za [[Operantno kondicioniranje|instrumentalno učenje]]. To su: nagon, znak, odgovor i nagrada, a zasnovani su na Hullovoj teoriji učenja o redukciji nagona.<ref name="Miller_Dollard_1941">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Neal E. |last2=Dollard |first2=John |date=1941 |title=Social Learning and Imitation |url=https://archive.org/details/sociallearningim00mill |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Icebreaker_Hull">{{cite web |title=Learning Theories – The Theory Into Practice Database: Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull) |url=https://icebreakerideas.com/learning-theories/#Drive_Reduction_Theory_C_Hull |website=IcebreakerIdeas |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koristili su konstrukt sličan Hullovoj teoriji, međutim, sugerisali su da bilo koji snažan [[Stimulus (psihologija)|stimulus]] može imati motivacijska svojstva ili svojstva nagona, a da pritom ne mora nužno biti vezan za biološku potrebu tog specifičnog organizma. Njihova knjiga, ''Personality and Psychotherapy'' (1950), smatra se vrlo značajnom jer je spojila Hullovu teoriju učenja s psihoanalizom i pomogla u postavljanju temelja razvoju [[Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija|kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije]].<ref name="Dollard_Miller_1950">{{cite book |last1=Dollard |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Neal E. |date=1950 |title=Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.2289personalityandpsychotherapy1950 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kenneth Spence]] bio je jedan od Hullovih najistaknutijih studenata. Razvio je i proširio Hullovu neobiheviorističku teoriju u model poznat kao Hull-Spenceova teorija uslovljavanja, učenja i motivacije.<ref name="Corsini_2010">{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Irving B. |last2=Craighead |first2=W. Edward |date=2010 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/corsiniencyclope0004unse |edition=4. |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ova teorija polazi od pretpostavke da ljudi uče povezivanjem podražaja i odgovora, dok potkrepljenje povećava vjerovatnoću ponavljanja naučenog ponašanja. Spence je dao značajan doprinos proučavanju motivacije i razvoju matematičkih modela procesa učenja, pri čemu je smatrao da poboljšanje izvođenja više zavisi od motivacijskih faktora nego od same snage navike, što je predstavljalo određeno odstupanje od Hullovog izvornog modela. [[Janet Taylor Spence]] započela je svoja istraživanja kao studentica [[Kenneth Spence|Kennetha Spencea]] na [[Univerzitet u Iowi|Univerzitetu u Iowi]], a kasnije je postala njegova supruga. Njena istraživanja bila su usmjerena na [[anksioznost]], koju je tumačila kao dispozicijsku osobinu i oblik nagona unutar Hullove motivacijske teorije.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004">{{cite journal |title=Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology: Janet Taylor Spence |date=2004 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=361–363 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.5.361 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-16479-007 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Razvila je i vlastiti instrument za mjerenje anksioznosti, poznat kao ″Taylorova skala manifestne anksioznosti″, koji je postao važan alat u psihološkim istraživanjima.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004" /> Kroz rad svojih studenata i saradnika, Hullov teorijski sistem nastavio je utjecati na razvoj teorija [[Učenje|učenja]], [[Motivacija|motivacije]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] dugo nakon njegove smrti. == Priznanja i počasti == Hull je tokom svoje karijere primio brojna priznanja naučnih i stručnih organizacija. Bio je predsjednik [[Američkog psihološkog udruženja|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] od 1935. do 1936.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Godine 1935. izabran je u [[Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka|Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka]], a 1936. i u [[Nacionalna akademija nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalnu akademiju nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]]. Godine 1945. dodijeljena mu je [[Howard C. Warren]] medalja od strane [[Društvo eksperimentalnih psihologa|Društva eksperimentalnih psihologa]].<ref name="Baker_Mahoney_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=David B. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Kevin T. |date=2005 |title=The Howard Crosby Warren Medal: Psychology's First Award |url=https://www.sepsych.org/documents/Baker-2005.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=459–468 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Naslijeđe == Hullove ideje bile su utjecajne dijelom i zbog njegovog obrazovanja u oblasti inženjerstva, što mu je omogućilo da matematičke i kvantitativne metode primijeni u psihologiji. Njegov pristup bio je u skladu s dominantnim naučnim razumijevanjem psihologije u prvoj polovini 20. vijeka, a snažno su na njega utjecali pioniri [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], među kojima su bili [[Edward Thorndike]], [[John B. Watson]] i [[Ivan Pavlov]]. Hull je dao značajan doprinos razumijevanju procesa potkrepljenja i učenja kroz razvoj formalizovanih matematičkih modela ponašanja. Njegov teorijski pristup [[Motivacija|motivaciji]] uključivao je kvantifikaciju pojma nagona, nastojeći pokazati da je snaga navike funkcija prethodnog potkrepljenja. Njegov savremenik [[Edward C. Tolman]] razvio je alternativnu teoriju učenja koja je bila konceptualno jednostavnija i logički preglednija. Tolman je zastupao stav da je ponašanje usmjereno prema cilju, a ne isključivo određeno nagonima i mehanizmima potkrepljenja. Kroz eksperimente s pacovima u labirintima pokazao je da se učenje može odvijati i bez neposrednog potkrepljenja i da je ponašanje bolje objasniti kroz ciljno usmjereno djelovanje i kognitivna očekivanja. Ovi nalazi predstavljali su ozbiljan izazov značajnom dijelu Hullove teorije učenja. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite journal |title=The Conflicting Psychologies of Learning: A Way Out |first=Clark L. |last=Hull |year=1935 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=491–516 |doi=10.1037/h0058665 |url=https://psychaanalyse.com/pdf/THE%20CONFLICTING%20PSYCHOLOGIES%20OF%20LEARNING%20AWAY%20OUT%20BY%20HULL%201935%20(23%20pages%20-%201,2%20Mo).pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Lemov |first=Rebecca |year=2005 |title=World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-8090-7464-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldaslaborator00lemo }} * {{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |year=1985 |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=978-0-306-42022-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/intrinsicmotivat0000deci }} * {{cite book |last1=Amsel |first1=Abram |last2=Rashotte |first2=Michael E. |year=1984 |title=Mechanisms of Adaptive Behavior: Clark L. Hull's Theoretical Papers, with Commentary |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-05904-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mechanismsofadap0000hull }} * {{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Clark L. |last2=Hovland |first2=Carl I. |last3=Ross |first3=Robert T. |last4=Hall |first4=Marshall |last5=Perkins |first5=Donald T. |last6=Fitch |first6=Frederic B. |year=1940 |title=Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning: A Study in Scientific Methodology |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-8371-3126-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicodeduc0000clar }} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hull-clark.pdf Biografski memoari Nacionalne akademije nauka Sjedinjenih američkih država] * [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0294 Dokumenti Clarka Leonarda Hulla (MS 294)]. Rukopisi i arhive, Biblioteka Univerziteta Yale. {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hull, Clark L.}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1884.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1952.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Akron (New York)]] [[Kategorija:Američki psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Bihevioralni psiholozi]] crwmaq27b03wms3z3dx9m5q9ynkftnb 3839597 3839596 2026-05-05T06:45:16Z AnToni 2325 3839597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Clark L. Hull | slika = Clark Leonard Hull.jpg | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Akron (New York)|Akron]], [[New York (savezna država)|New York]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1952|5|10|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_smrti = [[New Haven (Connecticut)|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | prebivalište = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | državljanstvo = Američko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Psihologija]] ([[Biheviorizam]], [[Eksperimentalna psihologija]]) | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] * [[Univerzitet Yale]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Michiganu]] * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] }} | doktorski_mentor = [[Joseph Jastrow]] | doktorski_studenti = {{Plainlist| * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] }} | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = {{Plainlist| * [[Albert Bandura]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] * [[John Dollard]] }} | uticali_na_njega = {{Plainlist| * [[Ivan Pavlov]] * [[Edward Thorndike]] * [[Charles Darwin]] }} | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|Teorija redukcije nagona]] * Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja * Hipoteza "gradijenta cilja" }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = Howard Crosby Warrenova medalja (1945) | religija = | fusnote = Predsjednik [[Američko psihološko udruženje|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] (APA) (1936) }} '''Clark Leonard Hull''' (24. maj 1884 – 10. maj 1952) bio je američki psiholog poznat po nastojanju da procese [[učenje|učenja]] i [[motivacija|motivacije]] objasni kroz naučno zasnovane zakonitosti [[ponašanje|ponašanja]]. Smatra se jednim od najistaknutijih predstavnika [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i jednom od centralnih ličnosti [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] prve polovine 20. vijeka. Posebno je poznat po svojim teorijskim raspravama sa [[Edward C. Tolman|Edwardom C. Tolmanom]], kao i po razvoju [[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorije redukcije nagona]], koja je imala snažan utjecaj na razumijevanje [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]]. Najveći dio svoje profesionalne karijere proveo je na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje ga je angažovao tadašnji predsjednik univerziteta i psiholog [[James Rowland Angell]]. Tokom rada na Yaleu provodio je eksperimentalna istraživanja kojima je nastojao pokazati da njegove teorije mogu precizno predviđati ponašanje organizama. Njegova najznačajnija djela su ″Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja napamet″ (1940) i ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), u kojima je razvio formalizovani sistem objašnjenja životinjskog učenja i [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovljavanja]], čime je njegova teorija postala dominantan teorijski okvir u proučavanju [[Učenje|učenja]] svog vremena. Hullov teorijski model bio je zasnovan na biološkim pretpostavkama: organizam doživljava deprivaciju, deprivacija stvara potrebu, potreba aktivira nagon, nagon pokreće ponašanje, ponašanje je usmjereno prema cilju, a ostvarenje cilja doprinosi preživljavanju. Ovaj model predstavljao je pokušaj povezivanja fizioloških procesa i ponašanja u jedinstven teorijski okvir. Posebno je poznat po formulaciji hipoteze ″gradijenta cilja″, prema kojoj organizmi ulažu nesrazmjerno veći napor kako se približavaju ostvarivanju cilja. Ovaj fenomen kasnije je potvrđen i u savremenim istraživanjima [[Kognitivna psihologija|kognitivne psihologije]], posebno u zadacima koji zahtijevaju visok nivo mentalnog napora. Iako je utjecaj klasičnog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] u savremenoj psihologiji znatno oslabljen,<ref name="Kivetz_2006">{{cite journal |last=Kivetz |first=Ran |last2=Urminsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Zheng |first3=Yuhuang |date=2006 |title=The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/ourminsky/Goal-Gradient_Illusionary_Goal_Progress.pdf |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1509/jmkr.43.1.39 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a neki aspekti Hullove teorije smatraju se prevaziđenim, njegov doprinos razvoju eksperimentalne psihologije i teorijskom razumijevanju [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]] ostaje značajan. U istraživanju objavljenom u časopisu ''American Psychological Association Review of General Psychology'' 2002, Hull je rangiran kao 21. najcitiraniji [[Psiholog|psiholog]] 20. vijeka.<ref name="Haggbloom_2002">{{cite journal |last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |date=2002 |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |s2cid=145668721 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rani život == Clark L. Hull rođen je 24. maja 1884. u brvnari u [[Akron (New York)|Akronu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952">{{cite book |editor-last=Langfeld |editor-first=Herbert S. |editor2-last=Boring |editor2-first=Edwin G. |editor3-last=Werner |editor3-first=Heinz |editor4-last=Yerkes |editor4-first=Robert M. |date=1952 |title=A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume IV |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol00unse |location=Worcester, Mass. |publisher=Clark University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hovland_1952">{{cite journal |last=Hovland |first=Carl I. |date=1952 |title=Clark Leonard Hull, 1884–1952 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0056239 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1037/h0056239 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kazdin_2000">{{cite book |editor-last=Kazdin |editor-first=Alan E. |date=2000 |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/168 |location=Washington, D.C. / New York |publisher=American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press |pages=168–170 |isbn=978-1-55798-653-5 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Odrastao je u porodici obilježenoj strogim porodičnim odnosima; njegov otac bio je poznat po nagloj i nasilnoj naravi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Otac mu je imao vrlo skromno formalno obrazovanje, a oženio je Hullovu majku, povučenu djevojku iz [[Connecticut]]a, kada je imala svega petnaest godina.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zbog teških životnih okolnosti i rada u djetinjstvu, Hullov otac nije naučio čitati sve do odraslog doba, kada ga je tome podučila supruga.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kada je Hull imao tri ili četiri godine, porodica se preselila na farmu u [[Michigan]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tamo je, zajedno sa mlađim bratom Wayneom, pomagao u održavanju farme obavljajući fizičke poslove i svakodnevne kućne obaveze.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Osnovno obrazovanje stekao je u maloj seoskoj školi s jednom učionicom u selu Sickels, koju je pohađalo između dvadeset i trideset učenika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Školu je često izostavljao kako bi pomagao u radu na farmi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već u ranom djetinjstvu pokazao je izraženu nadarenost za [[Matematika|matematiku]], dok mu je [[gramatika]] predstavljala veći izazov.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U dobi od jedanaest ili dvanaest godina bio je pod snažnim utjecajem vjerske skupine poznate kao ''Christian Crusaders'', što je privremeno oblikovalo njegov religijski svjetonazor.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> To iskustvo potaknulo ga je na preispitivanje vlastitih uvjerenja, nakon čega je kasnije potpuno napustio [[Religija|religiju]] i prihvatio [[ateizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Sa sedamnaest godina položio je ispit za učitelja i počeo raditi kao nastavnik u sličnoj maloj seoskoj školi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kombinacija lične religijske krize i iskustva u podučavanju motivisala ga je da nastavi vlastito obrazovanje.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Pohađao je srednju školu u zapadnom dijelu [[Saginaw County]]ja, gdje je živio u kući školskog nadzornika u zamjenu za obavljanje kućnih poslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov otvoreni ateizam gotovo je doveo do toga da bude izbačen iz doma, ali je supruga nadzornika intervenisala i omogućila mu da ostane.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon završetka srednje škole napustio je domaćinstvo nadzornika, ali je s njim ostao u kontaktu do njegove smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> == Univerzitetsko obrazovanje == Nakon završetka srednje škole, Clark L. Hull upisao je [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je nastavio obrazovanje i pokazao posebno izražene sposobnosti u matematici, naročito u [[Geometrija|geometriji]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Upravo ga je interes za geometriju potaknuo na razmišljanje o tome kako ljudski um stvara nove veze na osnovu prethodno stečenog znanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom boravka na Alma Academy upoznao se s djelima [[Baruch Spinoza|Barucha Spinoze]], čijim se filozofskim idejama divio, iako se kasnije s mnogima od njih nije slagao.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Neposredno pred završetak školovanja prisustvovao je svečanom banketu na kojem se otrovao kontaminiranom hranom i obolio od teškog oblika [[tifus]]a, što je odgodilo njegov povratak studijama.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom [[Epidemija|epidemije]] mnogi su izgubili život, a i sam Hull bio je na ivici smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kao posljedicu bolesti razvio je trajne poteškoće s pamćenjem, posebno imena, što ga je pratilo tokom cijelog života.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je studirao [[Matematika|matematiku]], [[Fizika|fiziku]] i [[Hemija|hemiju]], s namjerom da postane [[inženjer]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /><ref name="Friedman_2002">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Howard S. |last2=Schustack |first2=Miriam W. |date=2002 |title=Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research |url=https://archive.org/details/personalityclass0000frie_h4n9 |edition=2. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-34805-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegov cilj bio je kvalifikovati se za studij rudarskog inženjerstva na drugoj visokoškolskoj ustanovi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon dvije godine provedene na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], Hull se preselio u [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing (Minnesota)]], gdje je radio kao pripravnik u rudarskom inženjerstvu.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Međutim, nakon samo dva mjeseca obolio je od [[poliomijelitis]]a, što je dovelo do trajne [[Paraliza|paralize]] jedne noge.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom jednogodišnjeg oporavka u roditeljskom domu bio je prisiljen preispitati vlastiti životni i profesionalni put.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> U tom periodu razmatrao je mogućnost da postane unitarijanski sveštenik, jer su mu bili privlačni filozofski usmjereni propovjednički govori karakteristični za [[unitarizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegovo interesovanje za [[Filozofija|filozofiju]] postepeno ga je usmjerilo prema [[Psihologija|psihologiji]], kojom se intenzivnije počeo baviti tokom oporavka.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Prve korake u psihologiji napravio je čitanjem djela ''The Principles of Psychology'' autora g [[William James|Williama Jamesa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Posebno interesovanje pokazivao je i za radove [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]] i [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]].<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se nastavničkom radu u rodnom kraju, u školi u kojoj je ranije predavao, a koja je u međuvremenu proširena s jedne na dvije učionice.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon dvije godine rada oženio se Berthom Iutzi, uprkos skromnim finansijskim mogućnostima.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon sklapanja braka, Hull i njegova supruga upisali su studij [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Univerzitet u Michiganu|Univerzitetu u Michiganu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Diplomirao je 1913.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Nakon što je predavao u [[Kentucky]]ju, Hull je prihvatio poziciju asistenta na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]] kako bi započeo postdiplomski studij pod mentorstvom [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom studija i asistentskog rada privatno je radio na istraživanju razvoja pojmova, što je kasnije postalo osnova njegove doktorske disertacije pod naslovom ″Kvantitativni aspekti razvoja pojmova″ ({{en|Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts}}).<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon stjecanja doktorata nastavio je raditi na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu Wisconsin]], prvo kao honorarni asistent, a potom kao redovni predavač, prije nego što je prešao na [[Univerzitet Yale]], gdje će ostvariti najznačajniji dio svoje naučne karijere.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Karijera == Godine 1929. Clark L. Hull je započeo rad na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je ostao do kraja života i radio kao profesor s najvišim univerzitetskim zvanjem ({{en|Sterling Professor}}). Pored drugih nastavnih obaveza, predavao je predmet iz psihološkog testiranja i mjerenja, u kojem je posebnu pažnju posvećivao matematičkim aspektima psihološke procjene. Zbog snažnog interesa za kvantitativne metode, preoblikovao je ovaj predmet u kurs sposobnosti i testiranja sklonosti, usmjeren na naučne osnove [[Profesionalna orijentacija|profesionalne orijentacije]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Istovremeno je radio na razvoju mehaničkog uređaja koji bi mogao automatski obavljati složene korelacijske proračune, čime je nastojao unaprijediti statističku obradu podataka u psihološkim istraživanjima. Nakon rada na području psihološkog testiranja, Hull je preuzeo i uvodni kurs psihologije za studente premedicinskih studija. Upravo tokom rada s tom grupom studenata razvio je snažno interesovanje za fenomene sugestije i [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], što je označilo početak njegovih eksperimentalnih istraživanja u toj oblasti. U tim istraživanjima posebno je insistirao na kvantitativnoj metodologiji, smatrajući da psihologija mora koristiti precizne eksperimentalne procedure kako bi ostvarila status prirodne nauke. Nakon gotovo deset godina intenzivnog istraživanja objavio je 1933. knjigu ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ ({{en|Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach}}), jedno od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon toga nastavio je razvijati [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalnu psihologiju]] kroz nastavu i istraživanja, uvjeren da upravo eksperimentalni pristup predstavlja osnovu naučne psihologije. Iste godine (1929) imenovan je istraživačkim profesorom psihologije na Institutu za psihologiju [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerziteta Yale]], gdje je započeo rad na problemima sistematske teorije ponašanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već 1930. formulisao je nekoliko osnovnih stavova o [[Psihologija|psihologiji]]: smatrao je da psihologija predstavlja istinsku prirodnu nauku, da se njene osnovne zakonitosti mogu izraziti kvantitativno pomoću ograničenog broja jednačina i da se složeni oblici ponašanja mogu objasniti kao izvedeni oblici tih osnovnih zakonitosti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zajedno sa saradnicima, među kojima su bili [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]] i [[Orval Hobart Mowrer]], razvijao je teorijske modele usmjerene na razumijevanje [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnih refleksa]] i ponašanja, nastojeći istovremeno povezati biheviorističke principe sa psihoanalitičkim idejama [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Ovaj teorijski i eksperimentalni rad doveo je do objavljivanja njegovog najpoznatijeg djela ″Principi ponašanja″ ({{en|Principles of Behavior}}) (1943), koje je postalo jedno od najutjecajnijih djela [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i teorije učenja u 20. vijeku. == Smrt == Clark L. Hull preminuo je 10. maja 1952. u [[New Havenu (Connecticut)|New Havenu]], u saveznoj državi [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Beach_1959">{{cite web |last=Beach |first=Frank A. |date=1959 |title=Clark Leonard Hull: 1884–1952 |url=https://www.appstate.edu/~steelekm/classes/psy5300/Documents/ClarkHullBio.pdf |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Istraživanja == Primarno naučno interesovanje Clarka L. Hulla bilo je usmjereno na teorije [[učenje|učenja]] i oblike [[ponašanje|ponašanja]] koji dovode do učenja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Većina njegovog istraživačkog rada bila je posvećena razvoju opće teorije učenja, a kao rezultat tog rada razvio je vlastitu teorijsku koncepciju poznatu kao ″[[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorija redukcije nagona]]″ ili ″sistematska teorija ponašanja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Pored istraživanja učenja, pokazivao je značajno interesovanje i za [[hipnoza|hipnozu]], iako to nije predstavljalo središnje područje njegovog naučnog rada. U istraživanjima hipnoze, kao i u razvoju teorije nagona, insistirao je na strogo kontrolisanim eksperimentalnim uslovima, nastojeći osigurati visoku metodološku preciznost.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Posebno je naglašavao važnost kvantitativnih podataka, smatrajući da numerička analiza omogućava preciznije tumačenje rezultata i smanjuje prostor za subjektivne interpretacije, koje su bile prisutne u ranijim istraživanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> === Testiranje sposobnosti === Hullovo interesovanje za [[psihološko testiranje]] razvilo se nakon što je preuzeo nastavu iz predmeta koji je prethodno predavao [[Daniel Starch]] na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegovo uključivanje u područje testiranja sposobnosti bilo je motivisano nezadovoljstvom tadašnjim testovima, koje je smatrao metodološki nedovoljno pouzdanim i upitne valjanosti.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Svoja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti sažeo je u knjizi ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ ({{en|Aptitude Testing}}) izdatoj 1928, u kojoj je analizirao probleme valjanosti testova i razvio postupke za konstrukciju skalarnih rezultata.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U okviru tog rada razvio je i vlastiti instrument za procjenu sposobnosti, poznat kao ″Wisconsin Lathe Test″.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kako bi olakšao obradu velikih količina podataka, konstruisao je računski uređaj namijenjen automatskoj izradi tabela korelacija među rezultatima testiranja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Uređaj je obrađivao podatke s bušenih kartica i automatski generisao korelacijske tabele, što predstavlja jedan od ranih pokušaja mehanizacije statističke obrade rezultata u psihologiji.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Ovo iskustvo kasnije je utjecalo na razvoj njegovih teorijskih modela u okviru [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iako je kasnije izgubio dio početnog entuzijazma za područje testiranja sposobnosti i usmjerio se prema drugim istraživačkim interesima, zadržao je trajan interes za pitanja individualnih razlika i [[Inteligencija|inteligencije]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tom kontekstu vodio je teorijske rasprave s [[Karl Lashley|Karlom Lashleyom]] o pitanju [[nasljeđivanje|nasljednosti]] inteligencije.<ref name="King_2009">{{cite book |last=King |first=D. Brett |last2=Viney |first2=Wayne |last3=Woody |first3=William Douglas |date=2009 |title=A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol0004king |edition=4. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-51213-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Hipnoza === Clark L. Hull često se smatra jednim od pionira savremenog naučnog proučavanja [[hipnoza|hipnoze]]. Za ovu oblast zainteresirao se nakon što je preuzeo premedicinski kurs psihologije od [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004">{{cite journal |last=Kihlstrom |first=John F. |date=2004 |title=Clark L. Hull, Hypnotist |url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/PDFs/2000s/2004/HullRetrospective.pdf |journal=Contemporary Psychology |volume=49 |issue=2 |doi=10.1037/004274 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegovo interesovanje dodatno je intenzivirano nakon što je uspio uvesti emocionalno uznemirenog studenta u hipnotički trans pomoću tzv. ″hipnotičkog kristala″, što ga je potaknulo na sistematsko istraživanje hipnoze i njenih mogućih medicinskih primjena.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Nezadovoljan dominantno nenaučnim pristupima u tadašnjim istraživanjima [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], Hull je nastojao uvesti strožiju metodološku disciplinu, zasnovanu na mjerenju ponašanja i eksperimentalnoj kontroli, umjesto oslanjanja na subjektivne iskaze ispitanika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Kao univerzitetski nastavnik podsticao je i svoje studente da provode istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, podučavajući ih tehnikama hipnotičkog indukovanja i eksperimentalnog rada.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Rezultat njegovih višegodišnjih istraživanja bila je knjiga ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost″ (1933), koja se smatra jednim od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi, zasnovanim na statističkoj i eksperimentalnoj analizi.<ref name="Grodner_Reid_2001">{{cite book |last=Grodner |first=Brian |last2=Reid |first2=David B. |date=2001 |title=Permanent Habit Control: Practitioner's Guide to Using Hypnosis and Other Alternative Health Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.kw/books?id=glNDDiaANa0C |location=New York |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8261-1384-9 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> U toj studiji Hull je pokazao da hipnoza nije isto što i san niti predstavlja stanje povezano sa spavanjem, čime je osporio tada rašireno uvjerenje da je hipnotičko stanje oblik sna.<ref name="Krout_1934">{{cite journal |last=Krout |first=Maurice H. |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0065370 |journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1037/h0065370 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegova istraživanja pokazala su da osobe pod hipnozom često iskazuju pojačanu budnost i osjetljivost, a ne pasivnost ili pospanost.<ref name="Krout_1934" /> Mnogi ispitanici izvještavali su o subjektivnom osjećaju pojačane perceptivne osjetljivosti i mentalne jasnoće, iako eksperimentalni podaci nisu pružili dovoljno dokaza da se takve promjene potvrde kao objektivno značajne.<ref name="Young_1934">{{cite journal |last=Young |first=Paul |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0066251 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1037/h0066251 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Centralno pitanje Hullovih istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje tačnosti tvrdnji hipnotizera o navodnim izuzetnim poboljšanjima [[kognicija|kognitivnih sposobnosti]] i osjetilne [[Percepcija|percepcije]] pod hipnozom. Njegovi nalazi pokazali su da između budnog i hipnotičkog stanja postoje relativno male razlike. Najizraženija razlika bila je povećana spremnost ispitanika u hipnotičkom stanju da odgovore na [[sugestija|sugestije]], kao i nešto izraženija mogućnost prisjećanja udaljenih događaja iz prošlosti.<ref name="Young_1934" /> Hullovi eksperimenti također su potvrdili postojanje nekih klasičnih fenomena povezanih s hipnozom, poput psihološki induciranog smanjenja bola i privremenog inhibiranja prisjećanja. Međutim, smatrao je da ti efekti ne zahtijevaju pretpostavku postojanja posebnog stanja svijesti, već se mogu objasniti djelovanjem [[sugestija|sugestije]] i [[Motivacija|motivacije]], što je kasnije snažno utjecalo na bihevioristički pristup proučavanju hipnoze. Njegova istraživanja pokazala su i da je moguće psihološkim putem izazvati umjerene promjene u fizičkim sposobnostima i pragovima osjetilne stimulacije, pri čemu su efekti smanjenja osjetljivosti na bol bili naročito izraženi. Nakon prelaska na [[Univerzitet Yale]], Hullov rad na hipnozi naišao je na značajan institucionalni otpor. Zabrinutost medicinskog fakulteta zbog mogućih opasnosti povezanih s hipnozom dovela je do toga da obustavi daljnja istraživanja u toj oblasti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> === Teorija ponašanja === Clark L. Hull razvio je vlastitu teoriju učenja pod snažnim utjecajem istraživanja [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]] o [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnim refleksima]] i biheviorističkog sistema [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]].<ref name="Hilgard_1977">{{cite book |last=Hilgard |first=Ernest R. |last2=Bower |first2=Gordon H. |date=1977 |title=Theories of Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198449 |edition=4. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Značajan utjecaj na njegovo teorijsko oblikovanje imao je i [[Edward Thorndike]], čiji je ″zakon efekta″ Hull uključio u vlastiti teorijski sistem.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Nakon upoznavanja s teorijama Pavlova, Watsona i Thorndikea, Hull je veliki dio svog [[Laboratorija|laboratorijskog]] rada posvetio razvoju vlastite teorije učenja. Mnogi eksperimenti koji su doprinijeli oblikovanju njegove teorije provedeni su i u okviru istraživanja njegovih studenata, inspirisanih njegovim seminarima i predavanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kvantifikacija je predstavljala osnovno metodološko opredjeljenje u Hullovom radu, a to opredjeljenje prenio je i na područje [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /> Iako je bio pod utjecajem Watsonovog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], nije ga prihvatio bez rezerve. Nakon što je prisustvovao predavanjima [[Kurt Koffka|Kurta Koffke]], jednog od predstavnika [[geštalt psihologija|geštalt psihologije]], usmjerio se prema razvoju vlastitog oblika neobiheviorizma.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov osnovni cilj bio je utvrditi opće zakonitosti ponašanja i razviti sistem koji bi omogućio predviđanje budućih oblika ponašanja na osnovu postojećih uslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iskustvo rada na mehaničkim uređajima za statističku obradu podataka dodatno ga je uvjerilo da se mentalni procesi mogu modelirati i objasniti mehanički, kroz precizne zakonitosti.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U svom najpoznatijem djelu ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), Hull je razvio model ponašanja zasnovan na matematičkom prikazu odnosa između [[Stimulus (psihologija)|podražaja]], navika, nagona i [[Motivacija|motivacije]].<ref name="Hull_1943">{{cite book |last=Hull |first=Clark L. |date=1943 |title=Principles of Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.205891 |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Osnovna formula njegovog modela bila je: _SE_R = _SH_R × D × V × K Gdje je: * _SE_R ekscitatorni potencijal (vjerovatnoća da će organizam proizvesti odgovor R na stimulus S), * _SH_R jačina navike (izvedena iz prethodnih pokušaja uslovljavanja), * D jačina nagonu slične potrebe (određena, npr. satima lišavanja hrane, vode itd.), * V dinamizam intenziteta stimulusa (neki stimulusi će imati veći utjecaj od drugih, kao što je osvjetljenje u određenoj situaciji), * K je motivacija (koliko je privlačan rezultat akcije).<ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Scriven_1961">{{cite book |last=Scriven |first=Michael |date=1961 |title=Psychology |chapter=An overview of stimulus-response reinforcement theory |location=Needham Heights |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |pages=321–329 |language=en}}</ref> Kasnije je model proširio dodatnim varijablama kako bi objasnio složenije obrasce ponašanja i faktore inhibicije: _SE_R = V x D x K x J x _SH_R - I_R - _SI_R - _SO_R - _SI_R tako da je: * I_R reaktivna inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom gubi), * _SI_R uslovljena inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom ne gubi).<ref name="Scriven_1961" /> _SL_R je prag reakcije, najmanja količina potkrepljenja koja će dovesti do učenja. Hull je prvobitno planirao napisati trilogiju knjiga o ponašanju, s namjerom da sistematski obradi socijalno i kognitivno ponašanje.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Međutim, umjesto toga posvetio se kontinuiranom revidiranju i proširivanju svog osnovnog teorijskog modela kako bi uključio nova eksperimentalna zapažanja i izuzetke.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U osnovi Hullove teorije nalazio se koncept [[navika (psihologija)|navike]], koju je definisao kao naučenu povezanost između [[podražaj (psihologija)|podražaja]] i odgovora.<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Prema njegovom modelu, ponašanje je usmjereno prema zadovoljenju primarnih nagona, kao što su glad, žeđ, seksualni nagon i izbjegavanje bola.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Njegova ″teorija redukcije nagona″ polazila je od pretpostavke da se navike formiraju kroz [[potkrepljenje]], odnosno kroz posljedice ponašanja koje smanjuju unutrašnju napetost izazvanu nagonom.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Kada određeno ponašanje dovede do zadovoljenja potrebe, smanjuje se nagon, a vjerovatnoća ponavljanja tog ponašanja raste. Hull je kasnije precizirao da se ne radi samo o ″potrebama″, nego i o specifičnim žudnjama ili unutrašnjim pobudama koje pokreću organizam na djelovanje.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Iako je Hullova teorija imala veliki utjecaj na razvoj [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] i teorije učenja, mnogi bihevioristi smatrali su njegov sistem previše složenim za praktičnu primjenu.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Zbog toga je njegov utjecaj kasnije djelimično potisnut jednostavnijim i operativno primjenjivijim modelima koje je razvio [[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Utjecaj == Godine 1936. Clark L. Hull, zajedno sa svojim studentima i saradnicima, pokrenuo je niz večernjih seminara koji su postali poznati kao ″Sastanci ponedjeljkom navečer″ ({{en|Monday Night Meetings}}). Na tim okupljanjima raspravljalo se o temama kao što su [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovni refleksi]], zakonitosti ponašanja i psihoanalitičke teorije [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]]. Ovi seminari ubrzo su stekli široku popularnost i okupljali ne samo [[Psiholog|psihologe]] nego i [[Sociologija|sociologe]] i [[Antropologija|antropologe]], a ponekad je prisustvovalo i do sedamdeset učesnika.<ref name="Beach_1959" /> U kasnijim godinama života, kada mu je zdravstveno stanje bilo narušeno, Hull se u eksperimentalnom radu u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na pomoć istraživačkih asistenata i volontera, koji su pomagali u provođenju eksperimenata i praćenju novih rasprava u [[Psihologija|psihologiji]] kojima više nije mogao lično prisustvovati. Hull je tokom 1940-ih i 1950-ih bio jedan od najcitiranijih psihologa svog vremena.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegova knjiga ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ (1928) dugo je služila kao standardni udžbenik u području psihološkog testiranja, dok je ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ (1933) predstavljala jedno od najutjecajnijih djela u eksperimentalnom proučavanju hipnoze. Njegovo najpoznatije djelo, ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), bilo je među najcitiranijim knjigama u psihologiji sredinom 20. vijeka.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tadašnjim pregledima [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] Hullov rad zauzimao je izuzetno istaknuto mjesto; u jednom izdanju ''Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' njegovi radovi bili su spomenuti na više od osamdeset stranica, što je bilo više nego kod bilo kojeg drugog savremenog autora.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U časopisima ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' i ''Psychological Review'' više od četrdeset posto bibliografskih jedinica sadržavalo je barem jedan njegov rad.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Hull je mentorisao i snažno utjecao na brojne studente i psihologe koji su kasnije razvili vlastite teorijske modele i ostvarili značajan doprinos psihologiji. Među njima se posebno izdvajaju [[Albert Bandura]], [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]], [[Kenneth Spence]] i [[Janet Taylor Spence]].<ref name="Beach_1959" /> [[John Dollard]] bio je profesor [[Antropologija|antropologije]], [[Psihologija|psihologije]] i [[Sociologija|sociologije]] na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], a zanimao se za proučavanje društvenih klasa i specifičnih iskustava učenja. [[Neal E. Miller]] studirao je pod Hullovim mentorstvom na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je i doktorirao. Miller je također osnovao Laboratoriju za fiziološku psihologiju na [[Univerzitet Rockefeller|Univerzitetu Rockefeller]] u [[New York|New Yorku]], gdje je provodio istraživanja o dresuri životinja, a taj rad pomogao je u razvoju [[Biofeedback|biofeedback]]a.<ref name="Coons_2002">{{cite journal |last=Coons |first=Edgar |date=2002 |title=Neal Elgar Miller (1909–2002) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232431150_Neal_Elgar_Miller_1909-2002 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=784–786 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.784 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Miller i Dollard sarađivali su na razvoju teorije socijalnog učenja koja je uspješno primijenjena u [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapiji]] i razumijevanju ponašanja. Millerova knjiga, ″Socijalno učenje i imitacija″ ({{en|Social Learning and Imitation}}), navodi četiri osnova neophodna za [[Operantno kondicioniranje|instrumentalno učenje]]. To su: nagon, znak, odgovor i nagrada, a zasnovani su na Hullovoj teoriji učenja o redukciji nagona.<ref name="Miller_Dollard_1941">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Neal E. |last2=Dollard |first2=John |date=1941 |title=Social Learning and Imitation |url=https://archive.org/details/sociallearningim00mill |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Icebreaker_Hull">{{cite web |title=Learning Theories – The Theory Into Practice Database: Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull) |url=https://icebreakerideas.com/learning-theories/#Drive_Reduction_Theory_C_Hull |website=IcebreakerIdeas |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koristili su konstrukt sličan Hullovoj teoriji, međutim, sugerisali su da bilo koji snažan [[Stimulus (psihologija)|stimulus]] može imati motivacijska svojstva ili svojstva nagona, a da pritom ne mora nužno biti vezan za biološku potrebu tog specifičnog organizma. Njihova knjiga, ''Personality and Psychotherapy'' (1950), smatra se vrlo značajnom jer je spojila Hullovu teoriju učenja s psihoanalizom i pomogla u postavljanju temelja razvoju [[Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija|kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije]].<ref name="Dollard_Miller_1950">{{cite book |last1=Dollard |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Neal E. |date=1950 |title=Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.2289personalityandpsychotherapy1950 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kenneth Spence]] bio je jedan od Hullovih najistaknutijih studenata. Razvio je i proširio Hullovu neobiheviorističku teoriju u model poznat kao Hull-Spenceova teorija uslovljavanja, učenja i motivacije.<ref name="Corsini_2010">{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Irving B. |last2=Craighead |first2=W. Edward |date=2010 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/corsiniencyclope0004unse |edition=4. |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ova teorija polazi od pretpostavke da ljudi uče povezivanjem podražaja i odgovora, dok potkrepljenje povećava vjerovatnoću ponavljanja naučenog ponašanja. Spence je dao značajan doprinos proučavanju motivacije i razvoju matematičkih modela procesa učenja, pri čemu je smatrao da poboljšanje izvođenja više zavisi od motivacijskih faktora nego od same snage navike, što je predstavljalo određeno odstupanje od Hullovog izvornog modela. [[Janet Taylor Spence]] započela je svoja istraživanja kao studentica [[Kenneth Spence|Kennetha Spencea]] na [[Univerzitet u Iowi|Univerzitetu u Iowi]], a kasnije je postala njegova supruga. Njena istraživanja bila su usmjerena na [[anksioznost]], koju je tumačila kao dispozicijsku osobinu i oblik nagona unutar Hullove motivacijske teorije.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004">{{cite journal |title=Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology: Janet Taylor Spence |date=2004 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=361–363 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.5.361 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-16479-007 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Razvila je i vlastiti instrument za mjerenje anksioznosti, poznat kao ″Taylorova skala manifestne anksioznosti″, koji je postao važan alat u psihološkim istraživanjima.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004" /> Kroz rad svojih studenata i saradnika, Hullov teorijski sistem nastavio je utjecati na razvoj teorija [[Učenje|učenja]], [[Motivacija|motivacije]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] dugo nakon njegove smrti. == Priznanja i počasti == Hull je tokom svoje karijere primio brojna priznanja naučnih i stručnih organizacija. Bio je predsjednik [[Američkog psihološkog udruženja|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] od 1935. do 1936.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Godine 1935. izabran je u [[Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka|Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka]], a 1936. i u [[Nacionalna akademija nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalnu akademiju nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]]. Godine 1945. dodijeljena mu je [[Howard C. Warren]] medalja od strane [[Društvo eksperimentalnih psihologa|Društva eksperimentalnih psihologa]].<ref name="Baker_Mahoney_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=David B. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Kevin T. |date=2005 |title=The Howard Crosby Warren Medal: Psychology's First Award |url=https://www.sepsych.org/documents/Baker-2005.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=459–468 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Naslijeđe == Hullove ideje bile su utjecajne dijelom i zbog njegovog obrazovanja u oblasti inženjerstva, što mu je omogućilo da matematičke i kvantitativne metode primijeni u psihologiji. Njegov pristup bio je u skladu s dominantnim naučnim razumijevanjem psihologije u prvoj polovini 20. vijeka, a snažno su na njega utjecali pioniri [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], među kojima su bili [[Edward Thorndike]], [[John B. Watson]] i [[Ivan Pavlov]]. Hull je dao značajan doprinos razumijevanju procesa potkrepljenja i učenja kroz razvoj formalizovanih matematičkih modela ponašanja. Njegov teorijski pristup [[Motivacija|motivaciji]] uključivao je kvantifikaciju pojma nagona, nastojeći pokazati da je snaga navike funkcija prethodnog potkrepljenja. Njegov savremenik [[Edward C. Tolman]] razvio je alternativnu teoriju učenja koja je bila konceptualno jednostavnija i logički preglednija. Tolman je zastupao stav da je ponašanje usmjereno prema cilju, a ne isključivo određeno nagonima i mehanizmima potkrepljenja. Kroz eksperimente s pacovima u labirintima pokazao je da se učenje može odvijati i bez neposrednog potkrepljenja i da je ponašanje bolje objasniti kroz ciljno usmjereno djelovanje i kognitivna očekivanja. Ovi nalazi predstavljali su ozbiljan izazov značajnom dijelu Hullove teorije učenja. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite journal |title=The Conflicting Psychologies of Learning: A Way Out |first=Clark L. |last=Hull |year=1935 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=491–516 |doi=10.1037/h0058665 |url=https://psychaanalyse.com/pdf/THE%20CONFLICTING%20PSYCHOLOGIES%20OF%20LEARNING%20AWAY%20OUT%20BY%20HULL%201935%20(23%20pages%20-%201,2%20Mo).pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Lemov |first=Rebecca |year=2005 |title=World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-8090-7464-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldaslaborator00lemo }} * {{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |year=1985 |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=978-0-306-42022-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/intrinsicmotivat0000deci }} * {{cite book |last1=Amsel |first1=Abram |last2=Rashotte |first2=Michael E. |year=1984 |title=Mechanisms of Adaptive Behavior: Clark L. Hull's Theoretical Papers, with Commentary |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-05904-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mechanismsofadap0000hull }} * {{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Clark L. |last2=Hovland |first2=Carl I. |last3=Ross |first3=Robert T. |last4=Hall |first4=Marshall |last5=Perkins |first5=Donald T. |last6=Fitch |first6=Frederic B. |year=1940 |title=Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning: A Study in Scientific Methodology |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-8371-3126-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicodeduc0000clar }} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hull-clark.pdf Biografski memoari Nacionalne akademije nauka Sjedinjenih američkih država] * [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0294 Dokumenti Clarka Leonarda Hulla (MS 294)]. Rukopisi i arhive, Biblioteka Univerziteta Yale. {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hull, Clark L.}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1884.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1952.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Akron (New York)]] [[Kategorija:Američki psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Bihevioralni psiholozi]] 5qxu400c32rasrwrtgfh3osc3f03uem 3839598 3839597 2026-05-05T06:46:11Z AnToni 2325 /* Smrt */ 3839598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Clark L. Hull | slika = Clark Leonard Hull.jpg | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Akron (New York)|Akron]], [[New York (savezna država)|New York]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1952|5|10|1884|5|24}} | mjesto_smrti = [[New Haven (Connecticut)|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | prebivalište = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] | državljanstvo = Američko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Psihologija]] ([[Biheviorizam]], [[Eksperimentalna psihologija]]) | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] * [[Univerzitet Yale]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Michiganu]] * [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitet u Wisconsinu]] }} | doktorski_mentor = [[Joseph Jastrow]] | doktorski_studenti = {{Plainlist| * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] }} | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = {{Plainlist| * [[Albert Bandura]] * [[Kenneth Spence]] * [[Carl Hovland]] * [[Neal E. Miller]] * [[John Dollard]] }} | uticali_na_njega = {{Plainlist| * [[Ivan Pavlov]] * [[Edward Thorndike]] * [[Charles Darwin]] }} | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|Teorija redukcije nagona]] * Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja * Hipoteza "gradijenta cilja" }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = Howard Crosby Warrenova medalja (1945) | religija = | fusnote = Predsjednik [[Američko psihološko udruženje|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] (APA) (1936) }} '''Clark Leonard Hull''' (24. maj 1884 – 10. maj 1952) bio je američki psiholog poznat po nastojanju da procese [[učenje|učenja]] i [[motivacija|motivacije]] objasni kroz naučno zasnovane zakonitosti [[ponašanje|ponašanja]]. Smatra se jednim od najistaknutijih predstavnika [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i jednom od centralnih ličnosti [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] prve polovine 20. vijeka. Posebno je poznat po svojim teorijskim raspravama sa [[Edward C. Tolman|Edwardom C. Tolmanom]], kao i po razvoju [[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorije redukcije nagona]], koja je imala snažan utjecaj na razumijevanje [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]]. Najveći dio svoje profesionalne karijere proveo je na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje ga je angažovao tadašnji predsjednik univerziteta i psiholog [[James Rowland Angell]]. Tokom rada na Yaleu provodio je eksperimentalna istraživanja kojima je nastojao pokazati da njegove teorije mogu precizno predviđati ponašanje organizama. Njegova najznačajnija djela su ″Matematičko-deduktivna teorija učenja napamet″ (1940) i ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), u kojima je razvio formalizovani sistem objašnjenja životinjskog učenja i [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovljavanja]], čime je njegova teorija postala dominantan teorijski okvir u proučavanju [[Učenje|učenja]] svog vremena. Hullov teorijski model bio je zasnovan na biološkim pretpostavkama: organizam doživljava deprivaciju, deprivacija stvara potrebu, potreba aktivira nagon, nagon pokreće ponašanje, ponašanje je usmjereno prema cilju, a ostvarenje cilja doprinosi preživljavanju. Ovaj model predstavljao je pokušaj povezivanja fizioloških procesa i ponašanja u jedinstven teorijski okvir. Posebno je poznat po formulaciji hipoteze ″gradijenta cilja″, prema kojoj organizmi ulažu nesrazmjerno veći napor kako se približavaju ostvarivanju cilja. Ovaj fenomen kasnije je potvrđen i u savremenim istraživanjima [[Kognitivna psihologija|kognitivne psihologije]], posebno u zadacima koji zahtijevaju visok nivo mentalnog napora. Iako je utjecaj klasičnog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] u savremenoj psihologiji znatno oslabljen,<ref name="Kivetz_2006">{{cite journal |last=Kivetz |first=Ran |last2=Urminsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Zheng |first3=Yuhuang |date=2006 |title=The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/ourminsky/Goal-Gradient_Illusionary_Goal_Progress.pdf |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1509/jmkr.43.1.39 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a neki aspekti Hullove teorije smatraju se prevaziđenim, njegov doprinos razvoju eksperimentalne psihologije i teorijskom razumijevanju [[Motivacija|motivacije]] i [[Učenje|učenja]] ostaje značajan. U istraživanju objavljenom u časopisu ''American Psychological Association Review of General Psychology'' 2002, Hull je rangiran kao 21. najcitiraniji [[Psiholog|psiholog]] 20. vijeka.<ref name="Haggbloom_2002">{{cite journal |last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |date=2002 |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |s2cid=145668721 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rani život == Clark L. Hull rođen je 24. maja 1884. u brvnari u [[Akron (New York)|Akronu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952">{{cite book |editor-last=Langfeld |editor-first=Herbert S. |editor2-last=Boring |editor2-first=Edwin G. |editor3-last=Werner |editor3-first=Heinz |editor4-last=Yerkes |editor4-first=Robert M. |date=1952 |title=A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume IV |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol00unse |location=Worcester, Mass. |publisher=Clark University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hovland_1952">{{cite journal |last=Hovland |first=Carl I. |date=1952 |title=Clark Leonard Hull, 1884–1952 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0056239 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1037/h0056239 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kazdin_2000">{{cite book |editor-last=Kazdin |editor-first=Alan E. |date=2000 |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/168 |location=Washington, D.C. / New York |publisher=American Psychological Association / Oxford University Press |pages=168–170 |isbn=978-1-55798-653-5 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Odrastao je u porodici obilježenoj strogim porodičnim odnosima; njegov otac bio je poznat po nagloj i nasilnoj naravi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Otac mu je imao vrlo skromno formalno obrazovanje, a oženio je Hullovu majku, povučenu djevojku iz [[Connecticut]]a, kada je imala svega petnaest godina.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zbog teških životnih okolnosti i rada u djetinjstvu, Hullov otac nije naučio čitati sve do odraslog doba, kada ga je tome podučila supruga.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kada je Hull imao tri ili četiri godine, porodica se preselila na farmu u [[Michigan]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tamo je, zajedno sa mlađim bratom Wayneom, pomagao u održavanju farme obavljajući fizičke poslove i svakodnevne kućne obaveze.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Osnovno obrazovanje stekao je u maloj seoskoj školi s jednom učionicom u selu Sickels, koju je pohađalo između dvadeset i trideset učenika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Školu je često izostavljao kako bi pomagao u radu na farmi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već u ranom djetinjstvu pokazao je izraženu nadarenost za [[Matematika|matematiku]], dok mu je [[gramatika]] predstavljala veći izazov.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U dobi od jedanaest ili dvanaest godina bio je pod snažnim utjecajem vjerske skupine poznate kao ''Christian Crusaders'', što je privremeno oblikovalo njegov religijski svjetonazor.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> To iskustvo potaknulo ga je na preispitivanje vlastitih uvjerenja, nakon čega je kasnije potpuno napustio [[Religija|religiju]] i prihvatio [[ateizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Sa sedamnaest godina položio je ispit za učitelja i počeo raditi kao nastavnik u sličnoj maloj seoskoj školi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kombinacija lične religijske krize i iskustva u podučavanju motivisala ga je da nastavi vlastito obrazovanje.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Pohađao je srednju školu u zapadnom dijelu [[Saginaw County]]ja, gdje je živio u kući školskog nadzornika u zamjenu za obavljanje kućnih poslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov otvoreni ateizam gotovo je doveo do toga da bude izbačen iz doma, ali je supruga nadzornika intervenisala i omogućila mu da ostane.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon završetka srednje škole napustio je domaćinstvo nadzornika, ali je s njim ostao u kontaktu do njegove smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> == Univerzitetsko obrazovanje == Nakon završetka srednje škole, Clark L. Hull upisao je [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je nastavio obrazovanje i pokazao posebno izražene sposobnosti u matematici, naročito u [[Geometrija|geometriji]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Upravo ga je interes za geometriju potaknuo na razmišljanje o tome kako ljudski um stvara nove veze na osnovu prethodno stečenog znanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom boravka na Alma Academy upoznao se s djelima [[Baruch Spinoza|Barucha Spinoze]], čijim se filozofskim idejama divio, iako se kasnije s mnogima od njih nije slagao.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Neposredno pred završetak školovanja prisustvovao je svečanom banketu na kojem se otrovao kontaminiranom hranom i obolio od teškog oblika [[tifus]]a, što je odgodilo njegov povratak studijama.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Tokom [[Epidemija|epidemije]] mnogi su izgubili život, a i sam Hull bio je na ivici smrti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Kao posljedicu bolesti razvio je trajne poteškoće s pamćenjem, posebno imena, što ga je pratilo tokom cijelog života.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], gdje je studirao [[Matematika|matematiku]], [[Fizika|fiziku]] i [[Hemija|hemiju]], s namjerom da postane [[inženjer]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /><ref name="Friedman_2002">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Howard S. |last2=Schustack |first2=Miriam W. |date=2002 |title=Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research |url=https://archive.org/details/personalityclass0000frie_h4n9 |edition=2. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-34805-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegov cilj bio je kvalifikovati se za studij rudarskog inženjerstva na drugoj visokoškolskoj ustanovi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon dvije godine provedene na [[Alma College|Alma Academy]], Hull se preselio u [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing (Minnesota)]], gdje je radio kao pripravnik u rudarskom inženjerstvu.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Međutim, nakon samo dva mjeseca obolio je od [[poliomijelitis]]a, što je dovelo do trajne [[Paraliza|paralize]] jedne noge.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom jednogodišnjeg oporavka u roditeljskom domu bio je prisiljen preispitati vlastiti životni i profesionalni put.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> U tom periodu razmatrao je mogućnost da postane unitarijanski sveštenik, jer su mu bili privlačni filozofski usmjereni propovjednički govori karakteristični za [[unitarizam]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegovo interesovanje za [[Filozofija|filozofiju]] postepeno ga je usmjerilo prema [[Psihologija|psihologiji]], kojom se intenzivnije počeo baviti tokom oporavka.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Prve korake u psihologiji napravio je čitanjem djela ''The Principles of Psychology'' autora g [[William James|Williama Jamesa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Posebno interesovanje pokazivao je i za radove [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]] i [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]].<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Nakon oporavka vratio se nastavničkom radu u rodnom kraju, u školi u kojoj je ranije predavao, a koja je u međuvremenu proširena s jedne na dvije učionice.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon dvije godine rada oženio se Berthom Iutzi, uprkos skromnim finansijskim mogućnostima.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon sklapanja braka, Hull i njegova supruga upisali su studij [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Univerzitet u Michiganu|Univerzitetu u Michiganu]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Diplomirao je 1913.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Nakon što je predavao u [[Kentucky]]ju, Hull je prihvatio poziciju asistenta na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]] kako bi započeo postdiplomski studij pod mentorstvom [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Tokom studija i asistentskog rada privatno je radio na istraživanju razvoja pojmova, što je kasnije postalo osnova njegove doktorske disertacije pod naslovom ″Kvantitativni aspekti razvoja pojmova″ ({{en|Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts}}).<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Nakon stjecanja doktorata nastavio je raditi na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu Wisconsin]], prvo kao honorarni asistent, a potom kao redovni predavač, prije nego što je prešao na [[Univerzitet Yale]], gdje će ostvariti najznačajniji dio svoje naučne karijere.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Karijera == Godine 1929. Clark L. Hull je započeo rad na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je ostao do kraja života i radio kao profesor s najvišim univerzitetskim zvanjem ({{en|Sterling Professor}}). Pored drugih nastavnih obaveza, predavao je predmet iz psihološkog testiranja i mjerenja, u kojem je posebnu pažnju posvećivao matematičkim aspektima psihološke procjene. Zbog snažnog interesa za kvantitativne metode, preoblikovao je ovaj predmet u kurs sposobnosti i testiranja sklonosti, usmjeren na naučne osnove [[Profesionalna orijentacija|profesionalne orijentacije]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Istovremeno je radio na razvoju mehaničkog uređaja koji bi mogao automatski obavljati složene korelacijske proračune, čime je nastojao unaprijediti statističku obradu podataka u psihološkim istraživanjima. Nakon rada na području psihološkog testiranja, Hull je preuzeo i uvodni kurs psihologije za studente premedicinskih studija. Upravo tokom rada s tom grupom studenata razvio je snažno interesovanje za fenomene sugestije i [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], što je označilo početak njegovih eksperimentalnih istraživanja u toj oblasti. U tim istraživanjima posebno je insistirao na kvantitativnoj metodologiji, smatrajući da psihologija mora koristiti precizne eksperimentalne procedure kako bi ostvarila status prirodne nauke. Nakon gotovo deset godina intenzivnog istraživanja objavio je 1933. knjigu ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ ({{en|Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach}}), jedno od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Nakon toga nastavio je razvijati [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalnu psihologiju]] kroz nastavu i istraživanja, uvjeren da upravo eksperimentalni pristup predstavlja osnovu naučne psihologije. Iste godine (1929) imenovan je istraživačkim profesorom psihologije na Institutu za psihologiju [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerziteta Yale]], gdje je započeo rad na problemima sistematske teorije ponašanja.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Već 1930. formulisao je nekoliko osnovnih stavova o [[Psihologija|psihologiji]]: smatrao je da psihologija predstavlja istinsku prirodnu nauku, da se njene osnovne zakonitosti mogu izraziti kvantitativno pomoću ograničenog broja jednačina i da se složeni oblici ponašanja mogu objasniti kao izvedeni oblici tih osnovnih zakonitosti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Zajedno sa saradnicima, među kojima su bili [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]] i [[Orval Hobart Mowrer]], razvijao je teorijske modele usmjerene na razumijevanje [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnih refleksa]] i ponašanja, nastojeći istovremeno povezati biheviorističke principe sa psihoanalitičkim idejama [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Ovaj teorijski i eksperimentalni rad doveo je do objavljivanja njegovog najpoznatijeg djela ″Principi ponašanja″ ({{en|Principles of Behavior}}) (1943), koje je postalo jedno od najutjecajnijih djela [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]] i teorije učenja u 20. vijeku. == Smrt == Clark L. Hull preminuo je 10. maja 1952. u [[New Haven (Connecticut)|New Havenu]], u saveznoj državi [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Beach_1959">{{cite web |last=Beach |first=Frank A. |date=1959 |title=Clark Leonard Hull: 1884–1952 |url=https://www.appstate.edu/~steelekm/classes/psy5300/Documents/ClarkHullBio.pdf |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Istraživanja == Primarno naučno interesovanje Clarka L. Hulla bilo je usmjereno na teorije [[učenje|učenja]] i oblike [[ponašanje|ponašanja]] koji dovode do učenja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Većina njegovog istraživačkog rada bila je posvećena razvoju opće teorije učenja, a kao rezultat tog rada razvio je vlastitu teorijsku koncepciju poznatu kao ″[[teorija redukcije nagona (teorija učenja)|teorija redukcije nagona]]″ ili ″sistematska teorija ponašanja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Pored istraživanja učenja, pokazivao je značajno interesovanje i za [[hipnoza|hipnozu]], iako to nije predstavljalo središnje područje njegovog naučnog rada. U istraživanjima hipnoze, kao i u razvoju teorije nagona, insistirao je na strogo kontrolisanim eksperimentalnim uslovima, nastojeći osigurati visoku metodološku preciznost.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Posebno je naglašavao važnost kvantitativnih podataka, smatrajući da numerička analiza omogućava preciznije tumačenje rezultata i smanjuje prostor za subjektivne interpretacije, koje su bile prisutne u ranijim istraživanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> === Testiranje sposobnosti === Hullovo interesovanje za [[psihološko testiranje]] razvilo se nakon što je preuzeo nastavu iz predmeta koji je prethodno predavao [[Daniel Starch]] na [[Univerzitet Wisconsina (Madison)|Univerzitetu u Wisconsinu]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegovo uključivanje u područje testiranja sposobnosti bilo je motivisano nezadovoljstvom tadašnjim testovima, koje je smatrao metodološki nedovoljno pouzdanim i upitne valjanosti.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Svoja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti sažeo je u knjizi ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ ({{en|Aptitude Testing}}) izdatoj 1928, u kojoj je analizirao probleme valjanosti testova i razvio postupke za konstrukciju skalarnih rezultata.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U okviru tog rada razvio je i vlastiti instrument za procjenu sposobnosti, poznat kao ″Wisconsin Lathe Test″.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kako bi olakšao obradu velikih količina podataka, konstruisao je računski uređaj namijenjen automatskoj izradi tabela korelacija među rezultatima testiranja.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Uređaj je obrađivao podatke s bušenih kartica i automatski generisao korelacijske tabele, što predstavlja jedan od ranih pokušaja mehanizacije statističke obrade rezultata u psihologiji.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Ovo iskustvo kasnije je utjecalo na razvoj njegovih teorijskih modela u okviru [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iako je kasnije izgubio dio početnog entuzijazma za područje testiranja sposobnosti i usmjerio se prema drugim istraživačkim interesima, zadržao je trajan interes za pitanja individualnih razlika i [[Inteligencija|inteligencije]].<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tom kontekstu vodio je teorijske rasprave s [[Karl Lashley|Karlom Lashleyom]] o pitanju [[nasljeđivanje|nasljednosti]] inteligencije.<ref name="King_2009">{{cite book |last=King |first=D. Brett |last2=Viney |first2=Wayne |last3=Woody |first3=William Douglas |date=2009 |title=A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychol0004king |edition=4. |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-51213-3 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Hipnoza === Clark L. Hull često se smatra jednim od pionira savremenog naučnog proučavanja [[hipnoza|hipnoze]]. Za ovu oblast zainteresirao se nakon što je preuzeo premedicinski kurs psihologije od [[Joseph Jastrow|Josepha Jastrowa]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004">{{cite journal |last=Kihlstrom |first=John F. |date=2004 |title=Clark L. Hull, Hypnotist |url=https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/PDFs/2000s/2004/HullRetrospective.pdf |journal=Contemporary Psychology |volume=49 |issue=2 |doi=10.1037/004274 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegovo interesovanje dodatno je intenzivirano nakon što je uspio uvesti emocionalno uznemirenog studenta u hipnotički trans pomoću tzv. ″hipnotičkog kristala″, što ga je potaknulo na sistematsko istraživanje hipnoze i njenih mogućih medicinskih primjena.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Nezadovoljan dominantno nenaučnim pristupima u tadašnjim istraživanjima [[hipnoza|hipnoze]], Hull je nastojao uvesti strožiju metodološku disciplinu, zasnovanu na mjerenju ponašanja i eksperimentalnoj kontroli, umjesto oslanjanja na subjektivne iskaze ispitanika.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> Kao univerzitetski nastavnik podsticao je i svoje studente da provode istraživanja u ovoj oblasti, podučavajući ih tehnikama hipnotičkog indukovanja i eksperimentalnog rada.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Rezultat njegovih višegodišnjih istraživanja bila je knjiga ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost″ (1933), koja se smatra jednim od prvih sistematskih eksperimentalnih djela o hipnozi, zasnovanim na statističkoj i eksperimentalnoj analizi.<ref name="Grodner_Reid_2001">{{cite book |last=Grodner |first=Brian |last2=Reid |first2=David B. |date=2001 |title=Permanent Habit Control: Practitioner's Guide to Using Hypnosis and Other Alternative Health Strategies |url=https://books.google.com.kw/books?id=glNDDiaANa0C |location=New York |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8261-1384-9 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> U toj studiji Hull je pokazao da hipnoza nije isto što i san niti predstavlja stanje povezano sa spavanjem, čime je osporio tada rašireno uvjerenje da je hipnotičko stanje oblik sna.<ref name="Krout_1934">{{cite journal |last=Krout |first=Maurice H. |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0065370 |journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1037/h0065370 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Njegova istraživanja pokazala su da osobe pod hipnozom često iskazuju pojačanu budnost i osjetljivost, a ne pasivnost ili pospanost.<ref name="Krout_1934" /> Mnogi ispitanici izvještavali su o subjektivnom osjećaju pojačane perceptivne osjetljivosti i mentalne jasnoće, iako eksperimentalni podaci nisu pružili dovoljno dokaza da se takve promjene potvrde kao objektivno značajne.<ref name="Young_1934">{{cite journal |last=Young |first=Paul |date=1934 |title=Review of Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0066251 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1037/h0066251 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Centralno pitanje Hullovih istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje tačnosti tvrdnji hipnotizera o navodnim izuzetnim poboljšanjima [[kognicija|kognitivnih sposobnosti]] i osjetilne [[Percepcija|percepcije]] pod hipnozom. Njegovi nalazi pokazali su da između budnog i hipnotičkog stanja postoje relativno male razlike. Najizraženija razlika bila je povećana spremnost ispitanika u hipnotičkom stanju da odgovore na [[sugestija|sugestije]], kao i nešto izraženija mogućnost prisjećanja udaljenih događaja iz prošlosti.<ref name="Young_1934" /> Hullovi eksperimenti također su potvrdili postojanje nekih klasičnih fenomena povezanih s hipnozom, poput psihološki induciranog smanjenja bola i privremenog inhibiranja prisjećanja. Međutim, smatrao je da ti efekti ne zahtijevaju pretpostavku postojanja posebnog stanja svijesti, već se mogu objasniti djelovanjem [[sugestija|sugestije]] i [[Motivacija|motivacije]], što je kasnije snažno utjecalo na bihevioristički pristup proučavanju hipnoze. Njegova istraživanja pokazala su i da je moguće psihološkim putem izazvati umjerene promjene u fizičkim sposobnostima i pragovima osjetilne stimulacije, pri čemu su efekti smanjenja osjetljivosti na bol bili naročito izraženi. Nakon prelaska na [[Univerzitet Yale]], Hullov rad na hipnozi naišao je na značajan institucionalni otpor. Zabrinutost medicinskog fakulteta zbog mogućih opasnosti povezanih s hipnozom dovela je do toga da obustavi daljnja istraživanja u toj oblasti.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Kihlstrom_2004" /> === Teorija ponašanja === Clark L. Hull razvio je vlastitu teoriju učenja pod snažnim utjecajem istraživanja [[Ivan Pavlov|Ivana Pavlova]] o [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovnim refleksima]] i biheviorističkog sistema [[John B. Watson|Johna Watsona]].<ref name="Hilgard_1977">{{cite book |last=Hilgard |first=Ernest R. |last2=Bower |first2=Gordon H. |date=1977 |title=Theories of Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198449 |edition=4. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Prentice-Hall of India |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Značajan utjecaj na njegovo teorijsko oblikovanje imao je i [[Edward Thorndike]], čiji je ″zakon efekta″ Hull uključio u vlastiti teorijski sistem.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Nakon upoznavanja s teorijama Pavlova, Watsona i Thorndikea, Hull je veliki dio svog [[Laboratorija|laboratorijskog]] rada posvetio razvoju vlastite teorije učenja. Mnogi eksperimenti koji su doprinijeli oblikovanju njegove teorije provedeni su i u okviru istraživanja njegovih studenata, inspirisanih njegovim seminarima i predavanjima.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Kvantifikacija je predstavljala osnovno metodološko opredjeljenje u Hullovom radu, a to opredjeljenje prenio je i na područje [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]].<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Hovland_1952" /><ref name="King_2009" /> Iako je bio pod utjecajem Watsonovog [[Biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], nije ga prihvatio bez rezerve. Nakon što je prisustvovao predavanjima [[Kurt Koffka|Kurta Koffke]], jednog od predstavnika [[geštalt psihologija|geštalt psihologije]], usmjerio se prema razvoju vlastitog oblika neobiheviorizma.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /> Njegov osnovni cilj bio je utvrditi opće zakonitosti ponašanja i razviti sistem koji bi omogućio predviđanje budućih oblika ponašanja na osnovu postojećih uslova.<ref name="Langfeld_1952" /><ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Iskustvo rada na mehaničkim uređajima za statističku obradu podataka dodatno ga je uvjerilo da se mentalni procesi mogu modelirati i objasniti mehanički, kroz precizne zakonitosti.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U svom najpoznatijem djelu ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), Hull je razvio model ponašanja zasnovan na matematičkom prikazu odnosa između [[Stimulus (psihologija)|podražaja]], navika, nagona i [[Motivacija|motivacije]].<ref name="Hull_1943">{{cite book |last=Hull |first=Clark L. |date=1943 |title=Principles of Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.205891 |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Osnovna formula njegovog modela bila je: _SE_R = _SH_R × D × V × K Gdje je: * _SE_R ekscitatorni potencijal (vjerovatnoća da će organizam proizvesti odgovor R na stimulus S), * _SH_R jačina navike (izvedena iz prethodnih pokušaja uslovljavanja), * D jačina nagonu slične potrebe (određena, npr. satima lišavanja hrane, vode itd.), * V dinamizam intenziteta stimulusa (neki stimulusi će imati veći utjecaj od drugih, kao što je osvjetljenje u određenoj situaciji), * K je motivacija (koliko je privlačan rezultat akcije).<ref name="King_2009" /><ref name="Scriven_1961">{{cite book |last=Scriven |first=Michael |date=1961 |title=Psychology |chapter=An overview of stimulus-response reinforcement theory |location=Needham Heights |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |pages=321–329 |language=en}}</ref> Kasnije je model proširio dodatnim varijablama kako bi objasnio složenije obrasce ponašanja i faktore inhibicije: _SE_R = V x D x K x J x _SH_R - I_R - _SI_R - _SO_R - _SI_R tako da je: * I_R reaktivna inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom gubi), * _SI_R uslovljena inhibicija (inhibicija uzrokovana neprekidnim izvođenjem ponašanja, koja se vremenom ne gubi).<ref name="Scriven_1961" /> _SL_R je prag reakcije, najmanja količina potkrepljenja koja će dovesti do učenja. Hull je prvobitno planirao napisati trilogiju knjiga o ponašanju, s namjerom da sistematski obradi socijalno i kognitivno ponašanje.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Međutim, umjesto toga posvetio se kontinuiranom revidiranju i proširivanju svog osnovnog teorijskog modela kako bi uključio nova eksperimentalna zapažanja i izuzetke.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> U osnovi Hullove teorije nalazio se koncept [[navika (psihologija)|navike]], koju je definisao kao naučenu povezanost između [[podražaj (psihologija)|podražaja]] i odgovora.<ref name="Friedman_2002" /> Prema njegovom modelu, ponašanje je usmjereno prema zadovoljenju primarnih nagona, kao što su glad, žeđ, seksualni nagon i izbjegavanje bola.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Njegova ″teorija redukcije nagona″ polazila je od pretpostavke da se navike formiraju kroz [[potkrepljenje]], odnosno kroz posljedice ponašanja koje smanjuju unutrašnju napetost izazvanu nagonom.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Kada određeno ponašanje dovede do zadovoljenja potrebe, smanjuje se nagon, a vjerovatnoća ponavljanja tog ponašanja raste. Hull je kasnije precizirao da se ne radi samo o ″potrebama″, nego i o specifičnim žudnjama ili unutrašnjim pobudama koje pokreću organizam na djelovanje.<ref name="Hilgard_1977" /> Iako je Hullova teorija imala veliki utjecaj na razvoj [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] i teorije učenja, mnogi bihevioristi smatrali su njegov sistem previše složenim za praktičnu primjenu.<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> Zbog toga je njegov utjecaj kasnije djelimično potisnut jednostavnijim i operativno primjenjivijim modelima koje je razvio [[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]].<ref name="Kazdin_2000" /> == Utjecaj == Godine 1936. Clark L. Hull, zajedno sa svojim studentima i saradnicima, pokrenuo je niz večernjih seminara koji su postali poznati kao ″Sastanci ponedjeljkom navečer″ ({{en|Monday Night Meetings}}). Na tim okupljanjima raspravljalo se o temama kao što su [[Klasično kondicioniranje|uslovni refleksi]], zakonitosti ponašanja i psihoanalitičke teorije [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]]. Ovi seminari ubrzo su stekli široku popularnost i okupljali ne samo [[Psiholog|psihologe]] nego i [[Sociologija|sociologe]] i [[Antropologija|antropologe]], a ponekad je prisustvovalo i do sedamdeset učesnika.<ref name="Beach_1959" /> U kasnijim godinama života, kada mu je zdravstveno stanje bilo narušeno, Hull se u eksperimentalnom radu u velikoj mjeri oslanjao na pomoć istraživačkih asistenata i volontera, koji su pomagali u provođenju eksperimenata i praćenju novih rasprava u [[Psihologija|psihologiji]] kojima više nije mogao lično prisustvovati. Hull je tokom 1940-ih i 1950-ih bio jedan od najcitiranijih psihologa svog vremena.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Njegova knjiga ″Testiranje sposobnosti″ (1928) dugo je služila kao standardni udžbenik u području psihološkog testiranja, dok je ″Hipnoza i sugestibilnost: Eksperimentalni pristup″ (1933) predstavljala jedno od najutjecajnijih djela u eksperimentalnom proučavanju hipnoze. Njegovo najpoznatije djelo, ″Principi ponašanja″ (1943), bilo je među najcitiranijim knjigama u psihologiji sredinom 20. vijeka.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U tadašnjim pregledima [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] Hullov rad zauzimao je izuzetno istaknuto mjesto; u jednom izdanju ''Handbook of Experimental Psychology'' njegovi radovi bili su spomenuti na više od osamdeset stranica, što je bilo više nego kod bilo kojeg drugog savremenog autora.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> U časopisima ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' i ''Psychological Review'' više od četrdeset posto bibliografskih jedinica sadržavalo je barem jedan njegov rad.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Hull je mentorisao i snažno utjecao na brojne studente i psihologe koji su kasnije razvili vlastite teorijske modele i ostvarili značajan doprinos psihologiji. Među njima se posebno izdvajaju [[Albert Bandura]], [[Neal E. Miller]], [[John Dollard]], [[Kenneth Spence]] i [[Janet Taylor Spence]].<ref name="Beach_1959" /> [[John Dollard]] bio je profesor [[Antropologija|antropologije]], [[Psihologija|psihologije]] i [[Sociologija|sociologije]] na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], a zanimao se za proučavanje društvenih klasa i specifičnih iskustava učenja. [[Neal E. Miller]] studirao je pod Hullovim mentorstvom na [[Univerzitet Yale|Univerzitetu Yale]], gdje je i doktorirao. Miller je također osnovao Laboratoriju za fiziološku psihologiju na [[Univerzitet Rockefeller|Univerzitetu Rockefeller]] u [[New York|New Yorku]], gdje je provodio istraživanja o dresuri životinja, a taj rad pomogao je u razvoju [[Biofeedback|biofeedback]]a.<ref name="Coons_2002">{{cite journal |last=Coons |first=Edgar |date=2002 |title=Neal Elgar Miller (1909–2002) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232431150_Neal_Elgar_Miller_1909-2002 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=784–786 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.784 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Miller i Dollard sarađivali su na razvoju teorije socijalnog učenja koja je uspješno primijenjena u [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapiji]] i razumijevanju ponašanja. Millerova knjiga, ″Socijalno učenje i imitacija″ ({{en|Social Learning and Imitation}}), navodi četiri osnova neophodna za [[Operantno kondicioniranje|instrumentalno učenje]]. To su: nagon, znak, odgovor i nagrada, a zasnovani su na Hullovoj teoriji učenja o redukciji nagona.<ref name="Miller_Dollard_1941">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Neal E. |last2=Dollard |first2=John |date=1941 |title=Social Learning and Imitation |url=https://archive.org/details/sociallearningim00mill |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Icebreaker_Hull">{{cite web |title=Learning Theories – The Theory Into Practice Database: Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull) |url=https://icebreakerideas.com/learning-theories/#Drive_Reduction_Theory_C_Hull |website=IcebreakerIdeas |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koristili su konstrukt sličan Hullovoj teoriji, međutim, sugerisali su da bilo koji snažan [[Stimulus (psihologija)|stimulus]] može imati motivacijska svojstva ili svojstva nagona, a da pritom ne mora nužno biti vezan za biološku potrebu tog specifičnog organizma. Njihova knjiga, ''Personality and Psychotherapy'' (1950), smatra se vrlo značajnom jer je spojila Hullovu teoriju učenja s psihoanalizom i pomogla u postavljanju temelja razvoju [[Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija|kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije]].<ref name="Dollard_Miller_1950">{{cite book |last1=Dollard |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Neal E. |date=1950 |title=Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.2289personalityandpsychotherapy1950 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kenneth Spence]] bio je jedan od Hullovih najistaknutijih studenata. Razvio je i proširio Hullovu neobiheviorističku teoriju u model poznat kao Hull-Spenceova teorija uslovljavanja, učenja i motivacije.<ref name="Corsini_2010">{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Irving B. |last2=Craighead |first2=W. Edward |date=2010 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/corsiniencyclope0004unse |edition=4. |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ova teorija polazi od pretpostavke da ljudi uče povezivanjem podražaja i odgovora, dok potkrepljenje povećava vjerovatnoću ponavljanja naučenog ponašanja. Spence je dao značajan doprinos proučavanju motivacije i razvoju matematičkih modela procesa učenja, pri čemu je smatrao da poboljšanje izvođenja više zavisi od motivacijskih faktora nego od same snage navike, što je predstavljalo određeno odstupanje od Hullovog izvornog modela. [[Janet Taylor Spence]] započela je svoja istraživanja kao studentica [[Kenneth Spence|Kennetha Spencea]] na [[Univerzitet u Iowi|Univerzitetu u Iowi]], a kasnije je postala njegova supruga. Njena istraživanja bila su usmjerena na [[anksioznost]], koju je tumačila kao dispozicijsku osobinu i oblik nagona unutar Hullove motivacijske teorije.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004">{{cite journal |title=Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology: Janet Taylor Spence |date=2004 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=361–363 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.59.5.361 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-16479-007 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Razvila je i vlastiti instrument za mjerenje anksioznosti, poznat kao ″Taylorova skala manifestne anksioznosti″, koji je postao važan alat u psihološkim istraživanjima.<ref name="Spence_Award_2004" /> Kroz rad svojih studenata i saradnika, Hullov teorijski sistem nastavio je utjecati na razvoj teorija [[Učenje|učenja]], [[Motivacija|motivacije]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i [[Eksperimentalna psihologija|eksperimentalne psihologije]] dugo nakon njegove smrti. == Priznanja i počasti == Hull je tokom svoje karijere primio brojna priznanja naučnih i stručnih organizacija. Bio je predsjednik [[Američkog psihološkog udruženja|Američkog psihološkog udruženja]] od 1935. do 1936.<ref name="Hovland_1952" /> Godine 1935. izabran je u [[Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka|Američku akademiju umjetnosti i nauka]], a 1936. i u [[Nacionalna akademija nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalnu akademiju nauka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]]. Godine 1945. dodijeljena mu je [[Howard C. Warren]] medalja od strane [[Društvo eksperimentalnih psihologa|Društva eksperimentalnih psihologa]].<ref name="Baker_Mahoney_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=David B. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Kevin T. |date=2005 |title=The Howard Crosby Warren Medal: Psychology's First Award |url=https://www.sepsych.org/documents/Baker-2005.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=459–468 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Naslijeđe == Hullove ideje bile su utjecajne dijelom i zbog njegovog obrazovanja u oblasti inženjerstva, što mu je omogućilo da matematičke i kvantitativne metode primijeni u psihologiji. Njegov pristup bio je u skladu s dominantnim naučnim razumijevanjem psihologije u prvoj polovini 20. vijeka, a snažno su na njega utjecali pioniri [[biheviorizam|biheviorizma]], među kojima su bili [[Edward Thorndike]], [[John B. Watson]] i [[Ivan Pavlov]]. Hull je dao značajan doprinos razumijevanju procesa potkrepljenja i učenja kroz razvoj formalizovanih matematičkih modela ponašanja. Njegov teorijski pristup [[Motivacija|motivaciji]] uključivao je kvantifikaciju pojma nagona, nastojeći pokazati da je snaga navike funkcija prethodnog potkrepljenja. Njegov savremenik [[Edward C. Tolman]] razvio je alternativnu teoriju učenja koja je bila konceptualno jednostavnija i logički preglednija. Tolman je zastupao stav da je ponašanje usmjereno prema cilju, a ne isključivo određeno nagonima i mehanizmima potkrepljenja. Kroz eksperimente s pacovima u labirintima pokazao je da se učenje može odvijati i bez neposrednog potkrepljenja i da je ponašanje bolje objasniti kroz ciljno usmjereno djelovanje i kognitivna očekivanja. Ovi nalazi predstavljali su ozbiljan izazov značajnom dijelu Hullove teorije učenja. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite journal |title=The Conflicting Psychologies of Learning: A Way Out |first=Clark L. |last=Hull |year=1935 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=491–516 |doi=10.1037/h0058665 |url=https://psychaanalyse.com/pdf/THE%20CONFLICTING%20PSYCHOLOGIES%20OF%20LEARNING%20AWAY%20OUT%20BY%20HULL%201935%20(23%20pages%20-%201,2%20Mo).pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Lemov |first=Rebecca |year=2005 |title=World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-8090-7464-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldaslaborator00lemo }} * {{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |year=1985 |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=978-0-306-42022-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/intrinsicmotivat0000deci }} * {{cite book |last1=Amsel |first1=Abram |last2=Rashotte |first2=Michael E. |year=1984 |title=Mechanisms of Adaptive Behavior: Clark L. Hull's Theoretical Papers, with Commentary |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-05904-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/mechanismsofadap0000hull }} * {{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Clark L. |last2=Hovland |first2=Carl I. |last3=Ross |first3=Robert T. |last4=Hall |first4=Marshall |last5=Perkins |first5=Donald T. |last6=Fitch |first6=Frederic B. |year=1940 |title=Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning: A Study in Scientific Methodology |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-8371-3126-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicodeduc0000clar }} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hull-clark.pdf Biografski memoari Nacionalne akademije nauka Sjedinjenih američkih država] * [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0294 Dokumenti Clarka Leonarda Hulla (MS 294)]. Rukopisi i arhive, Biblioteka Univerziteta Yale. {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hull, Clark L.}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1884.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1952.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Akron (New York)]] [[Kategorija:Američki psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Bihevioralni psiholozi]] 8win73pms69122vrmmys1oom97hryto 0 533919 3839556 2026-05-04T21:53:38Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krka | slika = Krka zgornji tok Slovenija.jpg | opis_slike = Krka u svom gornjem toku blizu Žužemberka | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 94,6 | sliv = 2.247 km² | izvor = [[Gradiček]], [[Ivančna Gorica]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod [[Brežice|Brežica]] }} '''Krka''' je rijeka u jugoistočnoj ... 3839556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krka | slika = Krka zgornji tok Slovenija.jpg | opis_slike = Krka u svom gornjem toku blizu Žužemberka | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 94,6 | sliv = 2.247 km² | izvor = [[Gradiček]], [[Ivančna Gorica]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod [[Brežice|Brežica]] }} '''Krka''' je rijeka u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] (historijska regija [[Dolenjska]]), desna pritoka [[Sava|Save]]. Sa dužinom od 94,6 km, druga je najduža rijeka koja cijelim svojim tokom protiče kroz Sloveniju, nakon [[Savinja|Savinje]]. == Ime == Ime rijeke prvi put je zabilježeno u pisanim izvorima 799. godine kao ''Corca'' (1025. kao ''Gurke''). Slovensko ime potiče od slavenskog oblika ''Kъrka'', koji je baziran na romanskom nazivu ''Corcra'' ili ''Corca''. Vjeruje se da je naziv predromanskog porijekla i da je nastao na bazi [[Onomatopeja|onomatopeje]]. Rijeka je u antici bila poznata kao ''Corcoras''.<ref name="snoj">{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |pages=214–215}}</ref> == Izvor == Krka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] koje se nalazi u [[Slijepa dolina|slijepoj dolini]] ispod [[Krška pećina|Krške pećine]], sjeverno od sela [[Krka (Ivančna Gorica)|Krka]], oko 25 km jugoistočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. Tokom obilnih padavina, voda pod pritiskom izbija kroz glavni ulaz Krške pećine i teče u obliku bujičnog vodopada preko stepenica ispred pećine.<ref name="asic">{{cite book |first=Zala |last=Ašič |title=Geografska zasnova zavarovanja reke Krke kot naravnega spomenika v Mestni občini Novo mesto |publisher=Odjel za geografiju, Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Ljubljani |year=2008}}</ref> == Tok == Rijeka teče prema jugoistoku i prolazi kroz nekoliko značajnih naselja i historijskih mjesta: * [[Žužemberk]] * [[Dolenjske Toplice]] * [[Novo Mesto]] (gdje rijeka pravi prepoznatljivu okuku oko starog gradskog jezgra) * [[Otočec (dvorac)|Dvorac Otočec]] (jedini slovenski dvorac na riječnom otoku) * [[Kostanjevica na Krki]] Krka se ulijeva u [[Sava|Savu]] kod [[Brežice|Brežica]], u blizini granice sa [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskom]]. Njena najveća pritoka je [[Prečna (rijeka)|Prečna]], koja predstavlja nastavak ponornice [[Temenica (rijeka)|Temenice]]. Rijeka je poznata po svojim sedrenim pragovima, koji su posebno izraženi u gornjem toku. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krka (Sava)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234501/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H12_g_30.html Stanje Krke] – grafikoni vodostaja i temperature (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] 1blh8nqcrrkhvybh9wyhgn2s8nhysgk 3839558 3839556 2026-05-04T21:56:51Z Arnel 102555 3839558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krka | slika = Krka zgornji tok Slovenija.jpg | opis_slike = Krka u svom gornjem toku blizu [[Žužemberk]]a | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 94,6 | sliv = 2.247 km² | izvor = [[Gradiček]], [[Ivančna Gorica]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod [[Brežice|Brežica]] }} '''Krka''' je rijeka u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] (historijska regija [[Dolenjska]]), desna pritoka [[Sava|Save]]. Sa dužinom od 94,6 km, druga je najduža rijeka koja cijelim svojim tokom protiče kroz Sloveniju, nakon [[Savinja|Savinje]]. == Ime == Ime rijeke prvi put je zabilježeno u pisanim izvorima 799. godine kao ''Corca'' (1025. kao ''Gurke''). Slovensko ime potiče od slavenskog oblika ''Kъrka'', koji je baziran na romanskom nazivu ''Corcra'' ili ''Corca''. Vjeruje se da je naziv predromanskog porijekla i da je nastao na bazi [[Onomatopeja|onomatopeje]]. Rijeka je u antici bila poznata kao ''Corcoras''.<ref name="snoj">{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |pages=214–215}}</ref> == Izvor == Krka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] koje se nalazi u [[Slijepa dolina|slijepoj dolini]] ispod [[Krška pećina|Krške pećine]], sjeverno od sela [[Krka (Ivančna Gorica)|Krka]], oko 25 km jugoistočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. Tokom obilnih padavina, voda pod pritiskom izbija kroz glavni ulaz Krške pećine i teče u obliku bujičnog vodopada preko stepenica ispred pećine.<ref name="asic">{{cite book |first=Zala |last=Ašič |title=Geografska zasnova zavarovanja reke Krke kot naravnega spomenika v Mestni občini Novo mesto |publisher=Odjel za geografiju, Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Ljubljani |year=2008}}</ref> == Tok == Rijeka teče prema jugoistoku i prolazi kroz nekoliko značajnih naselja i historijskih mjesta: * [[Žužemberk]] * [[Dolenjske Toplice]] * [[Novo Mesto]] (gdje rijeka pravi prepoznatljivu okuku oko starog gradskog jezgra) * [[Otočec (dvorac)|Dvorac Otočec]] (jedini slovenski dvorac na riječnom otoku) * [[Kostanjevica na Krki]] Krka se ulijeva u [[Sava|Savu]] kod [[Brežice|Brežica]], u blizini granice sa [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskom]]. Njena najveća pritoka je [[Prečna (rijeka)|Prečna]], koja predstavlja nastavak ponornice [[Temenica (rijeka)|Temenice]]. Rijeka je poznata po svojim sedrenim pragovima, koji su posebno izraženi u gornjem toku. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krka (Sava)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234501/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H12_g_30.html Stanje Krke] – grafikoni vodostaja i temperature (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] r5bt2qf6d6lcc1fq26qr97vw9xb973o 3839562 3839558 2026-05-04T22:07:56Z Arnel 102555 3839562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Krka (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krka | slika = Krka zgornji tok Slovenija.jpg | opis_slike = Krka u svom gornjem toku blizu [[Žužemberk]]a | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 94,6 | sliv = 2.247 km² | izvor = [[Gradiček]], [[Ivančna Gorica]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod [[Brežice|Brežica]] }} '''Krka''' je rijeka u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] (historijska regija [[Dolenjska]]), desna pritoka [[Sava|Save]]. Sa dužinom od 94,6 km, druga je najduža rijeka koja cijelim svojim tokom protiče kroz Sloveniju, nakon [[Savinja|Savinje]]. == Ime == Ime rijeke prvi put je zabilježeno u pisanim izvorima 799. godine kao ''Corca'' (1025. kao ''Gurke''). Slovensko ime potiče od slavenskog oblika ''Kъrka'', koji je baziran na romanskom nazivu ''Corcra'' ili ''Corca''. Vjeruje se da je naziv predromanskog porijekla i da je nastao na bazi [[Onomatopeja|onomatopeje]]. Rijeka je u antici bila poznata kao ''Corcoras''.<ref name="snoj">{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |pages=214–215}}</ref> == Izvor == Krka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] koje se nalazi u [[Slijepa dolina|slijepoj dolini]] ispod [[Krška pećina|Krške pećine]], sjeverno od sela [[Krka (Ivančna Gorica)|Krka]], oko 25 km jugoistočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. Tokom obilnih padavina, voda pod pritiskom izbija kroz glavni ulaz Krške pećine i teče u obliku bujičnog vodopada preko stepenica ispred pećine.<ref name="asic">{{cite book |first=Zala |last=Ašič |title=Geografska zasnova zavarovanja reke Krke kot naravnega spomenika v Mestni občini Novo mesto |publisher=Odjel za geografiju, Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Ljubljani |year=2008}}</ref> == Tok == Rijeka teče prema jugoistoku i prolazi kroz nekoliko značajnih naselja i historijskih mjesta: * [[Žužemberk]] * [[Dolenjske Toplice]] * [[Novo Mesto]] (gdje rijeka pravi prepoznatljivu okuku oko starog gradskog jezgra) * [[Otočec (dvorac)|Dvorac Otočec]] (jedini slovenski dvorac na riječnom otoku) * [[Kostanjevica na Krki]] Krka se ulijeva u [[Sava|Savu]] kod [[Brežice|Brežica]], u blizini granice sa [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskom]]. Njena najveća pritoka je [[Prečna (rijeka)|Prečna]], koja predstavlja nastavak ponornice [[Temenica (rijeka)|Temenice]]. Rijeka je poznata po svojim sedrenim pragovima, koji su posebno izraženi u gornjem toku. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krka (Sava)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234501/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H12_g_30.html Stanje Krke] – grafikoni vodostaja i temperature (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] 08y919f1akq5iz8zl1eu2thiurr3sa1 3839599 3839562 2026-05-05T07:50:06Z Srđan 73336 3839599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krka | slika = Krka zgornji tok Slovenija.jpg | opis_slike = Krka u svom gornjem toku blizu [[Žužemberk]]a | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 94,6 | sliv = 2.247 km² | izvor = [[Gradiček]], [[Ivančna Gorica]] | ušće = [[Sava]], kod [[Brežice|Brežica]] }} '''Krka''' je rijeka u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] (historijska regija [[Dolenjska]]), desna pritoka [[Sava|Save]]. Sa dužinom od 94,6 km, druga je najduža rijeka koja cijelim svojim tokom protiče kroz Sloveniju, nakon [[Savinja|Savinje]]. == Ime == Ime rijeke prvi put je zabilježeno u pisanim izvorima 799. godine kao ''Corca'' (1025. kao ''Gurke''). Slovensko ime potiče od slavenskog oblika ''Kъrka'', koji je baziran na romanskom nazivu ''Corcra'' ili ''Corca''. Vjeruje se da je naziv predromanskog porijekla i da je nastao na bazi [[Onomatopeja|onomatopeje]]. Rijeka je u antici bila poznata kao ''Corcoras''.<ref name="snoj">{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |pages=214–215}}</ref> == Izvor == Krka izvire iz [[Kraško vrelo|kraškog vrela]] koje se nalazi u [[Slijepa dolina|slijepoj dolini]] ispod [[Krška pećina|Krške pećine]], sjeverno od sela [[Krka (Ivančna Gorica)|Krka]], oko 25 km jugoistočno od [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]]. Tokom obilnih padavina, voda pod pritiskom izbija kroz glavni ulaz Krške pećine i teče u obliku bujičnog vodopada preko stepenica ispred pećine.<ref name="asic">{{cite book |first=Zala |last=Ašič |title=Geografska zasnova zavarovanja reke Krke kot naravnega spomenika v Mestni občini Novo mesto |publisher=Odjel za geografiju, Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Ljubljani |year=2008}}</ref> == Tok == Rijeka teče prema jugoistoku i prolazi kroz nekoliko značajnih naselja i historijskih mjesta: * [[Žužemberk]] * [[Dolenjske Toplice]] * [[Novo Mesto]] (gdje rijeka pravi prepoznatljivu okuku oko starog gradskog jezgra) * [[Otočec (dvorac)|Dvorac Otočec]] (jedini slovenski dvorac na riječnom otoku) * [[Kostanjevica na Krki]] Krka se ulijeva u [[Sava|Savu]] kod [[Brežice|Brežica]], u blizini granice sa [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskom]]. Njena najveća pritoka je [[Prečna (rijeka)|Prečna]], koja predstavlja nastavak ponornice [[Temenica (rijeka)|Temenice]]. Rijeka je poznata po svojim sedrenim pragovima, koji su posebno izraženi u gornjem toku. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krka (Sava)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234501/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H12_g_30.html Stanje Krke] – grafikoni vodostaja i temperature (ARSO) {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Save]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] gzqcy1gq49qjgqza6h7s9gcfcgd6f2i 1 533920 3839557 2026-05-04T21:55:07Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} 3839557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} g75ifd9zyy5ov98b4r0yxw6in4rv62a 0 533921 3839560 2026-05-04T22:04:42Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krupa | slika = Skale nad izvirom Krupe.jpg | opis_slike = Stijene iznad izvora rijeke Krupe | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 2,5 | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], krški izvor | ušće = [[Lahinja]], kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]] }} '''Krupa''' je rijeka du... 3839560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krupa | slika = Skale nad izvirom Krupe.jpg | opis_slike = Stijene iznad izvora rijeke Krupe | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 2,5 | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], krški izvor | ušće = [[Lahinja]], kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]] }} '''Krupa''' je rijeka dužine 2,5 km u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Njen izvor je [[kraško vrelo]] u naselju [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], koje izbija ispod visoke stijene. Riječno korito na pojedinim mjestima ima karakteristike [[Kanjon|kanjona]]. Kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]], Krupa se sa lijeve strane ulijeva u rijeku [[Lahinja|Lahinju]]. Ukupni pad rijeke od izvora do ušća iznosi 6 metara.<ref name="ZRSVN">{{cite web |url=http://www.zrsvn.si/sl/informacija.asp?id_meta_type=63&id_informacija=440 |title=Krupa |language=sl |publisher=Zavod RS za varstvo narave}}</ref> == Zaštita prirode i biodiverzitet == Rijeka je zaštićena kao spomenik prirode i uključena je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Glavna je odlika "Kraške poučne staze od Lebice do Krupe". Izvorsko jezero Krupe je jedino stanište pećinske školjke ''[[Congeria kusceri]]'' u Sloveniji. Pored toga, rijeka je stanište nekih vrsta pećinskih puževa i [[Čovječija ribica|čovječije ribice]].<ref name="skoljka">{{cite web |last1=Hudoklin |first1=Andrej |last2=Ilenič |first2=Tine |title=Izvir jamske školjke |url=http://www.jknm.si/media/DK/DK6_37_Hudoklin__Ilenic_Izvir_jamske_skoljke.pdf}}</ref> == Zagađenje == Rijeka Krupa je poznata po ekstremno visokom zagađenju [[Polihlorovani bifenil|polihlorovanim bifenilima]] (PCB). Do zagađenja je došlo zbog nepropisnog rukovanja otpadnim materijalom koji je decenijama koristila fabrika kondenzatora [[Iskra (preduzeće)|Iskra]] iz obližnjeg [[Semič|Semiča]]. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krupa (Lahinja)}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] nn58ah33mhbq0e1l2m12t2evw6kwcoi 3839564 3839560 2026-05-04T22:09:19Z Arnel 102555 3839564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Krupa (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krupa | slika = Skale nad izvirom Krupe.jpg | opis_slike = Stijene iznad izvora rijeke Krupe | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 2,5 | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], krški izvor | ušće = [[Lahinja]], kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]] }} '''Krupa''' je rijeka dužine 2,5 km u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Njen izvor je [[kraško vrelo]] u naselju [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], koje izbija ispod visoke stijene. Riječno korito na pojedinim mjestima ima karakteristike [[Kanjon|kanjona]]. Kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]], Krupa se sa lijeve strane ulijeva u rijeku [[Lahinja|Lahinju]]. Ukupni pad rijeke od izvora do ušća iznosi 6 metara.<ref name="ZRSVN">{{cite web |url=http://www.zrsvn.si/sl/informacija.asp?id_meta_type=63&id_informacija=440 |title=Krupa |language=sl |publisher=Zavod RS za varstvo narave}}</ref> == Zaštita prirode i biodiverzitet == Rijeka je zaštićena kao spomenik prirode i uključena je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Glavna je odlika "Kraške poučne staze od Lebice do Krupe". Izvorsko jezero Krupe je jedino stanište pećinske školjke ''[[Congeria kusceri]]'' u Sloveniji. Pored toga, rijeka je stanište nekih vrsta pećinskih puževa i [[Čovječija ribica|čovječije ribice]].<ref name="skoljka">{{cite web |last1=Hudoklin |first1=Andrej |last2=Ilenič |first2=Tine |title=Izvir jamske školjke |url=http://www.jknm.si/media/DK/DK6_37_Hudoklin__Ilenic_Izvir_jamske_skoljke.pdf}}</ref> == Zagađenje == Rijeka Krupa je poznata po ekstremno visokom zagađenju [[Polihlorovani bifenil|polihlorovanim bifenilima]] (PCB). Do zagađenja je došlo zbog nepropisnog rukovanja otpadnim materijalom koji je decenijama koristila fabrika kondenzatora [[Iskra (preduzeće)|Iskra]] iz obližnjeg [[Semič|Semiča]]. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krupa (Lahinja)}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] 21mz6h13kx73fqg5ysmfjtkeffywdmo 3839605 3839564 2026-05-05T07:55:27Z Srđan 73336 3839605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krupa | slika = Skale nad izvirom Krupe.jpg | opis_slike = Stijene iznad izvora rijeke Krupe | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 2,5 | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], krški izvor | ušće = [[Lahinja]], kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]] }} '''Krupa''' je rijeka dužine 2,5 km u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Njen izvor je [[kraško vrelo]] u naselju [[Krupa (Semič)|Krupa]], koje izbija ispod visoke stijene. Riječno korito na pojedinim mjestima ima karakteristike [[Kanjon|kanjona]]. Kod naselja [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradac]], Krupa se sa lijeve strane ulijeva u rijeku [[Lahinja|Lahinju]]. Ukupni pad rijeke od izvora do ušća iznosi 6 metara.<ref name="ZRSVN">{{cite web |url=http://www.zrsvn.si/sl/informacija.asp?id_meta_type=63&id_informacija=440 |title=Krupa |language=sl |publisher=Zavod RS za varstvo narave}}</ref> == Zaštita prirode i biodiverzitet == Rijeka je zaštićena kao spomenik prirode i uključena je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Glavna je odlika "Kraške poučne staze od Lebice do Krupe". Izvorsko jezero Krupe je jedino stanište pećinske školjke ''[[Congeria kusceri]]'' u Sloveniji. Pored toga, rijeka je stanište nekih vrsta pećinskih puževa i [[Čovječija ribica|čovječije ribice]].<ref name="skoljka">{{cite web |last1=Hudoklin |first1=Andrej |last2=Ilenič |first2=Tine |title=Izvir jamske školjke |url=http://www.jknm.si/media/DK/DK6_37_Hudoklin__Ilenic_Izvir_jamske_skoljke.pdf}}</ref> == Zagađenje == Rijeka Krupa je poznata po ekstremno visokom zagađenju [[Polihlorovani bifenil|polihlorovanim bifenilima]] (PCB). Do zagađenja je došlo zbog nepropisnog rukovanja otpadnim materijalom koji je decenijama koristila fabrika kondenzatora [[Iskra (preduzeće)|Iskra]] iz obližnjeg [[Semič|Semiča]]. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Krupa (Lahinja)}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] 568i3ee2b6w7lsha5y6szqzaqjvcq6r 1 533922 3839561 2026-05-04T22:06:37Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} 3839561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} g75ifd9zyy5ov98b4r0yxw6in4rv62a 0 533923 3839565 2026-05-04T22:24:40Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lahinja | slika = Spring on river Lahinja (49992495477).jpg | opis_slike = Rijeka Lahinja kod [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradca]] | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33,4 km | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = Kod sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]] | ušće = [[Kupa|Kolpa]], kod [[Primostek|Primosteka]]... 3839565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lahinja | slika = Spring on river Lahinja (49992495477).jpg | opis_slike = Rijeka Lahinja kod [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradca]] | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33,4 km | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = Kod sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]] | ušće = [[Kupa|Kolpa]], kod [[Primostek|Primosteka]] | koordinati_izvora = {{coord|45|30|8|N|15|12|35|E|region:SI_type:river|display=inline,title}} | koordinati_ušća = {{coord|45|37|42|N|15|18|3|E|region:SI_type:river|display=inline}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 }} '''Lahinja'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://govornipomocnik.rtvslo.si/lahinja/|title=Lahinja – GOVORNI POMOČNIK|date=2022-06-27|language=sl-SI|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> je rijeka u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Duga je 33,4 km. Područje izvora rijeke sastoji se od nekoliko kraških vrela na kraju plitke slijepe doline između sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]], [[Belčji Vrh]] i [[Mali Nerajec]]. Zbog veoma malog pada, rijeka u svom gornjem toku izrazito vijuga (meandrira). == Tok == Lahinja sve svoje značajnije pritoke dobija sa lijeve strane, a svi oni počinju kraškim vrelima. Ubrzo nakon izvora, rijeci se pridružuje [[Nerajčica]] (ili Nerajski potok). U svom daljem toku prema sjeveru: * Kod naselja [[Dragatuš]] prima pritoku [[Podturnščica|Podturnščicu]]. * U gradu [[Črnomelj|Črnomelju]] u Lahinju se ulijeva [[Dobličica]]. * Od ušća Podturnščice, rijeka teče kroz usko korito duboko do 20 metara sa brojnim okukama. Na jednoj od tih okuka smješten je [[Gradac (tvrđava)|grad Gradac]]. * Ispod Gradca u nju se ulijeva rijeka [[Krupa (Lahinja)|Krupa]]. Nakon ušća Krupe, Lahinja skreće prema istoku i ulijeva se u [[Kupa|Kupu]] kod naselja [[Primostek]]. Rijeka pripada slivu [[Sava|Save]]. == Zaštita i ekologija == Cjelokupni tok Lahinje uključen je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Njen izvorišni dio, od samog izvora do okuka kod Pustog Gradca, zaštićen je kao [[Regionalni park Lahinja]]. Kvalitet vode se znatno poboljšao nakon izgradnje postrojenja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda u Črnomelju sredinom 1990-ih. Prije toga, stanovnici su vodu koristili direktno iz rijeke, uz obavezno prokuhavanje, dok su se u rijeku direktno ispuštale fekalne i industrijske otpadne vode (poput onih iz klaonice u Črnomelju).<ref name="cistilna">M. Bezek-Jakše, "Čistilna naprava še letos", Dolenjski list, 25. 2. 2010, str. 8</ref> == Historijsko ime == U historijskim zapisima, poput djela ''[[Slava vojvodine Kranjske|Slava Vojvodine Kranjske]]'' [[Janez Vajkard Valvasor|Janeza Vajkarda Valvasora]], zabilježeno je da se rijeka u prošlosti nazivala Črnomaljščica.<ref name="Slava vojvodine Kranjske">{{cite news|url=http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|title=Enajsta knjiga o mestih, trgih, starih in novih gradovih, samostanih, vrtovih itn. na Kranjskem; in vsakovrstnih znamenitih stvareh, ki so se tam zgodile.|date=|work=Slava vojvodine Kranjske|accessdate=5. 5. 2026|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514081316/http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Izvir_lahinje0.JPG|Izvor Lahinje kod Belčjeg vrha Datoteka:Lahinja2.JPG|Rijeka Lahinja kod sela [[Pusti Gradec]] Datoteka:Lahinja_crnomelj.jpg|Lahinja u [[Črnomelj|Črnomlju]] Datoteka:Črnomelj_-_sotočje_Dobličice_i_Lahinje.jpg|Ušće Dobličice u Lahinju u Črnomlju Datoteka:Lokvanji_na_Lahinji.jpg|Lokvanji na Lahinji ispod dvorca u Gradcu </gallery> == Reference == {{reflist|refs=<ref name="govorni">{{Navedi splet|title=Lahinja – GOVORNI POMOČNIK|url=https://govornipomocnik.rtvslo.si/lahinja/|language=sl-SI}}</ref> <ref name="valvasor">{{navedi novice|url=http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|title=Enajsta knjiga o mestih, trgih, starih in novih gradovih...|work=Slava vojvodine Kranjske}}</ref> <ref name="cistilna">M. Bezek-Jakše, "Čistilna naprava še letos", Dolenjski list, 25.2.2010, str. 8</ref>}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Lahinja}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] i4l2wofaud0tg0fwwpuoosn0o6h1c2q 3839566 3839565 2026-05-04T22:25:04Z Arnel 102555 3839566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lahinja | slika = Spring on river Lahinja (49992495477).jpg | opis_slike = Rijeka Lahinja kod [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradca]] | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33,4 km | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = Kod sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]] | ušće = [[Kupa|Kolpa]], kod [[Primostek|Primosteka]] | koordinati_izvora = {{coord|45|30|8|N|15|12|35|E|region:SI_type:river|display=inline,title}} | koordinati_ušća = {{coord|45|37|42|N|15|18|3|E|region:SI_type:river|display=inline}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 }} '''Lahinja'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://govornipomocnik.rtvslo.si/lahinja/|title=Lahinja – GOVORNI POMOČNIK|date=2022-06-27|language=sl-SI|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> je rijeka u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Duga je 33,4 km. Područje izvora rijeke sastoji se od nekoliko kraških vrela na kraju plitke slijepe doline između sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]], [[Belčji Vrh]] i [[Mali Nerajec]]. Zbog veoma malog pada, rijeka u svom gornjem toku izrazito vijuga (meandrira). == Tok == Lahinja sve svoje značajnije pritoke dobija sa lijeve strane, a svi oni počinju kraškim vrelima. Ubrzo nakon izvora, rijeci se pridružuje [[Nerajčica]] (ili Nerajski potok). U svom daljem toku prema sjeveru: * Kod naselja [[Dragatuš]] prima pritoku [[Podturnščica|Podturnščicu]]. * U gradu [[Črnomelj|Črnomelju]] u Lahinju se ulijeva [[Dobličica]]. * Od ušća Podturnščice, rijeka teče kroz usko korito duboko do 20 metara sa brojnim okukama. Na jednoj od tih okuka smješten je [[Gradac (tvrđava)|grad Gradac]]. * Ispod Gradca u nju se ulijeva rijeka [[Krupa (Lahinja)|Krupa]]. Nakon ušća Krupe, Lahinja skreće prema istoku i ulijeva se u [[Kupa|Kupu]] kod naselja [[Primostek]]. Rijeka pripada slivu [[Sava|Save]]. == Zaštita i ekologija == Cjelokupni tok Lahinje uključen je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Njen izvorišni dio, od samog izvora do okuka kod Pustog Gradca, zaštićen je kao [[Regionalni park Lahinja]]. Kvalitet vode se znatno poboljšao nakon izgradnje postrojenja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda u Črnomelju sredinom 1990-ih. Prije toga, stanovnici su vodu koristili direktno iz rijeke, uz obavezno prokuhavanje, dok su se u rijeku direktno ispuštale fekalne i industrijske otpadne vode (poput onih iz klaonice u Črnomelju).<ref name="cistilna">M. Bezek-Jakše, "Čistilna naprava še letos", Dolenjski list, 25. 2. 2010, str. 8</ref> == Historijsko ime == U historijskim zapisima, poput djela ''[[Slava vojvodine Kranjske|Slava Vojvodine Kranjske]]'' [[Janez Vajkard Valvasor|Janeza Vajkarda Valvasora]], zabilježeno je da se rijeka u prošlosti nazivala Črnomaljščica.<ref name="Slava vojvodine Kranjske">{{cite news|url=http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|title=Enajsta knjiga o mestih, trgih, starih in novih gradovih, samostanih, vrtovih itn. na Kranjskem; in vsakovrstnih znamenitih stvareh, ki so se tam zgodile.|date=|work=Slava vojvodine Kranjske|accessdate=5. 5. 2026|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514081316/http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Izvir_lahinje0.JPG|Izvor Lahinje kod Belčjeg vrha Datoteka:Lahinja2.JPG|Rijeka Lahinja kod sela [[Pusti Gradec]] Datoteka:Lahinja_crnomelj.jpg|Lahinja u [[Črnomelj|Črnomlju]] Datoteka:Črnomelj_-_sotočje_Dobličice_i_Lahinje.jpg|Ušće Dobličice u Lahinju u Črnomlju Datoteka:Lokvanji_na_Lahinji.jpg|Lokvanji na Lahinji ispod dvorca u Gradcu </gallery> == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Lahinja}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] 1cyqf52qp2ff070w0w8jqe6efr0nd69 3839567 3839566 2026-05-04T22:26:35Z Arnel 102555 3839567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Lahinja (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lahinja | slika = Spring on river Lahinja (49992495477).jpg | opis_slike = Rijeka Lahinja kod [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradca]] | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33,4 | sliv = [[Bela krajina]] | izvor = Kod sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]] | ušće = [[Kupa|Kolpa]], kod [[Primostek|Primosteka]] }} '''Lahinja'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://govornipomocnik.rtvslo.si/lahinja/|title=Lahinja – GOVORNI POMOČNIK|date=2022-06-27|language=sl-SI|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> je rijeka u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Duga je 33,4 km. Područje izvora rijeke sastoji se od nekoliko kraških vrela na kraju plitke slijepe doline između sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]], [[Belčji Vrh]] i [[Mali Nerajec]]. Zbog veoma malog pada, rijeka u svom gornjem toku izrazito vijuga (meandrira). == Tok == Lahinja sve svoje značajnije pritoke dobija sa lijeve strane, a svi oni počinju kraškim vrelima. Ubrzo nakon izvora, rijeci se pridružuje [[Nerajčica]] (ili Nerajski potok). U svom daljem toku prema sjeveru: * Kod naselja [[Dragatuš]] prima pritoku [[Podturnščica|Podturnščicu]]. * U gradu [[Črnomelj|Črnomelju]] u Lahinju se ulijeva [[Dobličica]]. * Od ušća Podturnščice, rijeka teče kroz usko korito duboko do 20 metara sa brojnim okukama. Na jednoj od tih okuka smješten je [[Gradac (tvrđava)|grad Gradac]]. * Ispod Gradca u nju se ulijeva rijeka [[Krupa (Lahinja)|Krupa]]. Nakon ušća Krupe, Lahinja skreće prema istoku i ulijeva se u [[Kupa|Kupu]] kod naselja [[Primostek]]. Rijeka pripada slivu [[Sava|Save]]. == Zaštita i ekologija == Cjelokupni tok Lahinje uključen je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Njen izvorišni dio, od samog izvora do okuka kod Pustog Gradca, zaštićen je kao [[Regionalni park Lahinja]]. Kvalitet vode se znatno poboljšao nakon izgradnje postrojenja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda u Črnomelju sredinom 1990-ih. Prije toga, stanovnici su vodu koristili direktno iz rijeke, uz obavezno prokuhavanje, dok su se u rijeku direktno ispuštale fekalne i industrijske otpadne vode (poput onih iz klaonice u Črnomelju).<ref name="cistilna">M. Bezek-Jakše, "Čistilna naprava še letos", Dolenjski list, 25. 2. 2010, str. 8</ref> == Historijsko ime == U historijskim zapisima, poput djela ''[[Slava vojvodine Kranjske|Slava Vojvodine Kranjske]]'' [[Janez Vajkard Valvasor|Janeza Vajkarda Valvasora]], zabilježeno je da se rijeka u prošlosti nazivala Črnomaljščica.<ref name="Slava vojvodine Kranjske">{{cite news|url=http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|title=Enajsta knjiga o mestih, trgih, starih in novih gradovih, samostanih, vrtovih itn. na Kranjskem; in vsakovrstnih znamenitih stvareh, ki so se tam zgodile.|date=|work=Slava vojvodine Kranjske|accessdate=5. 5. 2026|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514081316/http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Izvir_lahinje0.JPG|Izvor Lahinje kod Belčjeg vrha Datoteka:Lahinja2.JPG|Rijeka Lahinja kod sela [[Pusti Gradec]] Datoteka:Lahinja_crnomelj.jpg|Lahinja u [[Črnomelj|Črnomlju]] Datoteka:Črnomelj_-_sotočje_Dobličice_i_Lahinje.jpg|Ušće Dobličice u Lahinju u Črnomlju Datoteka:Lokvanji_na_Lahinji.jpg|Lokvanji na Lahinji ispod dvorca u Gradcu </gallery> == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Lahinja}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] npjk6de4fddzlhyqd0agl8z9fdac4bz 3839568 3839567 2026-05-04T22:27:10Z Arnel 102555 3839568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje|Lahinja (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Lahinja | slika = Spring on river Lahinja (49992495477).jpg | opis_slike = Rijeka Lahinja kod [[Gradac (Metlika)|Gradca]] | države = [[Slovenija]] | dužina = 33,4 | sliv = [[Crno more|Crnomorski]] | izvor = Kod sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]] | ušće = [[Kupa|Kolpa]], kod [[Primostek|Primosteka]] }} '''Lahinja'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://govornipomocnik.rtvslo.si/lahinja/|title=Lahinja – GOVORNI POMOČNIK|date=2022-06-27|language=sl-SI|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> je rijeka u [[Bela krajina|Beloj krajini]], u jugoistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Duga je 33,4 km. Područje izvora rijeke sastoji se od nekoliko kraških vrela na kraju plitke slijepe doline između sela [[Knežina (Črnomelj)|Knežina]], [[Belčji Vrh]] i [[Mali Nerajec]]. Zbog veoma malog pada, rijeka u svom gornjem toku izrazito vijuga (meandrira). == Tok == Lahinja sve svoje značajnije pritoke dobija sa lijeve strane, a svi oni počinju kraškim vrelima. Ubrzo nakon izvora, rijeci se pridružuje [[Nerajčica]] (ili Nerajski potok). U svom daljem toku prema sjeveru: * Kod naselja [[Dragatuš]] prima pritoku [[Podturnščica|Podturnščicu]]. * U gradu [[Črnomelj|Črnomelju]] u Lahinju se ulijeva [[Dobličica]]. * Od ušća Podturnščice, rijeka teče kroz usko korito duboko do 20 metara sa brojnim okukama. Na jednoj od tih okuka smješten je [[Gradac (tvrđava)|grad Gradac]]. * Ispod Gradca u nju se ulijeva rijeka [[Krupa (Lahinja)|Krupa]]. Nakon ušća Krupe, Lahinja skreće prema istoku i ulijeva se u [[Kupa|Kupu]] kod naselja [[Primostek]]. Rijeka pripada slivu [[Sava|Save]]. == Zaštita i ekologija == Cjelokupni tok Lahinje uključen je u ekološku mrežu [[Natura 2000]]. Njen izvorišni dio, od samog izvora do okuka kod Pustog Gradca, zaštićen je kao [[Regionalni park Lahinja]]. Kvalitet vode se znatno poboljšao nakon izgradnje postrojenja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda u Črnomelju sredinom 1990-ih. Prije toga, stanovnici su vodu koristili direktno iz rijeke, uz obavezno prokuhavanje, dok su se u rijeku direktno ispuštale fekalne i industrijske otpadne vode (poput onih iz klaonice u Črnomelju).<ref name="cistilna">M. Bezek-Jakše, "Čistilna naprava še letos", Dolenjski list, 25. 2. 2010, str. 8</ref> == Historijsko ime == U historijskim zapisima, poput djela ''[[Slava vojvodine Kranjske|Slava Vojvodine Kranjske]]'' [[Janez Vajkard Valvasor|Janeza Vajkarda Valvasora]], zabilježeno je da se rijeka u prošlosti nazivala Črnomaljščica.<ref name="Slava vojvodine Kranjske">{{cite news|url=http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|title=Enajsta knjiga o mestih, trgih, starih in novih gradovih, samostanih, vrtovih itn. na Kranjskem; in vsakovrstnih znamenitih stvareh, ki so se tam zgodile.|date=|work=Slava vojvodine Kranjske|accessdate=5. 5. 2026|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514081316/http://www.dezela-kranjska.si/knjige/pdf/SVK3-11-f.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Izvir_lahinje0.JPG|Izvor Lahinje kod Belčjeg vrha Datoteka:Lahinja2.JPG|Rijeka Lahinja kod sela [[Pusti Gradec]] Datoteka:Lahinja_crnomelj.jpg|Lahinja u [[Črnomelj|Črnomlju]] Datoteka:Črnomelj_-_sotočje_Dobličice_i_Lahinje.jpg|Ušće Dobličice u Lahinju u Črnomlju Datoteka:Lokvanji_na_Lahinji.jpg|Lokvanji na Lahinji ispod dvorca u Gradcu </gallery> == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Lahinja}} {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] jacbm0n7ut7b3xalgv5sazpt6ycl8kp 1 533924 3839569 2026-05-04T22:27:54Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} 3839569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija }} g75ifd9zyy5ov98b4r0yxw6in4rv62a 0 533925 3839571 2026-05-04T22:50:48Z Mhare 481 + 3839571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Seda Bakan | slika = Seda Bakan at Tolgshow 1 (cropped).png | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1985|10|10}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Gebze]], [[Kocaeli]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[glumica]] | godine_aktivnosti = 2007– | supružnik = Ali Erel (v. 2014) | djeca = 2 | alma_mater = [[Univerzitet Sakarya]] }} '''Seda Bakan''' (rođena 10. oktobra 1985. u [[Gebze]]u) [[Turska|turska]] je [[glumica]]. Prepoznatljivost je stekla ulogom Ede u [[kriminalistička serija|kriminalističkoj seriji]] ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', a zatim ulogom Feyze u [[komedija|komičkoj]] seriji ''Kardeş Payı''.<ref name="Beyazperde">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/sanatcilar/sanatci-530349/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Igrala je i u [[film]]ovima ''Arif V 216'', ''Kara Bela'', ''Gelin Takımı'' i ''Adile'', kao i u [[Netflix]]ovoj seriji ''Zeytin Ağacı'' (''Drugo ja'').<ref name="Sinemalar">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan Filmografi |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/filmleri/49618/seda-bakan |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 10. oktobra 1985. u [[Gebze]]u, gradu u [[provincija Kocaeli|provinciji Kocaeli]]. Majčina porodica porijeklom je iz [[Solun]]a, a po očevoj liniji vuče porijeklo od [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačkih doseljenika]] iz [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]]. Završila je odsjek [[vanjska trgovina|vanjske trgovine]] na [[Univerzitet Sakarya|Univerzitetu Sakarya]], a zatim se usmjerila prema [[gluma|glumi]].<ref name="KocaeliAnsiklopedisi">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan |website=Kocaeli Ansiklopedisi |url=https://kocaeliansiklopedisi.com/Default/MaddeDetay/1342 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2014. udala se za [[muzika|muzičara]] Alija Erela. Ima dvoje djece.<ref name="Haberturk2026">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan: Kocam aristokrat bir aileden geliyor, ben ise Gebze'den |website=Habertürk |date=28. 3. 2026 |url=https://www.haberturk.com/seda-bakan-kocam-aristokrat-bir-aileden-geliyor-ben-ise-gebze-den-3872992-magazin |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == Na [[televizija|televiziji]] je počela igrati 2007. u seriji ''Sana Mecburum''.<ref name="Beyazperde"/><ref name="Sinemalar"/> Od 2014. do 2015. igrala je Feyzu u seriji ''Kardeş Payı'', uz [[Ahmet Kural|Ahmeta Kurala]] i [[Murat Cemcir|Murata Cemcira]].<ref name="ATVKardesPayi">{{cite web |title=Kardeş Payı - Seda Bakan |website=ATV |url=https://www.atv.com.tr/kardes-payi/kadro/feyza |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Nakon toga igrala je u seriji ''Bana Sevmeyi Anlat'', koja je u regionalnim televizijskim pregledima i programima navođena pod naslovima ''Nauči me voljeti'' i ''Nauči me da volim''.<ref name="MojTVNauciMe">{{cite web |title=Nauči me voljeti |website=MojTV |url=https://mojtv.hr/serije/52319/nauci-me-voljeti.aspx |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U [[naučna fantastika|naučnofantastičnoj]] [[komedija|komediji]] ''Arif V 216'' iz 2018. tumačila je lik Pembe Şeker. Film je u Turskoj otvorio prikazivanje s više od 1,3 miliona gledalaca i oborio tadašnji januarski rekord otvaranja.<ref name="AAArif">{{cite web |title='Arif v 216'dan izlenme rekoru |website=Anadolu Agency |date=9. 1. 2018 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur-sanat/arif-v-216dan-izlenme-rekoru/1026213 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2022. igrala je Leylu u [[Netflix|Netflixovoj]] seriji ''Zeytin Ağacı'', koja je u regionalnoj Netflixovoj ponudi navođena pod naslovom ''Drugo ja''.<ref name="HRFlixDrugoJa">{{cite web |title=Drugo ja |website=HRFlix |url=https://hrflix.eu/detalji/another_self_2022 |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2024. igrala je Ayçu u [[romantična komedija|romantičnoj komediji]] ''Gelin Takımı'', a istu ulogu ponovila je u nastavku ''Gelin Takımı 2'' iz 2025.<ref name="GelinTakimi">{{cite web |title=Gelin Takımı |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/film/286180/gelin-takimi |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="AAGelinTakimi2">{{cite web |title="Gelin Takımı 2" filmi izleyiciyi eğlenceli ve macera dolu bir hikayeye davet ediyor |website=Anadolu Agency |date=24. 10. 2025 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur/gelin-takimi-2-filmi-izleyiciyi-eglenceli-ve-macera-dolu-bir-hikayeye-davet-ediyor/3725603 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U [[biografski film|biografskom filmu]] ''Adile'' iz 2025, posvećenom glumici [[Adile Naşit]], igrala je [[Müjde Ar]].<ref name="Adile">{{cite web |title=Adile |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/filmler/film-1000023465/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Od 2025. do 2026. igrala je Aydan u seriji ''Rüya Gibi'', koja je završena finalnom epizodom u martu 2026.<ref name="RuyaGibi">{{cite web |title=Rüya Gibi ekran yolculuğunu tamamladı! |website=Show TV |date=9. 3. 2026 |url=https://www.showtv.com.tr/dizi/haber/3866183-ruya-gibi-ekran-yolculugunu-tamamladi |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Filmografija == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2009 | ''Umut'' (''Nada'') | Meryem | |- | 2011 | ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' | Eda | |- | 2013 | ''Behzat Ç. Ankara Yanıyor'' | Eda | |- | 2014 | ''Zaman Makinesi 1973'' (''Vremenska mašina 1973'') | Yasemin / Deniz | |- | 2015 | ''Kara Bela'' | Burcu | |- | 2018 | ''Arif V 216'' | Pembe Şeker / Alev | |- | 2019 | ''Öldür Beni Sevgilim'' (''Ubij me, ljubavi'') | Demet | |- | 2020 | ''Kara Komik Filmler 2: Emanet'' | ona sama | segment ''Emanet'' |- | 2024 | ''Gelin Takımı'' (''Tim mladenki'') | Ayça | glavna uloga |- | 2024 | ''Takıntılar'' | Işıl | |- | 2025 | ''Gelin Takımı 2'' (''Tim mladenki 2'') | Ayça | glavna uloga |- | 2025 | ''Adile'' | Müjde Ar | biografski film o [[Adile Naşit]] |} === Televizija === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Kanal ! Napomena |- | 2007 | ''Sana Mecburum'' | Leyla | [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2008 | ''Pars: Narkoterör'' | Zülfiye / Zülüf | [[Show TV]] | |- | 2008–2009 | ''Adanalı'' | Başak | [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2009 | ''Makber'' | Güneş | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | |- | 2010 | ''Geniş Aile'' | Esma | [[Kanal D]] | gostujuća uloga |- | 2010 | ''Şen Yuva'' | Oya | [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2010–2013 | ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'' | Eda | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | |- | 2014–2015 | ''Kardeş Payı'' | Feyza | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] / [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2015–2016 | ''Bana Sevmeyi Anlat'' (''Nauči me voljeti'' / ''Nauči me da volim'') | Leyla | [[NOW (Turska)|Fox]] | glavna uloga |- | 2020 | ''Mucize Doktor'' (''Čudesni doktor'') | Ferda | [[NOW (Turska)|Fox]] | |- | 2025–2026 | ''Rüya Gibi'' | Aydan | [[Show TV]] | glavna uloga |} === Digitalne serije === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Platforma ! Napomena |- | 2022–2024 | ''Zeytin Ağacı'' (''Drugo ja'') | Leyla | [[Netflix]] | glavna uloga |- | 2024 | ''Esas Oğlan'' | Selma | [[GAİN]] | glavna uloga |} === Glasovne uloge === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2017 | ''Prenses Elena'' | Elena | [[turski jezik|turska]] sinhronizacija |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bakan, Seda}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1985.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Gebze]] [[Kategorija:Turski glumci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] savlk1rnll3bpjzbfm9ojew6qj98qlz 3839572 3839571 2026-05-04T22:51:11Z Mhare 481 3839572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Seda Bakan | slika = Seda Bakan at Tolgshow 1 (cropped).png | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1985|10|10}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Gebze]], [[Kocaeli]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[glumica]] | godine_aktivnosti = 2007– | supružnik = Ali Erel (v. 2014) | djeca = 2 | alma_mater = [[Univerzitet Sakarya]] }} '''Seda Bakan''' (rođena 10. oktobra 1985. u [[Gebze]]u) [[Turska|turska]] je [[glumica]]. Prepoznatljivost je stekla ulogom Ede u [[kriminalistička serija|kriminalističkoj seriji]] ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', a zatim ulogom Feyze u [[komedija|komedijskoj]] seriji ''Kardeş Payı''.<ref name="Beyazperde">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/sanatcilar/sanatci-530349/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Igrala je i u [[film]]ovima ''Arif V 216'', ''Kara Bela'', ''Gelin Takımı'' i ''Adile'', kao i u [[Netflix]]ovoj seriji ''Zeytin Ağacı'' (''Drugo ja'').<ref name="Sinemalar">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan Filmografi |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/filmleri/49618/seda-bakan |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 10. oktobra 1985. u [[Gebze]]u, gradu u [[provincija Kocaeli|provinciji Kocaeli]]. Majčina porodica porijeklom je iz [[Solun]]a, a po očevoj liniji vuče porijeklo od [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačkih doseljenika]] iz [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]]. Završila je odsjek [[vanjska trgovina|vanjske trgovine]] na [[Univerzitet Sakarya|Univerzitetu Sakarya]], a zatim se usmjerila prema [[gluma|glumi]].<ref name="KocaeliAnsiklopedisi">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan |website=Kocaeli Ansiklopedisi |url=https://kocaeliansiklopedisi.com/Default/MaddeDetay/1342 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2014. udala se za [[muzika|muzičara]] Alija Erela. Ima dvoje djece.<ref name="Haberturk2026">{{cite web |title=Seda Bakan: Kocam aristokrat bir aileden geliyor, ben ise Gebze'den |website=Habertürk |date=28. 3. 2026 |url=https://www.haberturk.com/seda-bakan-kocam-aristokrat-bir-aileden-geliyor-ben-ise-gebze-den-3872992-magazin |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == Na [[televizija|televiziji]] je počela igrati 2007. u seriji ''Sana Mecburum''.<ref name="Beyazperde"/><ref name="Sinemalar"/> Od 2014. do 2015. igrala je Feyzu u seriji ''Kardeş Payı'', uz [[Ahmet Kural|Ahmeta Kurala]] i [[Murat Cemcir|Murata Cemcira]].<ref name="ATVKardesPayi">{{cite web |title=Kardeş Payı - Seda Bakan |website=ATV |url=https://www.atv.com.tr/kardes-payi/kadro/feyza |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Nakon toga igrala je u seriji ''Bana Sevmeyi Anlat'', koja je u regionalnim televizijskim pregledima i programima navođena pod naslovima ''Nauči me voljeti'' i ''Nauči me da volim''.<ref name="MojTVNauciMe">{{cite web |title=Nauči me voljeti |website=MojTV |url=https://mojtv.hr/serije/52319/nauci-me-voljeti.aspx |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U [[naučna fantastika|naučnofantastičnoj]] [[komedija|komediji]] ''Arif V 216'' iz 2018. tumačila je lik Pembe Şeker. Film je u Turskoj otvorio prikazivanje s više od 1,3 miliona gledalaca i oborio tadašnji januarski rekord otvaranja.<ref name="AAArif">{{cite web |title='Arif v 216'dan izlenme rekoru |website=Anadolu Agency |date=9. 1. 2018 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur-sanat/arif-v-216dan-izlenme-rekoru/1026213 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2022. igrala je Leylu u [[Netflix|Netflixovoj]] seriji ''Zeytin Ağacı'', koja je u regionalnoj Netflixovoj ponudi navođena pod naslovom ''Drugo ja''.<ref name="HRFlixDrugoJa">{{cite web |title=Drugo ja |website=HRFlix |url=https://hrflix.eu/detalji/another_self_2022 |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2024. igrala je Ayçu u [[romantična komedija|romantičnoj komediji]] ''Gelin Takımı'', a istu ulogu ponovila je u nastavku ''Gelin Takımı 2'' iz 2025.<ref name="GelinTakimi">{{cite web |title=Gelin Takımı |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/film/286180/gelin-takimi |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="AAGelinTakimi2">{{cite web |title="Gelin Takımı 2" filmi izleyiciyi eğlenceli ve macera dolu bir hikayeye davet ediyor |website=Anadolu Agency |date=24. 10. 2025 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur/gelin-takimi-2-filmi-izleyiciyi-eglenceli-ve-macera-dolu-bir-hikayeye-davet-ediyor/3725603 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U [[biografski film|biografskom filmu]] ''Adile'' iz 2025, posvećenom glumici [[Adile Naşit]], igrala je [[Müjde Ar]].<ref name="Adile">{{cite web |title=Adile |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/filmler/film-1000023465/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Od 2025. do 2026. igrala je Aydan u seriji ''Rüya Gibi'', koja je završena finalnom epizodom u martu 2026.<ref name="RuyaGibi">{{cite web |title=Rüya Gibi ekran yolculuğunu tamamladı! |website=Show TV |date=9. 3. 2026 |url=https://www.showtv.com.tr/dizi/haber/3866183-ruya-gibi-ekran-yolculugunu-tamamladi |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Filmografija == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2009 | ''Umut'' (''Nada'') | Meryem | |- | 2011 | ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' | Eda | |- | 2013 | ''Behzat Ç. Ankara Yanıyor'' | Eda | |- | 2014 | ''Zaman Makinesi 1973'' (''Vremenska mašina 1973'') | Yasemin / Deniz | |- | 2015 | ''Kara Bela'' | Burcu | |- | 2018 | ''Arif V 216'' | Pembe Şeker / Alev | |- | 2019 | ''Öldür Beni Sevgilim'' (''Ubij me, ljubavi'') | Demet | |- | 2020 | ''Kara Komik Filmler 2: Emanet'' | ona sama | segment ''Emanet'' |- | 2024 | ''Gelin Takımı'' (''Tim mladenki'') | Ayça | glavna uloga |- | 2024 | ''Takıntılar'' | Işıl | |- | 2025 | ''Gelin Takımı 2'' (''Tim mladenki 2'') | Ayça | glavna uloga |- | 2025 | ''Adile'' | Müjde Ar | biografski film o [[Adile Naşit]] |} === Televizija === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Kanal ! Napomena |- | 2007 | ''Sana Mecburum'' | Leyla | [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2008 | ''Pars: Narkoterör'' | Zülfiye / Zülüf | [[Show TV]] | |- | 2008–2009 | ''Adanalı'' | Başak | [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2009 | ''Makber'' | Güneş | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | |- | 2010 | ''Geniş Aile'' | Esma | [[Kanal D]] | gostujuća uloga |- | 2010 | ''Şen Yuva'' | Oya | [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2010–2013 | ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'' | Eda | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | |- | 2014–2015 | ''Kardeş Payı'' | Feyza | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] / [[ATV (Turska)|ATV]] | |- | 2015–2016 | ''Bana Sevmeyi Anlat'' (''Nauči me voljeti'' / ''Nauči me da volim'') | Leyla | [[NOW (Turska)|Fox]] | glavna uloga |- | 2020 | ''Mucize Doktor'' (''Čudesni doktor'') | Ferda | [[NOW (Turska)|Fox]] | |- | 2025–2026 | ''Rüya Gibi'' | Aydan | [[Show TV]] | glavna uloga |} === Digitalne serije === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Platforma ! Napomena |- | 2022–2024 | ''Zeytin Ağacı'' (''Drugo ja'') | Leyla | [[Netflix]] | glavna uloga |- | 2024 | ''Esas Oğlan'' | Selma | [[GAİN]] | glavna uloga |} === Glasovne uloge === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2017 | ''Prenses Elena'' | Elena | [[turski jezik|turska]] sinhronizacija |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bakan, Seda}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1985.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Gebze]] [[Kategorija:Turski glumci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] i318i31kwe4fj59ruhnl5d9qm6opxr3 0 533926 3839573 2026-05-04T23:06:11Z Mhare 481 + 3839573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Canan Ergüder | slika = Canan Ergüder.jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1976|7|15}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[glumica]] | godine_aktivnosti = 2000– | supružnik = Christopher Burke (v. 2006–2009)<br>[[Kenan Ece]] (v. 2017) | djeca = 1 | roditelji = [[Üstün Ergüder]] (otac) | alma_mater = [[Franklin & Marshall College]]<br>[[The New School]] }} '''Canan Ergüder''' (rođena 15. jula 1976. u [[Istanbul]]u) [[Turska|turska]] je [[film]]ska, [[televizija|televizijska]] i [[pozorište|pozorišna]] [[glumica]]. U turskoj televizijskoj produkciji postala je poznata ulogama Ede Akınay u seriji ''[[1001 noć (turska serija)|Binbir Gece]]'', tužiteljice Esre u kriminalističkoj seriji ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', Gülfem Sipahi u seriji ''Güllerin Savaşı'' (''Rat ruža'') i Feris Dikmen u seriji ''Menajerimi Ara''.<ref name="BeyazperdeBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder: biyografi |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/sanatcilar/sanatci-517315/biyografi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="MojTV">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder - Filmografija |website=MojTV |url=https://mojtv.hr/filmografija/glumac/84908/canan-erguder.aspx |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 15. jula 1976. u Istanbulu. Njen otac [[Üstün Ergüder]] turski je politolog, univerzitetski profesor i bivši rektor [[Univerzitet Boğaziçi|Univerziteta Boğaziçi]], a majka joj je Rukiye Ergüder.<ref name="HaberlerBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder Hayatı ve Biyografisi |website=Haberler.com |url=https://www.haberler.com/canan-erguder/biyografisi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U biografskim izvorima navodi se da je [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačkog porijekla]].<ref name="IMDBBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder - Biography |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2667193/bio/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Završila je [[Üsküdar American Academy|Američku srednju školu Üsküdar]], nakon čega je studirala [[sociologija|sociologiju]] i [[pozorište]] na koledžu Franklin & Marshall u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]]. Magistarski studij [[gluma|glume]] završila je na u [[New York]]u, a pohađala je i program na [[London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art|Londonskoj akademiji za muziku i dramsku umjetnost]].<ref name="Zona">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder |website=Zona Talent Agency |url=https://www.zonatalents.ba/en/profile.php?id=84 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="BeyazperdeBio"/> Prije povratka u Tursku igrala je u američkim pozorišnim produkcijama i nezavisnim filmovima. Za ulogu Nancy u filmu ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' 2007. dobila je nagradu za najbolju sporednu glumicu na Hoboken International Film Festivalu.<ref name="Hoboken">{{cite web |title=Hoboken International Film Festival 2007 |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001587/2007/1/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bila je u braku s [[Christopher Burke|Christopherom Burkeom]] od 2006. do 2009. Godine 2017. udala se za turskog glumca [[Kenan Ece|Kenana Ecea]] s kim ima jedno dijete.<ref name="TurkishDrama">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder: Tv Series, Biography |website=Turkish Drama |url=https://www.turkishdrama.com/canan-erguder.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U aprilu 2021. objavila je da joj je dijagnosticiran [[rak dojke]]; zbog liječenja je napustila seriju ''Menajerimi Ara''.<ref name="CumhuriyetCancer">{{cite web |title=Meme kanserini yenen Canan Ergüder zorlu günleri anlattı |website=Cumhuriyet |date=14. 3. 2025 |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yasam/meme-kanserini-yenen-canan-erguder-zorlu-gunleri-anlatti-2309428 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == Televizijski debi u Turskoj imala je u seriji ''Bıçak Sırtı'', emitovanoj od 2007. do 2008. Širu gledanost stekla je ulogom Ede Akınay u seriji ''Binbir Gece'', koja je u Bosni i Hercegovini i regiji prikazivana pod naslovom ''1001 noć''.<ref name="TurkishDrama"/> Od 2010. do 2012. igrala je tužiteljicu Esru u seriji ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', a istu ulogu tumačila je i u filmu ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' iz 2011.<ref name="Zona"/> Od 2014. do 2016. igrala je Gülfem Sipahi u seriji ''Güllerin Savaşı'', u regiji poznatoj kao ''Rat ruža''.<ref name="NovaRatRuza">{{cite web |title=Rat ruža |website=Nova TV |url=https://novatv.dnevnik.hr/serije/rat-ruza/ |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U međunarodnim filmovima pojavila se u ostvarenjima ''Will'', ''The Water Diviner'' [[Russell Crowe|Russella Crowea]] i ''Dar Elbise'' Hunera Saleema.<ref name="Zona"/> Godine 2020. igrala je Feris Dikmen u seriji ''Menajerimi Ara'', turskoj adaptaciji francuske serije ''Dix pour cent''.<ref name="SerijeInfoMenadzer">{{cite web |title=Pozovite mog menadžera |website=Serije.info |url=https://www.serije.info/pozovite-mog-menadzera/ |language=bs |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2022. igrala je Demet u dramskoj seriji ''Oğlum'', a od 2023. do 2024. Leylu Soykan Sayıcı u seriji ''Aile'' (''Porodične tajne'' i ''Familija)''.<ref name="MojTV"/><ref name="ShowAile">{{cite web |title=Aile |website=Show TV |url=https://www.showtv.com.tr/dizi/tanitim/aile/2881 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2025. igrala je Nesrin u [[Netflix|Netflixovoj]] seriji ''İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'' i ponovo se pojavila kao tužiteljica Esra u digitalnom nastavku ''Çekiç ve Gül: Bir Behzat Ç. Hikayesi''.<ref name="SinemalarFilmografi">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder Filmleri ve Dizileri |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/filmleri/179253/canan-erguder |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Filmografija == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2007 | ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' | Nancy | nezavisni film |- | 2011 | ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' | tužiteljica Esra | glavna uloga |- | 2011 | ''Will'' (''Babam İçin'') | Mina Bilić | sporedna uloga |- | 2014 | ''Kurt'' | Hilal | kratki film |- | 2014 | ''The Water Diviner'' (''Son Umut'') | medicinska sestra Crvenog križa | sporedna uloga |- | 2016 | ''Dar Elbise'' (''Tight Dress'') | Venus | glavna uloga |- | 2018 | ''Kaos'' | Fadime | glavna uloga |- | 2018 | ''Raveling'' | Claire | kratki film |} === Televizija === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Kanal ! Napomena |- | 2007–2008 | ''Bıçak Sırtı'' | Serra | [[Kanal D]] | sporedna uloga |- | 2008–2009 | ''Binbir Gece'' (''1001 noć'') | Eda Akınay | [[Kanal D]] | glavna uloga |- | 2010–2012 | ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2012 | ''Atlılar'' | Zikra | | glasovna uloga |- | 2013 | ''Galip Derviş'' | Leyla Gürsoy | [[Kanal D]] | gostujuća uloga |- | 2014–2016 | ''Güllerin Savaşı'' (''Rat ruža'') | Gülfem Sipahi | [[Kanal D]] | glavna uloga |- | 2017 | ''Yıldızlar Şahidim'' | Zeynep | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2019 | ''Behzat Ç.'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[BluTV]] | sporedna uloga |- | 2020–2021 | ''Menajerimi Ara'' (''Pozovite mog menadžera'') | Feris Dikmen | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2022 | ''Oğlum'' | Demet | [[Show TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2023–2024 | ''Aile'' (''Porodične tajne'' / ''Familija'') | Leyla Soykan Sayıcı | [[Show TV]] | sporedna uloga |} === Digitalne serije === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Platforma ! Napomena |- | 2025 | ''İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'' | Nesrin Caner | [[Netflix]] | glavna uloga |- | 2025– | ''Çekiç ve Gül: Bir Behzat Ç. Hikayesi'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[BluTV]] | |} === Pozorište === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Pozorište / produkcija |- | 2000 | ''The Median Line'' | Kate | Grove Street Playhouse |- | 2001 | ''The Median Line'' | Kate | Access Theatre |- | 2001 | ''Anthony and Cleopatra'' | Charmian | Expanded Arts |- | 2004 | ''Graceland'' | Donnie 'n' Marie | The Workshop Theater Co. |- | 2004 | ''Graceland'' | Donnie 'n' Marie | The Connelly Theater |- | 2004 | ''Rattlesnake'' | Jessie | The Workshop Theater Co. |- | 2007 | ''The Patient Therapist'' | Sydney | The Chernuchin Theater |- | 2009–2012 | ''Bayrak'' | žena | Garaj İstanbul / Muammer Karaca / KREK |- | 2010 | ''Bomba'' | konobarica | Garaj İstanbul / İKSV Salon |- | 2010 | ''Fırtına'' | Caliban / Ferdinand | Međunarodni istanbulski pozorišni festival |- | 2012–2015 | ''Nehir'' | druga žena | Oyun Atölyesi |- | 2019 | ''Hipokrat'' | Yeşim Doğan | Toy İstanbul |} == Nagrade == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Nagrada ! Kategorija ! Djelo |- | 2007 | Hoboken International Film Festival | najbolja sporedna glumica | ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' |- | 2009 | [[Afife Jale|Afife]] pozorišne nagrade | najuspješnija sporedna glumica | ''Bayrak'' |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{IMDb ime|2667193}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erguder, Canan}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1976.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turski pozorišni glumci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Turski glumci]] hl67foubqk01vu5trag3hnfqwqxrtqe 3839574 3839573 2026-05-04T23:06:51Z Mhare 481 /* Karijera */ 3839574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Canan Ergüder | slika = Canan Ergüder.jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1976|7|15}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[glumica]] | godine_aktivnosti = 2000– | supružnik = Christopher Burke (v. 2006–2009)<br>[[Kenan Ece]] (v. 2017) | djeca = 1 | roditelji = [[Üstün Ergüder]] (otac) | alma_mater = [[Franklin & Marshall College]]<br>[[The New School]] }} '''Canan Ergüder''' (rođena 15. jula 1976. u [[Istanbul]]u) [[Turska|turska]] je [[film]]ska, [[televizija|televizijska]] i [[pozorište|pozorišna]] [[glumica]]. U turskoj televizijskoj produkciji postala je poznata ulogama Ede Akınay u seriji ''[[1001 noć (turska serija)|Binbir Gece]]'', tužiteljice Esre u kriminalističkoj seriji ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', Gülfem Sipahi u seriji ''Güllerin Savaşı'' (''Rat ruža'') i Feris Dikmen u seriji ''Menajerimi Ara''.<ref name="BeyazperdeBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder: biyografi |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/sanatcilar/sanatci-517315/biyografi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="MojTV">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder - Filmografija |website=MojTV |url=https://mojtv.hr/filmografija/glumac/84908/canan-erguder.aspx |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 15. jula 1976. u Istanbulu. Njen otac [[Üstün Ergüder]] turski je politolog, univerzitetski profesor i bivši rektor [[Univerzitet Boğaziçi|Univerziteta Boğaziçi]], a majka joj je Rukiye Ergüder.<ref name="HaberlerBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder Hayatı ve Biyografisi |website=Haberler.com |url=https://www.haberler.com/canan-erguder/biyografisi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U biografskim izvorima navodi se da je [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačkog porijekla]].<ref name="IMDBBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder - Biography |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2667193/bio/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Završila je [[Üsküdar American Academy|Američku srednju školu Üsküdar]], nakon čega je studirala [[sociologija|sociologiju]] i [[pozorište]] na koledžu Franklin & Marshall u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]]. Magistarski studij [[gluma|glume]] završila je na u [[New York]]u, a pohađala je i program na [[London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art|Londonskoj akademiji za muziku i dramsku umjetnost]].<ref name="Zona">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder |website=Zona Talent Agency |url=https://www.zonatalents.ba/en/profile.php?id=84 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="BeyazperdeBio"/> Prije povratka u Tursku igrala je u američkim pozorišnim produkcijama i nezavisnim filmovima. Za ulogu Nancy u filmu ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' 2007. dobila je nagradu za najbolju sporednu glumicu na Hoboken International Film Festivalu.<ref name="Hoboken">{{cite web |title=Hoboken International Film Festival 2007 |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001587/2007/1/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bila je u braku s [[Christopher Burke|Christopherom Burkeom]] od 2006. do 2009. Godine 2017. udala se za turskog glumca [[Kenan Ece|Kenana Ecea]] s kim ima jedno dijete.<ref name="TurkishDrama">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder: Tv Series, Biography |website=Turkish Drama |url=https://www.turkishdrama.com/canan-erguder.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U aprilu 2021. objavila je da joj je dijagnosticiran [[rak dojke]]; zbog liječenja je napustila seriju ''Menajerimi Ara''.<ref name="CumhuriyetCancer">{{cite web |title=Meme kanserini yenen Canan Ergüder zorlu günleri anlattı |website=Cumhuriyet |date=14. 3. 2025 |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yasam/meme-kanserini-yenen-canan-erguder-zorlu-gunleri-anlatti-2309428 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == Televizijski debi u Turskoj imala je u seriji ''Bıçak Sırtı'', emitovanoj od 2007. do 2008. Širu gledanost stekla je ulogom Ede Akınay u seriji ''Binbir Gece'', koja je u Bosni i Hercegovini i regiji prikazivana pod naslovom ''1001 noć''.<ref name="TurkishDrama"/> Od 2010. do 2012. igrala je tužiteljicu Esru u seriji ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', a istu ulogu tumačila je i u filmu ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' iz 2011.<ref name="Zona"/> Od 2014. do 2016. igrala je Gülfem Sipahi u seriji ''Güllerin Savaşı'', u regiji poznatoj kao ''Rat ruža''.<ref name="NovaRatRuza">{{cite web |title=Rat ruža |website=Nova TV |url=https://novatv.dnevnik.hr/serije/rat-ruza/ |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U međunarodnim filmovima pojavila se u ostvarenjima ''Will'', ''The Water Diviner'' [[Russell Crowe|Russella Crowea]] i ''Dar Elbise'' Hunera Saleema.<ref name="Zona"/> Godine 2020. igrala je Feris Dikmen u seriji ''Menajerimi Ara'', turskoj adaptaciji francuske serije ''Dix pour cent''.<ref name="SerijeInfoMenadzer">{{cite web |title=Pozovite mog menadžera |website=Serije.info |url=https://www.serije.info/pozovite-mog-menadzera/ |language=bs |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2022. igrala je Demet u dramskoj seriji ''Oğlum'', a od 2023. do 2024. Leylu Soykan Sayıcı u seriji ''Aile'' (''Porodične tajne'' i ''Familija)''.<ref name="MojTV"/><ref name="ShowAile">{{cite web |title=Aile |website=Show TV |url=https://www.showtv.com.tr/dizi/tanitim/aile/2881 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2025. igrala je Nesrin u [[Netflix|Netflixovoj]] seriji ''İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'' i ponovo se pojavila kao tužiteljica Esra u nastavku ''Çekiç ve Gül: Bir Behzat Ç. Hikayesi''.<ref name="SinemalarFilmografi">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder Filmleri ve Dizileri |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/filmleri/179253/canan-erguder |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Filmografija == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2007 | ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' | Nancy | nezavisni film |- | 2011 | ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' | tužiteljica Esra | glavna uloga |- | 2011 | ''Will'' (''Babam İçin'') | Mina Bilić | sporedna uloga |- | 2014 | ''Kurt'' | Hilal | kratki film |- | 2014 | ''The Water Diviner'' (''Son Umut'') | medicinska sestra Crvenog križa | sporedna uloga |- | 2016 | ''Dar Elbise'' (''Tight Dress'') | Venus | glavna uloga |- | 2018 | ''Kaos'' | Fadime | glavna uloga |- | 2018 | ''Raveling'' | Claire | kratki film |} === Televizija === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Kanal ! Napomena |- | 2007–2008 | ''Bıçak Sırtı'' | Serra | [[Kanal D]] | sporedna uloga |- | 2008–2009 | ''Binbir Gece'' (''1001 noć'') | Eda Akınay | [[Kanal D]] | glavna uloga |- | 2010–2012 | ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2012 | ''Atlılar'' | Zikra | | glasovna uloga |- | 2013 | ''Galip Derviş'' | Leyla Gürsoy | [[Kanal D]] | gostujuća uloga |- | 2014–2016 | ''Güllerin Savaşı'' (''Rat ruža'') | Gülfem Sipahi | [[Kanal D]] | glavna uloga |- | 2017 | ''Yıldızlar Şahidim'' | Zeynep | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2019 | ''Behzat Ç.'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[BluTV]] | sporedna uloga |- | 2020–2021 | ''Menajerimi Ara'' (''Pozovite mog menadžera'') | Feris Dikmen | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2022 | ''Oğlum'' | Demet | [[Show TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2023–2024 | ''Aile'' (''Porodične tajne'' / ''Familija'') | Leyla Soykan Sayıcı | [[Show TV]] | sporedna uloga |} === Digitalne serije === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Platforma ! Napomena |- | 2025 | ''İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'' | Nesrin Caner | [[Netflix]] | glavna uloga |- | 2025– | ''Çekiç ve Gül: Bir Behzat Ç. Hikayesi'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[BluTV]] | |} === Pozorište === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Pozorište / produkcija |- | 2000 | ''The Median Line'' | Kate | Grove Street Playhouse |- | 2001 | ''The Median Line'' | Kate | Access Theatre |- | 2001 | ''Anthony and Cleopatra'' | Charmian | Expanded Arts |- | 2004 | ''Graceland'' | Donnie 'n' Marie | The Workshop Theater Co. |- | 2004 | ''Graceland'' | Donnie 'n' Marie | The Connelly Theater |- | 2004 | ''Rattlesnake'' | Jessie | The Workshop Theater Co. |- | 2007 | ''The Patient Therapist'' | Sydney | The Chernuchin Theater |- | 2009–2012 | ''Bayrak'' | žena | Garaj İstanbul / Muammer Karaca / KREK |- | 2010 | ''Bomba'' | konobarica | Garaj İstanbul / İKSV Salon |- | 2010 | ''Fırtına'' | Caliban / Ferdinand | Međunarodni istanbulski pozorišni festival |- | 2012–2015 | ''Nehir'' | druga žena | Oyun Atölyesi |- | 2019 | ''Hipokrat'' | Yeşim Doğan | Toy İstanbul |} == Nagrade == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Nagrada ! Kategorija ! Djelo |- | 2007 | Hoboken International Film Festival | najbolja sporedna glumica | ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' |- | 2009 | [[Afife Jale|Afife]] pozorišne nagrade | najuspješnija sporedna glumica | ''Bayrak'' |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{IMDb ime|2667193}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erguder, Canan}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1976.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turski pozorišni glumci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Turski glumci]] in5hbbr9swkj2dq2gloteamk6pierfd 3839575 3839574 2026-05-04T23:07:20Z Mhare 481 /* Biografija */ 3839575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Canan Ergüder | slika = Canan Ergüder.jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1976|7|15}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[glumica]] | godine_aktivnosti = 2000– | supružnik = Christopher Burke (v. 2006–2009)<br>[[Kenan Ece]] (v. 2017) | djeca = 1 | roditelji = [[Üstün Ergüder]] (otac) | alma_mater = [[Franklin & Marshall College]]<br>[[The New School]] }} '''Canan Ergüder''' (rođena 15. jula 1976. u [[Istanbul]]u) [[Turska|turska]] je [[film]]ska, [[televizija|televizijska]] i [[pozorište|pozorišna]] [[glumica]]. U turskoj televizijskoj produkciji postala je poznata ulogama Ede Akınay u seriji ''[[1001 noć (turska serija)|Binbir Gece]]'', tužiteljice Esre u kriminalističkoj seriji ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', Gülfem Sipahi u seriji ''Güllerin Savaşı'' (''Rat ruža'') i Feris Dikmen u seriji ''Menajerimi Ara''.<ref name="BeyazperdeBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder: biyografi |website=Beyazperde |url=https://www.beyazperde.com/sanatcilar/sanatci-517315/biyografi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="MojTV">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder - Filmografija |website=MojTV |url=https://mojtv.hr/filmografija/glumac/84908/canan-erguder.aspx |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 15. jula 1976. u Istanbulu. Njen otac [[Üstün Ergüder]] turski je politolog, univerzitetski profesor i bivši rektor [[Univerzitet Boğaziçi|Univerziteta Boğaziçi]], a majka joj je Rukiye Ergüder.<ref name="HaberlerBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder Hayatı ve Biyografisi |website=Haberler.com |url=https://www.haberler.com/canan-erguder/biyografisi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U biografskim izvorima navodi se da je [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačkog porijekla]].<ref name="IMDBBio">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder - Biography |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2667193/bio/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Završila je [[Üsküdar American Academy|Američku srednju školu Üsküdar]], nakon čega je studirala [[sociologija|sociologiju]] i [[pozorište]] na koledžu Franklin & Marshall u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]]. Magistarski studij [[gluma|glume]] završila je na u [[New York]]u, a pohađala je i program na [[London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art|Londonskoj akademiji za muziku i dramsku umjetnost]].<ref name="Zona">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder |website=Zona Talent Agency |url=https://www.zonatalents.ba/en/profile.php?id=84 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="BeyazperdeBio"/> Prije povratka u Tursku igrala je u američkim pozorišnim produkcijama i nezavisnim filmovima. Za ulogu Nancy u filmu ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' 2007. dobila je nagradu za najbolju sporednu glumicu na Hoboken International Film Festivalu.<ref name="Hoboken">{{cite web |title=Hoboken International Film Festival 2007 |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001587/2007/1/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Bila je u braku s [[Christopher Burke|Christopherom Burkeom]] od 2006. do 2009. Godine 2017. udala se za turskog glumca [[Kenan Ece|Kenana Ecea]] s kim ima jedno dijete.<ref name="TurkishDrama">{{cite web |title=Canan Erguder: Tv Series, Biography |website=Turkish Drama |url=https://www.turkishdrama.com/canan-erguder.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U aprilu 2021. objavila je da joj je dijagnosticiran [[rak dojke]] zbog čega je napustila seriju ''Menajerimi Ara''.<ref name="CumhuriyetCancer">{{cite web |title=Meme kanserini yenen Canan Ergüder zorlu günleri anlattı |website=Cumhuriyet |date=14. 3. 2025 |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yasam/meme-kanserini-yenen-canan-erguder-zorlu-gunleri-anlatti-2309428 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == Televizijski debi u Turskoj imala je u seriji ''Bıçak Sırtı'', emitovanoj od 2007. do 2008. Širu gledanost stekla je ulogom Ede Akınay u seriji ''Binbir Gece'', koja je u Bosni i Hercegovini i regiji prikazivana pod naslovom ''1001 noć''.<ref name="TurkishDrama"/> Od 2010. do 2012. igrala je tužiteljicu Esru u seriji ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'', a istu ulogu tumačila je i u filmu ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' iz 2011.<ref name="Zona"/> Od 2014. do 2016. igrala je Gülfem Sipahi u seriji ''Güllerin Savaşı'', u regiji poznatoj kao ''Rat ruža''.<ref name="NovaRatRuza">{{cite web |title=Rat ruža |website=Nova TV |url=https://novatv.dnevnik.hr/serije/rat-ruza/ |language=hr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> U međunarodnim filmovima pojavila se u ostvarenjima ''Will'', ''The Water Diviner'' [[Russell Crowe|Russella Crowea]] i ''Dar Elbise'' Hunera Saleema.<ref name="Zona"/> Godine 2020. igrala je Feris Dikmen u seriji ''Menajerimi Ara'', turskoj adaptaciji francuske serije ''Dix pour cent''.<ref name="SerijeInfoMenadzer">{{cite web |title=Pozovite mog menadžera |website=Serije.info |url=https://www.serije.info/pozovite-mog-menadzera/ |language=bs |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2022. igrala je Demet u dramskoj seriji ''Oğlum'', a od 2023. do 2024. Leylu Soykan Sayıcı u seriji ''Aile'' (''Porodične tajne'' i ''Familija)''.<ref name="MojTV"/><ref name="ShowAile">{{cite web |title=Aile |website=Show TV |url=https://www.showtv.com.tr/dizi/tanitim/aile/2881 |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Godine 2025. igrala je Nesrin u [[Netflix|Netflixovoj]] seriji ''İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'' i ponovo se pojavila kao tužiteljica Esra u nastavku ''Çekiç ve Gül: Bir Behzat Ç. Hikayesi''.<ref name="SinemalarFilmografi">{{cite web |title=Canan Ergüder Filmleri ve Dizileri |website=Sinemalar.com |url=https://www.sinemalar.com/filmleri/179253/canan-erguder |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Filmografija == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Napomena |- | 2007 | ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' | Nancy | nezavisni film |- | 2011 | ''Behzat Ç. Seni Kalbime Gömdüm'' | tužiteljica Esra | glavna uloga |- | 2011 | ''Will'' (''Babam İçin'') | Mina Bilić | sporedna uloga |- | 2014 | ''Kurt'' | Hilal | kratki film |- | 2014 | ''The Water Diviner'' (''Son Umut'') | medicinska sestra Crvenog križa | sporedna uloga |- | 2016 | ''Dar Elbise'' (''Tight Dress'') | Venus | glavna uloga |- | 2018 | ''Kaos'' | Fadime | glavna uloga |- | 2018 | ''Raveling'' | Claire | kratki film |} === Televizija === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Kanal ! Napomena |- | 2007–2008 | ''Bıçak Sırtı'' | Serra | [[Kanal D]] | sporedna uloga |- | 2008–2009 | ''Binbir Gece'' (''1001 noć'') | Eda Akınay | [[Kanal D]] | glavna uloga |- | 2010–2012 | ''Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2012 | ''Atlılar'' | Zikra | | glasovna uloga |- | 2013 | ''Galip Derviş'' | Leyla Gürsoy | [[Kanal D]] | gostujuća uloga |- | 2014–2016 | ''Güllerin Savaşı'' (''Rat ruža'') | Gülfem Sipahi | [[Kanal D]] | glavna uloga |- | 2017 | ''Yıldızlar Şahidim'' | Zeynep | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2019 | ''Behzat Ç.'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[BluTV]] | sporedna uloga |- | 2020–2021 | ''Menajerimi Ara'' (''Pozovite mog menadžera'') | Feris Dikmen | [[Star TV (Turska)|Star TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2022 | ''Oğlum'' | Demet | [[Show TV]] | glavna uloga |- | 2023–2024 | ''Aile'' (''Porodične tajne'' / ''Familija'') | Leyla Soykan Sayıcı | [[Show TV]] | sporedna uloga |} === Digitalne serije === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Platforma ! Napomena |- | 2025 | ''İstanbul Ansiklopedisi'' | Nesrin Caner | [[Netflix]] | glavna uloga |- | 2025– | ''Çekiç ve Gül: Bir Behzat Ç. Hikayesi'' | tužiteljica Esra | [[BluTV]] | |} === Pozorište === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Naslov ! Uloga ! Pozorište / produkcija |- | 2000 | ''The Median Line'' | Kate | Grove Street Playhouse |- | 2001 | ''The Median Line'' | Kate | Access Theatre |- | 2001 | ''Anthony and Cleopatra'' | Charmian | Expanded Arts |- | 2004 | ''Graceland'' | Donnie 'n' Marie | The Workshop Theater Co. |- | 2004 | ''Graceland'' | Donnie 'n' Marie | The Connelly Theater |- | 2004 | ''Rattlesnake'' | Jessie | The Workshop Theater Co. |- | 2007 | ''The Patient Therapist'' | Sydney | The Chernuchin Theater |- | 2009–2012 | ''Bayrak'' | žena | Garaj İstanbul / Muammer Karaca / KREK |- | 2010 | ''Bomba'' | konobarica | Garaj İstanbul / İKSV Salon |- | 2010 | ''Fırtına'' | Caliban / Ferdinand | Međunarodni istanbulski pozorišni festival |- | 2012–2015 | ''Nehir'' | druga žena | Oyun Atölyesi |- | 2019 | ''Hipokrat'' | Yeşim Doğan | Toy İstanbul |} == Nagrade == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Godina ! Nagrada ! Kategorija ! Djelo |- | 2007 | Hoboken International Film Festival | najbolja sporedna glumica | ''Shooting Johnson Roebling'' |- | 2009 | [[Afife Jale|Afife]] pozorišne nagrade | najuspješnija sporedna glumica | ''Bayrak'' |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{IMDb ime|2667193}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erguder, Canan}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1976.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turski pozorišni glumci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Turski glumci]] q5my8t520gthexs0w1chowahcl2sbn9 0 533927 3839577 2026-05-04T23:11:54Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Preveden jedan dio teksta sa wikipedia en 3839577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija univerzitet | naziv = Koledž Alma | slika = [[Datoteka:Stacked 2 Maroon.png|250px]] | latinsko_ime = | moto = | motobos = | osnovan = {{start date and age|1886|10|26|df=y}} | vrsta = [[Privatni univerzitet|Privatni]] koledž [[Liberalne umjetnosti|liberalnih umjetnosti]] | krovna = | vjerska_pripadnost = [[Presbiterijanizam|Presbiterijanska crkva (SAD)]] | akademska_pripadnost = [[Annapolis Group]] | izdaci = 121,6 miliona $ {{small|(2021)}}<ref name="USNews_Alma">{{cite web |last=U.S. News & World Report |title=Alma College Profiles |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alma-college-2236 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930132715/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alma-college-2236 |archive-date=30. 9. 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> | budžet = | rukovodilac = | chairman = | chairperson = | chancellor = | predsjednik = Joseph L. Odenwald | potpredsjednik = | vice_chancellor = | rektor = | prorektor = Sean D. Burke | dekan = | direktor = | vođa_titula = | akademsko_osoblje = 83 stalno zaposlena, 51 honorarno<ref name="Alma_Faculty_Size">{{cite web |title=Instructional faculty and class size |url=https://www.alma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/9.pdf |website=Alma College |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> | admin_osoblje = | studenti = 1.197 | dodipl = 1.159<ref name="Alma_Enrollment">{{cite web |title=Enrollment and persistence |url=https://www.alma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2.pdf |website=Alma College |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> | dipl = 38 | doktorat = | ostali = | lokacija = | grad = [[Alma (Michigan)|Alma]] | savezna_država = [[Michigan]] | provincija = | država = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]] | koor = {{Coord|43.380|-84.671|type:edu_region:US-MI|display=inline,title}} | kampus = Mali grad, ruralno područje (0,51 km² / 125 jutara) | prijašnja_imena = | slobodna_oznaka = | slobodna_vrijednost = [[Higher Learning Commission|HLC]] | boje = Kestenjasta i krem {{colorbox|#8A2432}} {{colorbox|#FFFDD0}} | atletika = [[NCAA Sekcija III]] – [[MIAA]] | sportovi = | nadimak = Scots | maskota = Scotty | udruženja = | web-sajt = [https://www.alma.edu alma.edu] | logo = | pushin_map = | fusnote = }} '''Koledž Alma''' je [[Privatni univerzitet|privatni]] [[Koledži slobodnih umjetnosti u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama|koledž slobodnih umjetnosti]] smješten u gradu Alma, u saveznoj državi [[Michigan]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. Pohađa ga približno 1.200 studenata, a akreditovan je od strane [[Komisija za visoko obrazovanje Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Komisije za visoko obrazovanje]].<ref name="MLive_Alma_President">{{cite web |last=Lynch |first1=Zeke |date=2010 |title=Alma College's new president begins tenure |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/2010/06/alma_colleges_new_president_be.html |website=MLive |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koledž Alma povezan je s [[Presbyterian Church (USA)|Prezbiterijanskom crkvom SAD-a]] i nudi 50 dodiplomskih programa u oblastima zdravstvenih nauka, biznisa, obrazovanja, humanističkih nauka i scenskih umjetnosti, kao i fleksibilne postdiplomske programe.<ref name="Alma_Academic_Programs">{{cite web |title=Our Academic Programs |url=https://www.alma.edu/academics/ |website=Alma College |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Sportske ekipe ovog koledža poznate su pod nadimkom ''Scots'' i takmiče se u okviru [[Nacionalna univerzitetska atletska asocijacija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalne univerzitetske atletske asocijacije]] (NCAA), u okviru [[NCAA Sekcije III]], kao i u [[Međuuniverzitetski atletski savez Michigana|Međuuniverzitetskom atletskom savezu Michigana]] (MIAA). == Historija == Koledž su 1886. osnovali prezbiterijanci iz savezne države [[Michigan]], iako njegovo porijeklo seže gotovo pola stoljeća ranije. Još 1835. godine, na svom drugom zasjedanju, prezbiterijanski sinod Michigana imenovao je odbor sa zadatkom da odredi najpogodniju lokaciju za osnivanje koledža i, ukoliko okolnosti dozvole, nastavi s njegovim osnivanjem.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986">{{cite web |title=Alma College Centennial Convocation, Cappaert Gymnasium |url=https://repository.alma.edu/bitstreams/a7966873-438d-4be8-ba55-e369556e38ae/download |website=Alma College Digital Repository |date=1986 |access-date=5. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> Prvi pokušaji osnivanja privatnog koledža povezanog s Prezbiterijanskom crkvom nisu odmah dali rezultate. Zbog toga je sinod 1885. formirao novi odbor za razmatranje mogućnosti osnivanja takve ustanove u Michiganu. Predsjedavajući odbora, velečasni J. Ambrose Wight iz Bay Cityja, održao je propovijed koja je inspirisala člana njegove kongregacije, Alexandera Folsoma, da obeća donaciju od 50.000 dolara za osnivanje koledža.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986" /> Istovremeno, August F. Bruske, pastor iz Saginawa, obratio se poduzetniku Ammi W. Wrightu sa zahtjevom za podršku projektu. Wright je kao odgovor darovao zemljište i dvije zgrade u gradu Alma, koje je prethodno izgradio u pokušaju osnivanja učiteljske škole.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986" /> Povodom historijskog značaja ustanove, postavljena je spomen-ploča kojom je Koledž Alma proglašen historijskim lokalitetom [[Michigan|savezne države Michigan]], a koju je postavio Odjel za historiju pri Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova Michigana. Na ploči je upisan sljedeći tekst: {{Citat|Dana 26. oktobra 1886. godine prezbiterijanski sinod Michigana prihvatio je ponudu Ammija W. Wrighta iz Alme, koji je darovao trideset jutara zemljišta sa dvije zgrade, kao i novčanu donaciju od 50.000 dolara Alexandera Folsoma iz Bay Cityja, s ciljem osnivanja Alma Collegea. Sinod je tom prilikom istakao: ″Uz Božiju pomoć, osnovat ćemo i osigurati sredstva za koledž unutar naših granica.″ Država Michigan izdala je povelju o osnivanju 15. aprila 1887. Nastava je započela 12. septembra 1887. Tokom prve godine koledž je imao 95 studenata i devet članova nastavnog osoblja. Na ovom mjestu prezbiterijanska crkva njeguje težnju ka znanju na slavu Boga i dostojanstvo čovjeka.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986" />}} Četrnaesti predsjednik koledža, Joseph L. Odenwald, preuzeo je dužnost u junu 2025.<ref name="Alma_Odenwald_President">{{cite web |title=Alma College Names Dr. Joseph Odenwald as its 14th President |url=https://www.alma.edu/news/dr-joseph-odenwald-almas-14th-president-alma-college/ |website=Alma College |date=28. 10. 2019 |access-date=5. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Škotsko naslijeđe === Koledž Alma njeguje škotsko naslijeđe, koje predstavlja važan dio njegovog institucionalnog identiteta i tradicije. Ova povezanost ogleda se u njegovim prezbiterijanskim korijenima, koji historijski vode porijeklo iz [[Škotska|Škotske]], kao i u brojnim kulturnim i ceremonijalnim praksama na kampusu.<ref name="Alma_OurStory">{{cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.alma.edu/about/our-story/ |website=Alma College |access-date=5. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koledž je poznat po jednom od najrazvijenijih programa ''Highland Arts'' u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, koji uključuje obrazovanje iz oblasti gajdaške muzike i škotskog plesa. Alma College Pipe Band i plesna grupa ''Kiltie Dancers'' redovno nastupaju na univerzitetskim ceremonijama i takmičenjima, dok su škotski simboli, poput kilta i tradicionalne muzike, prisutni u sportskim i akademskim događajima.<ref name="Alma_OurStory" /> Dodatni izraz škotskog identiteta predstavlja i ''Alma Highland Festival'', koji se svake godine održava na kampusu, kao i službeni ''Alma Tartan'', registrovan 1999. kao jedinstveni uzorak tartana koledža.<ref name="Alma_OurStory" /> == Akademski programi == Koledž Alma nudi više od 45 dodiplomskih akademskih programa i dva postdiplomska programa, koji vode do stjecanja diploma ''Bachelor of Arts'' (BA), ''Bachelor of Fine Arts'' (BFA), ''Bachelor of Science'' (BS), ''Bachelor of Music'' (BM), ''Master of Fine Arts'' (MFA) i ''Master of Arts'' (MA). Pored glavnih studijskih programa, studentima su dostupne i različite akademski instituti i posebni programi, uključujući Program za nadarene studente i Centar za koledž i društveni angažman. Prema podacima o diplomantima za 2024, najpopularnije studijske oblasti bile su poslovanje (17,8%), obrazovanje (14,9%) i [[psihologija]] (10,45%).<ref name="Alma_Academic_Programs" /> == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.alma.edu/ Zvanični sajt Alma koledža] * [https://almascots.com/ Zvanični sajt atletskog saveza Alma koledža] [[Kategorija:Koledži u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] [[Kategorija:Koledži u Michiganu]] [[Kategorija:Obrazovne institucije osnovane 1886.]] 4x6vb5tju18f75ymvfs5c4ywviu2wdj 3839592 3839577 2026-05-05T06:06:24Z Panasko 146730 3839592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija univerzitet | naziv = Koledž Alma | slika = [[Datoteka:Stacked 2 Maroon.png|250px]] | latinsko_ime = | moto = | motobos = | osnovan = {{start date and age|1886|10|26|df=y}} | vrsta = [[Privatni univerzitet|Privatni]] koledž [[Liberalne umjetnosti|liberalnih umjetnosti]] | krovna = | vjerska_pripadnost = [[Presbiterijanizam|Presbiterijanska crkva (SAD)]] | akademska_pripadnost = [[Annapolis Group]] | izdaci = 121,6 miliona $ {{small|(2021)}}<ref name="USNews_Alma">{{cite web |last=U.S. News & World Report |title=Alma College Profiles |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alma-college-2236 |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930132715/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/alma-college-2236 |archive-date=30. 9. 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> | budžet = | rukovodilac = | chairman = | chairperson = | chancellor = | predsjednik = Joseph L. Odenwald | potpredsjednik = | vice_chancellor = | rektor = | prorektor = Sean D. Burke | dekan = | direktor = | vođa_titula = | akademsko_osoblje = 83 stalno zaposlena, 51 honorarno<ref name="Alma_Faculty_Size">{{cite web |title=Instructional faculty and class size |url=https://www.alma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/9.pdf |website=Alma College |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> | admin_osoblje = | studenti = 1.197 | dodipl = 1.159<ref name="Alma_Enrollment">{{cite web |title=Enrollment and persistence |url=https://www.alma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2.pdf |website=Alma College |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> | dipl = 38 | doktorat = | ostali = | lokacija = | grad = [[Alma (Michigan)|Alma]] | savezna_država = [[Michigan]] | provincija = | država = [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]] | koor = {{Coord|43.380|-84.671|type:edu_region:US-MI|display=inline,title}} | kampus = Mali grad, ruralno područje (0,51 km² / 125 jutara) | prijašnja_imena = | slobodna_oznaka = | slobodna_vrijednost = [[Higher Learning Commission|HLC]] | boje = Kestenjasta i krem {{colorbox|#8A2432}} {{colorbox|#FFFDD0}} | atletika = [[NCAA Sekcija III]] – [[MIAA]] | sportovi = | nadimak = Scots | maskota = Scotty | udruženja = | web-sajt = [https://www.alma.edu alma.edu] | logo = | pushin_map = | fusnote = }} '''Koledž Alma''' je [[Privatni univerzitet|privatni]] [[Koledži slobodnih umjetnosti u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama|koledž slobodnih umjetnosti]] smješten u gradu Alma, u saveznoj državi [[Michigan]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. Pohađa ga približno 1.200 studenata, a akreditovan je od [[Komisija za visoko obrazovanje Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Komisije za visoko obrazovanje]].<ref name="MLive_Alma_President">{{cite web |last=Lynch |first1=Zeke |date=2010 |title=Alma College's new president begins tenure |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/2010/06/alma_colleges_new_president_be.html |website=MLive |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koledž Alma povezan je s [[Prezbiterijanska crkva Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Prezbiterijanskom crkvom SAD-a]] i nudi 50 dodiplomskih programa u oblastima zdravstvenih nauka, biznisa, obrazovanja, humanističkih nauka i scenskih umjetnosti, kao i fleksibilne postdiplomske programe.<ref name="Alma_Academic_Programs">{{cite web |title=Our Academic Programs |url=https://www.alma.edu/academics/ |website=Alma College |access-date=4. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Sportske ekipe ovog koledža poznate su pod nadimkom ''Scots'' i takmiče se u okviru [[Nacionalna univerzitetska atletska asocijacija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Nacionalne univerzitetske atletske asocijacije]] (NCAA), u okviru [[NCAA Sekcije III]], kao i u [[Međuuniverzitetski atletski savez Michigana|Međuuniverzitetskom atletskom savezu Michigana]] (MIAA). == Historija == Koledž su 1886. osnovali prezbiterijanci iz savezne države [[Michigan]], iako njegovo porijeklo seže gotovo pola stoljeća ranije. Još 1835, na svom drugom zasjedanju, prezbiterijanski sinod Michigana imenovao je odbor sa zadatkom da odredi najpogodniju lokaciju za osnivanje koledža i, ukoliko okolnosti dozvole, nastavi s njegovim osnivanjem.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986">{{cite web |title=Alma College Centennial Convocation, Cappaert Gymnasium |url=https://repository.alma.edu/bitstreams/a7966873-438d-4be8-ba55-e369556e38ae/download |website=Alma College Digital Repository |date=1986 |access-date=5. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> Prvi pokušaji osnivanja privatnog koledža povezanog s Prezbiterijanskom crkvom nisu odmah dali rezultate. Zbog toga je sinod 1885. formirao novi odbor za razmatranje mogućnosti osnivanja takve ustanove u Michiganu. Predsjedavajući odbora, velečasni J. Ambrose Wight iz [[Bay City|Bay Cityja]], održao je propovijed koja je inspirisala člana njegove kongregacije, Alexandera Folsoma, da obeća donaciju od 50.000 dolara za osnivanje koledža.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986" /> Istovremeno, August F. Bruske, pastor iz Saginawa, obratio se poduzetniku Ammi W. Wrightu sa zahtjevom za podršku projektu. Wright je kao odgovor darovao zemljište i dvije zgrade u gradu Alma, koje je prethodno izgradio u pokušaju osnivanja učiteljske škole.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986" /> Povodom historijskog značaja ustanove, postavljena je spomen-ploča kojom je Koledž Alma proglašen historijskim lokalitetom [[Michigan|savezne države Michigan]], a koju je postavio Odjel za historiju pri Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova Michigana. Na ploči je upisan sljedeći tekst: {{Citat|Dana 26. oktobra 1886. prezbiterijanski sinod Michigana prihvatio je ponudu Ammija W. Wrighta iz Alme, koji je darovao trideset jutara zemljišta sa dvije zgrade, kao i novčanu donaciju od 50.000 dolara Alexandera Folsoma iz Bay Cityja, s ciljem osnivanja Alma Collegea. Sinod je tom prilikom istakao: ″Uz Božiju pomoć, osnovat ćemo i osigurati sredstva za koledž unutar naših granica.″ Država Michigan izdala je povelju o osnivanju 15. aprila 1887. Nastava je započela 12. septembra 1887. Tokom prve godine koledž je imao 95 studenata i devet članova nastavnog osoblja. Na ovom mjestu prezbiterijanska crkva njeguje težnju ka znanju na slavu Boga i dostojanstvo čovjeka.<ref name="Alma_Centennial_1986" />}} Četrnaesti predsjednik koledža, Joseph L. Odenwald, preuzeo je dužnost u junu 2025.<ref name="Alma_Odenwald_President">{{cite web |title=Alma College Names Dr. Joseph Odenwald as its 14th President |url=https://www.alma.edu/news/dr-joseph-odenwald-almas-14th-president-alma-college/ |website=Alma College |date=28. 10. 2019 |access-date=5. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Škotsko naslijeđe === Koledž Alma njeguje škotsko naslijeđe, koje predstavlja važan dio njegovog institucionalnog identiteta i tradicije. Ova povezanost ogleda se u njegovim prezbiterijanskim korijenima, koji historijski vode porijeklo iz [[Škotska|Škotske]], kao i u brojnim kulturnim i ceremonijalnim praksama na kampusu.<ref name="Alma_OurStory">{{cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.alma.edu/about/our-story/ |website=Alma College |access-date=5. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Koledž je poznat po jednom od najrazvijenijih programa ''Highland Arts'' u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, koji uključuje obrazovanje iz oblasti [[Gajde|gajdaške]] muzike i [[Škotski ples|škotskog plesa]]. Alma College Pipe Band i plesna grupa ''Kiltie Dancers'' redovno nastupaju na univerzitetskim ceremonijama i takmičenjima, dok su škotski simboli, poput [[Kilt|kilta]] i tradicionalne muzike, prisutni u sportskim i akademskim događajima.<ref name="Alma_OurStory" /> Dodatni izraz škotskog identiteta predstavlja i ''Alma Highland Festival'', koji se svake godine održava na kampusu, kao i službeni ''Alma Tartan'', registrovan 1999. kao jedinstveni uzorak tartana koledža.<ref name="Alma_OurStory" /> == Akademski programi == Koledž Alma nudi više od 45 dodiplomskih akademskih programa i dva postdiplomska programa, koji vode do stjecanja diploma ''Bachelor of Arts'' (BA), ''Bachelor of Fine Arts'' (BFA), ''Bachelor of Science'' (BS), ''Bachelor of Music'' (BM), ''Master of Fine Arts'' (MFA) i ''Master of Arts'' (MA). Pored glavnih studijskih programa, studentima su dostupne i različite akademski instituti i posebni programi, uključujući Program za nadarene studente i Centar za koledž i društveni angažman. Prema podacima o diplomantima za 2024, najpopularnije studijske oblasti bile su poslovanje (17,8%), obrazovanje (14,9%) i [[psihologija]] (10,45%).<ref name="Alma_Academic_Programs" /> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.alma.edu/ Zvanični sajt Alma koledža] * [https://almascots.com/ Zvanični sajt atletskog saveza Alma koledža] [[Kategorija:Koledži u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] [[Kategorija:Koledži u Michiganu]] [[Kategorija:Obrazovne institucije osnovane 1886.]] t1uayl8c7m7ldtp1w0tsvdm9jbprr27 0 533928 3839578 2026-05-04T23:27:30Z Mhare 481 + 3839578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Zehra Güneş | slika = Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK WV TWVL 20260416 (5) (cropped).jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1999|7|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Kartal]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[odbojka]]šica | visina = 198 cm | pozicija = srednji bloker | trenutni_klub = [[VakıfBank S.K.]] | broj = 18 | reprezentacija = [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|Turska]] }} '''Zehra Güneş''' (rođena 7. jula 1999. u [[Kartal]]u, [[Istanbul]]) [[Turska|turska]] je [[odbojka]]šica, članica odbojkaškog kluba [[VakıfBank S.K.|VakıfBanka]] i [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|ženske odbojkaške reprezentacije Turske]]. Igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera i ubraja se među najtrofejnije turske odbojkašice svoje generacije. S VakıfBankom je osvajala [[CEV Liga prvaka|CEV Ligu prvaka]], [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo]], tursko prvenstvo, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske, a s reprezentacijom Turske osvojila je [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene|Ligu nacija]] i [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Evropsko prvenstvo]] 2023.<ref name="VakifBank">{{cite web |title=Zehra Güneş |website=VakıfBank Spor Kulübü |url=https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="VNL2023Gold">{{cite web |title=Türkiye shine the brightest and secure their first-ever VNL gold |website=Volleyball World |date=17. 7. 2023 |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/news/turkiye-shine-the-brightest-and-secure-their-first-ever-vnl-gold |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == [[Datoteka:Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK 20250409 (1).jpg|lijevo|mini|300x300piksel|Zehra Güneş, 2025]] Rođena je 7. jula 1999. u istanbulskom distriktu [[Kartal]]. Visoka je 198 cm i igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera.<ref name="VNLProfile">{{cite web |title=Gunes Zehra - VNL 2023 |website=Volleyball World |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Odbojku je počela trenirati u omladinskom sistemu VakıfBanka, u koji je došla s 12 godina.<ref name="Olympics">{{cite web |title=Zehra Gunes |website=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Porijeklom iz [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačke porodice.]] U intervjuu za ''Socrates Dergi'' govorila je o porodici i sportskom odrastanju, navodeći da je njena majka "visoka, snažna Bošnjakinja" i bivša košarkašica.<ref name="Socrates2022">{{cite web |title=Bizim Ev: Zehra Güneş Özel Röportajı |website=Socrates Dergi |date=1. 6. 2022 |url=https://socratesdergi.com/yazi/bizim-ev-zehra-gunes |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Ima dvije sestre, İrem Nur i Minu, koje su se također bavile odbojkom.<ref name="VoleybolMagazin2023">{{cite web |title=Güneş kardeşler VakıfBank'a veda etti! Sıra Zehra Güneş'te mi? |website=Voleybol Magazin |date=20. 6. 2023 |url=https://www.voleybolmagazin.com/gunes-kardesler-vakifbanka-veda-etti-sira-zehra-guneste-mi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == U sezoni 2015/16. igrala je za drugu ekipu VakıfBanka, koja je kao prvak prešla iz Treće u Drugu ligu. Sezonu 2016/17. provela je na posudbi u [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaşu]], a zatim se vratila u VakıfBankovu prvu ekipu.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Od sezone 2017/18. nastupa za seniorski tim VakıfBanka. S klubom je osvojila više domaćih i međunarodnih trofeja, uključujući CEV Ligu prvaka, Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo, prvenstvo Turske, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske.<ref name="VakifBank"/> U septembru 2024. VakıfBank je objavio da će Güneş biti kapitenica ekipe u sezoni 2024/25.<ref name="Captain2024">{{cite web |title=TUR W: New Captain for VakıfBank – Zehra Güneş |website=WorldofVolley |date=9. 9. 2024 |url=https://worldofvolley.com/latest_news/turkey/324848/tur-w-new-captain-for-vakifbank-zehra-gunes.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Za mlađe selekcije Turske igrala je na međunarodnim takmičenjima u kadetskoj, juniorskoj i U23 konkurenciji. S reprezentacijom Turske do 23 godine osvojila je Svjetsko prvenstvo 2017, a iste godine je u juniorskoj konkurenciji izabrana među najbolje srednje blokere na Svjetskom prvenstvu do 20 godina.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Za seniorsku reprezentaciju Turske igrala je u Ligi nacija 2018, kada je Turska osvojila srebrenu medalju, te na [[Olimpijske igre 2020.|Olimpijskim igrama u Tokiju]], gdje je turska reprezentacija završila na petom mjestu.<ref name="Olympics"/> Godine 2023. bila je dio reprezentacije koja je osvojila prvu tursku zlatnu medalju u Ligi nacija gdje je u finalu protiv Kine Turska je pobijedila 3:1.<ref name="VNL2023Gold"/> Iste godine osvojila je i Evropsko prvenstvo s Turskom, što je bila prva evropska titula u historiji turske ženske odbojke.<ref name="CEV2023">{{cite web |title=Türkiye crowned queens of Europe for the first time in history |website=CEV EuroVolley |date=3. 9. 2023 |url=https://eurovolley.cev.eu/en/articles/2023-women/turkiye-crowned-queens-of-europe-for-the-first-time-in-history/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Na [[Olimpijske igre 2024.|Olimpijskim igrama u Parizu]] 2024. sa Turskom je stigla do polufinala i završila turnir na četvrtom mjestu nakon poraza od Brazila u utakmici za bronzanu medalju.<ref name="ParisBronze">{{cite web |title=BRA v TUR - Women's Bronze Medal Match |website=Olympics.com |date=10. 8. 2024 |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/video/bra-v-tur-women-s-bronze-medal-match-volleyball-olympic-games-paris-2024/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Uspjesi == === Klub === ;VakıfBank * [[CEV Liga prvaka]]: 2017/18, 2021/22, 2022/23 * [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2017, 2018, 2021 * Prvenstvo Turske: 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2024/25 * Kup Turske: 2017/18, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23 * Superkup Turske: 2017, 2021, 2023 === Reprezentacija === ;Turska * [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene do 23 godine]]: 2017. * [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * Liga nacija: srebro 2018, bronza 2021. * Evropsko prvenstvo: srebro 2019, bronza 2021. * [[Olimpijske igre]]: četvrto mjesto 2024. === Pojedinačna priznanja === * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za djevojke do 18 godina: 2015. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za žene do 20 godina: 2017. * Najkorisnija igračica turske lige: 2021/22. * Najbolji srednji bloker Lige nacija: 2023. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva: 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 Zehra Güneş] na službenoj stranici VakıfBanka * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes Zehra Güneş] na Olympics.com * [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 Zehra Güneş] na Volleyball Worldu {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gunes, Zehra}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1999.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turske odbojkašice]] [[Kategorija:Turski olimpijci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] duxy32i70kykogm6477ulhxxa6g6tp0 3839579 3839578 2026-05-04T23:30:02Z Mhare 481 /* Karijera */ 3839579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Zehra Güneş | slika = Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK WV TWVL 20260416 (5) (cropped).jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1999|7|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Kartal]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[odbojka]]šica | visina = 198 cm | pozicija = srednji bloker | trenutni_klub = [[VakıfBank S.K.]] | broj = 18 | reprezentacija = [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|Turska]] }} '''Zehra Güneş''' (rođena 7. jula 1999. u [[Kartal]]u, [[Istanbul]]) [[Turska|turska]] je [[odbojka]]šica, članica odbojkaškog kluba [[VakıfBank S.K.|VakıfBanka]] i [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|ženske odbojkaške reprezentacije Turske]]. Igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera i ubraja se među najtrofejnije turske odbojkašice svoje generacije. S VakıfBankom je osvajala [[CEV Liga prvaka|CEV Ligu prvaka]], [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo]], tursko prvenstvo, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske, a s reprezentacijom Turske osvojila je [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene|Ligu nacija]] i [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Evropsko prvenstvo]] 2023.<ref name="VakifBank">{{cite web |title=Zehra Güneş |website=VakıfBank Spor Kulübü |url=https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="VNL2023Gold">{{cite web |title=Türkiye shine the brightest and secure their first-ever VNL gold |website=Volleyball World |date=17. 7. 2023 |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/news/turkiye-shine-the-brightest-and-secure-their-first-ever-vnl-gold |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == [[Datoteka:Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK 20250409 (1).jpg|lijevo|mini|300x300piksel|Zehra Güneş, 2025]] Rođena je 7. jula 1999. u istanbulskom distriktu [[Kartal]]. Visoka je 198 cm i igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera.<ref name="VNLProfile">{{cite web |title=Gunes Zehra - VNL 2023 |website=Volleyball World |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Odbojku je počela trenirati u omladinskom sistemu VakıfBanka, u koji je došla s 12 godina.<ref name="Olympics">{{cite web |title=Zehra Gunes |website=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Porijeklom iz [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačke porodice.]] U intervjuu za ''Socrates Dergi'' govorila je o porodici i sportskom odrastanju, navodeći da je njena majka "visoka, snažna Bošnjakinja" i bivša košarkašica.<ref name="Socrates2022">{{cite web |title=Bizim Ev: Zehra Güneş Özel Röportajı |website=Socrates Dergi |date=1. 6. 2022 |url=https://socratesdergi.com/yazi/bizim-ev-zehra-gunes |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Ima dvije sestre, İrem Nur i Minu, koje su se također bavile odbojkom.<ref name="VoleybolMagazin2023">{{cite web |title=Güneş kardeşler VakıfBank'a veda etti! Sıra Zehra Güneş'te mi? |website=Voleybol Magazin |date=20. 6. 2023 |url=https://www.voleybolmagazin.com/gunes-kardesler-vakifbanka-veda-etti-sira-zehra-guneste-mi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == U sezoni 2015/16. igrala je za drugu ekipu VakıfBanka, koja je kao prvak prešla iz Treće u Drugu ligu. Sezonu 2016/17. provela je na posudbi u [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaşu]], a zatim se vratila u VakıfBankovu prvu ekipu.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Od sezone 2017/18. nastupa za seniorski tim VakıfBanka. S klubom je osvojila više domaćih i međunarodnih trofeja, uključujući CEV Ligu prvaka, Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo, prvenstvo Turske, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske.<ref name="VakifBank"/> U septembru 2024. VakıfBank je objavio da će Güneş biti kapitenica ekipe u sezoni 2024/25.<ref name="Captain2024">{{cite web |title=TUR W: New Captain for VakıfBank – Zehra Güneş |website=WorldofVolley |date=9. 9. 2024 |url=https://worldofvolley.com/latest_news/turkey/324848/tur-w-new-captain-for-vakifbank-zehra-gunes.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Za mlađe selekcije Turske igrala je na međunarodnim takmičenjima u kadetskoj, juniorskoj i U23 konkurenciji. S reprezentacijom Turske do 23 godine osvojila je Svjetsko prvenstvo 2017, a iste godine je u juniorskoj konkurenciji izabrana među najbolje srednje blokere na Svjetskom prvenstvu do 20 godina.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Za seniorsku reprezentaciju igrala je u Ligi nacija 2018, kada je Turska osvojila srebrenu medalju, te na [[Olimpijske igre 2020.|Olimpijskim igrama u Tokiju]], gdje je turska reprezentacija završila na petom mjestu.<ref name="Olympics"/> Godine 2023. bila je dio reprezentacije koja je osvojila prvu tursku zlatnu medalju u Ligi nacija gdje su u finalu protiv Kine bili bolji sa 3:1.<ref name="VNL2023Gold"/> Iste godine osvojila je i Evropsko prvenstvo, što je bila prva evropska titula u historiji turske ženske odbojke.<ref name="CEV2023">{{cite web |title=Türkiye crowned queens of Europe for the first time in history |website=CEV EuroVolley |date=3. 9. 2023 |url=https://eurovolley.cev.eu/en/articles/2023-women/turkiye-crowned-queens-of-europe-for-the-first-time-in-history/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Na [[Olimpijske igre 2024.|Olimpijskim igrama u Parizu]] 2024. sa Turskom je stigla do polufinala i završila turnir na četvrtom mjestu nakon poraza od Brazila u utakmici za bronzanu medalju.<ref name="ParisBronze">{{cite web |title=BRA v TUR - Women's Bronze Medal Match |website=Olympics.com |date=10. 8. 2024 |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/video/bra-v-tur-women-s-bronze-medal-match-volleyball-olympic-games-paris-2024/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Uspjesi == === Klub === ;VakıfBank * [[CEV Liga prvaka]]: 2017/18, 2021/22, 2022/23 * [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2017, 2018, 2021 * Prvenstvo Turske: 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2024/25 * Kup Turske: 2017/18, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23 * Superkup Turske: 2017, 2021, 2023 === Reprezentacija === ;Turska * [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene do 23 godine]]: 2017. * [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * Liga nacija: srebro 2018, bronza 2021. * Evropsko prvenstvo: srebro 2019, bronza 2021. * [[Olimpijske igre]]: četvrto mjesto 2024. === Pojedinačna priznanja === * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za djevojke do 18 godina: 2015. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za žene do 20 godina: 2017. * Najkorisnija igračica turske lige: 2021/22. * Najbolji srednji bloker Lige nacija: 2023. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva: 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 Zehra Güneş] na službenoj stranici VakıfBanka * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes Zehra Güneş] na Olympics.com * [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 Zehra Güneş] na Volleyball Worldu {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gunes, Zehra}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1999.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turske odbojkašice]] [[Kategorija:Turski olimpijci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] bsdj0aaodpira2nn9njcoxraoln5v1c 3839624 3839579 2026-05-05T08:27:04Z Mhare 481 [[Kategorija:Turske odbojkašice]] uklonjena (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Zehra Güneş | slika = Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK WV TWVL 20260416 (5) (cropped).jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1999|7|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Kartal]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[odbojka]]šica | visina = 198 cm | pozicija = srednji bloker | trenutni_klub = [[VakıfBank S.K.]] | broj = 18 | reprezentacija = [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|Turska]] }} '''Zehra Güneş''' (rođena 7. jula 1999. u [[Kartal]]u, [[Istanbul]]) [[Turska|turska]] je [[odbojka]]šica, članica odbojkaškog kluba [[VakıfBank S.K.|VakıfBanka]] i [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|ženske odbojkaške reprezentacije Turske]]. Igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera i ubraja se među najtrofejnije turske odbojkašice svoje generacije. S VakıfBankom je osvajala [[CEV Liga prvaka|CEV Ligu prvaka]], [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo]], tursko prvenstvo, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske, a s reprezentacijom Turske osvojila je [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene|Ligu nacija]] i [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Evropsko prvenstvo]] 2023.<ref name="VakifBank">{{cite web |title=Zehra Güneş |website=VakıfBank Spor Kulübü |url=https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="VNL2023Gold">{{cite web |title=Türkiye shine the brightest and secure their first-ever VNL gold |website=Volleyball World |date=17. 7. 2023 |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/news/turkiye-shine-the-brightest-and-secure-their-first-ever-vnl-gold |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == [[Datoteka:Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK 20250409 (1).jpg|lijevo|mini|300x300piksel|Zehra Güneş, 2025]] Rođena je 7. jula 1999. u istanbulskom distriktu [[Kartal]]. Visoka je 198 cm i igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera.<ref name="VNLProfile">{{cite web |title=Gunes Zehra - VNL 2023 |website=Volleyball World |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Odbojku je počela trenirati u omladinskom sistemu VakıfBanka, u koji je došla s 12 godina.<ref name="Olympics">{{cite web |title=Zehra Gunes |website=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Porijeklom iz [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačke porodice.]] U intervjuu za ''Socrates Dergi'' govorila je o porodici i sportskom odrastanju, navodeći da je njena majka "visoka, snažna Bošnjakinja" i bivša košarkašica.<ref name="Socrates2022">{{cite web |title=Bizim Ev: Zehra Güneş Özel Röportajı |website=Socrates Dergi |date=1. 6. 2022 |url=https://socratesdergi.com/yazi/bizim-ev-zehra-gunes |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Ima dvije sestre, İrem Nur i Minu, koje su se također bavile odbojkom.<ref name="VoleybolMagazin2023">{{cite web |title=Güneş kardeşler VakıfBank'a veda etti! Sıra Zehra Güneş'te mi? |website=Voleybol Magazin |date=20. 6. 2023 |url=https://www.voleybolmagazin.com/gunes-kardesler-vakifbanka-veda-etti-sira-zehra-guneste-mi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == U sezoni 2015/16. igrala je za drugu ekipu VakıfBanka, koja je kao prvak prešla iz Treće u Drugu ligu. Sezonu 2016/17. provela je na posudbi u [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaşu]], a zatim se vratila u VakıfBankovu prvu ekipu.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Od sezone 2017/18. nastupa za seniorski tim VakıfBanka. S klubom je osvojila više domaćih i međunarodnih trofeja, uključujući CEV Ligu prvaka, Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo, prvenstvo Turske, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske.<ref name="VakifBank"/> U septembru 2024. VakıfBank je objavio da će Güneş biti kapitenica ekipe u sezoni 2024/25.<ref name="Captain2024">{{cite web |title=TUR W: New Captain for VakıfBank – Zehra Güneş |website=WorldofVolley |date=9. 9. 2024 |url=https://worldofvolley.com/latest_news/turkey/324848/tur-w-new-captain-for-vakifbank-zehra-gunes.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Za mlađe selekcije Turske igrala je na međunarodnim takmičenjima u kadetskoj, juniorskoj i U23 konkurenciji. S reprezentacijom Turske do 23 godine osvojila je Svjetsko prvenstvo 2017, a iste godine je u juniorskoj konkurenciji izabrana među najbolje srednje blokere na Svjetskom prvenstvu do 20 godina.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Za seniorsku reprezentaciju igrala je u Ligi nacija 2018, kada je Turska osvojila srebrenu medalju, te na [[Olimpijske igre 2020.|Olimpijskim igrama u Tokiju]], gdje je turska reprezentacija završila na petom mjestu.<ref name="Olympics"/> Godine 2023. bila je dio reprezentacije koja je osvojila prvu tursku zlatnu medalju u Ligi nacija gdje su u finalu protiv Kine bili bolji sa 3:1.<ref name="VNL2023Gold"/> Iste godine osvojila je i Evropsko prvenstvo, što je bila prva evropska titula u historiji turske ženske odbojke.<ref name="CEV2023">{{cite web |title=Türkiye crowned queens of Europe for the first time in history |website=CEV EuroVolley |date=3. 9. 2023 |url=https://eurovolley.cev.eu/en/articles/2023-women/turkiye-crowned-queens-of-europe-for-the-first-time-in-history/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Na [[Olimpijske igre 2024.|Olimpijskim igrama u Parizu]] 2024. sa Turskom je stigla do polufinala i završila turnir na četvrtom mjestu nakon poraza od Brazila u utakmici za bronzanu medalju.<ref name="ParisBronze">{{cite web |title=BRA v TUR - Women's Bronze Medal Match |website=Olympics.com |date=10. 8. 2024 |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/video/bra-v-tur-women-s-bronze-medal-match-volleyball-olympic-games-paris-2024/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Uspjesi == === Klub === ;VakıfBank * [[CEV Liga prvaka]]: 2017/18, 2021/22, 2022/23 * [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2017, 2018, 2021 * Prvenstvo Turske: 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2024/25 * Kup Turske: 2017/18, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23 * Superkup Turske: 2017, 2021, 2023 === Reprezentacija === ;Turska * [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene do 23 godine]]: 2017. * [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * Liga nacija: srebro 2018, bronza 2021. * Evropsko prvenstvo: srebro 2019, bronza 2021. * [[Olimpijske igre]]: četvrto mjesto 2024. === Pojedinačna priznanja === * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za djevojke do 18 godina: 2015. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za žene do 20 godina: 2017. * Najkorisnija igračica turske lige: 2021/22. * Najbolji srednji bloker Lige nacija: 2023. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva: 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 Zehra Güneş] na službenoj stranici VakıfBanka * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes Zehra Güneş] na Olympics.com * [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 Zehra Güneş] na Volleyball Worldu {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gunes, Zehra}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1999.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turski olimpijci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] cxzleeag68d3ix4pkxdq4h2tta2ypab 3839625 3839624 2026-05-05T08:27:16Z Mhare 481 [[Kategorija:Turski odbojkaši]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Zehra Güneş | slika = Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK WV TWVL 20260416 (5) (cropped).jpg | opis_slike = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1999|7|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Kartal]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | nacionalnost = [[Turci|turska]] | zanimanje = [[odbojka]]šica | visina = 198 cm | pozicija = srednji bloker | trenutni_klub = [[VakıfBank S.K.]] | broj = 18 | reprezentacija = [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|Turska]] }} '''Zehra Güneş''' (rođena 7. jula 1999. u [[Kartal]]u, [[Istanbul]]) [[Turska|turska]] je [[odbojka]]šica, članica odbojkaškog kluba [[VakıfBank S.K.|VakıfBanka]] i [[Ženska odbojkaška reprezentacija Turske|ženske odbojkaške reprezentacije Turske]]. Igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera i ubraja se među najtrofejnije turske odbojkašice svoje generacije. S VakıfBankom je osvajala [[CEV Liga prvaka|CEV Ligu prvaka]], [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo]], tursko prvenstvo, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske, a s reprezentacijom Turske osvojila je [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene|Ligu nacija]] i [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene|Evropsko prvenstvo]] 2023.<ref name="VakifBank">{{cite web |title=Zehra Güneş |website=VakıfBank Spor Kulübü |url=https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="VNL2023Gold">{{cite web |title=Türkiye shine the brightest and secure their first-ever VNL gold |website=Volleyball World |date=17. 7. 2023 |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/news/turkiye-shine-the-brightest-and-secure-their-first-ever-vnl-gold |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == [[Datoteka:Zehra Güneş 18 VakıfBank SK 20250409 (1).jpg|lijevo|mini|300x300piksel|Zehra Güneş, 2025]] Rođena je 7. jula 1999. u istanbulskom distriktu [[Kartal]]. Visoka je 198 cm i igra na poziciji srednjeg blokera.<ref name="VNLProfile">{{cite web |title=Gunes Zehra - VNL 2023 |website=Volleyball World |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Odbojku je počela trenirati u omladinskom sistemu VakıfBanka, u koji je došla s 12 godina.<ref name="Olympics">{{cite web |title=Zehra Gunes |website=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Porijeklom iz [[Bošnjaci u Turskoj|bošnjačke porodice.]] U intervjuu za ''Socrates Dergi'' govorila je o porodici i sportskom odrastanju, navodeći da je njena majka "visoka, snažna Bošnjakinja" i bivša košarkašica.<ref name="Socrates2022">{{cite web |title=Bizim Ev: Zehra Güneş Özel Röportajı |website=Socrates Dergi |date=1. 6. 2022 |url=https://socratesdergi.com/yazi/bizim-ev-zehra-gunes |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Ima dvije sestre, İrem Nur i Minu, koje su se također bavile odbojkom.<ref name="VoleybolMagazin2023">{{cite web |title=Güneş kardeşler VakıfBank'a veda etti! Sıra Zehra Güneş'te mi? |website=Voleybol Magazin |date=20. 6. 2023 |url=https://www.voleybolmagazin.com/gunes-kardesler-vakifbanka-veda-etti-sira-zehra-guneste-mi/ |language=tr |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Karijera == U sezoni 2015/16. igrala je za drugu ekipu VakıfBanka, koja je kao prvak prešla iz Treće u Drugu ligu. Sezonu 2016/17. provela je na posudbi u [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaşu]], a zatim se vratila u VakıfBankovu prvu ekipu.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Od sezone 2017/18. nastupa za seniorski tim VakıfBanka. S klubom je osvojila više domaćih i međunarodnih trofeja, uključujući CEV Ligu prvaka, Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo, prvenstvo Turske, Kup Turske i Superkup Turske.<ref name="VakifBank"/> U septembru 2024. VakıfBank je objavio da će Güneş biti kapitenica ekipe u sezoni 2024/25.<ref name="Captain2024">{{cite web |title=TUR W: New Captain for VakıfBank – Zehra Güneş |website=WorldofVolley |date=9. 9. 2024 |url=https://worldofvolley.com/latest_news/turkey/324848/tur-w-new-captain-for-vakifbank-zehra-gunes.html |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Za mlađe selekcije Turske igrala je na međunarodnim takmičenjima u kadetskoj, juniorskoj i U23 konkurenciji. S reprezentacijom Turske do 23 godine osvojila je Svjetsko prvenstvo 2017, a iste godine je u juniorskoj konkurenciji izabrana među najbolje srednje blokere na Svjetskom prvenstvu do 20 godina.<ref name="VakifBank"/> Za seniorsku reprezentaciju igrala je u Ligi nacija 2018, kada je Turska osvojila srebrenu medalju, te na [[Olimpijske igre 2020.|Olimpijskim igrama u Tokiju]], gdje je turska reprezentacija završila na petom mjestu.<ref name="Olympics"/> Godine 2023. bila je dio reprezentacije koja je osvojila prvu tursku zlatnu medalju u Ligi nacija gdje su u finalu protiv Kine bili bolji sa 3:1.<ref name="VNL2023Gold"/> Iste godine osvojila je i Evropsko prvenstvo, što je bila prva evropska titula u historiji turske ženske odbojke.<ref name="CEV2023">{{cite web |title=Türkiye crowned queens of Europe for the first time in history |website=CEV EuroVolley |date=3. 9. 2023 |url=https://eurovolley.cev.eu/en/articles/2023-women/turkiye-crowned-queens-of-europe-for-the-first-time-in-history/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> Na [[Olimpijske igre 2024.|Olimpijskim igrama u Parizu]] 2024. sa Turskom je stigla do polufinala i završila turnir na četvrtom mjestu nakon poraza od Brazila u utakmici za bronzanu medalju.<ref name="ParisBronze">{{cite web |title=BRA v TUR - Women's Bronze Medal Match |website=Olympics.com |date=10. 8. 2024 |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/video/bra-v-tur-women-s-bronze-medal-match-volleyball-olympic-games-paris-2024/ |language=en |access-date=5. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Uspjesi == === Klub === ;VakıfBank * [[CEV Liga prvaka]]: 2017/18, 2021/22, 2022/23 * [[Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2017, 2018, 2021 * Prvenstvo Turske: 2017/18, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2024/25 * Kup Turske: 2017/18, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23 * Superkup Turske: 2017, 2021, 2023 === Reprezentacija === ;Turska * [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene do 23 godine]]: 2017. * [[Liga nacija u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * [[Evropsko prvenstvo u odbojci za žene]]: 2023. * Liga nacija: srebro 2018, bronza 2021. * Evropsko prvenstvo: srebro 2019, bronza 2021. * [[Olimpijske igre]]: četvrto mjesto 2024. === Pojedinačna priznanja === * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za djevojke do 18 godina: 2015. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog prvenstva za žene do 20 godina: 2017. * Najkorisnija igračica turske lige: 2021/22. * Najbolji srednji bloker Lige nacija: 2023. * Najbolji srednji bloker Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva: 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.vakifbanksporkulubu.com/en/playerdetails/zehra-gunes-p31 Zehra Güneş] na službenoj stranici VakıfBanka * [https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zehra-gunes Zehra Güneş] na Olympics.com * [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/volleyball-nations-league/2023/players/152263 Zehra Güneş] na Volleyball Worldu {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gunes, Zehra}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1999.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Turski olimpijci]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Turski odbojkaši]] qvmnrboiqdh5i16q33lf5phrjxhxaor 1 533929 3839580 2026-05-04T23:32:55Z Mhare 481 + 3839580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{szr}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = sport | tema2 = | tema3 = | država = Turska | država2 = | država3 = }} f1d910zklvito3f306c21fq22wq5nb9 3839582 3839580 2026-05-04T23:33:42Z Mhare 481 3839582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = sport | tema2 = | tema3 = | država = Turska | država2 = | država3 = }} ps09u6h1kkgl20wb4ta7w9mg0864bpo 3839586 3839582 2026-05-04T23:34:23Z Mhare 481 3839586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = sport | tema2 = žene | tema3 = | država = Turska | država2 = | država3 = }} 2rlg4c6y40ooltb44epjev0mfp57you 3839589 3839586 2026-05-04T23:35:48Z Mhare 481 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država3 = }} 5q35lw264zavprn0bpu615caffp3j1v 3839590 3839585 2026-05-04T23:36:04Z Mhare 481 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ceew2026-bs 3839590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE žene 2026.}} {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = umjetnost | tema2 = žene | tema3 = | država = Turska | država2 = | država3 = }} aqu10goekg7ra5o0r51me8bca5dkcpg 1 533931 3839584 2026-05-04T23:34:07Z Mhare 481 + 3839584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = umjetnost | tema2 = žene | tema3 = | država = Turska | država2 = | država3 = }} 5q35lw264zavprn0bpu615caffp3j1v 3839588 3839584 2026-05-04T23:35:42Z Mhare 481 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ceew2026-bs 3839588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE žene 2026.}} {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = umjetnost | tema2 = žene | tema3 = | država = Turska | država2 = | država3 = }} aqu10goekg7ra5o0r51me8bca5dkcpg 1 533932 3839587 2026-05-04T23:35:03Z Mhare 481 + 3839587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica za razgovor}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Mhare | tema = historija | tema2 = | tema3 = | država = Bosna i Hercegovina | država2 = | država3 = }} 1c1pa7dujagdo49xmfk2ay5w70dwgtv 0 533933 3839600 2026-05-05T07:50:16Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Ledava | slika = Ledava1.JPG | opis_slike = Ledava kod sela [[Polana (Murska Sobota)|Polana]] | države = [[Austrija]], [[Slovenija]], [[Mađarska]] | dužina = 76 | sliv = 1.940,4 km² | izvor = Kod sela Pichla, [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|Štajerska]] (Austrija) | ušće = [[Mura]], na tromeđi Slovenij... 3839600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Ledava | slika = Ledava1.JPG | opis_slike = Ledava kod sela [[Polana (Murska Sobota)|Polana]] | države = [[Austrija]], [[Slovenija]], [[Mađarska]] | dužina = 76 | sliv = 1.940,4 km² | izvor = Kod sela Pichla, [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|Štajerska]] (Austrija) | ušće = [[Mura]], na tromeđi Slovenije, Mađarske i Hrvatske }} '''Ledava''' ({{Jez-de|Limbach}}; {{Jez-hu|Lendva}}) jest rijeka u sjeveroistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] i susjednoj [[Austrija|Austriji]], lijeva pritoka [[Mura|Mure]]. Izvire kod sela [[Pichla]] u [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|austrijskoj Štajerskoj]], nakon nekoliko kilometara ulazi u Sloveniju, teče prema jugu do vještačkog [[Ledavsko jezero|Ledavskog jezera]], a zatim skreće prema jugoistoku kroz Mursku ravnicu. U donjem toku čini granicu između Slovenije i Mađarske, te se na najistočnijoj tački Slovenije ulijeva u Muru.<ref name="BMNT">{{cite book|author=Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus|title=Flächenverzeichnis der österreichischen Flussgebiete: Murgebiet|year=2011|series=Beiträge zur Hydrographie Österreichs|volume=60|location=Beč|page=119}}</ref> == Opis toka == Rijeka izvire kao mali potok u Austriji i teče kroz usku dolinu Pichlagraben. Kod mjesta [[Kalch]] ulazi u usku klisuru dugu 1,5 km, usječenu u [[Paleozoik|paleozojske]] [[Škriljavac|škriljavce]] ispod Sotinskog brijega. Nakon izlaska iz klisure, dolina se širi kod [[Sotina|Sotine]], a rijeka nastavlja tok prema Ledavskom jezeru. Vještačko [[Ledavsko jezero]], izgrađeno 1978, služi za zaštitu od poplava i navodnjavanje, ali je postalo i važno stanište za brojne ptice. Nizvodno od jezera, korito Ledave je u potpunosti regulirano i pretvoreno u odvodni kanal koji teče paralelno s Murom više od 50 km.<ref name="Enciklopedija">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ledava|encyclopedia=Enciklopedija Slovenije|volume=6|year=1992|page=115|publisher=Mladinska knjiga}}</ref> U srednjem toku prolazi kroz sjeverni dio [[Murska Sobota|Murske Sobote]], gdje se odvaja reljefni kanal Ledava–Mura (dužine 7,6 km) za odvođenje viška vode. U donjem toku rijeka prolazi pored [[Lendava (Slovenija)|Lendave]], ulazi u šumovito područje Črni log i Murska šuma, te se nakon ušća svoje najveće pritoke, [[Velika Krka|Velike Krke]], ulijeva u Muru.<ref name="Sporazum">{{cite book|title=10 let slovensko-madžarskega sporazuma o upravljanju voda|publisher=Ministrstvo RS za okolje, prostor in energijo|year=2004|location=Ljubljana|page=20, 34}}</ref> == Hidrologija i poplave == Ledava ima snježno-kišni režim sa vrhuncima u decembru i martu, dok ljeti protok značajno opada. Zbog niskog specifičnog oticanja (5,8 l/s/km²), rijeka je podložna presušivanju tokom ekstremnih suša, kao što je zabilježeno 2012. godine. Historijski gledano, Ledava je često uzrokovala razorne poplave. Najteža poplava dogodila se u novembru 1925, kada je voda u Murskoj Soboti dosegla visinu od 2 metra, uništivši polovinu tadašnjih kuća. Izgradnja Ledavskog jezera i retencionog bazena Radmožanci značajno je smanjila rizik od poplava u donjem toku.<ref name="Melik">{{cite book|last=Melik|first=Anton|title=Štajerska s Prekmurjem in Mežiško dolino|publisher=Slovenska matica|year=1957|location=Ljubljana|page=188–189}}</ref> == Etimologija == Ime rijeke vjerovatno potiče iz njemačkog jezika, bilo od ličnog imena ''Lindolf'' (''Lindolfesbach'') ili od riječi ''Linde'' (lipa) i ''Ache'' (voda), što bi značilo "lipova voda". U historijskim izvorima se pojavljuje pod nazivima ''Lyndwa'' (1208), ''Lindua'' (1213) i ''Lendua'' (1346).<ref name="Snoj">{{cite book|last=Snoj|first=Marko|title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen|publisher=Modrijan|year=2009|location=Ljubljana|page=230}}</ref> == Zaštita prirode == Iako je veći dio toka Ledave ekološki izmijenjen zbog regulacija, njena poplavna ravnica i dalje sadrži važne komplekse nizijskih šuma (Hraščica, Črni log, Murska šuma). Područje je dio evropske mreže [[Natura 2000]], jer predstavlja važno stanište za vrste kao što su: * [[Crna roda]] (''Ciconia nigra'') * [[Srednji djetlić]] (''Dendrocopos medius'') * [[Bjelovrata muharica]] (''Ficedula albicollis'') * [[Evropska vidra]] (''Lutra lutra''), koja se ponovo proširila u slivu rijeke. U rijeci živi 33 vrste riba, od kojih je 18 na crvenoj listi ugroženih vrsta, uključujući mrenu, podusta i klena. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Ledava}} * [http://www.park-goricko.org/sl/prvastran.asp Regionalni park Goričko] {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Austriji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Mure]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] igcwxvmqnqo4lbdmdmqy0g9pk846j0o 3839602 3839600 2026-05-05T07:50:52Z Arnel 102555 [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Mađarskoj]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Ledava | slika = Ledava1.JPG | opis_slike = Ledava kod sela [[Polana (Murska Sobota)|Polana]] | države = [[Austrija]], [[Slovenija]], [[Mađarska]] | dužina = 76 | sliv = 1.940,4 km² | izvor = Kod sela Pichla, [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|Štajerska]] (Austrija) | ušće = [[Mura]], na tromeđi Slovenije, Mađarske i Hrvatske }} '''Ledava''' ({{Jez-de|Limbach}}; {{Jez-hu|Lendva}}) jest rijeka u sjeveroistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] i susjednoj [[Austrija|Austriji]], lijeva pritoka [[Mura|Mure]]. Izvire kod sela [[Pichla]] u [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|austrijskoj Štajerskoj]], nakon nekoliko kilometara ulazi u Sloveniju, teče prema jugu do vještačkog [[Ledavsko jezero|Ledavskog jezera]], a zatim skreće prema jugoistoku kroz Mursku ravnicu. U donjem toku čini granicu između Slovenije i Mađarske, te se na najistočnijoj tački Slovenije ulijeva u Muru.<ref name="BMNT">{{cite book|author=Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus|title=Flächenverzeichnis der österreichischen Flussgebiete: Murgebiet|year=2011|series=Beiträge zur Hydrographie Österreichs|volume=60|location=Beč|page=119}}</ref> == Opis toka == Rijeka izvire kao mali potok u Austriji i teče kroz usku dolinu Pichlagraben. Kod mjesta [[Kalch]] ulazi u usku klisuru dugu 1,5 km, usječenu u [[Paleozoik|paleozojske]] [[Škriljavac|škriljavce]] ispod Sotinskog brijega. Nakon izlaska iz klisure, dolina se širi kod [[Sotina|Sotine]], a rijeka nastavlja tok prema Ledavskom jezeru. Vještačko [[Ledavsko jezero]], izgrađeno 1978, služi za zaštitu od poplava i navodnjavanje, ali je postalo i važno stanište za brojne ptice. Nizvodno od jezera, korito Ledave je u potpunosti regulirano i pretvoreno u odvodni kanal koji teče paralelno s Murom više od 50 km.<ref name="Enciklopedija">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ledava|encyclopedia=Enciklopedija Slovenije|volume=6|year=1992|page=115|publisher=Mladinska knjiga}}</ref> U srednjem toku prolazi kroz sjeverni dio [[Murska Sobota|Murske Sobote]], gdje se odvaja reljefni kanal Ledava–Mura (dužine 7,6 km) za odvođenje viška vode. U donjem toku rijeka prolazi pored [[Lendava (Slovenija)|Lendave]], ulazi u šumovito područje Črni log i Murska šuma, te se nakon ušća svoje najveće pritoke, [[Velika Krka|Velike Krke]], ulijeva u Muru.<ref name="Sporazum">{{cite book|title=10 let slovensko-madžarskega sporazuma o upravljanju voda|publisher=Ministrstvo RS za okolje, prostor in energijo|year=2004|location=Ljubljana|page=20, 34}}</ref> == Hidrologija i poplave == Ledava ima snježno-kišni režim sa vrhuncima u decembru i martu, dok ljeti protok značajno opada. Zbog niskog specifičnog oticanja (5,8 l/s/km²), rijeka je podložna presušivanju tokom ekstremnih suša, kao što je zabilježeno 2012. godine. Historijski gledano, Ledava je često uzrokovala razorne poplave. Najteža poplava dogodila se u novembru 1925, kada je voda u Murskoj Soboti dosegla visinu od 2 metra, uništivši polovinu tadašnjih kuća. Izgradnja Ledavskog jezera i retencionog bazena Radmožanci značajno je smanjila rizik od poplava u donjem toku.<ref name="Melik">{{cite book|last=Melik|first=Anton|title=Štajerska s Prekmurjem in Mežiško dolino|publisher=Slovenska matica|year=1957|location=Ljubljana|page=188–189}}</ref> == Etimologija == Ime rijeke vjerovatno potiče iz njemačkog jezika, bilo od ličnog imena ''Lindolf'' (''Lindolfesbach'') ili od riječi ''Linde'' (lipa) i ''Ache'' (voda), što bi značilo "lipova voda". U historijskim izvorima se pojavljuje pod nazivima ''Lyndwa'' (1208), ''Lindua'' (1213) i ''Lendua'' (1346).<ref name="Snoj">{{cite book|last=Snoj|first=Marko|title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen|publisher=Modrijan|year=2009|location=Ljubljana|page=230}}</ref> == Zaštita prirode == Iako je veći dio toka Ledave ekološki izmijenjen zbog regulacija, njena poplavna ravnica i dalje sadrži važne komplekse nizijskih šuma (Hraščica, Črni log, Murska šuma). Područje je dio evropske mreže [[Natura 2000]], jer predstavlja važno stanište za vrste kao što su: * [[Crna roda]] (''Ciconia nigra'') * [[Srednji djetlić]] (''Dendrocopos medius'') * [[Bjelovrata muharica]] (''Ficedula albicollis'') * [[Evropska vidra]] (''Lutra lutra''), koja se ponovo proširila u slivu rijeke. U rijeci živi 33 vrste riba, od kojih je 18 na crvenoj listi ugroženih vrsta, uključujući mrenu, podusta i klena. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Ledava}} * [http://www.park-goricko.org/sl/prvastran.asp Regionalni park Goričko] {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Austriji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Mure]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Mađarskoj]] em29ht93dmk6xe2jqzv8ay2q21ptfdv 3839603 3839602 2026-05-05T07:51:08Z Arnel 102555 [[Kategorija:Međunarodne rijeke]] dodata (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3839603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Ledava | slika = Ledava1.JPG | opis_slike = Ledava kod sela [[Polana (Murska Sobota)|Polana]] | države = [[Austrija]], [[Slovenija]], [[Mađarska]] | dužina = 76 | sliv = 1.940,4 km² | izvor = Kod sela Pichla, [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|Štajerska]] (Austrija) | ušće = [[Mura]], na tromeđi Slovenije, Mađarske i Hrvatske }} '''Ledava''' ({{Jez-de|Limbach}}; {{Jez-hu|Lendva}}) jest rijeka u sjeveroistočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] i susjednoj [[Austrija|Austriji]], lijeva pritoka [[Mura|Mure]]. Izvire kod sela [[Pichla]] u [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|austrijskoj Štajerskoj]], nakon nekoliko kilometara ulazi u Sloveniju, teče prema jugu do vještačkog [[Ledavsko jezero|Ledavskog jezera]], a zatim skreće prema jugoistoku kroz Mursku ravnicu. U donjem toku čini granicu između Slovenije i Mađarske, te se na najistočnijoj tački Slovenije ulijeva u Muru.<ref name="BMNT">{{cite book|author=Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus|title=Flächenverzeichnis der österreichischen Flussgebiete: Murgebiet|year=2011|series=Beiträge zur Hydrographie Österreichs|volume=60|location=Beč|page=119}}</ref> == Opis toka == Rijeka izvire kao mali potok u Austriji i teče kroz usku dolinu Pichlagraben. Kod mjesta [[Kalch]] ulazi u usku klisuru dugu 1,5 km, usječenu u [[Paleozoik|paleozojske]] [[Škriljavac|škriljavce]] ispod Sotinskog brijega. Nakon izlaska iz klisure, dolina se širi kod [[Sotina|Sotine]], a rijeka nastavlja tok prema Ledavskom jezeru. Vještačko [[Ledavsko jezero]], izgrađeno 1978, služi za zaštitu od poplava i navodnjavanje, ali je postalo i važno stanište za brojne ptice. Nizvodno od jezera, korito Ledave je u potpunosti regulirano i pretvoreno u odvodni kanal koji teče paralelno s Murom više od 50 km.<ref name="Enciklopedija">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ledava|encyclopedia=Enciklopedija Slovenije|volume=6|year=1992|page=115|publisher=Mladinska knjiga}}</ref> U srednjem toku prolazi kroz sjeverni dio [[Murska Sobota|Murske Sobote]], gdje se odvaja reljefni kanal Ledava–Mura (dužine 7,6 km) za odvođenje viška vode. U donjem toku rijeka prolazi pored [[Lendava (Slovenija)|Lendave]], ulazi u šumovito područje Črni log i Murska šuma, te se nakon ušća svoje najveće pritoke, [[Velika Krka|Velike Krke]], ulijeva u Muru.<ref name="Sporazum">{{cite book|title=10 let slovensko-madžarskega sporazuma o upravljanju voda|publisher=Ministrstvo RS za okolje, prostor in energijo|year=2004|location=Ljubljana|page=20, 34}}</ref> == Hidrologija i poplave == Ledava ima snježno-kišni režim sa vrhuncima u decembru i martu, dok ljeti protok značajno opada. Zbog niskog specifičnog oticanja (5,8 l/s/km²), rijeka je podložna presušivanju tokom ekstremnih suša, kao što je zabilježeno 2012. godine. Historijski gledano, Ledava je često uzrokovala razorne poplave. Najteža poplava dogodila se u novembru 1925, kada je voda u Murskoj Soboti dosegla visinu od 2 metra, uništivši polovinu tadašnjih kuća. Izgradnja Ledavskog jezera i retencionog bazena Radmožanci značajno je smanjila rizik od poplava u donjem toku.<ref name="Melik">{{cite book|last=Melik|first=Anton|title=Štajerska s Prekmurjem in Mežiško dolino|publisher=Slovenska matica|year=1957|location=Ljubljana|page=188–189}}</ref> == Etimologija == Ime rijeke vjerovatno potiče iz njemačkog jezika, bilo od ličnog imena ''Lindolf'' (''Lindolfesbach'') ili od riječi ''Linde'' (lipa) i ''Ache'' (voda), što bi značilo "lipova voda". U historijskim izvorima se pojavljuje pod nazivima ''Lyndwa'' (1208), ''Lindua'' (1213) i ''Lendua'' (1346).<ref name="Snoj">{{cite book|last=Snoj|first=Marko|title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen|publisher=Modrijan|year=2009|location=Ljubljana|page=230}}</ref> == Zaštita prirode == Iako je veći dio toka Ledave ekološki izmijenjen zbog regulacija, njena poplavna ravnica i dalje sadrži važne komplekse nizijskih šuma (Hraščica, Črni log, Murska šuma). Područje je dio evropske mreže [[Natura 2000]], jer predstavlja važno stanište za vrste kao što su: * [[Crna roda]] (''Ciconia nigra'') * [[Srednji djetlić]] (''Dendrocopos medius'') * [[Bjelovrata muharica]] (''Ficedula albicollis'') * [[Evropska vidra]] (''Lutra lutra''), koja se ponovo proširila u slivu rijeke. U rijeci živi 33 vrste riba, od kojih je 18 na crvenoj listi ugroženih vrsta, uključujući mrenu, podusta i klena. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Ledava}} * [http://www.park-goricko.org/sl/prvastran.asp Regionalni park Goričko] {{Hidrografija Slovenije}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Austriji]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Mure]] [[Kategorija:Natura 2000 u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Mađarskoj]] [[Kategorija:Međunarodne rijeke]] dgllyp245akuzl06zc6wzbz29kw5qah 1 533934 3839604 2026-05-05T07:53:55Z Arnel 102555 Nova stranica: {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija | država2 = Hrvatska | država3 = Mađarska }} 3839604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Arnel | tema = geografija | država = Slovenija | država2 = Hrvatska | država3 = Mađarska }} n2xg1jj3env9a7xb4a1d7azam8aoult 14 533935 3839612 2026-05-05T08:19:24Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: {{commonscat|African drainage basins of the Atlantic Ocean}} [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv|Afrika]] 3839612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|African drainage basins of the Atlantic Ocean}} [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv|Afrika]] 7cpboyvucbivckdyjevy1gb9ar96pv8 14 533936 3839623 2026-05-05T08:26:02Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: {{commonscat|European drainage basins of the Atlantic Ocean}} [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv|Evropa]] 3839623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|European drainage basins of the Atlantic Ocean}} [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv|Evropa]] oia8g77svlxj848zvt8u3a5a36naelv 14 533937 3839630 2026-05-05T08:35:21Z Mhare 481 + 3839630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Turski sportisti]] bb7blpaken6iv42598wm1hz3ncyasl1 14 533938 3839631 2026-05-05T08:35:54Z Mhare 481 + 3839631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Turski sportisti]] bb7blpaken6iv42598wm1hz3ncyasl1 14 533939 3839633 2026-05-05T08:36:59Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv|Južna Amerika]] 3839633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorija:Atlantski sliv|Južna Amerika]] k8je0aem8fo4r4ez3o3fjoyv1zwkifu 0 533940 3839644 2026-05-05T10:34:28Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 Preusmjereno na [[Genski tok]] 3839644 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Genski tok]] 5pmuvxopimdrm330s3c5dsyhzf4orbb 0 533941 3839645 2026-05-05T10:34:56Z KoTešiša-idemo dalje 181014 Preusmjereno na [[Genski tok]] 3839645 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Genski tok]] 5pmuvxopimdrm330s3c5dsyhzf4orbb