Wikipedia cebwiki https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Panid MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter Medya Espesyal Hisgot Gumagamit Hisgot sa Gumagamit Wikipedia Hisgot sa Wikipedia Payl Hisgot sa Payl MediaWiki Hisgot sa MediaWiki Plantilya Hisgot sa Plantilya Tabang Hisgot sa Tabang Kategoriya Hisgot sa Kategoriya TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3975 35429936 35081271 2025-06-21T23:14:21Z Gotitbro 53175 rv sock 35429936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 220 | image1 = Flag of India.svg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bangyaw | image2 = Emblem of India.svg | alt2 = | caption2 = Timailhan | footer = }} [[File:India in the world (claimed).svg|thumb|200px|Nahimutangan]] Ang '''Indya''' o '''India''' (sa [[Devanagari]], भारत Bhārat; opisyal nga ngalan '''Republika sa Indiya''' kun Bhārata Gaṇarājya), usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatang Asya]]. Mao kini ang ikapitong kinadak-ang nasod sa area sa heyograpiya, ang ikaduhang nasod sa kinadak-ang populasyon sa kalibotan, ug ang nasod demokratikong kinadak-an ang katawhan. Ang India may lapyahan og labaw pito ka libo ka kilometro nga ''bounded'' sa Oceano Indiano sa habagatan, ang Dagat Arabo sa kasadpan, ug ang Bahia sa Bengal sa sidlakan. Sa kasadpan sa India makaplagan ang nasod sa Pakistan; ang Tsina, Nepal ug Bhutan sa amihanang-sidlakan; ug ang mga nasod sa Bangladesh ug Myanmar sa sidlakan. Sa Oceano Indiano, duol ang India sa mga nasod sa Sri Lanka, Maldives ug Indonesia. {{Nasod-saha}} [[Kategoriya:Indiya| ]] nz1gieg0mpo5pwfuk5aamtduqiw23qa 35429937 35429936 2025-06-21T23:15:11Z Gotitbro 53175 35429937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 220 | image1 = Flag of India.svg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bangyaw | image2 = Emblem of India.svg | alt2 = | caption2 = Timailhan | footer = }} [[File:India in the world (claimed) (W3).svg|thumb|200px|Nahimutangan]] Ang '''Indya''' o '''India''' (sa [[Devanagari]], भारत Bhārat; opisyal nga ngalan '''Republika sa Indiya''' kun Bhārata Gaṇarājya), usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatang Asya]]. Mao kini ang ikapitong kinadak-ang nasod sa area sa heyograpiya, ang ikaduhang nasod sa kinadak-ang populasyon sa kalibotan, ug ang nasod demokratikong kinadak-an ang katawhan. Ang India may lapyahan og labaw pito ka libo ka kilometro nga ''bounded'' sa Oceano Indiano sa habagatan, ang Dagat Arabo sa kasadpan, ug ang Bahia sa Bengal sa sidlakan. Sa kasadpan sa India makaplagan ang nasod sa Pakistan; ang Tsina, Nepal ug Bhutan sa amihanang-sidlakan; ug ang mga nasod sa Bangladesh ug Myanmar sa sidlakan. Sa Oceano Indiano, duol ang India sa mga nasod sa Sri Lanka, Maldives ug Indonesia. {{Nasod-saha}} [[Kategoriya:Indiya| ]] fcrnsa8xmbe17s34fyi0kz29arqzofa 35429938 35429937 2025-06-21T23:15:45Z Gotitbro 53175 35429938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 220 | image1 = Flag of India.svg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bangyaw | image2 = Emblem of India.svg | alt2 = | caption2 = Timailhan | footer = }} [[File:India in the world (de-facto) (W3).svg|thumb|200px|Nahimutangan]] Ang '''Indya''' o '''India''' (sa [[Devanagari]], भारत Bhārat; opisyal nga ngalan '''Republika sa Indiya''' kun Bhārata Gaṇarājya), usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatang Asya]]. Mao kini ang ikapitong kinadak-ang nasod sa area sa heyograpiya, ang ikaduhang nasod sa kinadak-ang populasyon sa kalibotan, ug ang nasod demokratikong kinadak-an ang katawhan. Ang India may lapyahan og labaw pito ka libo ka kilometro nga ''bounded'' sa Oceano Indiano sa habagatan, ang Dagat Arabo sa kasadpan, ug ang Bahia sa Bengal sa sidlakan. Sa kasadpan sa India makaplagan ang nasod sa Pakistan; ang Tsina, Nepal ug Bhutan sa amihanang-sidlakan; ug ang mga nasod sa Bangladesh ug Myanmar sa sidlakan. Sa Oceano Indiano, duol ang India sa mga nasod sa Sri Lanka, Maldives ug Indonesia. {{Nasod-saha}} [[Kategoriya:Indiya| ]] qckjc4ledlzxdhz2sswo3ix9o124iuo 0 18103 35429917 33640805 2025-06-21T12:41:03Z Andre Engels 32 Redirected page to [[Roche-lez-Beaupré (munisipyo sa Pransiya)]] 35429917 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Roche-lez-Beaupré (munisipyo sa Pransiya)]] pgz72d1mkl3nlbrt86uk0szzgmgspxv 0 42474 35429999 35075789 2025-06-22T08:27:46Z Pavl Anthøny 128337 35429999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo/Wikidata | fetchwikidata = ALL | refs = yes }} {{ubang-gamit}} Si '''Vicente Sotto y Yap''', usab nailhang '''&#209;or Inting''' ([[1877]]-[[1950]]) usa ka kanhing magbatasan sa Pilipinas ug giisip nga usa sa labing bantogan nga [[Sugboanon]] sa [[siglo 20|gatosay 20]] . Ang iyang naambit mao ang sa [[balaod]], [[politika|lugay]], ug [[pagdumala]]; ug sa [[kultura|budaya]] ug [[literatura|katitikan]]. ===Personal nga kinabuhi=== Si Sotto gipanganak sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] niadting [[Abril 18]], 1877 sa iyang ginikangang sila [[Marcelino Sotto]] ug [[Pascuala Yap]]. Nahuman niya ang sekundarya nga pagtuon sa [[Unibersidad de San Carlos]] (Colegio de San Carlos kaniadto). Naghuman siya sa kursong [[abogasya]] ug nipasar sa bar eksam sa tuig [[1907]]. ===Politika=== Sa tuig 1902, si Senador Sotto miapil sa politika sa pagdagan niya sa konseho sa munisipyo sa Sugbo ug nakadaog sa maong puwesto. Sa 1907, napili siyang [[mayor]] bisa'g wa siya mitambong sa eleksyon tungod sa pagdungog sa kaso sa korte mahitungod sa keha sa iyang kakontra kabahin sa pagkidnap, ug pugsanon nga miestar sa [[Hong Kong]]. Si Sotto mibalik sa nasod niadtong [[1914]]. Sa tuig 1922, napili siyang representante sa ikaduhang distrito sa [[Sugbo]] hangtod 1925. Niadtong Nobiyembre 1946, midagan siya sa pagkasenador ug midaog, nagsilbi siya isip ulohan sa Kommitiba sa Pinansya sa Senado hangtod 1950. Sa pagpanaw niya sa edad nga 73, ang mga kauban nuya sa senado mihinumdom kaniya isip "rebelyoso, ug maprinsipyong Sotto." ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Vicente Sotto as Senator.jpg| Si Vicente Sotto sa Senado File:Senator Vicente Sotto's Tomb at Cebu Memorial Park.jpg|Ang puntod ni Vicente Sotto kauban ang iyang asawa na si Maria Ojeda og uban pang miyembro sa iyang pamilyang nakalubong sa Cebu Memorial Park File:The Maverick Senator Vicente Sotto by Resil Mojares.jpg|Libro na mahatungod sa kinabuhi ni Vicente Sotto na gisuwat ni Resil B. Mojares </gallery> ==Mga sumpay sa gawas== * [http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/vicente_sotto.htm Paghulagway gikan sa senate.gov.ph] * [http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1949/jan1949/sotto_1949.html Tibuok teksto sa Sotto Law] * [http://senatorvicenteyapsotto.blogspot.com/ Senador Vicente Yap Sotto ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sotto, Vicente}} [[Kategoriya:Mga Pilipinong magsusulat]] [[Kategoriya:Mga senador sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga Sugboanon]] [[Kategoriya:Mga magsusulat sa Sinugboanon]] [[Kategoriya:Mga magsusulat sa Kinatsila]] [[Kategoriya:Mga magsusulat sa Ininggles]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1877]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1950]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa Abril 18]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa Mayo 28]] p5q6u2060ifzsxpqfxr2t3ftm5liiqh 35430000 35429999 2025-06-22T08:38:12Z Pavl Anthøny 128337 35430000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo/Wikidata | fetchwikidata = ALL | refs = yes }} {{ubang-gamit}} Si '''Vicente Sotto y Yap''', usab nailhang '''&#209;or Inting''' ([[1877]]-[[1950]]) usa ka kanhing magbatasan sa Pilipinas ug giisip nga usa sa labing bantogan nga [[Sugboanon]] sa [[siglo 20|gatosay 20]] . Ang iyang naambit mao ang sa [[balaod]], [[politika|lugay]], ug [[pagdumala]]; ug sa [[kultura|budaya]] ug [[literatura|katitikan]]. ===Personal nga kinabuhi=== Si Sotto gipanganak sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] niadting [[Abril 18]], 1877 sa iyang ginikangang sila [[Marcelino Sotto]] ug [[Pascuala Yap]]. Nahuman niya ang sekundarya nga pagtuon sa [[Unibersidad de San Carlos]] (Colegio de San Carlos kaniadto). Naghuman siya sa kursong [[abogasya]] ug nipasar sa bar eksam sa tuig [[1907]]. ===Politika=== Sa tuig 1902, si Senador Sotto miapil sa politika sa pagdagan niya sa konseho sa munisipyo sa Sugbo ug nakadaog sa maong puwesto. Sa 1907, napili siyang [[mayor]] bisa'g wa siya mitambong sa eleksyon tungod sa pagdungog sa kaso sa korte mahitungod sa keha sa iyang kakontra kabahin sa pagkidnap, ug pugsanon nga miestar sa [[Hong Kong]]. Si Sotto mibalik sa nasod niadtong [[1914]]. Sa tuig 1922, napili siyang representante sa ikaduhang distrito sa [[Sugbo]] hangtod 1925. Niadtong Nobiyembre 1946, midagan siya sa pagkasenador ug midaog, nagsilbi siya isip ulohan sa Kommitiba sa Pinansya sa Senado hangtod 1950. Sa pagpanaw niya sa edad nga 73, ang mga kauban nuya sa senado mihinumdom kaniya isip "rebelyoso, ug maprinsipyong Sotto." ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Vicente Yap Sotto 1917.jpg|thumb|Hulagway ni Vicente Yap Sotto sa tuig 1917 File:Vicente Sotto as Senator.jpg| Si Sotto sa Senado File:Senator Vicente Sotto's Tomb at Cebu Memorial Park.jpg|Ang puntod ni Vicente Sotto kauban ang iyang asawa na si Maria Ojeda og uban pang miyembro sa iyang pamilyang nakalubong sa Cebu Memorial Park File:The Maverick Senator Vicente Sotto by Resil Mojares.jpg|Libro na mahatungod sa kinabuhi ni Vicente Sotto na gisuwat ni Resil B. Mojares </gallery> ==Mga sumpay sa gawas== * [http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/vicente_sotto.htm Paghulagway gikan sa senate.gov.ph] * [http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1949/jan1949/sotto_1949.html Tibuok teksto sa Sotto Law] * [http://senatorvicenteyapsotto.blogspot.com/ Senador Vicente Yap Sotto ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sotto, Vicente}} [[Kategoriya:Mga Pilipinong magsusulat]] [[Kategoriya:Mga senador sa Pilipinas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga Sugboanon]] [[Kategoriya:Mga magsusulat sa Sinugboanon]] [[Kategoriya:Mga magsusulat sa Kinatsila]] [[Kategoriya:Mga magsusulat sa Ininggles]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1877]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1950]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa Abril 18]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa Mayo 28]] 9f3r68csd5p3qxi7k8bjcra8j1aupkl 0 661194 35430002 35130670 2025-06-22T11:40:16Z Poco a poco 4364 HQ image 35430002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|bakasi|date=2020-11}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Gymnothorax griseus'' | status = | image = Morena pimienta (Gymnothorax griseus), islas Ad Dimaniyat, Omán, 2024-08-16, DD 17.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Isdangtunay (mananap)|Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Anguilliformes]] | familia = [[Muraenidae]] | genus = [[Gymnothorax]] | species = '''Gymnothorax griseus''' | binomial = Gymnothorax griseus | binomial_authority = (Lacepède, 1803) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | synonyms = ''Gymnothorax schonlandi'' <small>[[Smith (awtor)|Smith]], 1949</small><br>''Gymnothorax geometrica'' <small>[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1830</small><br>''Gymnothorax grisea'' <small>Lacepède, 1803</small><br>''Gymnothorax grisea'' <small>(Lacepède, 1803)</small> }} Kaliwatan sa [[bakasi]] ang '''''Gymnothorax griseus'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Una ning gihulagway ni Lacepède ni adtong 1803.<ref name = "col42906735"/> Ang ''Gymnothorax griseus'' sakop sa [[kahenera]] nga ''[[Gymnothorax]]'', ug [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Muraenidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa: *kasadpang [[Kadagatang Indyan]] * [[Dagat Pula]] Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 42906735|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> <ref name = "col42906735">Taquet, M. and A. Diringer (2007) ''Poissons de l'Océan Indien et de la Mer Rouge.'' , Versailles (France): Éditions Quæ. 527 p.</ref> <ref name = "source">Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds). (2019). FishBase (version Feb 2018). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay]] [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay sa Kadagatang Indyan]] [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay sa Dagat Pula]] [[Kategoriya:Gymnothorax]] h4tzsplk5osjxsr6isrhln06sipjy8s 0 1884500 35430001 12166423 2025-06-22T09:18:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 35430001 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''World Trade Center Tapestry''' mao ang usa ka dako nga tapestry sa [[Joan Miró]]. Kini ang makita diha sa lobby sa 2 World Trade Center (ang South Tower) sa [[New York]] gikan sa 1974 hangtud nga kini gilaglag sa 2001 . Saul Wenegrat, kanhi director sa art nga programa alang sa Port Authority sa New York, misugyot sa Miro nga siya sa paghimo sa usa ka tapestry alang sa World Trade Center, apan ang mga artist mibalibad ingon nga daw siya lamang sa paghimo sa buhat sa iyang mga kamo , apan may walay kasinatian sa paghimo og usa ka tapestry . Apan, human sa iyang anak nga babaye nakuha gikan sa usa ka aksidente sa [[Espanya]], Miro miuyon sa paghimo sa usa ka tapestry alang sa ospital nga pagtratar kaniya, ingon sa usa ka timaan sa iyang pasalamat . Ingon nga nakat-on sa mga teknik sa tapestry magbubuhat [[Josep Arroyo]], Miro gihimo sa pipila ka mga uban pang mga tapestries uban sa Arroyo , lakip na ang usa alang sa World Trade Center, Babaye alang sa National Gallery sa Art sa Washington , DC , ug ang usa alang sa [[Fundació Joan Miró]]. Ang buhat mao ang usa ka abstract nga plano, uban sa mahayag nga blocks sa kolor , pula nga , nga lunhaw , sa azul ug sa yellow , uban sa itom nga mga elemento , ug ang usa ka kahayag brown background . Nga hinimo sa balhibo sa carnero ug sa hemp , kini gisukod 20 × 35 mga tiil ( 6.1 × 10.7 m ) ug mitimbang 4 tonelada . Kini nakompleto sa 1973 , ug gipakita sa usa ka retrospective sa Grand Palais sa Paris sa wala pa instalar sa New York sa 1974. Kini gilaglag on September 11 , 2001 , sa pagkahugno sa World Trade Center , sa pagsunod sa Septembre 11 nga pagpangataki.<ref>[http://www.ifar.org/nineeleven/911_public2.htm Public Art at the World Trade Center, Saul Wenegrat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327234215/http://www.ifar.org/nineeleven/911_public2.htm |date=2014-03-27 }}, Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002</ref> ==References== <references/> * [http://biblioklept.org/2013/09/11/world-trade-center-tapestry-joan-miro/ ''World Trade Center Tapestry'', Joan Miró] * [http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.56618.html ''Woman'' 1977], National Gallery of Art * [http://www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/coleccio_obra.php?obra=736&idioma=2 ''Tapestry of the Foundation'', Joan Miró, 1979], Fundació Joan Miró [[Kategoriya:New York]] [[Kategoriya:Joan Miró]] lujpydoxfimkaq23ekyj0uhahnl84vr 0 2458359 35429931 33896664 2025-06-21T18:51:09Z VadymTS1 110981 IUCN 35429931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|tanom nga bulak|date=2022-02}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Salix alba'' | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | image = Thomé_Salix_alba_clean.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Tanom nga bulak (tanom)|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Salicaceae]] | genus = ''[[Salix]]'' | species = '''''Salix alba''''' | binomial = ''Salix alba'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | range_map = Salix alba range.svg | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} Kaliwatan sa [[tanom nga bulak]] ang '''''Salix alba'''''.<ref name = "COL"/> Una ning gihulagway ni [[Carl von Linné]]. Ang ''Salix alba'' sakop sa [[kahenera]] nga ''[[Salix]]'', ug [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Salicaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> == Matang nga nahiubos == Ang kaliwatan gibahinbahin ngadto sa matang nga nahiubos:<ref name = "COL"/> * ''S. a. alba'' * ''S. a. coerulea'' * ''S. a. micans'' * ''S. a. vitellina'' <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 53486062|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> <ref name = "source">Hassler M. (2019). World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (version Nov 2018). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.</ref> </references> <gallery> Salix alba(03).jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Tanom]] [[Kategoriya:Salix (Salicaceae)]] eiznxobe8q2mrjgy0w6nccdyp0li6b2 10 2796876 35429964 35047305 2025-06-22T00:18:52Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:{{{conventional_long_name|}}}{{{native_name|}}}{{{name|}}} | {{#if:{{{conventional_long_name|}}} |<div class="fn org country-name">{{{conventional_long_name|}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}{{{name|}}} |<div class="ib-country-names"><!-- -->{{br separated entries |{{{native_name|}}} |{{#if:{{{name|}}} |<div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name">{{{name|}}}</div> }}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes |<span class="fn org">[[Micronation]]</span> }} }} | subheader = {{#if:{{{life_span|}}} | {{{life_span}}} | 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|{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{flag_type_article|}}} |{{{flag|}}} |{{if empty |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }}|{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}}]] |{{if empty |{{{flag_caption|}}} |{{{flag_type|}}} |Flag}} }} |image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|suppressplaceholder={{main other||no}}|image={{if empty|{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{image_symbol|}}}}} |size={{{symbol_width|{{{coa_size|}}}}}}|sizedefault=85px|alt={{#if:{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{alt_coat|{{{coat_alt|}}}}}}|{{{alt_symbol|}}}}}|title={{{symbol_type|Coat of arms}}} of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}}} |caption2= {{#ifexist:{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} |[[{{if empty |{{{symbol_type_article|}}} |{{{symbol|}}} |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} of {{if empty |{{{linking_name|}}} |{{{common_name|}}} |{{{name|}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} }} | {{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}}]] |{{if empty |{{{symbol_type|}}} |Coat of arms}} }} }} }} | data1 = {{#if:{{{national_motto|}}}{{{motto|}}} |'''Motto:&nbsp;'''{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{national_motto|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{englishmotto|}}}|<div>{{{englishmotto}}}</div> }} }} | class2 = anthem | data2 = {{#if:{{{national_anthem|}}}{{{anthem|}}} |'''Awit:'''&nbsp;{{if empty|{{{national_anthem|}}}|{{{anthem|}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{anthems|}}} |'''Awit:'''&nbsp;{{{anthems}}} }}{{#if:{{{royal_anthem|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''[[Royal anthem]]:'''&nbsp;{{{royal_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{flag_anthem|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''[[Flag anthem]]:'''&nbsp;{{{flag_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{national_march|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''National march:'''&nbsp;{{{national_march}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{territorial_anthem|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''Territorial anthem:'''&nbsp;{{{territorial_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{regional_anthem|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''Regional anthem:'''&nbsp;{{{regional_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{state_anthem|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''State anthem:'''&nbsp;{{{state_anthem}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{march|}}} | <div class="ib-country-anthem">'''March:'''&nbsp;{{{march}}}</div> }} | data3 = {{#if:{{{other_symbol|}}}{{{text_symbol|}}} |{{#if:{{{other_symbol_type|}}}{{{text_symbol_type|}}} | '''{{if empty|{{{other_symbol_type|}}}|{{{text_symbol_type|}}}}}'''<br/>}}<!-- -->{{if empty|{{{other_symbol|}}}|{{{text_symbol|}}}}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map|}}}|size={{{map_width|{{{image_map_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|Lokasyon sa {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}|<div class="ib-country-map-caption">{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }} | data5 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2|}}}|size={{{map2_width|{{{image_map2_size|}}}}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map2|{{{image_map2_alt|}}}}}}|title={{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|Lokasyon sa {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}|<div class="ib-country-map-caption">{{{map_caption2|{{{image_map2_caption|}}}}}}</div>}} }} | label6 = Status | data6 = {{#if:{{{status|}}}|{{Infobox country/status text|status={{{status|}}}|status_text={{{status_text|}}}|empire={{{empire|}}}|year_end={{{year_end|}}}|year_exile_start={{{year_exile_start|}}}|year_exile_end={{{year_exile_end|}}} }} }} | label7 = Lokasyon | data7 = {{{loctext|}}} | label8 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | Kapital }}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-country-largest">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data8 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass9 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label9 = Kapital-sa-pagkadestiyero | data9 = {{#ifexist:{{{capital_exile|}}}|[[{{{capital_exile|}}}]]|{{{capital_exile|}}}}} | rowclass10 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label10 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administratibo&nbsp;sentro }} | data10 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = Pinakadako {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data11 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | rowclass12 = mergedtoprow | label12 = Opisyal&nbsp;mga pinulongan | data12 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow | label13 = <span class="ib-country-lang">{{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Giila|Giila}}&nbsp;mga pinulongan</span> | data13 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass14 = mergedrow | label14 = <span class="ib-country-lang">{{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Giila|Giila}} nasyonal&nbsp;mga pinulongan</span> | data14 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass15 = mergedrow | label15 = <span class="ib-country-lang">{{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Giila|Giila}} rehiyon&nbsp;mga pinulongan</span> | data15 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label16 = Komon&nbsp;mga pinulongan | data16 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass17 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label17 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-country-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Ubang&nbsp;mga pinulongan }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Ubang&nbsp;mga pinulongan }} }} | data17 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label18 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-country-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Ubang&nbsp;mga pinulongan }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Ubang&nbsp;mga pinulongan }} }} | data18 = {{{languages2|}}} | label19 = Etniko&nbsp;grupo <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-country-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-country-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data19 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label20 = Relihiyon <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-country-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-country-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data20 = {{{religion|}}} | label21 = (Mga) Demonyo | data21 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} | label22 = Matang | data22 = {{{org_type|}}} | label23 = {{if empty|{{{membership_type|}}} | Membership }} | data23 = {{{membership|}}} | label24 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organizational structure|Gobyerno}}]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organizational structure|Gobyerno}}]]<!-- -->| {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Organizational structure|Gobyerno}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data24 = {{{government_type|}}} | header25 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | {{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{membership|}}} | <!--template being used for geopolitical org:-->Mga lider | <!--template being used for country/territory: -->Gobyerno }} }} }} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | rowclass27 = mergedrow | label27 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}| {{{title_leader}}} }} | data27 = {{#if:{{{title_leader|}}}|&nbsp;}} | rowclass28 = mergedrow | data28 = {{#if:{{{year_leader1|}}} | {{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_leader1|}}} |{{{leader1|}}} |{{{year_leader2|}}} |{{{leader2|}}} |{{{year_leader3|}}} |{{{leader3|}}} |{{{year_leader4|}}} |{{{leader4|}}} |{{{year_leader5|}}} |{{{leader5|}}} |{{{year_leader6|}}} |{{{leader6|}}} |{{{year_leader7|}}} |{{{leader7|}}} |{{{year_leader8|}}} |{{{leader8|}}} |{{{year_leader9|}}} |{{{leader9|}}} |{{{year_leader10|}}} |{{{leader10|}}} |{{{year_leader11|}}} |{{{leader11|}}}|{{{year_leader12|}}} |{{{leader12|}}}|{{{year_leader13|}}} |{{{leader13|}}}|{{{year_leader14|}}} |{{{leader14|}}}|{{{year_leader15|}}} |{{{leader15|}}} }} }} | rowclass29 = mergedrow | label29 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}| {{{title_representative}}} }} | data29 = {{#if:{{{title_representative|}}}|&nbsp;}} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | data30 = {{#if:{{{year_representative1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_representative1|}}} |{{{representative1|}}} |{{{year_representative2|}}} |{{{representative2|}}} |{{{year_representative3|}}} |{{{representative3|}}} |{{{year_representative4|}}} |{{{representative4|}}} |{{{year_representative5|}}} |{{{representative5|}}}|{{{year_representative6|}}} |{{{representative6|}}}|{{{year_representative7|}}} |{{{representative7|}}}|{{{year_representative8|}}} |{{{representative8|}}} }} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}|{{{title_deputy}}} }} | data31 = {{#if:{{{title_deputy|}}}|&nbsp;}} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | data32 = {{#if:{{{year_deputy1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{year_deputy1|}}} |{{{deputy1|}}} |{{{year_deputy2|}}} |{{{deputy2|}}} |{{{year_deputy3|}}} |{{{deputy3|}}} |{{{year_deputy4|}}} |{{{deputy4|}}} |{{{year_deputy5|}}} |{{{deputy5|}}} |{{{year_deputy6|}}} |{{{deputy6|}}}|{{{year_deputy7|}}} |{{{deputy7|}}}|{{{year_deputy8|}}} |{{{deputy8|}}}|{{{year_deputy9|}}} |{{{deputy9|}}}|{{{year_deputy10|}}} |{{{deputy10|}}}|{{{year_deputy11|}}} |{{{deputy11|}}}|{{{year_deputy12|}}} |{{{deputy12|}}}|{{{year_deputy13|}}} |{{{deputy13|}}}|{{{year_deputy14|}}} |{{{deputy14|}}}|{{{year_deputy15|}}} |{{{deputy15|}}} }} }} | label40 = Lehislatura | data40 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|Ibabaw nga balay}}</div> | data41 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass42 = mergedbottomrow | label42 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|Lower house}}</div> | data42 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | rowclass43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}} |mergedtoprow}} | header43 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}}{{{sovereignty_type|}}} |{{#if:{{{sovereignty_type|}}} | {{{sovereignty_type}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{sovereignty_note|}}} |&nbsp;<div class="ib-country-sovereignty">{{{sovereignty_note}}}</div>}} | {{#if:{{{established|}}}| | Pagtukod }} }} }} | label44 = Pagtukod | data44 = {{#if:{{{sovereignty_type|}}} | |{{{established|}}} }} | label45 = {{#if:{{{era|}}}|Historical era|Kasaysayan}} | data45 = {{#if:{{{era|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{era|}}}|[[{{{era}}}]]|{{{era}}}}} | {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}|&nbsp;}}}} | rowclass46 = {{#if:{{{established_event1|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | data46 = {{#if:{{{established_date1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow |{{{established_event1|}}} |{{{established_date1||}}} |{{{established_event2|}}} |{{{established_date2||}}} |{{{established_event3|}}} |{{{established_date3|}}} |{{{established_event4|}}} |{{{established_date4|}}} |{{{established_event5|}}} |{{{established_date5|}}} |{{{established_event6|}}} |{{{established_date6|}}} |{{{established_event7|}}} |{{{established_date7|}}} |{{{established_event8|}}} |{{{established_date8|}}} |{{{established_event9|}}} |{{{established_date9|}}} |{{{established_event10|}}} |{{{established_date10|}}} |{{{established_event11|}}} |{{{established_date11|}}} |{{{established_event12|}}} |{{{established_date12|}}} |{{{established_event13|}}} |{{{established_date13|}}} |{{{established_event14|}}} |{{{established_date14|}}} |{{{established_event15|}}} |{{{established_date15|}}} |{{{established_event16|}}} |{{{established_date16|}}} |{{{established_event17|}}} |{{{established_date17|}}} |{{{established_event18|}}} |{{{established_date18|}}} |{{{established_event19|}}} |{{{established_date19|}}} |{{{established_event20|}}} |{{{established_date20|}}} }} }} | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | data47 = {{#if:{{{date_start|}}}{{{year_start|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow |{{{event_pre|}}} |{{{date_pre|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_start|}}}|Established}} |{{{date_start|}}} {{{year_start|}}} |{{{event1|}}} |{{{date_event1|}}} |{{{event2|}}} |{{{date_event2|}}} |{{{event3|}}} |{{{date_event3|}}} |{{{event4|}}} |{{{date_event4|}}} |{{{event5|}}} |{{{date_event5|}}} |{{{event6|}}} |{{{date_event6|}}}|{{{event7|}}} |{{{date_event7|}}}|{{{event8|}}} |{{{date_event8|}}}|{{{event9|}}} |{{{date_event9|}}}|{{{event10|}}} |{{{date_event10|}}} |{{if empty|{{{event_end|}}}|Disestablished}} |{{{date_end|}}} {{{year_end|}}} |{{{event_post|}}} |{{{date_post|}}} }} }} | rowclass60 = mergedtoprow | header60 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}]] | Area {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|claimed|}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass61 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label61 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|Total}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data61 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{area_rank}}}) }} }} | rowclass62 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label62 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Yuta</div> | data62 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass63 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label63 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Tubig</div> | data63 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass64 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label64 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Tubig&nbsp;(%)</div> | data64 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass65 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label65 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data65 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass66 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label66 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data66 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass67 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label67 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data67 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data68 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass69 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label69 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data69 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass70 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label70 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data70 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data71 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass72 = mergedrow | label72 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{FR_metropole}}}</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}}| <nowiki /> }} | rowclass73 = mergedrow | label73 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li2">•&nbsp;IGN{{{FR_foot2|}}}</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}} |{{#if:{{{FR_IGN_area_km2|}}}{{{FR_IGN_area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{FR_IGN_area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{FR_IGN_area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{#if:{{{FR_IGN_area_rank|}}}|&#32;({{{FR_IGN_area_rank|}}})}} }} }} | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li2">•&nbsp;Cadastre{{{FR_foot3|}}}</div> | data89 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole|}}} |{{#if:{{{FR_cadastre_area_km2|}}}{{{FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{FR_cadastre_area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{#if:{{{FR_cadastre_area_rank|}}}|&#32;({{{FR_cadastre_area_rank|}}})}} }} }} | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Populasyon|[[{{{population_link}}}|Populasyon]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Populasyon]]<!-- -->| Populasyon<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|Pagbanabana}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{population_estimate_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;census|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{population_census_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass96= mergedrow | label96 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_year|}}}|{{nobold|1=&nbsp;({{{FR_total_population_estimate_year}}})}}}}}} | data96 = {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_year|}}}|<nowiki />}}}} | rowclass97 = mergedrow | label97= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total{{{FR_foot|}}}</div> | data97= {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate|}}} |{{{FR_total_population_estimate}}}{{#if:{{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank|}}}|&#32;({{{FR_total_population_estimate_rank}}})}} }} }} | rowclass98 = mergedrow | label98= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{FR_metropole}}}</div> | data98= {{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|{{{FR_metropole_population}}}{{#if:{{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass99 = mergedbottomrow | label99= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Densidad{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data99= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{population_density_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass100 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{FR_metropole_population|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedtoprow}} | label100 = Membership | data100= {{{nummembers|}}} | rowclass101= mergedtoprow | label101= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Claimed|}} [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(PPP)}} | data101= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass102= mergedrow | label102= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data102= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass103= mergedbottomrow | label103= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data103= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass104= mergedtoprow | label104= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Claimed|}} GDP&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}} | data104= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass105= mergedrow | label105= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data105= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GDP_nominal_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass106= mergedbottomrow | label106= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data106= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | label107= [[Gini_coefficient|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data107= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Country articles requiring maintenance]] }}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[List of countries by income equality|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label108= HDI{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data108= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Country articles requiring maintenance]] }}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[List of countries by Human Development Index|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label109= {{#ifeq:{{{micronation|}}}|yes|Purported currency|Salapi}} | data109= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} | rowclass119= {{#if:{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}{{{DST_note|}}} |mergedtoprow}} | label119= Time zone | data119= {{#if:{{{utc_offset|}}} |{{nowrap|[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset}}}}} {{#if:{{{time_zone|}}}|({{{time_zone}}})}} |{{{time_zone|}}} }} | rowclass120= {{#if:{{{DST_note|}}} |mergedrow |mergedbottomrow}} | label120= <div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&nbsp;Summer&nbsp;([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data120= {{#if:{{{utc_offset_DST|}}} |{{nowrap|[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset_DST}}}}} {{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}}|({{{time_zone_DST}}})|{{#if:{{{DST|}}}|({{{DST}}})}}}} |{{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}}|{{{time_zone_DST}}}|{{{DST|}}}}} }} | rowclass121= mergedbottomrow | label121= <nowiki /> | data121= {{{DST_note|}}} | label122 = Antipodes | data122= {{{antipodes|}}} | label123 = Format sa petsa | data123= {{{date_format|}}} | label125= Dapit sa pagmaneho | data125= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} | label126= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Code sa pagtawag]] | Code sa pagtawag }} }} | data126= {{{calling_code|}}} | label127= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]] | data127= {{#switch:{{{iso3166code|}}} |omit = <!--(do nothing)--> | = <!--if iso3166code is not supplied: -->{{#if:{{{common_name|}}} | {{#if:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}|nocat=true}} | [[ISO 3166-2:{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}|{{ISO 3166 code|{{{common_name}}}}}]] }} }} |#default = [[ISO 3166-2:{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}|{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}]] }} | label128= Internet TLD | data128= {{{cctld|}}} | data129 = {{#if:{{{official_website|}}} |<div class="ib-country-website">'''Website'''<br/>{{{official_website}}}</div> }} | data130= {{#if:{{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}} | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map3|{{{location_map|}}}}}}|size={{{map3_width|}}}|upright=1.15|alt={{{alt_map3|}}}|title=Location of {{{common_name|{{{name|{{{linking_name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} }}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{map_caption3|}}}|<div class="ib-country-map-caption3">{{{map_caption3|}}}</div>}} }} | data134 = {{#if:{{{p1|}}}{{{s1|}}} |{{Infobox country/formernext|flag_p1={{{flag_p1|}}}|image_p1={{{image_p1|}}}|p1={{{p1|}}}|border_p1={{{border_p1|}}}|flag_p2={{{flag_p2|}}}|image_p2={{{image_p2|}}}|p2={{{p2|}}}|border_p2={{{border_p2|}}}|flag_p3={{{flag_p3|}}}|image_p3={{{image_p3|}}}|p3={{{p3|}}}|border_p3={{{border_p3|}}}|flag_p4={{{flag_p4|}}}|image_p4={{{image_p4|}}}|p4={{{p4|}}}|border_p4={{{border_p4|}}}|flag_p5={{{flag_p5|}}}|image_p5={{{image_p5|}}}|p5={{{p5|}}}|border_p5={{{border_p5|}}}|flag_p6={{{flag_p6|}}}|image_p6={{{image_p6|}}}|p6={{{p6|}}}|border_p6={{{border_p6|}}}|flag_p7={{{flag_p7|}}}|image_p7={{{image_p7|}}}|p7={{{p7|}}}|border_p7={{{border_p7|}}}|flag_p8={{{flag_p8|}}}|image_p8={{{image_p8|}}}|p8={{{p8|}}}|border_p8={{{border_p8|}}}|flag_p9={{{flag_p9|}}}|image_p9={{{image_p9|}}}|p9={{{p9|}}}|border_p9={{{border_p9|}}}|flag_p10={{{flag_p10|}}}|image_p10={{{image_p10|}}}|p10={{{p10|}}}|border_p10={{{border_p10|}}}|flag_p11={{{flag_p11|}}}|image_p11={{{image_p11|}}}|p11={{{p11|}}}|border_p11={{{border_p11|}}}|flag_p12={{{flag_p12|}}}|image_p12={{{image_p12|}}}|p12={{{p12|}}}|border_p12={{{border_p12|}}}|flag_p13={{{flag_p13|}}}|image_p13={{{image_p13|}}}|p13={{{p13|}}}|border_p13={{{border_p13|}}}|flag_p14={{{flag_p14|}}}|image_p14={{{image_p14|}}}|p14={{{p14|}}}|border_p14={{{border_p14|}}}|flag_p15={{{flag_p15|}}}|image_p15={{{image_p15|}}}|p15={{{p15|}}}|border_p15={{{border_p15|}}}|flag_p16={{{flag_p16|}}}|image_p16={{{image_p16|}}}|p16={{{p16|}}}|border_p16={{{border_p16|}}}|flag_p17={{{flag_p17|}}}|image_p17={{{image_p17|}}}|p17={{{p17|}}}|border_p17={{{border_p17|}}}|flag_p18={{{flag_p18|}}}|image_p18={{{image_p18|}}}|p18={{{p18|}}}|border_p18={{{border_p18|}}}|flag_p19={{{flag_p19|}}}|image_p19={{{image_p19|}}}|p19={{{p19|}}}|border_p19={{{border_p19|}}}|flag_p20={{{flag_p20|}}}|image_p20={{{image_p20|}}}|p20={{{p20|}}}|border_p20={{{border_p20|}}}|flag_p21={{{flag_p21|}}}|image_p21={{{image_p21|}}}|p21={{{p21|}}}|border_p21={{{border_p21|}}}|flag_p22={{{flag_p22|}}}|image_p22={{{image_p22|}}}|p22={{{p22|}}}|border_p22={{{border_p22|}}}|flag_s1={{{flag_s1|}}}|image_s1={{{image_s1|}}}|s1={{{s1|}}}|border_s1={{{border_s1|}}}|flag_s2={{{flag_s2|}}}|image_s2={{{image_s2|}}}|s2={{{s2|}}}|border_s2={{{border_s2|}}}|flag_s3={{{flag_s3|}}}|image_s3={{{image_s3|}}}|s3={{{s3|}}}|border_s3={{{border_s3|}}}|flag_s4={{{flag_s4|}}}|image_s4={{{image_s4|}}}|s4={{{s4|}}}|border_s4={{{border_s4|}}}|flag_s5={{{flag_s5|}}}|image_s5={{{image_s5|}}}|s5={{{s5|}}}|border_s5={{{border_s5|}}}|flag_s6={{{flag_s6|}}}|image_s6={{{image_s6|}}}|s6={{{s6|}}}|border_s6={{{border_s6|}}}|flag_s7={{{flag_s7|}}}|image_s7={{{image_s7|}}}|s7={{{s7|}}}|border_s7={{{border_s7|}}}|flag_s8={{{flag_s8|}}}|image_s8={{{image_s8|}}}|s8={{{s8|}}}|border_s8={{{border_s8|}}}|flag_s9={{{flag_s9|}}}|image_s9={{{image_s9|}}}|s9={{{s9|}}}|border_s9={{{border_s9|}}}|flag_s10={{{flag_s10|}}}|image_s10={{{image_s10|}}}|s10={{{s10|}}}|border_s10={{{border_s10|}}}|flag_s11={{{flag_s11|}}}|image_s11={{{image_s11|}}}|s11={{{s11|}}}|border_s11={{{border_s11|}}}|flag_s12={{{flag_s12|}}}|image_s12={{{image_s12|}}}|s12={{{s12|}}}|border_s12={{{border_s12|}}}|flag_s13={{{flag_s13|}}}|image_s13={{{image_s13|}}}|s13={{{s13|}}}|border_s13={{{border_s13|}}}|flag_s14={{{flag_s14|}}}|image_s14={{{image_s14|}}}|s14={{{s14|}}}|border_s14={{{border_s14|}}}|flag_s15={{{flag_s15|}}}|image_s15={{{image_s15|}}}|s15={{{s15|}}}|border_s15={{{border_s15|}}}|flag_s16={{{flag_s16|}}}|image_s16={{{image_s16|}}}|s16={{{s16|}}}|border_s16={{{border_s16|}}}|flag_s17={{{flag_s17|}}}|image_s17={{{image_s17|}}}|s17={{{s17|}}}|border_s17={{{border_s17|}}}|flag_s18={{{flag_s18|}}}|image_s18={{{image_s18|}}}|s18={{{s18|}}}|border_s18={{{border_s18|}}}|flag_s19={{{flag_s19|}}}|image_s19={{{image_s19|}}}|s19={{{s19|}}}|border_s19={{{border_s19|}}}|flag_s20={{{flag_s20|}}}|image_s20={{{image_s20|}}}|s20={{{s20|}}}|border_s20={{{border_s20|}}}|flag_s21={{{flag_s21|}}}|image_s21={{{image_s21|}}}|s21={{{s21|}}}|border_s21={{{border_s21|}}}|flag_s22={{{flag_s22|}}}|image_s22={{{image_s22|}}}|s22={{{s22|}}}|border_s22={{{border_s22|}}}}} }} | label135 = Karon nga bahin sa | data135 = {{{today|}}} | data136 = {{#if:{{{footnote_a|}}}{{{footnote_b|}}}{{{footnote_c|}}}{{{footnote_d|}}}{{{footnote_e|}}}{{{footnote_f|}}}{{{footnote_g|}}}{{{footnote_h|}}} |<div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> {{#if:{{{footnote_a|}}}|<li value=1>{{{footnote_a|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_b|}}}|<li value=2>{{{footnote_b|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_c|}}}|<li value=3>{{{footnote_c|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_d|}}}|<li value=4>{{{footnote_d|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_e|}}}|<li value=5>{{{footnote_e|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_f|}}}|<li value=6>{{{footnote_f|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_g|}}}|<li value=7>{{{footnote_g|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote_h|}}}|<li value=8>{{{footnote_h|}}}</li>}} </ol></div>}} | data137 = {{#if:{{{footnote1|}}}{{{footnote2|}}}{{{footnote3|}}}{{{footnote4|}}}{{{footnote5|}}}{{{footnote6|}}}{{{footnote7|}}}{{{footnote8|}}} |<div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-num"> {{#if:{{{footnote1|}}}|<li value=1>{{{footnote1|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote2|}}}|<li value=2>{{{footnote2|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote3|}}}|<li value=3>{{{footnote3|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote4|}}}|<li value=4>{{{footnote4|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote5|}}}|<li value=5>{{{footnote5|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote6|}}}|<li value=6>{{{footnote6|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote7|}}}|<li value=7>{{{footnote7|}}}</li> }}{{#if:{{{footnote8|}}}|<li value=8>{{{footnote8|}}}</li>}} </ol></div>}} | data138 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div class="ib-country-fn">{{{footnotes}}}{{#if:{{{footnotes2|}}}|<br>{{{footnotes2}}}}}</div>}} | belowclass = mergedtoprow noprint | below = {{#if:{{{navbar|}}}| {{navbar|{{{navbar|}}}}} }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox country]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| admin_center_type | admin_center | alt_coat | alt_flag | alt_flag2 | alt_map | alt_map2 | alt_map3 | alt_symbol | anthem | anthems | antipodes | area_acre | area_data2 | area_data3 | area_footnote | area_ha | area_km2 | area_label | area_label2 | area_label3 | area_land_acre | area_land_footnote | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_link | area_rank | area_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_footnote | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_sq_mi | regexp1 = border_[ps][%d]+ | calling_code | capital_exile | capital_type | capital | cctld | coa_size | coat_alt | common_languages | common_name | conventional_long_name | coordinates | currency_code | currency | date_end | regexp2 = date_event[%d]+ | date_format | date_post | date_pre | date_start | demonym | regexp3 = deputy[%d]+ | drives_on | DST_note | DST | empire | englishmotto | era | regexp4 = established_date[%d]+ | regexp5 = established_event[%d]+ | established | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | event_end | event_post | event_pre | event_start | regexp6 = event[%d]+ | flag| flag_alt | flag_alt2 | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_caption | regexp7 = flag_[ps][%d]+ | flag_size | flag_type | flag_type_article | flag_width | flag2_border | regexp8 = footnote_[a-h] | regexp9 = footnote[%d]+ | footnotes | footnotes2 | FR_cadastre_area_km2 | FR_cadastre_area_rank | FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi | FR_foot | FR_foot2 | FR_foot3 | FR_foot4 | FR_foot5 | FR_IGN_area_km2 | FR_IGN_area_rank | FR_IGN_area_sq_mi | FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank | FR_metropole_population | FR_metropole | FR_total_population_estimate_rank | FR_total_population_estimate_year | FR_total_population_estimate | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | government_type | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | house1 | house2 | image_coat | image_flag | image_flag2 | image_map_alt | image_map_caption | image_map_size | image_map | image_map2_alt | image_map2_caption | image_map2_size | image_map2 | image_map3 | regexp10 = image_[ps][%d]+ | image_symbol | iso3166code | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | regexp11 = leader_name[%d]+ | regexp12 = leader_title[%d]+ | regexp13 = leader[%d]+ | legislature | life_span | linking_name | location_map | loctext | lower_house | map_caption | map_caption2 | map_caption3 | map_width | map2_width | map3_width | membership_type | membership | micronation | motto | name | national_anthem | national_languages | national_motto | native_name | navbar | nummembers | official_languages | official_website | org_type | other_symbol_type | other_symbol | regexp14 = [ps][%d]+ | patron_saint | patron_saints | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regexp15 = ref_area[%d]+ | regexp16 = ref_pop[%d]+ | regional_languages | recognized_regional_languages | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | regexp17 = representative[%d]+ | royal_anthem | flag_anthem | march | national_march | regional_anthem | territorial_anthem | state_anthem | sovereignty_note | sovereignty_type | regexp18 = stat_area[%d]+ | regexp19 = stat_pop[%d]+ | regexp20 = stat_year[%d]+ | status_text | status | symbol| symbol_type_article | symbol_type | symbol_width | text_symbol_type | text_symbol | time_zone_DST | time_zone | title_deputy | title_leader | title_representative | today | type_house1 | type_house2 | upper_house | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset | regexp21 = year_deputy[%d]+ | year_end | year_exile_end | year_exile_start | regexp22 = year_leader[%d]+ | regexp23 = year_representative[%d]+ | year_start}}{{main other| {{#if:{{both|{{{image_coat|}}}|{{{image_symbol|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|A]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{alt_coat|}}}|{{{alt_symbol|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|B]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{motto|}}}|{{{national_motto|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|C]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{national_anthem|}}}|{{{anthem|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|D]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{other_symbol|}}}|{{{text_symbol|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|E]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{other_symbol_type|}}}|{{{text_symbol_type|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|F]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{largest_city|}}}|{{{largest_settlement|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|G]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{recognized_languages|}}}|{{{recognised_languages|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|H]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|{{{recognised_national_languages|}}}}}{{both|{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|{{{recognised_regional_languages|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|I]] }}{{#if:{{{official_languages|}}}||{{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}{{{recognised_languages|}}}{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}{{{recognised_national_languages|}}}{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}{{{recognised_regional_languages|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|J]]}} }}{{#if:{{both|{{{area_km2|}}}|{{{area_ha|}}}}}{{both|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|{{{area_land_ha|}}}}}{{both|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|{{{area_water_ha|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|K]] }}{{#if:{{both|{{{DST|}}}|{{{time_zone_DST|}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|L]] }}{{#if:{{{time_zone|}}}{{{utc_offset|}}}||{{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}}{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|M]]}} }}{{#if:{{both|{{{sovereignty_type|}}}|{{{established|}}} }}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|O]] }}{{#if:{{{languages|}}}|{{#if:{{{languages_type|}}}||[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|P]]}} }}{{#if:{{{languages2|}}}|{{#if:{{{languages2_type|}}}||[[Category:Pages using infobox country with syntax problems|P]]}} }}{{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters|T{{PAGENAME}}]] }}{{#if:{{{flag_caption|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters|C{{PAGENAME}}]] }}{{#if:{{{symbol_type|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters|T{{PAGENAME}}]] }}{{#if:{{{symbol_caption|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters|C{{PAGENAME}}]] }}}}<!-- Tracking categories from merge with {{infobox former country}}. After all cats are empty/have been checked, these can be removed. -->{{#if:{{{status_text|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{ucfirst:{{{status|}}}}}|Colony|{{main other|[[Category:Former country articles using status text with Colony or Exile]]}}|{{#ifeq:{{ucfirst:{{{status|}}}}}|Exile|{{main other|[[Category:Former country articles using status text with Colony or Exile]]}}}}}} }}<!--End of former country tracking cats--><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> kbmni0op345vvj13r0qvkq21an8eoat 10 2800062 35429946 2011-12-30T21:11:56Z CharlesGillingham 129724 [[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '{reflist|close=1|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude>' 35429946 wikitext text/x-wiki {reflist|close=1|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> ioddb75l68szu5kg7ym26p7e58jplg0 35429947 35429946 2011-12-30T21:12:05Z CharlesGillingham 129724 35429947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|close=1|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> g6rg2446zd6jqnt8i5btlr92f5ee9rk 35429948 35429947 2011-12-31T12:45:35Z Gadget850 129725 don't need close when group is used 35429948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 6nk96l8fd7yicjmh68n2xdh74uc24km 35429949 35429948 2011-12-31T12:51:03Z Gadget850 129725 add column and refs support 35429949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> j415ex8j6v7tk3srztxwbgt0h12c31m 35429950 35429949 2012-01-08T20:01:20Z Alarbus 129726 allow notes= as an alias; goes really well with redirect [[template:notes]] 35429950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> md4qhs5b6y71flnr1o4dxjxexs5pwrl 35429951 35429950 2012-02-18T06:16:43Z Smilemeans78 129727 typo 35429951 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 35429952 35429951 2012-02-18T06:37:38Z Σ 9859 [[Help:Reverting|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Smilemeans78|Smilemeans78]] ([[User talk:Smilemeans78|talk]]) to last version by Alarbus 35429952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> md4qhs5b6y71flnr1o4dxjxexs5pwrl 35429953 35429952 2012-02-18T09:16:51Z Fastily 14713 Protected Template:Notelist: Persistent [[WP:Vandalism|vandalism]] ([edit=autoconfirmed] (expires 09:16, 18 March 2012 (UTC)) [move=autoconfirmed] (expires 09:16, 18 March 2012 (UTC))) 35429952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> md4qhs5b6y71flnr1o4dxjxexs5pwrl 35429954 35429953 2012-03-19T18:33:27Z NawlinWiki 1456 Protected Template:Notelist: [[WP:High-risk templates|Highly visible template]] (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite)) 35429952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> md4qhs5b6y71flnr1o4dxjxexs5pwrl 35429955 35429954 2012-06-29T08:04:27Z Adel.M.Radwan 129728 35429955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> [[ar:قالب:ثبت ملاحظة]] p657jtsdjava0s1qeh57zt5arwnboyy 35429956 35429955 2012-06-29T10:58:03Z Gadget850 129725 interwikis go on the doc page 35429956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> md4qhs5b6y71flnr1o4dxjxexs5pwrl 35429957 35429956 2012-12-04T14:57:19Z The ed17 32982 aesthetics 35429957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=upper-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> eyilsgk01ilqq5u28kg965mjpflyozh 35429958 35429957 2012-12-04T19:13:19Z Gadget850 129725 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/The ed17|The ed17]] ([[User talk:The ed17|talk]]): Undo: please discuss this change. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 35429958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group=lower-alpha}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> md4qhs5b6y71flnr1o4dxjxexs5pwrl 35429959 35429958 2012-12-07T02:01:48Z Gadget850 129725 add group styling 35429959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group={{#switch: {{{group|}}} | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> haiuoh19r1xcn43w1dznuckhp9mylj9 35429960 35429959 2014-01-16T20:28:52Z Edgepedia 129729 add note as group option 35429960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group={{#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> sg0j66m0cnvsmzurho8oogz4n9in4cm 35429961 5727261 2016-10-13T21:20:40Z Geni 13948 Changed protection level of Template:Notelist: locking down everything used on the Hillary page ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require administrator access] (indefinite)) 5727261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group={{#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> sg0j66m0cnvsmzurho8oogz4n9in4cm 35429962 35046938 2024-10-07T16:29:02Z Ahecht 48626 make substable 35429962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst<noinclude />:reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}}{{safesubst<noinclude />:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using notelist with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Notelist]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | notes | refs }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> ttl05oyjrjjibaztk1xwnv8vtuovzpm 35429963 35429962 2025-06-21T23:59:21Z Như Gây Mê 110847 17 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Notelist]] 35429962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst<noinclude />:reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}}{{safesubst<noinclude />:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using notelist with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Notelist]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | notes | refs }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> ttl05oyjrjjibaztk1xwnv8vtuovzpm 0 2893691 35429983 35025354 2025-06-22T03:25:19Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeoGroup}} Ang '''Melbourne''' ngalan niining mga mosunod: ==Awstralya== {{Location map+|Australia |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Melbourne sa [[Awstralya]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Australia| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=-37.814|long=144.96332|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|Australia| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=-37.81306|long=144.94422|caption=|float=}} }} # [[Melbourne, Australia]], kapital sa Estado sa Victoria # [[Melbourne (rehiyon)]], Victoria ==Canada== {{Location map+|Canada |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Melbourne sa [[Canada]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Canada| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.58338|long=-72.1658|caption=|float=}} }} # [[Melbourne (munisipyo sa Canada)]], Québec, Estrie, {{Coord|45.58338|-72.1658|region:CA_type:adm3rd|name=Melbourne (munisipyo sa Canada)}} ==Estados Unidos== {{Location map+|United States |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Melbourne sa [[Tinipong Bansa]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|United States| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=36.05951|long=-91.90848|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=28.08363|long=-80.60811|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 3| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=39.02978|long=-84.36633|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 4| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.94138|long=-93.10326|caption=|float=}} }} # [[Melbourne (kapital sa kondado)]], Arkansas, Izard County, {{Coord|36.05951|-91.90848|region:US_type:city|name=Melbourne (kapital sa kondado)}} # [[Melbourne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Florida)]], Brevard County, {{Coord|28.08363|-80.60811|region:US_type:city|name=Melbourne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Florida)}} # [[Melbourne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Kentucky)]], Campbell County, {{Coord|39.02978|-84.36633|region:US_type:city|name=Melbourne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Kentucky)}} # [[Melbourne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Iowa)]], Marshall County, {{Coord|41.94138|-93.10326|region:US_type:city|name=Melbourne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Iowa)}} ==United Kingdom== {{Location map+|United Kingdom |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Melbourne sa [[Hiniusang Gingharian]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|United Kingdom| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=53.88755|long=-0.85925|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|United Kingdom| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=52.8219|long=-1.42522|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|United Kingdom| label = 3| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=52.82343|long=-1.42571|caption=|float=}} {{Location map~|United Kingdom| label = 4| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=53.88079|long=-0.85699|caption=|float=}} }} # [[Melbourne (kapital sa distrito)]], Inglatera, East Riding of Yorkshire, {{Coord|53.88755|-0.85925|region:GB_type:city|name=Melbourne (kapital sa distrito)}} # [[Melbourne (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Derbyshire, lat 52,82, long -1,43)]], {{Coord|52.8219|-1.42522|region:GB_type:city|name=Melbourne (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Derbyshire, lat 52,82, long -1,43)}} # [[Melbourne (parokya)]], Inglatera, Derbyshire, {{Coord|52.82343|-1.42571|region:GB_type:adm3rd|name=Melbourne (parokya)}} # [[Melbourne (distrito sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, East Riding of Yorkshire, lat 53,88, long -0,86)]], {{Coord|53.88079|-0.85699|region:GB_type:adm3rd|name=Melbourne (distrito sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, East Riding of Yorkshire, lat 53,88, long -0,86)}} ==Antarctica== {{Location map+|Antarctica |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Melbourne sa [[Antarctica]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Antarctica| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=-74.35|long=164.7|caption=|float=}} }} # [[Melbourne (bukid)]], {{Coord|-74.35|164.7|region:AQ_type:mountain|name=Melbourne (bukid)}} {{giklaro paghimo ni bot}} [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2015-11]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Antarctica]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Awstralya]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Canada]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Hiniusang Gingharian]] qxgl54ffk5exybwi8ab8xn7aotyk17b 0 2955108 35429932 35390564 2025-06-21T21:35:14Z Như Gây Mê 110847 /* Kultura */mahimong mapalapad pa 35429932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada [[Classical Chinese]] han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, [[Nguyễn Phúc Ánh]] (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]]. In the second year of his rule, he asked the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to [[Zhao Tuo]]'s Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and [[Guangdong]] in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, [[Gia Long]] requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per [[Classical Chinese]] word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in [[Phan Bội Châu]]'s ''[[History of the Loss of Vietnam]]'', and later by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the [[Empire of Vietnam|imperial government]] in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Vietnam}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map VNM present.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam.]] [[File:Nha Trang skyline.jpg|thumb|right|325x325px|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it | [[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination has a [[tropical savanna climate]].]] Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}} [[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine. | Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]] (a peafowl), [[red-shanked douc]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]] As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}{{sfn|Pha Le|2016}} Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]] and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07&nbsp;million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} [[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]] In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO) called [[Education for Nature – Vietnam]] was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}} The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8&nbsp;million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2016}} the US began a [[United States dollar|US]]$43&nbsp;million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}} The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10&nbsp;trillion each year ($431.1&nbsp;million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ District|Cần Giờ]] outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the [[United Kingdom]],{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} [[Denmark]],{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1&nbsp;trillion ($44&nbsp;million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}} {{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Imprastraktura == === Transport === {{Main|Transport in Vietnam|Rail transport in Vietnam|List of airports in Vietnam}} Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era when it was used to facilitate the transportation of [[raw material]]s to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=7}} Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}} In 2010, Vietnam's road system had a total length of about {{convert|188744|km|mi|0}} of which {{convert|93535|km|mi|0}} are [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] roads comprising national, provincial and district roads.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}} The length of the national road system is about {{convert|15370|km|mi|0}} with {{convert|15085|km|mi|0}} of its length paved. The provincial road system has around {{convert|27976|km|mi|0}} of paved roads while {{convert|50474|km|mi|0}} district roads are paved.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}} [[File:Cầu Long Thành, Đường cao tốc TP.HCM - Long Thành - Dầu Giây.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Ho Chi Minh City's North-South Expressway | [[Ho Chi Minh City – Long Thanh – Dau Giay Expressway|HCMC–LT–DG]] section of the [[North–South Expressway East|North–South Expressway]]]] [[File:Tan Son Nhat International Airport.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Tan Son Nhat International Airport | [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the country.]] [[Bicycle]]s, [[motorcycle]]s and [[motor scooter]]s remain the most popular forms of road transport in the country, a legacy of the French, though the number of privately owned [[car]]s has been increasing in recent years.{{sfn|Huu Duc|Mai Hoa|Thien Huong|Ngoc Bao|2013|p=2080}} Public buses operated by private companies are the main mode of long-distance travel for much of the population. [[Traffic collision|Road accidents]] remain the major safety issue of Vietnamese transportation with an average of 30 people losing their lives daily.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2011}} [[Traffic congestion]] is a growing problem in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City especially with the growth of individual car ownership.{{sfn|Linh Le|Anh Trinh|2016}}{{sfn|Sohr|Brockfeld|Sauerländer|Melde|2016|p=220}} Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the [[North–South Railway (Vietnam)|Reunification Express]] from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi, a distance of nearly {{convert|1726|km|mi}}.{{sfn|Chin|2018}} From Hanoi, railway lines branch out to the northeast, north, and west; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to Hạ Long Bay, the northbound line from Hanoi to [[Thái Nguyên]], and the northeast line from Hanoi to Lào Cai. In 2009, Vietnam and Japan signed a deal to build a [[North–South Express Railway (Vietnam)|high-speed railway]]—[[shinkansen]] (bullet train)—using Japanese technology.{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2009}} Vietnamese engineers were sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-speed trains.{{sfn|Vietnam+|2008}} The planned railway will be a {{convert|1545|km|mi|0}}-long express route serving a total of 23 stations, including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with 70% of its route running on bridges and through tunnels.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2018}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2018b}} The trains will travel at a maximum speed of {{convert|350|km|mi}} per hour.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2018b}}{{sfn|South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute|2009}} Plans for the high-speed rail line, however, have been postponed after the Vietnamese government decided to prioritise the development of both the [[Hanoi Metro|Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City Metro|Ho Chi Minh City]] metros and expand road networks instead.{{sfn|Chin|2018}}{{sfn|Chi|2017}}{{sfn|Tatarski|2017}} [[File:Chùa Vẽ Terminal, Port of Hải Phòng.JPG|thumb|alt=Photograph if a crane at the Port of Hai Phong | The port of [[Hai Phong]] is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.]] Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways: [[Noi Bai]] in Hanoi, [[Da Nang International Airport]] in Đà Nẵng and [[Tan Son Nhat]] in Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the country's largest airport handling the majority of international passenger traffic.{{sfn|Hoang|2016|p=1}} According to a government-approved plan, Vietnam will have another seven international airports by 2025, including [[Vinh International Airport]], [[Phu Bai International Airport]], [[Cam Ranh International Airport]], [[Phu Quoc International Airport]], [[Cat Bi International Airport]], [[Can Tho International Airport]], and [[Long Thanh International Airport]]. The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100&nbsp;million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2025.{{sfn|''Vietnam Investment Review''|2018}} [[Vietnam Airlines]], the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 86 passenger aircraft and aims to operate 170 by 2020.{{sfn|Ha|Giang|Denslow|2012}} Several private airlines also operate in Vietnam, including [[Air Mekong]], [[Bamboo Airways]], [[Jetstar Pacific Airlines]], [[Vietnam Air Service Company|VASCO]] and [[VietJet Air]]. As a coastal country, Vietnam has many major sea ports, including [[Cam Ranh]], Đà Nẵng, [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]], Ho Chi Minh City, [[Hạ Long]], [[Qui Nhơn]], [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Cửa Lò]] and [[Nha Trang]]. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers plays a key role in rural transportation with over {{convert|47130|km|mi}} of navigable [[waterway]]s carrying ferries, barges and [[water taxi]]s.{{sfn|Index Mundi|2018}} === Energy === {{Main|Energy in Vietnam|List of power stations in Vietnam}} [[File:Sơn La Dam.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Son La Dam | [[Sơn La Dam]] in northern Vietnam, the [[List of largest hydroelectric power stations|largest hydroelectric dam]] in Southeast Asia{{sfn|''Intellasia''|2010}}]] Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled [[Vietnam Electricity|Vietnam Electricity Group]] (EVN). As of 2017, EVN made up about 61.4% of the country's power generation system with a total power capacity of 25,884 [[Megawatt|MW]].{{sfn|Electricity of Vietnam|2017|p=10}} Other energy sources are [[PetroVietnam]] (4,435 MW), [[Vinacomin]] (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from [[build–operate–transfer]] (BOT) investors.{{sfn|Electricity of Vietnam|2017|p=12}} Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either [[hydropower]] or [[fossil fuel power station|fossil fuel power]] such as [[coal]], [[oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]], while [[diesel fuel|diesel]], [[small hydropower]] and renewable energy supplies the remainder.{{sfn|Electricity of Vietnam|2017|p=12}} The Vietnamese government had planned to develop a [[nuclear reactor]] as the path to establish [[Nuclear energy in Vietnam|another source for electricity]] from [[nuclear power]]. The plan was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over [[radioactive contamination]].{{sfn|Nguyen|Binh Minh|Pham|Burmistrova|2016}} The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG).{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''}} Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).{{sfn|Viet Trung|Quoc Viet|Van Chat|2016|p=70}} According to statistics from [[British Petroleum]] (BP), Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|proven crude oil reserves]]. In 2015 the reserve was approximately 4.4&nbsp;billion barrels ranking Vietnam first place in Southeast Asia, while the [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]] were about 0.6&nbsp;trillion cubic metres (tcm) and ranking it third in Southeast Asia after [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]].{{sfn|Viet Trung|Quoc Viet|Van Chat|2016|p=64}} === Telecommunication === {{Main|Telecommunications in Vietnam}} Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation (now the [[VNPT]] Group) which is a [[state-owned]] company.{{sfn|Pham|2015|p=6}} The VNPT retained its monopoly until 1986. The telecom sector was reformed in 1995 when the Vietnamese government began to implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military Electronic and Telecommunication Company ([[Viettel]], which is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it owned by VNPT.{{sfn|Pham|2015|p=6}} VNPT's monopoly was finally ended by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a decree.{{sfn|Pham|2015|p=7}} By 2012, the top three telecom operators in Vietnam were Viettel, [[Vinaphone]] and [[MobiFone]]. The remaining companies included: [[EVNTelecom]], Vietnammobile and [[S-Fone]].{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2012}} With the shift towards a more [[market economy|market-orientated economy]], Vietnam's telecommunications market is continuously being reformed to attract [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]], which includes the supply of services and the establishment of nationwide telecom infrastructure.{{sfn|''Oxford Business Group''|2017}} === Water supply and sanitation === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam}} [[File:Village vietnam sapa bridge.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Stream flowing down a hill with a bridge crossing it | In rural areas of Vietnam, [[water supply|piped water systems]] are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.]] Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of 310&nbsp;billion [[cubic metre|m³]]. The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's discharge.{{sfn|''British Business Group Vietnam''|2017|p=1}} Most of the country's urban [[water supply]] systems have been developed without proper management within the last 10 years. Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply.{{sfn|''British Business Group Vietnam''|2017|p=2}} There is also concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated [[wastewater]] directly into the water sources. Where the government does not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the [[surface water]].{{sfn|''British Business Group Vietnam''|2017|p=2}} In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the country by introducing [[water filter|water filtration systems]]. There is a growing concern among local populations over the serious public health issues associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the [[arsenic contamination of groundwater|high levels of arsenic]] in [[groundwater]] sources.{{sfn|University of Technology Sydney|2018}} The government of [[Netherlands]] has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on water-related sectors including [[water treatment]] projects.{{sfn|''Government of the Netherlands''|2016}}{{sfn|''Government of the Netherlands''|2018}}{{sfn|Anh|2018}} Regarding [[sanitation]], 78% of Vietnam's population has access to [[Improved sanitation|"improved" sanitation]]—94% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21&nbsp;million people in the country lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015.{{sfn|UNICEF|2015}} In 2018, the construction ministry said the country's water supply, and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and [[information technology]] (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and pollution.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018c}} The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice, since there have been many cases involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies as well unhygienic conditions reported every year.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018d}} === Health === {{Main|Health in Vietnam}} [[File:Life expectancy in Vietnam.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950]] By 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources.{{sfn|Index Mundi|2016}} In 2016, Vietnam's national [[life expectancy]] stood at 80.9 years for women and 71.5 for men, and the [[infant mortality]] rate was 17 per 1,000 live births.{{sfn|World Bank|2016a}}{{sfn|World Bank|2016b}}{{sfn|World Bank|2017}} Since the partition, North Vietnam has established a public health system that has reached down to the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] level.{{sfn|''The Harvard Crimson''|1972}} After the national reunification in 1975, a nationwide health service was established.{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In the late 1980s, the quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of responsibility to the provinces and the introduction of charges.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}} Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage of [[nurses]], [[midwives]] and hospital beds; in 2000, Vietnam had only 24.7 hospital beds per 10,000 people before declining to 23.7 in 2005 as stated in the annual report of [[Ministry of Health (Vietnam)|Vietnamese Health Ministry]].{{sfn|Trung Chien|2006|p=65}} The controversial use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the [[United States Armed Forces|US military]] during the war left tangible, long-term [[Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people|impacts upon the Vietnamese people]] that persist in the country today.{{sfn|BBC News|2005}}{{sfn|Haberman|2014}} For instance, it led to three million Vietnamese people suffering health problems, one million birth defects caused directly by exposure to the chemical and 24% of Vietnam's land being defoliated.{{sfn|Gustafsson|2010|p=125}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating [[malaria]]. The malaria mortality rate fell to about five per cent of its 1990s equivalent by 2005 after the country introduced improved antimalarial drugs and treatment.{{sfn|Van Nam|de Vries|Van Toi|Nagelkerke|2005}} [[Tuberculosis]] (TB) cases, however, are on the rise. TB has become the second most infectious disease in the country after [[respiratory disease|respiratory-related illness]].{{sfn|Trinh|Nguyen|Do|Nguyen|2016}} With an intensified vaccination program, better hygiene and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and new TB infections.{{sfn|McNeil|2016}} In 2004, government subsidies covering about 15% of health care expenses.{{sfn|Lieberman|Wagstaff|2009|p=40}} That year, the United States announced Vietnam would be one of 15 states to receive funding as part of its global AIDS relief plan.{{sfn|Manyin|2005|p=4}} By the following year, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) cases, of which 16,528 progressed to [[acquired immune deficiency syndrome]] (AIDS); 9,554 have died.{{sfn|Vietnam Women's Union|2005}} The actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. On average between 40 and 50 new infections are reported daily in the country. In 2007, 0.4% of the population was estimated to be infected with HIV and the figure has remained stable since 2005.{{sfn|World Bank|2018a}} More global aid is being delivered through [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]] to fight the spread of the disease in the country.{{sfn|McNeil|2016}} In September 2018, the Hanoi People's Committee urged the citizens of the country to stop eating [[dog meat|dog]] and [[cat meat]] as it can cause diseases like [[rabies]] and [[leptospirosis]]. More than 1,000 stores in the capital city of Hanoi were found to be selling both meats. The decision prompted positive comments among Vietnamese on [[social media]], though some noted that the consumption of dog meat will remain an ingrained habit among many people.{{sfn|BBC News|2018}} === Education === {{Main|Education in Vietnam}} Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories: [[kindergarten]], [[elementary school]]s, [[middle school]]s, [[high school]]s, and [[universities]]. A large number of public schools have been constructed across the country to raise the national [[literacy rate]], which stood at 90% in 2008.{{sfn|UNICEF}} Most universities are located in major cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City with the country's education system continuously undergoing a series of reforms by the government. [[Basic education]] in the country is relatively free for the poor although some families may still have trouble paying tuition fees for their children without some form of public or private assistance.{{sfn|Ha Trân|2014}} Regardless, Vietnam's school enrolment is among the highest in the world.{{sfn|World Bank|2013}}{{sfn|World Bank|2015}} The number of colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005. In higher education, the government provides subsidised loans for students through the national bank, although there are deep concerns about access to the loans as well the burden on students to repay them.{{sfn|Pham|2012}}{{sfn|Chapman|Liu|2013}}Since 1995, enrolment in higher education has grown tenfold to over 2.2&nbsp;million with 84,000 lecturers and 419 institutions of higher education.{{sfn|de Mora|Wood|2014|p=55}} A number of foreign universities operate private campuses in Vietnam, including [[Harvard University]] (United States) and the [[RMIT University Vietnam|Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology]] (Australia). The government's strong commitment to education has fostered significant growth but still need to be sustained to retain academics. In 2018, a decree on university autonomy allowing them to operate independently without ministerial control is in its final stages of approval. The government will continue investing in education especially for the poor to have access to basic education.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016b}} == Demograpiko == {{Main|Demographics of Vietnam|Vietnamese people|Ethnic groups in Vietnam}} [[File:Vietnam population pyramid 01.04.2019.png|350px|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|Vietnam population pyramid in 2019]] {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ethnic groups of Vietnam{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}} |label1 = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] |value1 =85.32 |color1 = #e3ffff |label2 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Other]] |value2 =14.68 |color2 = gray |label3 = |value3 = |color3 = black }} {{As of|{{UN Population|Year}}}}, the population of Vietnam stands at approximately {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN Population|Viet Nam}}|,||}}/1e6 round 1}} million people.{{sfn|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} The population had grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be 52.7&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Fraser|1980}} According to the 2019 census, the country's population was 96,208,984.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Based on the 2019 census, 65.6% of the Vietnamese population live in rural areas while only 34.4% live in urban areas. The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} The dominant [[Viet people|Viet]] or Kinh ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% of the population.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Most of their population is concentrated in the country's [[alluvial fans|alluvial deltas]] and coastal plains. As a majority ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}} Despite this, Vietnam is also home to various ethnic groups, of which [[Ethnic groups in Vietnam|54 are officially recognised]], including the [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Yao people|Dao]], [[Tay people|Tày]], [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]] and [[Nùng people|Nùng]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration''|2013|p=1}} Many ethnic minorities such as the [[Muong people|Muong]], who are closely related to the Kinh, dwell in the highlands which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (I)''}} Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] was almost exclusively [[Degar]] (including more than 40 tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|p=7}}{{sfn|Montagnard Human Rights Organisation}} The [[Hoa people|Hoa]] (ethnic [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]) and [[Khmer Krom]] people are mainly lowlanders.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}}{{sfn|Koskoff|2008|p=1316}} Throughout Vietnam's history, many Chinese people, largely from [[South China]], migrated to the country as administrators, merchants and even refugees.{{sfn|Dodd|Lewis|2003|p=531}} Since the reunification in 1976, an increase of communist policies nationwide resulted in the nationalisation and confiscation of property especially from the Hoa in the south and the wealthy in cities. This led many of them to leave Vietnam.{{sfn|Amer|1996}}{{sfn|Feinberg|2016}} === Urbanisation === {{See also|List of cities in Vietnam}} [[File:Ho Chi Minh City Skyline (night).jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|alt=Ho Chi Minh City's District 1 skyline photographed at night | [[District 1, Ho Chi Minh City|District 1]], Ho Chi Minh City]] The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019 is 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at 34.4%).{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government implemented the Đổi Mới economic program, changing the system into a socialist one and liberalising property rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions respectively) increased their share of the total urban population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31% respectively.{{sfn|''United Nations Population Fund''|2009|p=117}} The Vietnamese government, through its [[Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)|construction ministry]], forecasts the country will have a 45% urbanisation rate by 2020 although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation rates has a higher GDP growth rate.{{sfn|World Bank|2002}} Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.{{sfn|''United Nations Population Fund''|2009|p=102}} A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures. In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} In 1985, industry made up only 26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from 14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies shows that only 12% of households in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and air and water pollution.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} Many Vietnamese use [[moped]]s for transportation, since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the number of mopeds increased from 0.5&nbsp;million in 2001 to 4.7&nbsp;million in 2013.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} With rapid development, factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water, for example in the [[2016 Vietnam marine life disaster]].{{sfn|Tiezzi|2016}} The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations for [[waste]] handling. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for 181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that encourage locals to sort [[municipal solid waste|household waste]], since [[waste sorting]] is still not practised by most of Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Trương|2018|p=19}} {{Largest cities of Vietnam|class=info}} === Religion === {{Main|Religion in Vietnam}} {{Pie chart | caption = Religion in Vietnam (2019){{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | label1 = [[Vietnamese folk religion]] or no religion | value1 = 86.32 | color1 = #e3ffff | label2 = [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] | value2 = 4.79 | color2 = #ffdab0 | label3 = [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]] | value3 = 6.1 | color3 = #edb7e9 | label4 = [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]] | value4 = 1.0 | color4 = #87CEFA | label5 = [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] | value5 = 1.02 | color5 = #fffa75 | label6 = [[Caodaism]] | value6 = 0.58 | color6 = #b3ff9e | label7 = Islam | value7 = 0.07 | color7 = #FF6600 | label8 = Others | value8 = 0.12 | color8 = #fcf7f7 }} Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy [[freedom of religion|freedom of belief and religion]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}} All religions are equal before the law and each [[place of worship]] is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|2004b}} According to a 2007 survey 81% of Vietnamese people [[Atheism|did not believe in a god]].{{sfn|Zuckerman|2007|p=11}} Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious people increased by 932,000.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2009}} The official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] in 2014, indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions is about 24&nbsp;million of a total population of almost 90&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Bielefeldt|2014}} According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2019, [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhists]] account for 4.79% of the total population, [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholics]] 6.1%, [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestants]] 1.0%, [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahao Buddhists]] 1.02%, and [[Caodaism]] followers 0.58%.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Other religions includes [[Islam]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaʼís]] and [[Hinduism]], representing less than 0.2% of the population. The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organised religion, though many of them observe some form of [[Vietnamese folk religion]]. [[Confucianism]] as a system of social and ethical philosophy still has certain influences in modern Vietnam. [[Mahāyāna Buddhism|Mahāyāna]] is the dominant branch of Buddhism, while [[Theravāda Buddhism|Theravāda]] is practised mostly by the Khmer minority. About 8 to 9% of the population is Christian—made up of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century and was firmly established by [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] missionaries (mainly [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Italians|Italian]]) in the 17th centuries from nearby [[Portuguese Macau]].{{sfn|Tran|2018}} [[French people|French]] missionaries (from the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]]) together with [[Spaniards|Spanish]] missionaries (from the [[Dominican Order]] of the neighbouring [[Spanish East Indies]]) actively sought converts in the 18th, 19th, and first half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=34}}{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=42, 72}}{{sfn|Lamport|2018|p=898}} A significant number of Vietnamese people, especially in the South, are also adherents of two indigenous religions of syncretic [[Caodaism]] and quasi-Buddhist [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]].{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=168}} Protestantism was only recently spread by American and Canadian missionaries in the 20th century;{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}} the largest Protestant denomination is the [[Evangelical Church of Vietnam – South|Evangelical Church of Vietnam]]. Around 770,000 of the country's Protestants are members of ethnic minorities,{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}} particularly the highland [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]]{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|pp=5, 7}} and [[Hmong people]]. Although it is one of the country's minority religions, Protestantism is the [[fastest-growing religion]] in Vietnam, expanding at a rate of 600% in recent decades.{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2005}} Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam, these include: Bani, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]] sections of Islam which is practised primarily among the ethnic [[Cham people|Cham]] minority.{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=35}} There are also a few Kinh adherents of Islam, other minority adherents of Baha'i, as well as [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia#Vietnam|Hindus among the Cham]]'s.{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=89}}{{sfn|Sharma|2009|p=48}} === Languages === The [[national language]] of the country is [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tonal [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] (Mon–Khmer), which is spoken by the majority of the population. Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including: [[Tày language|Tày]], [[Muong language|Mường]], [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Nung language (Tai)|Nùng]] and [[Hmong language|Hmong]]. The [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]] peoples of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] also speak a number of distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] language families.{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|p=10}} In recent years, a number of [[Vietnamese sign languages|sign languages]] have developed in the major cities. [[File:Vietnamese calligraphy.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A sample of traditional Vietnamese calligraphy | [[Vietnamese calligraphy]] in Latin alphabet]] The [[French language]], a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language, especially among the older generation and those educated in the former [[South Vietnam]], where it was a principal language in administration, education and commerce. Vietnam remains a full member of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] ({{lang|fr|La Francophonie}}) and education has revived some interest in the language.{{sfn|''French Senate''|1997}} [[Russian language|Russian]], and to a lesser extent [[German language|German]], [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.{{sfn|Van Van|p=8}} With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, [[English language|English]] has been increasingly used as a second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French.{{sfn|Van Van|p=9}}{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2018}} The popularity of [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Mandarin Chinese]] have also grown as the country's ties with other [[East Asia]]n nations have strengthened.{{sfn|Wai-ming|2002|p=3}}{{sfn|Anh Dinh|2016|p=63}}{{sfn|Hirano|2016}} Third-graders can choose one of seven languages (English, Russian, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German) as their first foreign language.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Thống Nhất |title=Nhà trường chọn 1 trong 7 thứ tiếng làm ngoại ngữ 1 |work=Hànộimới |url=http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032914/http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1 |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nguyễn |first=Tuệ |date=2021-03-08 |title=Vì sao tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức là ngoại ngữ 1 trong trường phổ thông? |work=Thanh Niên |url=https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032913/https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Ngọc Diệp |date=2021-03-04 |title=Tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức được đưa vào chương trình phổ thông, học sinh được tự chọn |work=Tuổi Trẻ |url=https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032925/https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref> In Vietnam's [[Education in Vietnam|high school graduation examinations]], students can take their foreign language exam in one of the above-mentioned languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phạm |first=Mai |date=2022-04-20 |title=Các trường hợp được miễn thi ngoại ngữ kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPT 2022 |trans-title=Exemption from the foreign language test in the high school graduation exam|url=https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp|work=VietnamPlus|url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621025024/https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref> == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} b7t68ff73p04xbuypvms7u5rgsz3y7p 35429933 35429932 2025-06-21T21:43:32Z Như Gây Mê 110847 mahimong mapalapad pa 35429933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada [[Classical Chinese]] han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, [[Nguyễn Phúc Ánh]] (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]]. In the second year of his rule, he asked the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to [[Zhao Tuo]]'s Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and [[Guangdong]] in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, [[Gia Long]] requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per [[Classical Chinese]] word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in [[Phan Bội Châu]]'s ''[[History of the Loss of Vietnam]]'', and later by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the [[Empire of Vietnam|imperial government]] in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Vietnam}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map VNM present.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam.]] [[File:Nha Trang skyline.jpg|thumb|right|325x325px|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it | [[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination has a [[tropical savanna climate]].]] Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}} [[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine. | Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]] (a peafowl), [[red-shanked douc]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]] As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}{{sfn|Pha Le|2016}} Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]] and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07&nbsp;million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} [[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]] In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO) called [[Education for Nature – Vietnam]] was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}} The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8&nbsp;million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2016}} the US began a [[United States dollar|US]]$43&nbsp;million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}} The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10&nbsp;trillion each year ($431.1&nbsp;million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ District|Cần Giờ]] outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the [[United Kingdom]],{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} [[Denmark]],{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1&nbsp;trillion ($44&nbsp;million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}} {{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Demograpiko == {{Main|Demographics of Vietnam|Vietnamese people|Ethnic groups in Vietnam}} [[File:Vietnam population pyramid 01.04.2019.png|350px|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|Vietnam population pyramid in 2019]] {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ethnic groups of Vietnam{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}} |label1 = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] |value1 =85.32 |color1 = #e3ffff |label2 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Other]] |value2 =14.68 |color2 = gray |label3 = |value3 = |color3 = black }} {{As of|{{UN Population|Year}}}}, the population of Vietnam stands at approximately {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN Population|Viet Nam}}|,||}}/1e6 round 1}} million people.{{sfn|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} The population had grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be 52.7&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Fraser|1980}} According to the 2019 census, the country's population was 96,208,984.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Based on the 2019 census, 65.6% of the Vietnamese population live in rural areas while only 34.4% live in urban areas. The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} The dominant [[Viet people|Viet]] or Kinh ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% of the population.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Most of their population is concentrated in the country's [[alluvial fans|alluvial deltas]] and coastal plains. As a majority ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}} Despite this, Vietnam is also home to various ethnic groups, of which [[Ethnic groups in Vietnam|54 are officially recognised]], including the [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Yao people|Dao]], [[Tay people|Tày]], [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]] and [[Nùng people|Nùng]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration''|2013|p=1}} Many ethnic minorities such as the [[Muong people|Muong]], who are closely related to the Kinh, dwell in the highlands which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (I)''}} Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] was almost exclusively [[Degar]] (including more than 40 tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|p=7}}{{sfn|Montagnard Human Rights Organisation}} The [[Hoa people|Hoa]] (ethnic [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]) and [[Khmer Krom]] people are mainly lowlanders.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}}{{sfn|Koskoff|2008|p=1316}} Throughout Vietnam's history, many Chinese people, largely from [[South China]], migrated to the country as administrators, merchants and even refugees.{{sfn|Dodd|Lewis|2003|p=531}} Since the reunification in 1976, an increase of communist policies nationwide resulted in the nationalisation and confiscation of property especially from the Hoa in the south and the wealthy in cities. This led many of them to leave Vietnam.{{sfn|Amer|1996}}{{sfn|Feinberg|2016}} === Urbanisation === {{See also|List of cities in Vietnam}} [[File:Ho Chi Minh City Skyline (night).jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|alt=Ho Chi Minh City's District 1 skyline photographed at night | [[District 1, Ho Chi Minh City|District 1]], Ho Chi Minh City]] The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019 is 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at 34.4%).{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government implemented the Đổi Mới economic program, changing the system into a socialist one and liberalising property rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions respectively) increased their share of the total urban population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31% respectively.{{sfn|''United Nations Population Fund''|2009|p=117}} The Vietnamese government, through its [[Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)|construction ministry]], forecasts the country will have a 45% urbanisation rate by 2020 although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation rates has a higher GDP growth rate.{{sfn|World Bank|2002}} Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.{{sfn|''United Nations Population Fund''|2009|p=102}} A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures. In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} In 1985, industry made up only 26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from 14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies shows that only 12% of households in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and air and water pollution.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} Many Vietnamese use [[moped]]s for transportation, since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the number of mopeds increased from 0.5&nbsp;million in 2001 to 4.7&nbsp;million in 2013.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} With rapid development, factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water, for example in the [[2016 Vietnam marine life disaster]].{{sfn|Tiezzi|2016}} The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations for [[waste]] handling. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for 181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that encourage locals to sort [[municipal solid waste|household waste]], since [[waste sorting]] is still not practised by most of Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Trương|2018|p=19}} {{Largest cities of Vietnam|class=info}} === Religion === {{Main|Religion in Vietnam}} {{Pie chart | caption = Religion in Vietnam (2019){{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | label1 = [[Vietnamese folk religion]] or no religion | value1 = 86.32 | color1 = #e3ffff | label2 = [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] | value2 = 4.79 | color2 = #ffdab0 | label3 = [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]] | value3 = 6.1 | color3 = #edb7e9 | label4 = [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]] | value4 = 1.0 | color4 = #87CEFA | label5 = [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] | value5 = 1.02 | color5 = #fffa75 | label6 = [[Caodaism]] | value6 = 0.58 | color6 = #b3ff9e | label7 = Islam | value7 = 0.07 | color7 = #FF6600 | label8 = Others | value8 = 0.12 | color8 = #fcf7f7 }} Under Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam, all citizens enjoy [[freedom of religion|freedom of belief and religion]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}} All religions are equal before the law and each [[place of worship]] is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|2004b}} According to a 2007 survey 81% of Vietnamese people [[Atheism|did not believe in a god]].{{sfn|Zuckerman|2007|p=11}} Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious people increased by 932,000.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2009}} The official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] in 2014, indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions is about 24&nbsp;million of a total population of almost 90&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Bielefeldt|2014}} According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2019, [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhists]] account for 4.79% of the total population, [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholics]] 6.1%, [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestants]] 1.0%, [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahao Buddhists]] 1.02%, and [[Caodaism]] followers 0.58%.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Other religions includes [[Islam]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaʼís]] and [[Hinduism]], representing less than 0.2% of the population. The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organised religion, though many of them observe some form of [[Vietnamese folk religion]]. [[Confucianism]] as a system of social and ethical philosophy still has certain influences in modern Vietnam. [[Mahāyāna Buddhism|Mahāyāna]] is the dominant branch of Buddhism, while [[Theravāda Buddhism|Theravāda]] is practised mostly by the Khmer minority. About 8 to 9% of the population is Christian—made up of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century and was firmly established by [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] missionaries (mainly [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Italians|Italian]]) in the 17th centuries from nearby [[Portuguese Macau]].{{sfn|Tran|2018}} [[French people|French]] missionaries (from the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]]) together with [[Spaniards|Spanish]] missionaries (from the [[Dominican Order]] of the neighbouring [[Spanish East Indies]]) actively sought converts in the 18th, 19th, and first half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=34}}{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=42, 72}}{{sfn|Lamport|2018|p=898}} A significant number of Vietnamese people, especially in the South, are also adherents of two indigenous religions of syncretic [[Caodaism]] and quasi-Buddhist [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]].{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=168}} Protestantism was only recently spread by American and Canadian missionaries in the 20th century;{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}} the largest Protestant denomination is the [[Evangelical Church of Vietnam – South|Evangelical Church of Vietnam]]. Around 770,000 of the country's Protestants are members of ethnic minorities,{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}} particularly the highland [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]]{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|pp=5, 7}} and [[Hmong people]]. Although it is one of the country's minority religions, Protestantism is the [[fastest-growing religion]] in Vietnam, expanding at a rate of 600% in recent decades.{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2005}} Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam, these include: Bani, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]] sections of Islam which is practised primarily among the ethnic [[Cham people|Cham]] minority.{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=35}} There are also a few Kinh adherents of Islam, other minority adherents of Baha'i, as well as [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia#Vietnam|Hindus among the Cham]]'s.{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=89}}{{sfn|Sharma|2009|p=48}} === Languages === The [[national language]] of the country is [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tonal [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] (Mon–Khmer), which is spoken by the majority of the population. Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including: [[Tày language|Tày]], [[Muong language|Mường]], [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Nung language (Tai)|Nùng]] and [[Hmong language|Hmong]]. The [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]] peoples of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] also speak a number of distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] language families.{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|p=10}} In recent years, a number of [[Vietnamese sign languages|sign languages]] have developed in the major cities. [[File:Vietnamese calligraphy.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A sample of traditional Vietnamese calligraphy | [[Vietnamese calligraphy]] in Latin alphabet]] The [[French language]], a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language, especially among the older generation and those educated in the former [[South Vietnam]], where it was a principal language in administration, education and commerce. Vietnam remains a full member of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] ({{lang|fr|La Francophonie}}) and education has revived some interest in the language.{{sfn|''French Senate''|1997}} [[Russian language|Russian]], and to a lesser extent [[German language|German]], [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.{{sfn|Van Van|p=8}} With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, [[English language|English]] has been increasingly used as a second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French.{{sfn|Van Van|p=9}}{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2018}} The popularity of [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Mandarin Chinese]] have also grown as the country's ties with other [[East Asia]]n nations have strengthened.{{sfn|Wai-ming|2002|p=3}}{{sfn|Anh Dinh|2016|p=63}}{{sfn|Hirano|2016}} Third-graders can choose one of seven languages (English, Russian, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German) as their first foreign language.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Thống Nhất |title=Nhà trường chọn 1 trong 7 thứ tiếng làm ngoại ngữ 1 |work=Hànộimới |url=http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032914/http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1 |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nguyễn |first=Tuệ |date=2021-03-08 |title=Vì sao tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức là ngoại ngữ 1 trong trường phổ thông? |work=Thanh Niên |url=https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032913/https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Ngọc Diệp |date=2021-03-04 |title=Tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức được đưa vào chương trình phổ thông, học sinh được tự chọn |work=Tuổi Trẻ |url=https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032925/https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref> In Vietnam's [[Education in Vietnam|high school graduation examinations]], students can take their foreign language exam in one of the above-mentioned languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phạm |first=Mai |date=2022-04-20 |title=Các trường hợp được miễn thi ngoại ngữ kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPT 2022 |trans-title=Exemption from the foreign language test in the high school graduation exam|url=https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp|work=VietnamPlus|url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621025024/https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp |archive-date=2022-06-21}}</ref> == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} jwk0qeqed05nj6iw57mgozyhcfojgok 35429934 35429933 2025-06-21T21:45:35Z Như Gây Mê 110847 mahimong mapalapad pa 35429934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada [[Classical Chinese]] han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, [[Nguyễn Phúc Ánh]] (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]]. In the second year of his rule, he asked the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to [[Zhao Tuo]]'s Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and [[Guangdong]] in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, [[Gia Long]] requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per [[Classical Chinese]] word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in [[Phan Bội Châu]]'s ''[[History of the Loss of Vietnam]]'', and later by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the [[Empire of Vietnam|imperial government]] in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Vietnam}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map VNM present.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam.]] [[File:Nha Trang skyline.jpg|thumb|right|325x325px|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it | [[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination has a [[tropical savanna climate]].]] Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}} [[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine. | Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]] (a peafowl), [[red-shanked douc]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]] As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}{{sfn|Pha Le|2016}} Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]] and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07&nbsp;million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} [[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]] In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO) called [[Education for Nature – Vietnam]] was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}} The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8&nbsp;million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2016}} the US began a [[United States dollar|US]]$43&nbsp;million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}} The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10&nbsp;trillion each year ($431.1&nbsp;million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ District|Cần Giờ]] outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. 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J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the [[United Kingdom]],{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} [[Denmark]],{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1&nbsp;trillion ($44&nbsp;million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}} {{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} 8zplcalphb9mefpbxyi3ls5371ype1i 35429935 35429934 2025-06-21T21:53:35Z Như Gây Mê 110847 /* Etimolohiya */ 35429935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Vietnam}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map VNM present.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam.]] [[File:Nha Trang skyline.jpg|thumb|right|325x325px|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it | [[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination has a [[tropical savanna climate]].]] Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}} [[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine. | Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]] (a peafowl), [[red-shanked douc]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]] As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}{{sfn|Pha Le|2016}} Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]] and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07&nbsp;million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} [[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]] In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO) called [[Education for Nature – Vietnam]] was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}} The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8&nbsp;million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2016}} the US began a [[United States dollar|US]]$43&nbsp;million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}} The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10&nbsp;trillion each year ($431.1&nbsp;million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ District|Cần Giờ]] outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the [[United Kingdom]],{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} [[Denmark]],{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1&nbsp;trillion ($44&nbsp;million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}} {{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} 20zwdpa2h08dvjlgvn6ascem9s34yyg 35429945 35429935 2025-06-21T23:57:50Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Vietnam}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map VNM present.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam.]] [[File:Nha Trang skyline.jpg|thumb|right|325x325px|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it | [[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination has a [[tropical savanna climate]].]] Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}} [[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine. | Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]] (a peafowl), [[red-shanked douc]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]] As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}{{sfn|Pha Le|2016}} Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]] and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07&nbsp;million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} [[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]] In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO) called [[Education for Nature – Vietnam]] was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}} The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8&nbsp;million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2016}} the US began a [[United States dollar|US]]$43&nbsp;million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}} The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10&nbsp;trillion each year ($431.1&nbsp;million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ District|Cần Giờ]] outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the [[United Kingdom]],{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} [[Denmark]],{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1&nbsp;trillion ($44&nbsp;million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}} {{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} bautz4kqu47xlpya067lapewk59bz61 35429965 35429945 2025-06-22T00:22:57Z Như Gây Mê 110847 Protected "[[Biyetnam]]": I-lock ang kalihukan aron malikayan ang bandalismo ([Move=Mga tagdumala lamang] (indefinite)) 35429945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Vietnam}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map VNM present.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam.]] [[File:Nha Trang skyline.jpg|thumb|right|325x325px|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it | [[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination has a [[tropical savanna climate]].]] Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}} [[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine. | Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]] (a peafowl), [[red-shanked douc]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]] As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals are found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}{{sfn|Pha Le|2016}} Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]] and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07&nbsp;million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} [[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]] In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO) called [[Education for Nature – Vietnam]] was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}} The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8&nbsp;million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2016}} the US began a [[United States dollar|US]]$43&nbsp;million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}} The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10&nbsp;trillion each year ($431.1&nbsp;million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ District|Cần Giờ]] outside Hồ Chí Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the [[United Kingdom]],{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} [[Denmark]],{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnam government spends over VNĐ1&nbsp;trillion ($44&nbsp;million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}} {{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} bautz4kqu47xlpya067lapewk59bz61 35429966 35429965 2025-06-22T00:31:43Z Như Gây Mê 110847 /* Geograpiya */mahimong mapalapad pa 35429966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == {{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}} Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} 9kmfge7xxovxoyzlp27yfgo882ktyge 35429967 35429966 2025-06-22T00:38:47Z Như Gây Mê 110847 /* Administratibo nga mga dibisyon */ 35429967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Names of Vietnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} 57ffdc5buwbibwuo4s25osvxec827h4 35429968 35429967 2025-06-22T00:40:23Z Như Gây Mê 110847 /* Etimolohiya */ 35429968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Mga ngalan sa Biyetnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Ekonomiya == {{Main|Economy of Vietnam}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share |- | 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21% |- | 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28% |- | 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39% |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52% |- | 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80% |} Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Ngoc Vo|Le|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}} [[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh District|Bình Thạnh]], [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)]].]] In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the ''[[Đổi Mới]]'' reform program. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name="Pincus2015">{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2010}} Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}} Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452&nbsp;billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|''Tuổi Trẻ News''|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94&nbsp;million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}} === Agriculture === [[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]] As a result of several [[land reform]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. ====Seafood==== The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/ | title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam | date =June 2018 | website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | access-date =24 April 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}} [[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in [[Tokyo]]{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], Zalo, was developed by [[Vương Quang Khải]], a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}} [[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]] According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 46th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%) and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}} [[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. (photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]) ]] Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7&nbsp;million, came from Asia; namely China (4&nbsp;million), [[South Korea]] (2.6&nbsp;million), and [[Japan]] (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9&nbsp;million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from [[Russia]] (574,164), followed by the [[United Kingdom]] (283,537), [[France]] (255,396), and [[Germany]] (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and [[Australia]] (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8&nbsp;million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6&nbsp;million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4&nbsp;million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}} == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} hqgkc10kd2wrbinhq1kyfrhygxe0xda 35429969 35429968 2025-06-22T00:41:31Z Như Gây Mê 110847 mahimong mapalapad pa 35429969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Budhismo]] |8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Mga ngalan sa Biyetnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} hfsfw43827irjbup5z2wlwnmrpu0j0y 35429970 35429969 2025-06-22T00:48:23Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% Budhismo|8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Mga ngalan sa Biyetnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[Index of Vietnam-related articles|Index sa mga artikulo nga may kalabotan sa Biyetnam]] * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} dff8jzbikytp6wm0yju1c5so29bntuw 35429971 35429970 2025-06-22T00:49:32Z Như Gây Mê 110847 /* Tan-awa usab */ 35429971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% Budhismo|8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug [[Budhismo sa Vietnam]], ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Mga ngalan sa Biyetnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} b0kgftywvmxi0nyfqhbokb1c7lh5uwi 35429972 35429971 2025-06-22T00:50:51Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gihubad}} {{Very long|date=Abril 2025}} {{EngvarB|date = May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} <!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam | common_name = Biyetnam | native_name = Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam ([[Binyetnamita]]) | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independente – Kagawasan – Kalipay" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[:en:Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"Army Marso"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=itom nga abohon}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Opisyal nga pinulongan | languages = [[Binyetnamita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[:en:Kinh|Kinh]] | 14.68% [[:en:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.7% no religion / folk |14.9% Budhismo|8.5% Kristiyanismo |1.5% Hoa Hao Budismo |1.2% Caodaism |0.2% [[:en:Religion in Vietnam|other]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Binyetnamita]]<br />Viet (kolokyal) | government_type = Sosyalistang republika<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --> | leader_title1 = '''Kinatibuk-ang Kalihim''' | leader_name1 = Tô Lâm | leader_title2 = '''Presidente''' | leader_name2 = Lương Cường | leader_title3 = '''Prime Minister''' | leader_name3 = Phạm Minh Chính | leader_title4 = '''Pangulo sa Nasyonal nga Asembliya''' | leader_name4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn | legislature = '''Nasyonal nga Asembliya Biyetnam''' | sovereignty_type = Pagporma | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = '''Independence gikan sa China''' | established_date1 = 938 | established_event2 = '''Unang gingharian''' | established_date2 = 968 | established_event3 = '''Pag-uli sa kagawasan''' | established_date3 = 1428 | established_event4 = '''Ang panaghiusa ni Nguyễn''' | established_date4 = 1802 | established_event5 = '''Treaty sa Protektorat''' | established_date5 = 25 Agosto 1883 | established_event6 = '''Deklarasyon sa Kagawasan''' | established_date6 = 2 Septyembre 1945 | established_event7 = '''Amihanang-habagatan nga dibisyon''' | established_date7 = 21 Hulyo 1954 | established_event8 = '''End of Vietnam War''' | established_date8 = 30 Abril 1975 | established_event9 = '''Paghiusa pag-usab''' | established_date9 = 2 Hulyo 1976 | established_event10 = '''Bag-ohon''' | established_date10 = 18 Disyembre 1986 | established_event11 = '''Konstitusyon karon''' | established_date11 = 28 Nobyembre 2013 | area_km2 = 331,700<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = 128,069 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,000,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite web |title=Tổng cục Thống kê: Dân số Việt Nam đã vượt 100 triệu người vào tháng 4 |trans-title=General Statistics Office: Vietnam's population exceeded 100 million people in April |url=https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619093316/https://zingnews.vn/tong-cuc-thong-ke-dan-so-viet-nam-da-vuot-100-trieu-nguoi-vao-thang-4-post1441206.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |website=Zing News}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 295.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 752 | population_density_rank = 29th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.434&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,285<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $433.356&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,316<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2018c}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.703<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115 | currency = Vietnam dong (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = husto | calling_code = +84 | cctld = .vn | today = }} {{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}} '''Biyetnam''' ([[Binyetnamita]]: '''Việt Nam''' {{IPA-vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}), opisyal nga ang '''Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam ''' ('''SRB'''), maoy usa ka nasod sa sidlakang ngilit sa mainland Southeast Asia, uban sa usa ka dapit sa 331,700 km² ug populasyon nga kapin sa 100&nbsp;milyon, naghimo niini sa kalibutan ikanapulo ug lima nga labing populasyon nga nasud. Ang Biyetnam nakigbahin sa mga utlanan sa yuta sa [[China]] sa amihanan, ug [[Laos]] ug [[Cambodia]] sa kasadpan. Nag-ambit kini sa mga utlanan sa dagat uban sa [[Thailand]] pinaagi sa [[:en:Gulf of Thailand|Gulpo sa Thailand]], ug sa [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], ug [[Malaysia]] agi sa [[South China Sea]]. Ang kapital niini mao ang [[Hanoi]] ug ang kinadak-ang siyudad niini mao ang [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (kasagarang gitawag sa kanhing ngalan niini, Saigon). Ang Biyetnam gipuy-an sa Paleolithic nga edad, nga adunay mga estado nga gitukod sa unang milenyo BC sa Delta sa Pulang Suba sa modernong-adlaw amihanan nga Biyetnam. Ang Han dinastiya misakop sa Amihanan ug Sentral Biyetnam ubos sa pagmando sa China gikan sa 111 BC, hangtod nga mitumaw ang unang dinastiya niadtong 939. Ang sunud-sunod nga mga dinastiya sa monarkiya misuhop sa mga impluwensya sa China pinaagi sa Confucianismo ug Budhismo sa Biyetnam, ug mipalapad sa habagatan ngadto sa [[Mekong Delta]], nagsakop sa Champa. Sa kadaghanan sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo, ang Biyetnam epektibong nabahin sa duha ka dominyo sa Đàng Trong ug Đàng Ngoài. Ang Nguyễn — ang kataposang imperyal nga dinastiya — misurender sa [[Pransiya]] niadtong 1883. Niadtong 1887, ang teritoryo niini gisagol sa Pranses nga Indochina ingong tulo ka managlahing rehiyon. Sa diha-diha nga pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], ang nasyonalistang koalisyon [[Viet Minh]], nga gipangulohan sa komunistang rebolusyonaryo [[Ho Chi Minh]], naglunsad sa Rebolusyong Agosto ug gideklarar Independence sa Biyenam niadtong 1945. Ang Biyetnam miagi sa dugay nga pakiggubat sa ika-20 nga siglo. Pagkahuman [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon]], France mibalik aron bawion ang kolonyal nga gahum sa Unang Indochina Gubat, diin ang Biyetnam migawas nga madaogon niadtong 1954. Isip resulta sa mga tratado nga gipirmahan tali sa Viet Minh ug France, ang Biyetnam nabahin usab sa duha ka bahin. Ang Gubat sa Biyetnam nagsugod wala madugay pagkahuman, tali sa komunista Amihanan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]], ug ang anti-komunista Habagatan Biyetnam, gisuportahan sa [[United States]]. Sa kadaugan sa North Biyetnam niadtong 1975, ang Biyetnam nahiusa pag-usab isip unitary sosyalistang estado ubos sa Partido Komunista sa Biyetnam (CPV) niadtong 1976. Usa ka dili epektibo nga giplano nga ekonomiya, usa ka embargo sa pamatigayon sa Kasadpan, ug mga gubat sa [[Cambodia]] ug [[China]] labi nga nakapiang sa nasud. Niadtong 1986, gisugdan sa CPV ang mga reporma sa ekonomiya ug politika nga susama sa reporma sa ekonomiya sa China, nga nagbag-o sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka ekonomiya sa merkado nga gipunting sa sosyalista. Ang mga reporma nagpadali sa Biyetnamita reintegration ngadto sa global nga ekonomiya ug politika. Ang Biyetnam usa ka nag-uswag nga nasud nga adunay ubos-tunga-tunga nga kita nga ekonomiya. Kini adunay taas nga lebel sa korapsyon, censorship, mga isyu sa kinaiyahan ug dili maayo nga rekord sa tawhanong katungod; ang nasud nahimutang sa taliwala sa labing ubos sa internasyonal nga mga sukod sa sibil nga kagawasan, kagawasan sa prensa, ug kagawasan sa relihiyon ug etnikong minorya. Kabahin kini sa internasyonal ug intergovernmental nga mga institusyon lakip na ang [[ASEAN]], ang [[APEC]], ang CPTPP, ang NAM, ang OIF, ug ang WTO. Kaduha na kini nakalingkod sa UNSC. == Etimolohiya == {{Main|Mga ngalan sa Biyetnam}} Ang ngalan {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA-vi|viə̀t naːm}}, chữ Hán: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literal nga "Viet Habagatan", nagpasabut nga "Viet sa Habagatan" kada han-ay sa pulong sa Vietnam o "Habagatan sa Viet" kada Klasiko nga Intsik han-ay sa pulong. Usa ka kalainan sa ngalan, Nanyue (o Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), unang nadokumento sa ika-2 nga siglo BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} Ang termino "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh⁴|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) sa Sayo sa Middle Chinese una nga gisulat gamit ang logograph nga "戉" para sa wasay (usa ka homophone), sa bukog sa orakulo ug bronse nga mga inskripsiyon sa ulahing bahin sa Shang dinastiya ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), ug sa ulahi ingon "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} Nianang panahona kini nagtumong sa usa ka katawhan o pangulo sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Sa sayong bahin sa ika-8 nga siglo BC, usa ka tribo sa tunga-tunga [[Yangtze]] gitawag ang Yangyue, usa ka termino nga gigamit sa ulahi alang sa mga tawo sa habagatan.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Tali sa ika-7 ug ika-4 nga siglo BC Gihisgotan ni Yue/Việt ang Estado sa Yue sa ubos nga basin sa Yangtze ug ang mga tawo niini.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} Gikan sa ika-3 nga siglo BC ang termino gigamit alang sa dili-Intsik nga mga populasyon sa habagatang Tsina ug amihanang Vietnam, nga adunay partikular nga mga grupong etniko nga gitawag [[Minyue]], Ouyue, Luoyue ([[Binyetnamita]]: Lạc Việt), ug uban pa..., kolektibo nga gitawag nga Baiyue (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}} Ang termino nga Baiyue/Bách Việt unang migawas sa libro nga ''Lüshi Chunqiu'' nga gihugpong mga 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} Sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo AD, ang edukadong Vietnamese dayag nga nagtawag sa ilang kaugalingon nga ''nguoi Viet'' (mga tawo sa Biyetnam) o ''nguoi nam'' (mga tawo sa habagatan).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}} Ang porma {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) unang natala sa ika-16 nga siglo nga orakular nga balak nga ''Sấm Trạng Trình''. Ang ngalan nakit-an usab sa 12 ka estelo nga gikulit sa ika-16 ug ika-17 nga siglo, lakip ang usa sa Bao Lam Pagoda sa [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] nga petsa sa 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{efn|At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] refused.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}}|name="etymology"}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}} meaning "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese understood it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order. Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.{{efn|name="etymology"}} It was revived in the early 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's ''History of the Loss of Vietnam'', and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the imperial government in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}} == Kasaysayan == {{Main|History of Vietnam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}} === Prehistory and early history=== [[File:DrumFromSongDaVietnamDongSonIICultureMid1stMilleniumBCEBronze.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photograph of a Đông Sơn bronze drum | A [[Đông Sơn drums|Đông Sơn]] bronze drum, {{circa|800 BC}}]] Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 0.78 Ma,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa|s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ }}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlström|Källén|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], as ascertained by archeological research.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} At this point, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of [[Văn Lang]] and [[Âu Lạc]] appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}} === Dynastic Vietnam === {{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}} [[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]] [[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]] According to Vietnamese legends, [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]] first established in 2879 BC is considered the first state in the [[history of Vietnam]] (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}}{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14}} In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Đức Trần|Thư Hà|2000|p=8}} In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] ("Triệu Đà") defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thái Nguyên|Mừng Nguyẽ̂n|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|anon.|1972|p=24}} By the early 10th century, Northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}} In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hiẻ̂n Lê|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}} From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Dai Viet. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn, they also established new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} === French Indochina === {{Main|Cochinchina campaign|Sino-French War|Tonkin campaign|French Indochina}} In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Portuguese Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]] or Quinan) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Quinan in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for [[silk]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]. By 1672 the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoàng|2007|p=53}} [[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]] Between 1615 and 1753, [[France|French]] traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries<!--Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier, SJ--> arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first<!--Louis Chevreuil--> in 1664 and Tonkin first<!--François Deydier--> in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. The Vietnamese authorities began{{when|date=October 2020}} to feel threatened by continuous [[Christianisation]] activities.{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} After several Catholic missionaries were detained, the [[French Navy]] intervened in 1843 to free them, as the kingdom was perceived as [[xenophobic]].{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, [[French colonial empire|France eroded]] Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] (with Filipino, [[Latin American Asian|Latin American]], and Spanish troops from the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against [[Catholic]]s across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}} Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}} During the colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}}{{sfn|Anh Ngo|2016|p=71}} After a decade of resistance, they were defeated in the 1890s by the Catholics in reprisal for their earlier massacres.{{sfn|Quach Langlet|1991|p=360}}{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} Another large-scale rebellion, the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], was also suppressed heavily.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of [[tobacco]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]].{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-government]]. An increasing dissatisfaction, even led to half-hearted, badly co-ordinated, and still worsely executed plots to oust the French, like the infamous [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908. [[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the 1902–1903 [[Hanoi exhibition|world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] was French Indochina's capital]] A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Hồ Chí Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khánh Huỳnh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}} The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Niên|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}} === First Indochina War === {{Main|First Indochina War|Empire of Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam|State of Vietnam|Operation Passage to Freedom}} In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a nationalist liberation movement based on a [[communist ideology]], emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader [[Hồ Chí Minh]]. The Việt Minh sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam|Japanese occupation]].{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} After the military defeat of Japan in [[World War II]] and the fall of its puppet government [[Empire of Vietnam]] in August 1945, Saigon's administrative services collapsed and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}} The Việt Minh occupied [[Hanoi]] and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In July 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}} [[File:French Indochina post partition.png|thumb|left|alt=Map showing the partition of French Indochina following the 1954 Geneva Conference | [[Partition (politics)|Partition]] of French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]]] But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} Hồ initially chose to take a moderate stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. This resulted in the Việt Minh launching a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} The resulting [[First Indochina War]] lasted until July 1954. The defeat of French colonialists and [[Vietnamese National Army|Vietnamese loyalists]] in the 1954 [[battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}} The colonial administration was thereby ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 into three countries—Vietnam, and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarised Zone]], roughly along the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The [[United States]], with the support of [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United Kingdom]], countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}}). A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} But in 1955, the southern State of Vietnam's prime minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} This effectively replaced the internationally recognised [[State of Vietnam]] by the [[Republic of Vietnam]] in the south—supported by the United States, France, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Republic of China]] and Thailand—and Hồ's [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north, supported by the [[Soviet Union]], Sweden,<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=https://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong/?f |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Khmer Rouge]], and the [[People's Republic of China]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} === Vietnam War === {{Main|Vietnam War|Role of the United States in the Vietnam War}} From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moïse|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This program incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Việt Cộng]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the [[Soviet Union]] and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} [[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]] In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's Catholic regime erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, [[China]] and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail|Hồ Chí Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}} The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long Province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for almost eight years while under North Vietnamese military occupation.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}} === Reunification and reforms === {{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}} On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8&nbsp;million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4&nbsp;million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=1975-01-26|title=VIETNAM REFUGEES PUT AT 1.4 MILLION|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|''Spokesman-Review''|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang Province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}} At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Văn Phúc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of [[free-market]] reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In 2021, General Secretary of the Communist Party, [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he is Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Geograpiya == {{Main|Geography of Vietnam}} [[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yến River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls | Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], Yến River, and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]] Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|331212|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.{{efn|See [[List of countries and dependencies by area]].|name="area"}} The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình Province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Fröhlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and tropical forests cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The Red River Delta in the north, a flat, roughly triangular region covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the [[Mekong River Delta]] in the south. Once an inlet of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine [[alluvial deposits]].{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=180}}{{sfn|Minh Hoang|van Lap|Kim Oanh|Jiro|2016}} The delta, covering about {{convert|40000|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a low-level plain no more than {{convert|3|m|ft|1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much sediment that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}} [[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range | Hoàng Liên Sơn [[mountain range]], the range that includes [[Fansipan]] which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]] Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor [[earthquake]]s have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Việt Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] (also known as Phan Xi Păng), which is located in [[Lào Cai Province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} The [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]] Cave is considered the largest known cave passage in the world since its discovery in 2009. The [[Ba Bể Lake]] and [[Mekong]] River are the largest lake and longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} == Gobyerno ug politika == {{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}} Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two [[communist state]]s (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng | caption1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]<br /><small>[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] </small> | image2 = | width2 = 100 | alt2 = Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | caption2 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]<br /><small>[[President of Vietnam|President]]</small> | image3 = | width3 = 100 | alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính | caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]</small> | image4 = | width4 = 100 | alt4 = Vương Đình Huệ | caption4 = [[Vương Đình Huệ]]<br /><small>[[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]</small> }} The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} [[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]] The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] state [[legislature]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng|Vo Van Thuong]] (since 2023),<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính|Pham Minh Chinh]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng|Nguyen Phu Trong]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam’s General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin, 2016-01.jpg | alt1 = Trần Đại Quang and Vladimir Putin | caption1 = President [[Trần Đại Quang]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 19 November 2016 | image2 = Secretary Tillerson Joins Commercial Deals Signing Ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Vietnam (38322247422).jpg | alt2 = Secretary Tillerson at the Presidential Palace | caption2 = US Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] accompanies US President [[Donald Trump]] to a commercial deal signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017. }} Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954, North Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], South Vietnam maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Despite these differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries before its independence. These include the 11th-century patriotic poem "''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]''" and the 1428 proclamation of independence "''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''". Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010 Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} As diplomatic ties between the two governments grew, the United States opened a [[consul (representative)|consulate general]] in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened [[List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco|its consulate]] in [[San Francisco]]. Full diplomatic relations were also restored with [[New Zealand]], which opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995;{{sfn|Green|2012}} Vietnam established an embassy in [[Wellington]] in 2003.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=386}} President of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]], made a historic visit to Vietnam in November 2000. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi and the first to visit Vietnam since U.S. troops withdrew from the country in 1975.<ref name="16 Nov 2000">{{cite web |title=Clinton Makes Historic Visit to Vietnam |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82119&page=1 |website=abcnews.com}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in [[Islamabad]] in December 2005 and trade office in [[Karachi]] in November 2005.{{sfn|Institute of Regional Studies|2001|p=66}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite their historical past, today Vietnam is considered to be a potential ally of the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of the [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and in containment of [[Chinese expansionism]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Corr|2019}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} === Military === {{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}} The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]] and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]] and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4&nbsp;billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} [[India]],{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} [[Japan]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} [[Russia]],{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}} In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].{{sfn|United Nations Treaty Collection}}{{sfn|Giap|2017}} === Human rights and sociopolitical issues === {{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}} Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|website=UN-Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat}}</ref> == Administratibo nga mga dibisyon == Vietnam is divided into 58 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{lang-vi|Tỉnh|link=no}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|省}}).{{sfn|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} There are also five [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} {{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}} {{col-break|gap=2em}} {| style="margin:auto;" | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div> ---- 6. [[Tỉnh Điện Biên|Điện Biên]]<br /> 22. [[Tỉnh Hòa Bình|Hòa Bình]]<br /> 7. [[Tỉnh Lai Châu|Lai Châu]]<br /> 8. [[Tỉnh Lào Cai|Lào Cai]]<br /> 16. [[Tỉnh Sơn La|Sơn La]]<br /> 12. [[Tỉnh Yên Bái|Yên Bái]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div> ---- 20. [[Tỉnh Bắc Giang|Bắc Giang]]<br /> 14. [[Tỉnh Bắc Kạn|Bắc Kạn]]<br /> 10. [[Tỉnh Cao Bằng|Cao Bằng]]<br /> 9. [[Tỉnh Hà Giang|Hà Giang]]<br /> 11. [[Tỉnh Lạng Sơn|Lạng Sơn]]<br /> 17. [[Tỉnh Phú Thọ|Phú Thọ]]<br /> 21. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ninh|Quảng Ninh]]<br /> 15. [[Tỉnh Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên]]<br /> 13. [[Tỉnh Tuyên Quang|Tuyên Quang]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div> ---- 1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] (municipality)<br /> 3. [[Hải Phòng|Hải Phòng]] (municipality)<br /> 19. [[Tỉnh Bắc Ninh|Bắc Ninh]]<br /> 26. [[Tỉnh Hà Nam|Hà Nam]]<br /> 24. [[Tỉnh Hải Dương|Hải Dương]]<br /> 23. [[Tỉnh Hưng Yên|Hưng Yên]]<br /> 27. [[Tỉnh Nam Định|Nam Định]]<br /> 28. [[Tỉnh Ninh Bình|Ninh Bình]]<br /> 25. [[Tỉnh Thái Bình|Thái Bình]]<br /> 18. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc|Vĩnh Phúc]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 31. [[Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh]]<br /> 30. [[Tỉnh Nghệ An|Nghệ An]]<br /> 32. [[Tỉnh Quảng Bình|Quảng Bình]]<br /> 33. [[Tỉnh Quảng Trị|Quảng Trị]]<br /> 29. [[Tỉnh Thanh Hóa|Thanh Hóa]]<br /> 34. [[Tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế|Thừa Thiên–Huế]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]]'''</div> ---- 41. [[Tỉnh Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]]<br /> 42. [[Tỉnh Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]]<br /> 38. [[Tỉnh Gia Lai|Gia Lai]]<br /> 37. [[Tỉnh Kon Tum|Kon Tum]]<br /> 44. [[Tỉnh Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast]]'''</div> ---- 4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] (municipality)<br /> 39. [[Tỉnh Bình Định|Bình Định]]<br /> 46. [[Tỉnh Bình Thuận|Bình Thuận]]<br /> 43. [[Tỉnh Khánh Hòa|Khánh Hòa]]<br /> 45. [[Tỉnh Ninh Thuận|Ninh Thuận]]<br /> 40. [[Tỉnh Phú Yên|Phú Yên]]<br /> 35. [[Tỉnh Quảng Nam|Quảng Nam]]<br /> 36. [[Tỉnh Quảng Ngãi|Quảng Ngãi]] |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div> ---- 2. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]] (municipality)<br /> 51. [[Tỉnh Vũng Tàu|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]]<br /> 49. [[Tỉnh Bình Dương|Bình Dương]]<br /> 47. [[Tỉnh Bình Phước|Bình Phước]]<br /> 50. [[Tỉnh Đồng Nai|Đồng Nai]]<br /> 48. [[Tỉnh Tây Ninh|Tây Ninh]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | <div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta]]'''</div> ---- 5. [[Tỉnh Cần Thơ]] (municipality)<br /> 56. [[Tỉnh An Giang|An Giang]]<br /> 62. [[Tỉnh Bạc Liêu|Bạc Liêu]]<br /> 55. [[Tỉnh Bến Tre|Bến Tre]]<br /> 63. [[Tỉnh Cà Mau|Cà Mau]]<br /> 53. [[Tỉnh Đồng Tháp|Đồng Tháp]]<br /> 59. [[Tỉnh Hậu Giang|Hậu Giang]]<br /> 58. [[Tỉnh Kiên Giang|Kiên Giang]]<br /> 52. [[Tỉnh Long An|Long An]]<br /> 61. [[Tỉnh Sóc Trăng|Sóc Trăng]]<br /> 54. [[Tỉnh Tiền Giang|Tiền Giang]]<br /> 60. [[Tỉnh Trà Vinh|Trà Vinh]]<br /> 57. [[Tỉnh Vĩnh Long|Vĩnh Long]] |} {{col-end}} [[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]] Provinces are subdivided into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial municipalities]] ({{lang|vi|thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh}}, 'city under province'), [[township]]s ({{lang|vi|thị xã}}) and [[county|counties]] ({{lang|vi|huyện}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[town]]s ({{lang|vi|thị trấn}}) or [[commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)|communes]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}). Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[district]]s ({{lang|vi|quận}}) and counties, which are further subdivided into [[ward (country subdivision)|wards]] ({{lang|vi|phường}}). == Kultura == {{Main|Kultura sa Biyetnam}} {{multiple image | align = left |direction =vertical | image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg | alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi | caption1 = Ang Templo sa Literatura sa [[Hanoi]] | image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]] | caption2 = Ang Imperial City sa Huế | image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City | caption3 = Ang Municipal Theater (Saigon Opera House) sa [[Ho Chi Minh City]] }} Ang kultura sa Biyetnam giisip nga bahin sa sinosphere. Ang kultura sa Biyetnam milambo sulod sa mga siglo gikan sa lumadnong karaan Đông Sơn kultura nga adunay basa nga humay isip base sa ekonomiya niini. {{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calò|2009|p=51}} Ang pipila ka mga elemento sa kultura sa nasud adunay mga Intsik nga gigikanan, nga nagkuha sa mga elemento sa Confucianism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, ug Taoism sa tradisyonal nga sistema sa politika ug pilosopiya niini.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Ang katilingbang Binyetnamita kay gambalay sa palibot {{lang|vi|làng}} (mga balangay sa katigulangan);{{sfn|Endres|2001}} tanan Biyetnamita marka a komon nga anibersaryo sa katigulangan sa ikanapulo nga adlaw sa ikatulo lunar nga bulan.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} Ang impluwensya sa kulturang Intsik sama sa mga kultura sa Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, ug [[Hainan]]ese mas makita sa amihanan diin ang Budhismo kusganong nalambigit sa popular nga kultura.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Bisan pa niini, adunay [[Chinatown]]s sa habagatan, sama sa {{lang|vi|Chợ Lớn|italic=no}}, diin daghang mga Insek ang nakigminyo sa Kinh ug dili mailhan taliwala nila.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} Sa sentral ug habagatang bahin sa Biyetnam, mga bakas sa Champa ug Khmer kultura napamatud-an pinaagi sa mga salin sa mga kagun-oban, mga artifact ingon man sa sulod sa ilang populasyon ingon nga manununod sa karaan Sa Huỳnh kultura.{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Kỳ Phương|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} Sa bag-ohay nga mga siglo, ang mga kultura sa Kasadpan nahimong popular sa mga bag-ong henerasyon sa Binyetnamita.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} [[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat | Biyetnamita tradisyonal nga puti nga uniporme sa eskwelahan alang sa mga babaye sa nasud, ang {{lang|vi|áo dài}} uban sa pagdugang sa {{lang|vi|nón lá}}, usa ka conical nga kalo.]] Ang tradisyonal nga pokus sa kultura sa Biyetnam gibase sa katawhan({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) ug panag-uyon ({{lang|vi|hòa}}) diin ang mga mithi sa pamilya ug komunidad gitamod pag-ayo. {{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Ang Biyetnam nagtahod sa daghang mga yawe nga simbolo sa kultura,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} sama sa Biyetnamita dragon nga gikan sa [[crocodile|buaya]] ug [[bitin]] paghanduraw; Nasyonal nga amahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân|italic=no}} gihulagway nga usa ka balaang dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} Ang {{lang|vi|lạc}} usa ka balaan nga langgam nga nagrepresentar sa nasudnong inahan sa Biyetnam, {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ|italic=no}}. Ang ubang prominenteng mga hulagway nga gitahud usab mao ang [[turtle|pawikan]], [[buffalo|kabaw]] ug [[horse|kabayo]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Daghang Biyetnamita usab ang nagtuo sa labaw sa kinaiyahan ug espiritismo diin ang sakit dad-on sa a tunglo o pamarang o tungod sa dili pagsunod sa usa ka relihiyosong pamatasan. Ang mga tradisyunal nga medikal nga practitioner, anting-anting ug uban pang matang sa espirituhanong proteksyon ug relihiyosong mga buhat mahimong gamiton sa pagtambal sa masakiton nga tawo.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} Sa modernong panahon, ang kultural nga kinabuhi sa Vietnam naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa kontrolado sa gobyerno nga media ug mga programa sa kultura.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Sulod sa daghang mga dekada, ang mga impluwensya sa langyaw nga kultura, labi na ang gigikanan sa Kasadpan, gilikayan. Apan sukad sa bag-o nga repormasyon, ang Vietnam nakakita sa usa ka mas dako nga exposure sa silingang Southeast Asian, East Asian ingon man sa Western kultura ug media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}} Ang nag-unang Vietnamese pormal nga sinina, ang {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} gisul-ob alang sa mga espesyal nga okasyon sama sa kasal ug relihiyosong mga pista. Puti {{lang|vi|áo dài}} mao ang gikinahanglan nga uniporme para sa mga babaye sa daghang mga high school sa tibuok nasud. Ang ubang mga pananglitan sa tradisyonal nga Vietnamese nga sinina naglakip sa: ang {{lang|vi|áo tứ thân}}, usa ka upat ka piraso nga sinina sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, usa ka porma sa {{lang|vi|thân}} sa lima ka piraso nga porma, kasagaran gisul-ob sa amihanan sa nasud; ang {{lang|vi|yếm}}, pang-ilalom nga sapot sa babaye; ang {{lang|vi|áo bà ba}}, rural nga nagtrabaho "pyjamas" alang sa mga lalaki ug babaye. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Tan-awa usab == * [[:en:Outline of Vietnam|Outline sa Biyetnam]] == Mga pakisayran == {{Reflist|24em}} == Mga sumpay sa gawas == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] gikan sa BBC News * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ Vietnam]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121003000923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] gikan sa ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] sa ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] gikan sa International Futures === Gobyerno === * [http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095711/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://cpv.org.vn/ Communist Party of Vietnam] – opisyal nga website (sa Biyetnamita) === Media ug censorship === * Robert N. Wilkey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120719190536/http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. === Turismo === * [http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/ Opisyal nga website sa turismo] {{coord|16|N|108|E|display=title}} p1ja8yzxbq073a81b4lu076xnxiqm5q 0 3605896 35429981 34154550 2025-06-22T02:32:27Z Jonathantobi 128855 Jonathantobi moved page [[Melbourne (kapital sa estado)]] to [[Melbourne, Australia]]: Pagtul-id sa titulo 34154550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Ostralya|date=2015-12}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Melbourne]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Settlement <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Melbourne | native_name = Melbourne City | other_name = | category = Kapital sa estado | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Melbourne Infobox Montage.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = {{#property:P94}} | symbol_type = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Ostralya}} | country_flag = | state = [[State of Victoria]] | state_type = Estado | region = [[Melbourne (rehiyon)|Melbourne]] | region_type = Rehiyon | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | part = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | location = | elevation = 25 | lat_d = -37.814 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = 144.96332 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | highest = | highest_note = | highest_elevation = | highest_elevation_note = | lowest = | lowest_note = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_elevation_note = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = | area_land = | area_land_decimals = | area_water = | area_water_decimals = | area_urban = | area_urban_decimals = | area_metro = | area_metro_decimals = | area_municipal = | area_municipal_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 4246375 | population_date = 2013-07-29 | population_note = <ref name = "gn2158177"/> | population_urban = | population_urban_date = | population_urban_note = | population_metro = | population_metro_date = | population_metro_note = | population_municipal = | population_municipal_date = | population_municipal_note = | population_density = | population_density_note = | population_urban_density = | population_urban_density_note = | population_metro_density = | population_metro_density_note = | population_municipal_density = | population_municipal_density_note = <!-- *** People *** --> | population1 = | population1_type = | population2 = | population2_type = | population3 = | population3_type = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | established_type = | date = | date_type = | government = | government_location = | government_region = | government_state = | mayor = | mayor_party = | leader = | leader_type = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]] | utc_offset = +10 | timezone_DST = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] | utc_offset_DST = +11 | postal_code = | postal_code_type = | area_code = | area_code_type = | code = | code_type = | code1 = | code1_type = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = | free1 = | free1_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | timezone_label = Australia/Melbourne }} <!--P.PPLA-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Ostralya|Kapital sa estado]] ang '''Melbourne''' ([[Ininggles]]: '''Melbourne City''') sa [[Ostralya]].<ref name = "gn2158177"/> Nahimutang ni sa rehiyon sa <!--ADM2-->[[Melbourne (rehiyon)|Melbourne]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[State of Victoria]], sa habagatan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa [[Canberra (ulohang dakbayan sa Ostralya)|Canberra]] ang ulohan sa nasod. {{formatnum:25}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Melbourne<ref name = "gn2158177"/>, ug adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:4246375}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn2158177"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Melbourne patag.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga {{formatnum:89}} ka metro ug {{formatnum:1.0 }} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa Melbourne.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Dunay mga {{formatnum:2915}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Melbourne may kaayo hilabihan populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/>. Melbourne ang kinadak-ang lungsod sa maong dapit. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Melbourne, kapuloan talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn2158177"/>}} {{Location map|Australia |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Melbourne sa Ostralya. | label = Melbourne|position=left|background=white|lat=-37.814|long=144.96332}} Hapit nalukop sa [[kabalayan]] ang palibot sa Melbourne.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Ang klima [[kasarangan]]. Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:15}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Enero, sa {{formatnum:24}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:6}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1244}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:140}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa {{formatnum:49}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Melbourne | 15| 34| 49 | 14| 30| 90 | 12| 25| 77 | 10| 19| 103 | 8| 13| 134 | 4| 9| 135 | 5| 10| 140 | 5| 13| 127 | 6| 15| 126 | 8| 22| 100 | 11| 28| 89 | 13| 31| 75 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn2158177">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2158177|name=melbourne}} Melbourne] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} GeoNames.Org (cc-by)]; post updated 2013-07-29; database download sa 2015-06-27</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Melbourne|Melbourne}} [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa State of Victoria]] [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Ostralya nga mas dako pa kay sa 1,000,000 ka mga tawo]] 2khimkbwglu3fc95ljq0cb1pvcjuh51 0 3605897 35429995 6962244 2025-06-22T06:43:20Z EmausBot 5266 Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Melbourne, Australia]] 35429995 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Melbourne, Australia]] d9qwnn0pu5cm371r45dy9rqhyqzl9vz 0 4077086 35429916 31343202 2025-06-21T12:02:48Z Ziv 111351 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Coat of arms of Erlinsbach AG.svg]] → [[File:CHE Erlinsbach AG COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 35429916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Nasod nga Swiss|date=2016-03}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Erlinsbach]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Erlinsbach | native_name = | other_name = | category = Munisipyo | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Erlinsbach Ansicht.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = CHE Erlinsbach AG COA.svg | country = {{flag|Nasod nga Swiss}} | country_flag = | state = [[Kanton Aargau]] | state_type = Kanton | region = [[Bezirk Aarau]] | region_type = Distrito | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = 9.87 | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 3762 | population_date = 2014-04-03 | population_density = auto | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 47.41509 | long_d = 8.00503 | elevation = 565 | population_note = <ref name = "gn7285754"/> | timezone_label = Europe/Zurich | map2 = Karte Gemeinde Erlinsbach 2010.png }} <!--A.ADM3-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Nasod nga Swiss|Munisipyo]] ang '''Erlinsbach''' sa [[Nasod nga Swiss]].<ref name = "gn7285754"/> Nahimutang ni sa distrito sa <!--ADM2-->[[Bezirk Aarau]] ug kanton sa <!--ADM1-->[[Kanton Aargau]], sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:70}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa [[Bern (ulohang dakbayan)|Bern]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:3762}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn7285754"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:9.9}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Ang yuta sa Erlinsbach kabungtoran sa amihang-kasadpan, apan sa habagatang-sidlakan nga kini mao ang patag.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Ang klima [[hemiboreal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:9}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:20}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:-4}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1854}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Nobiyembre, sa {{formatnum:202}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Marso, sa {{formatnum:76}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Erlinsbach | -4| -1| 144 | -3| 2| 127 | 0| 9| 76 | 5| 15| 158 | 10| 21| 172 | 15| 22| 160 | 15| 25| 198 | 13| 25| 170 | 10| 19| 134 | 6| 14| 156 | -3| 4| 202 | -6| -3| 157 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|Switzerland |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Erlinsbach sa Nasod nga Swiss. | label = Erlinsbach|position=right|background=white|lat=47.41509|long=8.00503}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn7285754">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=7285754|name=erlinsbach}} Erlinsbach] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} GeoNames.Org (cc-by)]; post updated 2014-04-03; database download sa 2016-01-03</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Erlinsbach AG|Erlinsbach}} [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa Kanton Aargau]] rtvncpgxy465b3tpqdps7n8bfp0gxqs 0 4210226 35429993 31384382 2025-06-22T05:19:12Z Gliwi 35323 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Cítoliby znak.jpg]] → [[File:CZE Cítoliby COA.svg]] JPG → SVG 35429993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Nasod nga Czech|date=2016-04}} {{geobox | 1 = Settlement <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Cítoliby | native_name = | other_name = Zittolib | category = Lungsod | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Cítoliby celkově.JPG | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = Cítoliby vlajka.jpg | symbol = CZE Cítoliby COA.svg | symbol_type = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Nasod nga Czech}} | country_flag = | state = [[Ústecký kraj]] | state_type = Lalawigan | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | part = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | location = | elevation = 237 | lat_d = 50.33273 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = 13.81214 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | highest = | highest_note = | highest_elevation = | highest_elevation_note = | lowest = | lowest_note = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_elevation_note = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = | area_land = | area_land_decimals = | area_water = | area_water_decimals = | area_urban = | area_urban_decimals = | area_metro = | area_metro_decimals = | area_municipal = | area_municipal_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 953 | population_date = 2006-11-25 | population_note = <ref name = "gn3077369"/> | population_urban = | population_urban_date = | population_urban_note = | population_metro = | population_metro_date = | population_metro_note = | population_municipal = | population_municipal_date = | population_municipal_note = | population_density = | population_density_note = | population_urban_density = | population_urban_density_note = | population_metro_density = | population_metro_density_note = | population_municipal_density = | population_municipal_density_note = <!-- *** People *** --> | population1 = | population1_type = | population2 = | population2_type = | population3 = | population3_type = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | established_type = | date = | date_type = | government = | government_location = | government_region = | government_state = | mayor = | mayor_party = | leader = | leader_type = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code = {{#property:P281}} | postal_code_type = | area_code = | area_code_type = | code = | code_type = | code1 = | code1_type = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = | free1 = | free1_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | other_name1 = | timezone_label = Europe/Prague | map2 = Citoliby LN CZ.png }} <!--P.PPL-->[[Lungsod]] ang '''Cítoliby''' sa [[Nasod nga Czech]].<ref name = "gn3077369"/> Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa <!--ADM1-->[[Ústecký kraj]], sa amihanan-kasadpang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:50}} km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa [[Prague (ulohang dakbayan)|Prague]] ang ulohan sa nasod. {{formatnum:237}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Cítoliby{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}}, ug adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:953}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn3077369"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Cítoliby lain-lain.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga {{formatnum:315}} ka metro ug {{formatnum:2.1 }} km sa habagatan sa Cítoliby.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Dunay mga {{formatnum:23}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Cítoliby medyo gamay nga populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang [[Louny (lungsod sa Nasod nga Czech)|Louny]], {{formatnum:2.9}} km sa amihanan sa Cítoliby. Hapit nalukop sa [[kaumahan]] ang palibot sa Cítoliby.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Sa rehiyon palibot sa Cítoliby, mga bungtod, ug kabukiran talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn3077369"/>}} Ang klima [[hemiboreal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:7}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Agosto, sa {{formatnum:20}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-6}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Cítoliby | -8| -3| 0 | -6| 1| 0 | -2| 8| 0 | 2| 16| 0 | 8| 19| 0 | 13| 23| 0 | 14| 23| 0 | 16| 23| 0 | 9| 18| 0 | 4| 11| 0 | -2| 3| 0 | -8| -4| 0 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|Czech Republic |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Cítoliby sa Nasod nga Czech. | label = Cítoliby|position=right|background=white|lat=50.33273|long=13.81214}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn3077369">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=3077369|name=citoliby}} Cítoliby] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2006-11-25; database download sa 2016-03-31</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Cítoliby|Cítoliby}} [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Ústecký kraj]] pws1434427f07proty51cvpgbt7t7mw 0 6360548 35429922 34837357 2025-06-21T14:16:51Z CommonsDelinker 192 Replacing Peru_-_Altiplano1.jpg with [[File:Peru_-_Apurímac_River_Altiplano1.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]]). 35429922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Peru|date=2016-12}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Ayacucho]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Ayacucho | native_name = Ayaquchu Jach’a Suyu | other_name = Departamento Ayacucho | category = Rehiyon | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Peru - Apurímac River Altiplano1.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = Flag of Ayacucho.svg | symbol = Escudo de Ayacucho.svg | country = {{flag|Peru}} | country_flag = | state = | state_type = | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = Ayacucho | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = 43814.80 | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 619522 | population_date = 2014-06-04 | population_density = auto | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = Wilfredo Oscorima | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | utc_offset = -5 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | other_name1 = Departamento de Ayacucho | other_name2 = Región de Ayacucho | other_name3 = Ayakuchu Suyu | other_name4 = Ayaquchu jacha suyu | other_name5 = Ayakuchu suyu | lat_d = -14.0 | long_d = -74.25 | elevation = 4043 | population_note = <ref name = "gn3947018"/> | timezone_label = America/Lima | iso_code = {{#property:P300}} }} <!--A.ADM1-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Peru|Rehiyon]] ang '''Ayacucho''' ([[Aymara]]: '''Ayaquchu Jach’a Suyu''', [[Quechua]]: '''Ayakuchu Suyu''', [[Aymara]]: '''Ayaquchu jacha suyu''', [[Quechua]]: '''Ayakuchu suyu''') sa [[Peru]].<ref name = "gn3947018"/> Nahimutang ni sa habagatang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:400}} km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa [[Lima (ulohang dakbayan)|Lima]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:619522}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn3947018"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:43815}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Ayacucho mopakigbahin sa usa ka utlanan sa [[Junín (rehiyon)|Junín]], [[Cusco (rehiyon)|Cusco]], [[Apurimac]], [[Arequipa (rehiyon)|Arequipa]], [[Ica (rehiyon)|Ica]], ug [[Huancavelica (rehiyon)|Huancavelica]]. Ang yuta sa Ayacucho daghan kaayong kabukiran.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Ayacucho may sa mosunod nga mga subdibisyon: * [[Provincia de Víctor Fajardo]] * [[Provincia de Parinacochas]] * [[Provincia de Lucanas]] * [[Provincia de La Mar]] * [[Provincia de Huanta]] * [[Provincia de Huamanga]] * [[Provincia de Cangallo]] * [[Provincia de Sucre]] * [[Provincia de Huanca Sancos]] * [[Provincia de Vilcas Huamán]] * [[Paucar Del Sara Sara]] Sa mosunod nga mga natural nga mga bahin makita sa Ayacucho: * Mga dapit: :* [[Cerro Toldo Pata Orccc]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Cerro Uchuypata]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Cerro Yurac Pata]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Auquillama]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Chaupi Raccay]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Millpo]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Niñucha]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Paccha]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Pumahuanca]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Punilla]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Ramos Cruz]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Tajracocha]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Pampa Yanacocha]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Paulla Pampa]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) :* [[Tumac Pampa]] (<!--T.UPLD-->[[ibabaw'mg patag]]) * Mga suba: :* [[Cerro Senigasora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Cerro Tantarnioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Oueñuamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Qubrada Pacatotora Huaijo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Abucuyocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Acachina]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Acapa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Acchi Huachama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Acchimachay (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Acchimachay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Acchmimachayhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Accomarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Achataihua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Acopampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Acraypampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Agohuaygo (suba nga anhianhi, lat -15,14, long -74,25)|Quebrada Agohuaygo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Agohuaygo (suba nga anhianhi, lat -15,08, long -74,22)|Quebrada Agohuaygo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Aguada (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Aguada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Aguada Jollo Saire]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Agualano]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Aguas Perdidas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ahuac]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ahuaj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ailana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajchihuachana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajo Huaijo (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Ajo Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajocasa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajohuasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajohuayco (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Ajohuayco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajolla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajopunco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajoyao]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ajoyllana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Alalaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Allpachaca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,68, long -74,10)|Quebrada Allpachaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Allpachaca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,76, long -74,27)|Quebrada Allpachaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Almapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Alpasca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Alto Laran]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Amacachayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Amaruyocc Ccata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Amaruyoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ampaluyo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ampato (suba)|Quebrada Ampato]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Anacata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Anachuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Anasja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Añaycancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ancapachananhuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ancasccarán]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Anchacuay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Anchilhuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ancototoyocc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Andrespata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Angas (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Angas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Angascocha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Angashuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Angiay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Angostura (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,55, long -74,82)|Quebrada Angostura]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Angostura (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,22, long -73,82)|Quebrada Angostura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Angostura (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,90, long -74,56)|Quebrada Angostura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Angosturayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Anllaymayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Antaco Huaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Antacorral]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Antahuayco (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Antahuayco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Antalla (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Antalla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Antalla (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,22, long -75,04)|Quebrada Antalla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Antapallpa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Antapite Cruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Antapuecro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Antoyo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Antuhuana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Anyahuala]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Apacheta (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,23, long -73,63)|Quebrada Apacheta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Apillipampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Apohuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Apuasi Cucho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Apucancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Apulema]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Aquilla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Araguay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Arahuaylla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Arjohuayco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Armahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Arnhuay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Arpero]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Artezayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Artizayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Arupcancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Asaranta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Asnaj Aguada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Asnajpuquio (suba nga anhianhi, lat -14,75, long -74,80)|Quebrada Asnajpuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Asnal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Atacocha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Atacsu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Atajoyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Atohuachanan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Atojhuesi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Atuchuachanga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Auay Huaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Aucora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Auquipcancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Auquirajay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Auro (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Auro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Avanzada]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ayahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ayamachay (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Ayamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ayamachayhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ayamachi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ayanhuarco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ayopampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Azunahuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Bajada de la Cuesta]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Balcón (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,92, long -74,08)|Quebrada Balcón]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Balcón (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,92, long -74,04)|Quebrada Balcón]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Barlolo Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Benito Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Boiachayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Bombilla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Boticayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Botija (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Botija]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Bramadero (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Bramadero]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Bramaderoyoj (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Bramaderoyoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Bramaderuyoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Briachayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Buena Vista (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Buena Vista]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Buscan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Caballosora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cacchallayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cachana (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Cachana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cachcarana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cajamarca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Cajamarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cajcoy]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cajllo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Calane (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Calane]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Calapasayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Caldera (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Caldera]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Calepucro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Calera (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Calera]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Callacaso]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Callejn]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Campana (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Campana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Campanayoa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Caña Plantana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cañahueca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Canal (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Canal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Canaljasa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Canchacancha (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Canchacancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cangana (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Cangana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Canllahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Canrao]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Canteria (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Canteria]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cantohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Capaso]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Capilla (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Capilla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carcachapata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Carcelhuayjo (suba)|Quebrada Carcelhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carcelhuayjo (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Carcelhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Carciahuasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Carhuanchayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carhuancho (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,69, long -74,23)|Quebrada Carhuancho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carhuancho (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,61, long -74,38)|Quebrada Carhuancho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carhuanchohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carhuauran]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carimayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carpacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Carriza]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Carrizal (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,23, long -74,18)|Quebrada Carrizal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Carrizal (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,04, long -74,65)|Quebrada Carrizal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Casacancha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Casacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Casahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Casapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cascarilla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cashubireni]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cayara]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cayara-Huico]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccaji]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccalicha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccañahuayco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccanganahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccanoccocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccanohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccara Punco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccaraccara (suba)|Quebrada Ccaraccara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccarhuachuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccasancay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccatunllihuayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccatunpata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccellocruz (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Ccellocruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccochani]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccochayocc (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Ccochayocc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccochayocc (suba)|Quebrada Ccochayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccollpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ccrena]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cenegayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cercan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacabama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacacata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacacocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacahuay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacamojo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacashuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacatahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chachaspato]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chacllamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chactasja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chailhuani]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaipi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chajillay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chajircaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chalco China]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chalhuarangra]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Challhua]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Champayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chancapuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chanchoyhuayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chanquil]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chapccara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chapun]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaqui Puquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaquihuarjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaquihuaycco (suba)|Quebrada Chaquihuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaquihuayco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaquilanguire]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Charicancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chauperjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaupi Aguada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaupi Orcco (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Chaupi Orcco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaupihuayjo (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chaupihuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaupijasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaupijato]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chaupiorco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Checchepata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Checclla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chejosno]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chicapayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chichima]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chicuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chihua Chihua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chilcalle]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chilcayoc (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chilcayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chilcayoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chilhuiyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chilicruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chillcayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chillhua (suba, lat -14,54, long -74,52)|Quebrada Chillhua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chillhua (suba, lat -13,00, long -73,74)|Quebrada Chillhua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chilloura]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chillua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chinche (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chinche]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chincheja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chinchero (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chinchero]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chincheros]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chincho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chipaccucho]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chiriyacu (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chiriyacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chisjehuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Choccllo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Choccoito]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Choccre]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Choccuicocha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chochín]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chocllo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Choisane]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chojacoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chojehuaray]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chonta (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chonta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Choquejechja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Choquetucro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuchainioj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuguitaraqui]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chulamayo (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Chulamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chulcuhayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chullachaqui]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chumahuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuntaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuntane]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chunucancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuñuña (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Chuñuña]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chupahuaigo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chupaya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuquiray]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Churca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Chuspiuran]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Chutllopata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cieneguilla (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Cieneguilla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Circo Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cishuapampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Clementioj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cocha Corral]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cochaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cochccocha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Colesnioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Colihuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,70, long -74,10)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,42, long -73,54)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,65, long -74,74)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,90, long -73,89)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,03, long -73,90)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,74, long -74,04)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,10, long -74,11)|Quebrada Collpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Collpa Huaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Colmina]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Colorado (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Colorado]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Colpahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Colpapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Comajuay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Concepción (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Concepción]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Conchacocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cóndor Yacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Condoray (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,58, long -74,70)|Quebrada Condoray]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Condoray (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,20, long -74,26)|Quebrada Condoray]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Condormacha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Condorpa Huachanan]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Conocc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Coscorina]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cotone]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cotos (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Cotos]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cruz Huayco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cruz Pata (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,90, long -73,82)|Quebrada Cruz Pata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cruzhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cruzpampa (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Cruzpampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cucalipunco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuchicancha (suba)|Quebrada Cuchicancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuchihuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuchimachay (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Cuchimachay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuesta Botitano]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuesta Colorada (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,33, long -74,08)|Quebrada Cuesta Colorada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuevas (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Cuevas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuevayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Culcuncha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuncusayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuñe (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Cuñe]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cunepuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Curayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Curua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Curusca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Cutehuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Cuyuorumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Asinga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Auquillana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Caja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Ccaranta]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Chaca (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada de Chaca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Huanculla (suba nga anhianhi, lat -15,25, long -73,45)|Quebrada de Huanculla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Huanculla (suba nga anhianhi, lat -15,23, long -73,48)|Quebrada de Huanculla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Huanipaco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Huaychahuayco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Huira]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Huitco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Ilacata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de los Colorados]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Marcona]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Ocobambilla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Otococha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Palca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Pogoña Aguada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Quenchupa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Rampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Saia]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Saurama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Sora]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Tuncio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada de Umasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada de Ushpamarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada del Milagro (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada del Milagro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Demoneojhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Descomulgado]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Don Juan (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Don Juan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Dos Quebradas (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Dos Quebradas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Durasnioj (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Durasnioj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Durasnuchayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Enco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Erapata (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Erapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Escalera (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Escalera]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Escucusana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Espingo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Espingo Huayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Estanque (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Estanque]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Fraynioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Garbancillo (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Garbancillo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Gergopuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Gramaderuyoj (suba, lat -14,90, long -74,47)|Quebrada Gramaderuyoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Gramaderuyoj (suba, lat -14,88, long -74,47)|Quebrada Gramaderuyoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Grande Jejacha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Grima-chay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Haranguillo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Hayarhuarcuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Honda (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Honda]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huacahuasi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huacahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaccacrume]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huacchasulca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaccoto (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huaccoto]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaccrahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huachillhualana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huachinga (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huachinga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huachojaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huachualla (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huachualla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huachujasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huacjrahuilca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huacracumi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huahuapuqio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaico]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaijoniognioc Huaijo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huajgol]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huajuma]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallancane]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallcay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallhua (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,31, long -73,63)|Quebrada Huallhua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallhua (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,07, long -74,03)|Quebrada Huallhua]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallhuayocc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Hualli]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huallpamayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamanccasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamancona]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamanhura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamanmarca (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Huamanmarca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamanpaca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamanripa (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huamanripa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huamashuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanacopampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanauri]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanca Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancachaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancané (suba)|Quebrada Huancané]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancapampa (suba)|Quebrada Huancapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancas (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Huancas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancayllo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancayoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huancule]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huangayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanjar]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huano Huano]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanquispa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanu Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huanupampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaraco (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Huaraco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huarajayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huarania Pampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huarhuaco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaribambilla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huarmamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huarmi Yacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huarmihuañuscha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huasahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huasamayo (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huasamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huasapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huascuya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huashuaho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huashualoca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huasua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huatuscalla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaycaro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayccohuasi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huayccohuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaychanmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaychau (suba)|Quebrada Huaychau]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaychau (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Huaychau]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayjo Corral]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayjo Huasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayjochacha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaylla (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,61, long -74,06)|Quebrada Huaylla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaylla (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,45, long -74,46)|Quebrada Huaylla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayllán]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayllane (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Huayllane]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayllapunco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayllapuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayllaura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaymay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaynamarca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayra Sacha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaytahuerta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaytapallana (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huaytapallana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huaytasta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huayunga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huecruna]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huertahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huertayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huichinga]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huicuahuayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huijon Toynioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huillhuejo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Huincho (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Huincho]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huisallo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huiscarangrahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huitco (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Huitco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Huranjayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ichichuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ichocruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ichpanahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ichu Cruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ichucruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ichupata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Iglesiamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Igosnioj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Igosohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Illahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Illapascca (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Illapascca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Illasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Illaura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Illpipata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Imoca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Inaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Inca Corral]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Incahuasi (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -15,27, long -73,75)|Quebrada Incahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Incahuasi (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,07, long -74,02)|Quebrada Incahuasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Incaracay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Incarajay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Incarajayhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Inque]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ipara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Iquicha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Iquiña Corral]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Irapata (suba)|Quebrada Irapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ischurutunal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Iscohorno]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Isjana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Isla del Carmen]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Itaniso]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jacaspampa (suba, lat -13,11, long -74,41)|Quebrada Jacaspampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jacaspampa (suba, lat -13,12, long -74,41)|Quebrada Jacaspampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jachahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jachitupa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jagao]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jahuayña]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jajana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jajañanpampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jajapamja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jajlinco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jajñau]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jallachi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jallahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jamachi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Janao]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Janjaillo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jantecruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jantuhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Japaque]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Japia (suba, lat -12,63, long -74,01)|Quebrada Japia]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Japia (suba, lat -12,62, long -74,03)|Quebrada Japia]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jaracancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarahuanco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarajarayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarapa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarhuay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jarhuayacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jasanja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jasarayac]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatopata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Huaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Huayjo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,27, long -74,35)|Quebrada Jatun Huayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Huayjo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,86, long -73,78)|Quebrada Jatun Huayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Huayjo (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Jatun Huayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Pampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Quichque]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Rumi (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Jatun Rumi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatun Sallahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunchancara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuaycco (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,61, long -74,52)|Quebrada Jatunhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuaycco (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,28, long -74,35)|Quebrada Jatunhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuaycco (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,11, long -74,32)|Quebrada Jatunhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuayjo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,04)|Quebrada Jatunhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuayjo (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -12,81, long -74,38)|Quebrada Jatunhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuayjo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,94, long -74,42)|Quebrada Jatunhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuayjo (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,45, long -74,12)|Quebrada Jatunhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunhuaylla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunpampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunpampahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunpata (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Jatunpata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunpucuro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatunpuquio (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Jatunpuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jatuscucho]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jauremayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jauro (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Jauro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jayarapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jayllacocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jechga (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Jechga]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jejamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jejara]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jello]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jenchensa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jenuahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jenuaiso]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jesjehuaygo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jesjena]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jesoehuaygo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jeullabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jeullacocha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Jeullacocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jeullamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jihuane]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jocha Jocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jochahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jochapunco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Johuisha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jojen]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jojlla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jollarjosha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jollje]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jollpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,65, long -74,02)|Quebrada Jollpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jollpa (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,05, long -73,70)|Quebrada Jollpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Joloapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jolpahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jolquecancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jomparhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jonashi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Joraltay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Josccohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Juchja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jucho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Jullihuayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Junca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Jutu Molle]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada La Apacheta (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada La Apacheta]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada La Yapana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Laclanco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lacsac]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Laja (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Laja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lajlaola]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lamblas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lambras (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Lambras]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lambraspata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Languiri (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Languiri]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Languiri (suba)|Quebrada Languiri]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Laranpata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Las Trancas (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Las Trancas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Laupayhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lauracocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Leclecca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lecleja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lejleschayoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada León Sipina]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lerio Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Leriuyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Liciada]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Limaracc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lindero (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,87, long -73,85)|Quebrada Lindero]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lindero (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,58, long -74,39)|Quebrada Lindero]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lirío Huacta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llacchoc Huaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llacto]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llajua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llajuapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llalloccasa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llallpu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llamacancha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Llamacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llamachayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llamannioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llamllo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llanayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llano Loma]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llantachayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llapapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llaujipampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llihuacucho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lloccllasja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lloclla (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Lloclla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llojecruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lloquepala]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lloquepata (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Lloquepata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llscachayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Llullucha (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,90, long -74,72)|Quebrada Llullucha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llullucha (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Llullucha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lluncuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Llutapallana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Lomadero]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lucan]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Lucía Pampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Luichococha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Luichojasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Luncohuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Maanamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Macachacra]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Machachuaynioj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Machacuyoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Machahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Machay (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Machay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Machaycancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Machito]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Machucara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Machuhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mal Paso (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Mal Paso]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Malaralla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Malaricca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Malijopahuagin]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mamalambo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mamamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mamayacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Managuatuy]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mancacnin]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Manzanayoc (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Manzanayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Manzanayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mapituñari]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Maraicancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Marainioj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Maraynioc (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -14,52, long -74,72)|Quebrada Maraynioc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Maraynioc (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,16, long -74,14)|Quebrada Maraynioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Maraypata (suba)|Quebrada Maraypata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Maraysira]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Maraysirca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Marca Marca (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Marca Marca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Marcachala]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Marcahuasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Marcapampa (suba)|Quebrada Marcapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mashuacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Matar Ccasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Matara (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Matara]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Matará]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Matibamba]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Maucallajta]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mayabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mayos]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mesa Ccocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mesapata (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,53, long -74,74)|Quebrada Mesapata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mesapata (suba)|Quebrada Mesapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Millipohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Millpo (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Millpo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Minas (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Minas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Minashuayco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Miojolpa (suba, lat -14,47, long -74,53)|Quebrada Miojolpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Miojolpa (suba, lat -14,45, long -74,11)|Quebrada Miojolpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mishquiyacu (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Mishquiyacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Misqui Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Misquihuayjo (suba, lat -13,13, long -73,85)|Quebrada Misquihuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Misquihuayjo (suba, lat -13,22, long -73,89)|Quebrada Misquihuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mitcay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mitulla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mochalla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Molin]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Molina (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Molina]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Molinohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Molinohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mollechayoc (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Mollechayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mollechayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Molleoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mollepucro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mollepuquio (suba)|Quebrada Mollepuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Molles (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Molles]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Morau Ccasa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Morococha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Morococha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Mosacca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Motococha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Moyes]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Muachalla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Mulaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ñahuimpuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ñahuin Puquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Nassa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ñaupallajta]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Negrohuayjo (suba, lat -12,56, long -74,02)|Quebrada Negrohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Negrohuayjo (suba, lat -12,53, long -74,11)|Quebrada Negrohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ninapaje]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Nino Orjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ñuñuja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ñuñunca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ñuñunhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Nunuyayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ocana (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Ocana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ocaña (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Ocaña]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Occotuto]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Occuirumi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ocobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ojechca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ojolluchayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ojoro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ojoropata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ojoroyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ojoyoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Omalocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Opamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Oqueta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Orccoccocha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Orccohuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Orccomayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Orco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Orconcancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Orjohuasi (suba, lat -12,84, long -74,05)|Quebrada Orjohuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Orjohuasi (suba, lat -12,76, long -74,02)|Quebrada Orjohuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Osco Huilca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Oscohuilca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Otare]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacauhuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Paccha (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,69, long -74,63)|Quebrada Paccha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Paccha (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,35, long -73,89)|Quebrada Paccha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paccha (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,93, long -73,72)|Quebrada Paccha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Paccha Huallhua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paccha Tuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacchana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacchapata (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pacchapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacchi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pachaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pachachaca (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pachachaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pachachacayaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pachachuayjo (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Pachachuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pachahuaycco (suba nga anhianhi, lat -13,65, long -73,98)|Quebrada Pachahuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pachahuaycco (suba nga anhianhi, lat -13,65, long -73,98)|Quebrada Pachahuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacobamba (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pacobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacohapata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacomarca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacpayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pacpayoc (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Pacpayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paculla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pagchapallca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paijoto]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pajarayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pajayjasha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palacio (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Palacio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palaihua (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Palaihua]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Palaihua (suba)|Quebrada Palaihua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,48, long -74,08)|Quebrada Palca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palca (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,82, long -74,16)|Quebrada Palca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Palca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,98, long -74,31)|Quebrada Palca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palcacancha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Palcacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palcahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palermo (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Palermo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Palga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paliarum]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallaybamba]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallcahuayjo (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Pallcahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallcamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallcca (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,22, long -74,49)|Quebrada Pallcca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallcca (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,17, long -74,30)|Quebrada Pallcca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallgaihuarmi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pallgora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pampa Canchahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pampa Caral]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pampachura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pampacocha (suba)|Quebrada Pampacocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pampahuasi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pampahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pampamachay (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pampamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pamparajay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pamparque]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Panpanccahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Panteón (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Panteón]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Parccaupala]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paria (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,90, long -74,56)|Quebrada Paria]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Paria (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,68, long -74,63)|Quebrada Paria]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Parizahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Parjoya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Parobamba (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,65, long -74,17)|Quebrada Parobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Parobamba (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,27)|Quebrada Parobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Partición de Jaqui]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pasane]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Patacorral]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Patahuasi (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,24, long -74,45)|Quebrada Patahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Patahuasi (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,26, long -74,25)|Quebrada Patahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Patapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Patarahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Patauri]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pate (suba)|Quebrada Pate]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Patibamba (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Patibamba]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Paticruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Patoprotunan]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pauchila]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Paujaray]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Peccoynioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pedregal (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pedregal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Peligro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pergaperga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pichojama]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Picota]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pinaohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pinco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pirhuapajo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Piscalahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Piscopampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pishjapuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Plvora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pocso]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Poma Puquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pomayhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pongoyoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Potongo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puca Cancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puca Huasi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Puca Huasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucaco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucacorral (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Pucacorral]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucacruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucacruzhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucacunca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucahuasi (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -14,29, long -73,56)|Quebrada Pucahuasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucahuasi (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -12,77, long -74,29)|Quebrada Pucahuasi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucajasa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucapucapampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucara Huaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucarajay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucarume]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucatranca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucayaco (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Pucayaco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucayaco (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,67, long -74,43)|Quebrada Pucayaco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucayacu (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,55, long -74,12)|Quebrada Pucayacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucayacu (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,58, long -74,10)|Quebrada Pucayacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucayacu (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -13,49, long -74,01)|Quebrada Pucayacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucca Aguada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucca Ccacca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucca Corral]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pucho]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pulla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pulla Aguada]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pulluri]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pulperia (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Pulperia]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puma Huache]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pumani (suba)|Quebrada Pumani]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pumantana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pumapata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pumapuquio (suba)|Quebrada Pumapuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Pumarauca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Punco Orjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puncorumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puncutay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Punhuana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Puñosjasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Punpumlla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Punpunyacc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Puntarumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puntasura]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Puntilla (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Puntilla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Pupusi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Puqio Cancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puquio (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Puquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Puquio Pata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Purgatoria]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Putacca (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Putacca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Putica]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Putis]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Puytoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Qquecquerisca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quello]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Quello Tarana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Queñualito]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Queñuara]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quesera (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Quesera]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quilcata (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Quilcata]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quillcasto]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quillimsa Hualjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quimbiri]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Quimsa Puquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quimsayacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quishuaray]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Quisuare]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Quitohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rajay Chacra]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ramadapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ramos Cruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ranchojasa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Rangra (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Rangra]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rangracanca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rangracancha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Rangracancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ranrapucro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rapijasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rayan Pampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rayanjasha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rayusca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Rayuscca (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Rayuscca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Releje]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Renayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Retama (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Retama]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Rocrosia]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Rodeohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rodeohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rodeona]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Rudío]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Rumi Rumi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Rumi Rumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rumichaca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,16, long -73,59)|Quebrada Rumichaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rumichaca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,64, long -74,17)|Quebrada Rumichaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rumihuasi (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Rumihuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rumimachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rumipuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Runahuañusca (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Runahuañusca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Runahuañusja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Runcua]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Runtojan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Runtuhuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rupaquesera]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Rupasga]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ruyajaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sachahuayjo (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Sachahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sachayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sacsacca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sacsaja (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Sacsaja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sacsaja (suba)|Quebrada Sacsaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sacsalla (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Sacsalla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sacsamarca (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Sacsamarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sahuaccocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Saihua (suba, lat -13,73, long -73,89)|Quebrada Saihua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Saihua (suba, lat -12,60, long -74,20)|Quebrada Saihua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Salitrayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Saljantuyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sallacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sallahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sallalle (suba)|Quebrada Sallalle]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sallalle (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Sallalle]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sallani]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sambococha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada San Francisco (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada San Francisco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada San Jacinto (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,23, long -73,84)|Quebrada San Jacinto]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada San Jacinto (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,57, long -74,61)|Quebrada San Jacinto]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada San Mateo (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada San Mateo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada San Vicente (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada San Vicente]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sanjahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sanquicancha (suba)|Quebrada Sanquicancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sanquipampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Santa Ana (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Santa Ana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Santa Cruz (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,35, long -74,02)|Quebrada Santa Cruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Santa Cruz (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,95, long -74,39)|Quebrada Santa Cruz]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Santa Marcia]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Santa María (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Santa María]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Santa Rosa (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Santa Rosa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Santo Ana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sañucay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sapayal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Saquihacca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Satccata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Saurama (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,67, long -73,73)|Quebrada Saurama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Saurama (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Saurama]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sausal (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Sausal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Saya (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Saya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sayacpampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sayhua (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Sayhua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sayhuapata (suba, lat -13,18, long -74,13)|Quebrada Sayhuapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sayhuapata (suba, lat -13,19, long -74,12)|Quebrada Sayhuapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Secsejayoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Seguamoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sejcha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sellana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Senejatuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Senjanasca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Shanjo Arenal]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sicuani]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sicuay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Silco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sillana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sillarpo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Socos (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -14,40, long -74,98)|Quebrada Socos]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Socos (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,12, long -75,05)|Quebrada Socos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Socoshuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Socosmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Socuchay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sojoshuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Sora Sora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sudayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Suela]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Suitun Pampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Supay Huaycc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Surahuaico]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Surco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Sutocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Suyo Ccaccacechca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Suyomayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Suyopite]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Suyto Huaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Suyuy]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Taca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tacarpo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tacclla (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tacclla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tacsana (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tacsana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tajelahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tajrapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tajrayso]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tajyanca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Talabrahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Talavera]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Talco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tallana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tallapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tambochayojpuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tambococha (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tambococha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tambocucho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tampa Tampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tangallucia]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tantar]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tantarira]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tantarjasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tantarnioc (suba, lat -13,25, long -73,98)|Quebrada Tantarnioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tantarnioc (suba, lat -12,57, long -74,15)|Quebrada Tantarnioc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tantatantay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tarachayoc]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tarahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tarapucro]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tarayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tarunca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tastachayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tastahuayco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tastamayo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tastaya]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tastayoj (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Tastayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tastayoj (suba)|Quebrada Tastayoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tatama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tauris]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Taya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tayapalga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tayapata (suba)|Quebrada Tayapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tayapucro (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tayapucro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tejay Huasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Terama (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Terama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ticanca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ticllahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ticua]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Timpuya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tinajón (suba sa Peru)|Quebrada Tinajón]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tinco (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,77, long -74,15)|Quebrada Tinco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tinco (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,82, long -74,00)|Quebrada Tinco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tincoc (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,98, long -74,31)|Quebrada Tincoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tincoc (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,92, long -74,48)|Quebrada Tincoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tincocucho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tincohuaycco (suba)|Quebrada Tincohuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tincohuayjo (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tincohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tincoy]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tintay (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tintay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tintehuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tinyas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tipiccasa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tirabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tircos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Toccropampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tocjiascca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tocos]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tocsihuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Toctobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Toctohuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Todos Santos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tojensja]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tojosi Aguada]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tollota Llucha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Toma (suba)|Quebrada Toma]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Toro Muerto (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,86, long -74,60)|Quebrada Toro Muerto]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Toro Muerto (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,83, long -74,42)|Quebrada Toro Muerto]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Torohuichcanan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tororumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Torreyacupiña]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totora (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,90, long -73,88)|Quebrada Totora]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Totora (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,79, long -74,51)|Quebrada Totora]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Totora (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,01, long -73,83)|Quebrada Totora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totora (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,64, long -74,68)|Quebrada Totora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totoral (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Totoral]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totorapata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totoro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totoru]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Totume]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Traguin]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Trampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tranca (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,65, long -74,67)|Quebrada Tranca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tranca (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,92, long -74,36)|Quebrada Tranca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tranca (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,74, long -74,33)|Quebrada Tranca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Trancahuaycco (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Trancahuaycco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Trancahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Trapiche (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Trapiche]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tres Quebradas (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru)|Quebrada Tres Quebradas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Trujillo (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Trujillo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Tulloc Tulloc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tuma (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Tuma]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tumbeshuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tunahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Turacrume]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Tuyutaco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchcorumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchcoruni]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchcumachay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchcurumi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchcus]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchouma]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchpa (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Uchpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchpanjay]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchucchuma]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchuracay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchuyacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchuyhuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchuypallca (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Uchuypallca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchuyputara Huayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uchuysora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ucuchasura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uinurumi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ulchquilla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Ultococha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uma Runco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Umapunco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Unahantana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uñahuatana (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Uñahuatana]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uñahuatana (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -15,13, long -73,97)|Quebrada Uñahuatana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uncara]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uras]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Urcamarca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Urpaypuquio (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Urpaypuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Urunpuquio]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uscumayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Uspa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Utarimocco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Utcuybamba]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Uvasnioj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Vantipampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Varayohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ventanillayoc (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Ventanillayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Vilcanchos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Vilcaya]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Viscacha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Viscacha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Viscachayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yacohuani]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yacupiñahui]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yacuyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yahuarcocha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yahuarcocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yahuayro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yana Orcco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yana Paccha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanabamba (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanaccocha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanaccollpa (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanaccollpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanaccolpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanacocha (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanacocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanahuacm]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanahuillca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanama (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanama]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanamachay (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanamilo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yana-occo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanaorcco (suba nga anhianhi, lat -15,32, long -73,70)|Quebrada Yanaorcco]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanaorcco (suba)|Quebrada Yanaorcco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanapiruru]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanarajay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanarumi (suba nga anhianhi sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanarumi]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanasura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanatul]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanayacu (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yanayacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yanomayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yarccapanahui]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yatcu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yauricucho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yaurilla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yayaj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Ycnohuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yegua-Huaico]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yerbabuenayoc (suba)|Quebrada Yerbabuenayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yerbabuenayoj (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yerbabuenayoj]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yurac (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Yurac]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yurac Huayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuraccancha (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,70, long -74,72)|Quebrada Yuraccancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuraccancha (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,65, long -74,67)|Quebrada Yuraccancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuracrame]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuracyaco (suba sa Ayacucho)|Quebrada Yuracyaco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuracyacu (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,60, long -74,61)|Quebrada Yuracyacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuracyacu (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -12,53, long -74,11)|Quebrada Yuracyacu]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuracyacu (suba nga anhianhi sa Ayacucho, lat -12,58, long -74,46)|Quebrada Yuracyacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yuraj Yanta]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yurajcancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Yurajyacu (suba nga anhianhi)|Quebrada Yurajyacu]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Quebrada Yurin]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quebrada Zani]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Acchihuachanan]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Alameda (suba sa Peru)|Río Alameda]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Alfarpampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Allaujo Huayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Allpacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Allpachaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Amaruyoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Amaruyoj]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ancomayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Antajla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Apacheta (suba sa Peru)|Río Apacheta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Arriola]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ataccpuquio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ayraccalla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Blanco (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Blanco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Breamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Cacca Huaijo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Cachi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Cachi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Cacla Huaijo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Callcacc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Calpamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Cancarmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Cangallo (suba sa Peru)|Río Cangallo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Carabamba (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,47, long -74,12)|Río Carabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Carabamba (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,36, long -74,15)|Río Carabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Caracha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ccachi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ccariamaya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ccollpa (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Ccollpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ccontacc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ccucllumayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ccuenhuamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chacabamba (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Chacabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chacco (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Chacco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chacma]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chaimacota]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Challhuamayo (suba sa Peru)|Río Challhuamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chanchaillo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chaupihuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chaviña]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chavincha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Checya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chichina]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chicllarazo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,32, long -74,35)|Río Chicllarazo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chicllarazo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,45, long -74,48)|Río Chicllarazo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chillico]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chilques]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chinua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chiuyacc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Choccoro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Choclla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chonta (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Chonta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chuimacota (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Chuimacota]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chujuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chullhua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chungui]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Churmi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chuspire]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chuspiri]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Chuymay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Cocas (suba sa Peru)|Río Cocas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Collpabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Collpahuayco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Comorume]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Condoray (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Condoray]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Condorsencca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Corculla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Corimayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Cunayhuamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Curahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Acón]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Caracha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Chuñlina]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Chuta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de los Chacras]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río de Ocaña]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Olleria]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Otoca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Tomate]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Trancas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río de Uruyso]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Durasno Chayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ello Huicho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Fleni]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Geronta]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Hayora Huaico]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Hospicio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huaccmi Mayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huagnimayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huajramayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huanca Huanca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huancacuya]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huancani]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huancapi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huancarama (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Huancarama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huarai]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huarancayac]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huaranccayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huarccamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huasi Pata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huatata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huayjohuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huiccocho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huilane]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huiracocha (suba)|Río Huiracocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huisca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Huncalle]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Incahuasi (suba sa Peru)|Río Incahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ingahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ingalla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Iñipallca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Iruro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jaja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jajin Cura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jajincura]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jallo Jahuna]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jalluri]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jantune]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jatun Mayo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,14, long -73,91)|Río Jatun Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jatun Mayo (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,20, long -73,96)|Río Jatun Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jello Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jenhuahuayjo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jeñuepallga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Joco Acho]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jollapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río José Paccari]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Jullpa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Labrashuayco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Lachocmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Lampa (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Lampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Lampalla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Laramate]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Liollas]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Llachochuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Llacsi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Llahuispa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Llallahua (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Llallahua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Llambio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Llicahuayco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Llunchicancha]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Lucana Marca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Lucanas (suba, lat -15,07, long -74,40)|Río Lucanas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Lucanas (suba, lat -14,01, long -73,88)|Río Lucanas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Luricocha (suba, lat -12,86, long -74,22)|Río Luricocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Luricocha (suba, lat -12,92, long -74,28)|Río Luricocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Machay Pucro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Macro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Mantaro (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Mantaro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Matarayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Materpo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Mayobamba (suba, lat -14,28, long -73,96)|Río Mayobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Mayobamba (suba, lat -13,54, long -74,05)|Río Mayobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Millpo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Mirmaca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Mishca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Moradopampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Mozojcancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Negro (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Negro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Negro Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Negromayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Negromayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Nisca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ocros (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Ocros]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ojo Pampa]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Oncalla]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Ongoy]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Opancay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Osjococha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Osoromayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Oyolo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pacapausa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Paccha (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,95, long -74,01)|Río Paccha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Paccha (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,50, long -74,70)|Río Paccha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Paccha (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,14, long -74,01)|Río Paccha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Paccha (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,17, long -74,39)|Río Paccha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pacchamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pacchanga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pachanca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Palcarana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallancata]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallca (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Pallca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallccahuaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallccahuayio]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallccahuayjo]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Pallccarana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallja (suba, lat -14,44, long -73,71)|Río Pallja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pallja (suba, lat -13,05, long -73,76)|Río Pallja]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Palljasmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Palmaderas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Palmitos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pampamarca (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -14,25, long -74,04)|Río Pampamarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pampamarca (suba sa Ayacucho, lat -13,80, long -73,83)|Río Pampamarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pampana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pampas (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Pampas]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pararca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pararmayo (suba sa Peru)|Río Pararmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Parralmayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pichjane]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Picuya Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pillpicancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pincos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pocco Huaycco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Poltotuca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pongo Chico]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pongo Grande]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pongor]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pongora (suba sa Peru)|Río Pongora]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pucaorco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pucara (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Pucara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Puchuma]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pucuyaco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Puico]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Pullo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Punami]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Punquimayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Punta Puruchuco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Querobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Quiscaytambo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Quishuaramayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Rajaure (suba, lat -14,01, long -73,97)|Río Rajaure]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Rajaure (suba, lat -13,99, long -73,99)|Río Rajaure]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Rangramayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Rivaspa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Rugrusa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Saccsara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sachapampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sacsara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Salla Salla]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Samaniato]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sampuntuari]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río San José (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río San José]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río San Miguel (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río San Miguel]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río San Pedro (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río San Pedro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sancos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sangarara]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sanquiroato]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Santa Rosa (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Santa Rosa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Santiago (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Santiago]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Santine]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Senegayoc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sicuani]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Simariva]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sivia (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Sivia]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Socoscumbar]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sonconchi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sondondo (suba, lat -14,22, long -73,98)|Río Sondondo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Sondondo (suba, lat -13,94, long -73,86)|Río Sondondo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Suytilligua]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tabla Cruz]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tambo Quemado (suba sa Peru)|Río Tambo Quemado]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tambocha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tampa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tapa Barro (suba sa Peru)|Río Tapa Barro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tara Barro]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tintay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tojiascca (suba)|Río Tojiascca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tojiascca (suba nga anhianhi)|Río Tojiascca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Torobamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Totos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Trapiche (suba sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Río Trapiche]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Tununtuari]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Uchojoloa]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Uchpamayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Uchuymarca]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Upayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Urabamba]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Uras]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Utari]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Vado (suba sa Ayacucho)|Río Vado]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Vinchos]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Visca]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Vischongo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yachuarmy]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yacuama (suba)|Río Yacuama]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yacuama (suba nga anhianhi)|Río Yacuama]] (<!--H.STMI-->[[suba nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Río Yana Mayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yanagaga]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yanramayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yogarila]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yuanloma]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yucaes (suba sa Peru)|Río Yucaes]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yucay (suba sa Peru)|Río Yucay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yuncachahuayocc]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Río Yupana]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Allpacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Angasmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Ccarhuaccocco]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Ccollpamachay]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Chipchire]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Cuncusmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Iranacancha]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Lachoccmayo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Pampahuasi (suba sa Ayacucho)|Ro Pampahuasi]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Ro Quiscaytambo]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) * Mga lanaw: :* [[Ajua Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Chuspire Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Dique Ancasccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lago Quinuacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lago Xarllarcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Accuya]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Aguajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ajococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Allpajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Angascocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,77, long -74,56)|Laguna Angascocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Angascocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,93, long -74,55)|Laguna Angascocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Angascocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,82, long -74,60)|Laguna Angascocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Angascocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,45, long -73,94)|Laguna Angascocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Angascocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,81, long -74,20)|Laguna Angascocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Angascocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,53, long -74,18)|Laguna Angascocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Antacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Antacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Apiñacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Arpero]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Arteza]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Asnaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Atoctapa]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Azulcocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,45, long -74,66)|Laguna Azulcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Azulcocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,28, long -73,52)|Laguna Azulcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Azulcocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,61, long -74,27)|Laguna Azulcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Azutcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Callajara]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Callhuarcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Causacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Cayorijocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Ccanococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ccehuecocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Cceralcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Cceullaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ccochararacán]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chacacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chalhuaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Challhuaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chaqueccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chaquicocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Chaquicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chaupeccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chaupiccocho]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chaupicocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Chaupicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chaupijocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chayhua]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chilchecocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chillhuacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chimpajocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Chinaccocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Chinaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chincher]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chinchicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chisje]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chucchurani]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Chupacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Coillorcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Colmo]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Condorcarca]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Condorccocha (lanaw nga anhianhi)|Laguna Condorccocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Cuenhuacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Cute]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna de Huayllay]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huachacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Huachacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huachoajasa]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huachuacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Huachuacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huacoto]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Hualaharcco]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huansojocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huarmiccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huatacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Huatacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huataycocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Huataycocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huayanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huayllarococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huaytaccocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Huecso]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huincho]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huinchococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huincococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Huincococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Huintococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Husjucocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Inacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Isiccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Islacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -14,65, long -73,87)|Laguna Islacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Islacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,89, long -74,52)|Laguna Islacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Islacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,88, long -74,40)|Laguna Islacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jaillacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jaillajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jallacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jampatillayocc]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Janchiscocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Janchiscocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jarjarcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jarochajasa]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jasacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jasajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jatun Ccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jatunticlla]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jayllacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jejacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jenchens]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jeullabamacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jochal Pampa]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Jolpajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Laihuaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Lajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Lapiscocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Lauracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Lecleccacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Lentahuay]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Llamo]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Llulluchacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Lluspicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Luichococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Luichococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Malerba]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Manachalchuayoc]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Mensajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Millojo]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Mitococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Mitococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,15, long -73,64)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,70, long -74,07)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,57, long -74,06)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,93, long -74,14)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,92, long -74,14)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,82, long -74,19)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Morococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,57, long -74,17)|Laguna Morococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Motecocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Muchcacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Muico]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Nario Cocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Negrococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Negrococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Niñucha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ojorococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ojuccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Opaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Orccoccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Osjojocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pachapugro]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pallcca]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pampacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,83, long -74,69)|Laguna Pampacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pampacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,91, long -74,15)|Laguna Pampacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pampacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,41)|Laguna Pampacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pañuelo Jocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Panuiracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Parcco]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Parinacochas (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Parinacochas]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Parionacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,87, long -74,10)|Laguna Parionacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Parionacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,41, long -73,98)|Laguna Parionacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Patacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Laguna Patacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Patoccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Peruacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pichihuilca]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pirhuacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Pirhuacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pisccococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Pisccococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pisochuilca]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Piuraico]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pomaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Posmajocha (lanaw, lat -14,18, long -73,82)|Laguna Posmajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Posmajocha (lanaw, lat -14,20, long -73,79)|Laguna Posmajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pucacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Pucacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pucaracocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Pucaracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Pucuilca]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Pucyoccocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Pumacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Pumacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Puñococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Punquicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Quellococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Quellococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Quishuarccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ranacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ranracocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Ranracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Romeruyoc]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Rumicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sachacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,65, long -74,04)|Laguna Sachacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sachacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,57, long -74,05)|Laguna Sachacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sacococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sacsaccacocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Sahuacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sallalle]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna San Antonio (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Laguna San Antonio]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna San Valentín]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Santa Rosa (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Laguna Santa Rosa]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Santarjocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Santartocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sapanccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Saracocha (lanaw sa Peru)|Laguna Saracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Segsenga]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Sihuisccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Singua]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Soiroccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Suitococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,70, long -74,07)|Laguna Suitococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Suitococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,59, long -74,16)|Laguna Suitococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Suitococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,10)|Laguna Suitococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Supayjocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Suytojocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tacojcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tacra]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tacrejocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tactococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tajata]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tajra]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tajraccocha (lanaw, lat -14,36, long -73,70)|Laguna Tajraccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tajraccocha (lanaw, lat -14,41, long -73,61)|Laguna Tajraccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tajracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tajrejocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Talorccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tamiacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tantarcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tapucabañana]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Taque Pallca]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tararunqui]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ticllacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,51, long -74,18)|Laguna Ticllacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ticllacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,54, long -74,27)|Laguna Ticllacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ticllacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,40)|Laguna Ticllacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tinco]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tinquijocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tinyajocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tipic]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tipicocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -14,67, long -73,81)|Laguna Tipicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tipicocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,75, long -74,74)|Laguna Tipicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tiranipampa]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tiyacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Tocsaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Totoracocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Totoracocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Turpoccocho]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Uchcococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,82, long -74,05)|Laguna Uchcococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Uchcococha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -12,69, long -74,21)|Laguna Uchcococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Uchucticlla]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Urpay]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Urpaycocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Urpaycocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Uscococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Ustuna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Venezuela]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Viudacocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Viudacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yaguarcocha (lanaw sa Peru)|Laguna Yaguarcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yahuarcocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Yahuarcocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanaccocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,01, long -73,82)|Laguna Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanaccocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -14,29, long -73,69)|Laguna Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanaccocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -14,27, long -73,66)|Laguna Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanaccocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho, lat -13,74, long -73,89)|Laguna Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanaccocha (lanaw nga anhianhi)|Laguna Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,47, long -74,71)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,40, long -74,57)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,03, long -73,70)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,23, long -73,93)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,70, long -74,07)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,58, long -74,05)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,62, long -74,08)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,90, long -74,14)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,95, long -74,12)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,93, long -74,11)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,65, long -74,20)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,59, long -74,20)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,57, long -74,18)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,54, long -74,17)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,57, long -74,26)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,56, long -74,31)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,09, long -74,01)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanacocha (lanaw sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,03, long -74,07)|Laguna Yanacocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanahuilca (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Yanahuilca]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanalara]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanaoccha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yanapaccha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Laguna Yanapaccha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laguna Yarpoccocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Laguna Yaurihuiri]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Airmarjocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Ajumio]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Amaruyoc]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Ashcajocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Asnaccocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Auquihuato]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Lagunas Caballo Jocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Ccachuna Ccocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Ccochaccasa]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Chaupijocha]] (<!--H.LKI-->[[lanaw nga anhianhi]]) :* [[Lagunas Condorccocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Huanzo (mga lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Lagunas Huanzo]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Jocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Mapacocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Panulccocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Quellococha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Ranrapgro]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Tinquicocha (lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Lagunas Tinquicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Tipicocha]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Tuntococha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Yahuarcocha (mga lanaw sa Ayacucho)|Lagunas Yahuarcocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Yanaccocha (mga lanaw, lat -14,22, long -73,84)|Lagunas Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Lagunas Yanaccocha (mga lanaw, lat -14,29, long -73,89)|Lagunas Yanaccocha]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Llamaiso Lagunas]] (<!--H.LKS-->mga [[lanaw]]) :* [[Millo Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Ocque Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Orconcocha Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Tongococha Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Torococha Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Turiana Laguna]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) * Mga patag: :* [[Anyanay Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Asabamba Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Carca Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Ccaraspampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Ccasapuyopampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Ccascca Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Choquecochapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Chusi Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Curipampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Huaña Pampa (patag sa Peru)|Huaña Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Huaylare Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Huayllaypampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Huycapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Ichupampa (patag sa Ayacucho)|Ichupampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Jalajalapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Jaruapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Jasupampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Jatun Pampa (patag sa Ayacucho)|Jatun Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Jergo Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Jolpapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Linda Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Llactapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Llamo Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Maylapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Miupampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Moyojpampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Orejocha Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Osno Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Alanya]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Antapunco]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Auquiato]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Blanca (patag sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Pampa Blanca]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Burro Muerto]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Campanayoc (patag, lat -14,83, long -74,30)|Pampa Campanayoc]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Campanayoc (patag, lat -14,00, long -74,67)|Pampa Campanayoc]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Cañahueca]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Ccatunsora]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Chacomanai]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Chacuara]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Chaquijucha]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Chaucho]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Cullona]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Agochiuchi]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Huajuma]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Molles (patag sa Ayacucho)|Pampa de Molles]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Motuto]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Padre Huañusca]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Parinacochas]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Pesjopuquio]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Quilcata]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Tajremachay]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa de Usjamarca]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Galeras]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Guiapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huancavelica]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huashuanto (patag, lat -13,82, long -74,22)|Pampa Huashuanto]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huashuanto (patag, lat -13,75, long -74,03)|Pampa Huashuanto]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huasi]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huasipata]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huaychuni]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huayllayoj]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Huiccocho]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Illapata]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Iquiña]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Ituncca]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Jagachega]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Jaljatana]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Jalluri]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Jochalla]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Lejleja]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Llagas]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Llamacancha]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Lucana]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Minas]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Murullama]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Muyujcha]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Natunrume]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Palcachacra]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Paljacancha]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Piscco Bamba]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Plancomppa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Pocacruz]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Pucamachay]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Quilcata]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Redonda (patag sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Pampa Redonda]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa San Francisco (patag sa Ayacucho, lat -15,10, long -74,59)|Pampa San Francisco]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa San Francisco (patag sa Ayacucho, lat -15,10, long -74,60)|Pampa San Francisco]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Saygua]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Shanjo Arenal]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Soras]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Tactanca]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Tictica]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Tinajilla]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Tirani]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Toro Muerto (patag sa Ayacucho)|Pampa Toro Muerto]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Uchuipampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampa Yaraccapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampahuasi (patag sa Ayacucho, lat -14,52, long -73,85)|Pampahuasi]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pampahuasi (patag sa Ayacucho, lat -14,48, long -74,27)|Pampahuasi]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pararani Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Pargolla Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Patacorra Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Plaza Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Quellapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Sallalli]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Saricapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Sausal Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Suito Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Tablapampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Tantarpampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Tinquechico Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Ucchupampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Ursolopampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Usununipampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Villero Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Yacu Jochallay Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[Yaritayoc Pampa]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) * Nga bato nga pormasyon: :* [[Cerro Acapa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Afuycachayoc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Anta Corral]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Apopomani]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Atampa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Avanzada (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Avanzada]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Balboa (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Balboa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Caballo Jocha]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cachitarina]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cadenilla Orjo]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Campanayoc (tahud sa bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,00, long -74,01)|Cerro Campanayoc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cancha Cancha]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaccha]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaque Pucro]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chillhua Chillhua]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chuaujioc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Churupata (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Churupata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Condorumi (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Condorumi]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Coranco]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cruzpata (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Cruzpata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cuchilla Esmeralda]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Curipanaco (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Curipanaco]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huamancaca]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huanta]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huantas Orjo]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huarajo Chayoc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huitinca (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Huitinca]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichorjopata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichubamba]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ischurutuna]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jallichayoc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatun Orcco (tahud sa bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Jatun Orcco]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jaynanja]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jechjalla]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jeullapata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jishcahuilca]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Julluyjasa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Leónrumi]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Leruyocpata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Leslepata (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Leslepata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llamopampasja]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Machu]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Macizo Lamblas (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Macizo Lamblas]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Macoto]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Majana]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mamaracchi]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mañahua]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mollechupa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Morau Ccasa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Moro (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Moro]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Nuallantayoc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ojejaja]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ojje]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ostuna]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pachacalla]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pachacani]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pacos (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Pacos]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pallcaorjo]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Paltarume (tahud sa bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Paltarume]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Paraspunta]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Patacancha (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Patacancha]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Patahuasi (tahud sa bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -14,23, long -73,79)|Cerro Patahuasi]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Patauri]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pelatanja]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucapuncho]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucara (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Pucara]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Punqui]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puyanan Punta]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puyhua (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Puyhua]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quimsacruz (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Quimsacruz]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rayusta]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Renayoc]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rumasa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Salaverry (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Salaverry]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Salla Salla]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sarabamba]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sicuani]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sihuijasa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Silla (tahud sa bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Silla]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sillajasa (tahud sa bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -14,40, long -73,63)|Cerro Sillajasa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sillajasa (tahud sa bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,40, long -73,91)|Cerro Sillajasa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sinca Sinca]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sojoche]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Soncopa (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Soncopa]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sumac Pirja]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tallana]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tantana (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Tantana]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tenejilla]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tincochico]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tojyanca]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Torrerumi]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Trampapata]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yacuya]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Paccha]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanajanja]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanayana (tahud sa bukid)|Cerro Yanayana]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) :* [[Morro San Felipe (pangpang)|Morro San Felipe]] (<!--T.CLF-->[[pangpang]]) :* [[Pucacorral]] (<!--T.SPUR-->[[tahud sa bukid]]) * Mga bungtod: :* [[Cerro Ajchuisa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Anja Orcco]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Ayuri Punta]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Carampay]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Carhua Ojo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Chipsa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Collpata (tagaytay, lat -13,31, long -73,55)|Cerro Collpata]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Collpata (tagaytay, lat -13,31, long -73,54)|Cerro Collpata]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Condoray Orjo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Condorisa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Cruzpata (tagaytay)|Cerro Cruzpata]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Cuevas (tagaytay)|Cerro Cuevas]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Cusipampa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Galaj]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huaman Pata]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huamanhutac]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huancapata (tagaytay)|Cerro Huancapata]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huarachuilca]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huauccine]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huayllahuito]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huito (tagaytay, lat -14,23, long -73,86)|Cerro Huito]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Huito (tagaytay, lat -14,45, long -73,64)|Cerro Huito]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Jachobamba]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Jala Puquio]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Jatuncondorillo]] (<!--T.HLL-->[[bungtod]]) :* [[Cerro Lacsipata]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Lanzac Orjo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Lirio (tagaytay sa Peru)|Cerro Lirio]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Lllalloc]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Majapacha]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Marayorccuna]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Mitcay]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Muque Orcco]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Muyo Muyo (tagaytay)|Cerro Muyo Muyo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pampanajasa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Patara (tagaytay)|Cerro Patara]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pepino Chayoc]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pillullo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pillune (tagaytay)|Cerro Pillune]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pirune]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Piruruchayoc]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pisha Puquio]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Puca Salla (tagaytay)|Cerro Puca Salla]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pucaponcho (tagaytay)|Cerro Pucaponcho]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Pucarilla (tagaytay)|Cerro Pucarilla]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Raja]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Ramirez Cucho]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Ramuorjo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Repisillo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Rima Paco]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Runasayoc]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Saccsihua]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Salla (tagaytay)|Cerro Salla]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Sallallijaja]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Santa Elena (tagaytay)|Cerro Santa Elena]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Sayhuachayocc]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Sillacha]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Soldado Chayoc]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Soncopa (tagaytay)|Cerro Soncopa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Sorajasa]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Supay Orjo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Tacrasilla]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Tirusca]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Troga (tagaytay)|Cerro Troga]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Yacotinco]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Orjo (tagaytay)|Cerro Yana Orjo]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cerro Yanaccocha (tagaytay)|Cerro Yanaccocha]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Lomas Chaupihuasi]] (<!--T.HLLS-->mga [[bungtod]]) :* [[Lomas de Jampatuchayoc (mga bungtod)|Lomas de Jampatuchayoc]] (<!--T.HLLS-->mga [[bungtod]]) * Kabukiran: :* [[Ago Chacra]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Ajochacra]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Altos de Maraynioc]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Altos de Palca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Capacio]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas de los Callejones]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Horhuispampa]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Juscuntuire]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Lairemarca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Lambre]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Moray Pata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Patarcancha]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Alturas Umancunsiri]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Anchacata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Atupampaloma]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Botija Paquisga]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Caballo Huañusga]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerro Acchimachay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Achcacruz Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Acllaccasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ajón]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ajopitejasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Allcohayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Allcoyalloc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ampatuyoc (bukid)|Cerro Ampatuyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Añashuacra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ancapahuachanan (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Ancapahuachanan]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ancopuma (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Ancopuma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Andabamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Antacaray]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Antiquipara]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Apohuacre]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Aquiato]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Atamparo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Atún Pujro Pampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Aucapallana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Aurencca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Avanzada Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ayahuayjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ayamoco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ayo (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Ayo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Azapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Azulcocha (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,51, long -74,32)|Cerro Azulcocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Balcón (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,88, long -74,05)|Cerro Balcón]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Bombón (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Bombón]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Botejuela]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Buena Vista (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Buena Vista]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cabilduyocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cajonniyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Callampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Callpirayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Callque]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Calvario (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,73, long -74,43)|Cerro Calvario]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Calvariuyo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Calvariyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Campanayoc (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,99, long -74,01)|Cerro Campanayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Campanayoj Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cañayjasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Canrao]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Carabamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Carcelhuayjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Carhuancho (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Carhuancho]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Carrizal (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -15,02, long -74,67)|Cerro Carrizal]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cascarilla Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Caucho Caucho]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccahuaricuna]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccarccopata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccayllaccasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cceyu Pesccaloma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccochapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccochayoj]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccompina]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccondorsencca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ccoyllorumascca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cebadillas (bukid)|Cerro Cebadillas]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cebollayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chancarahuaycco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaquiccocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaquicocha (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Chaquicocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupi Orcco (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,34, long -74,15)|Cerro Chaupi Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupi Orjo (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,86, long -74,10)|Cerro Chaupi Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupi Orjo (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,87, long -74,09)|Cerro Chaupi Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupi Orjo (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,64, long -74,25)|Cerro Chaupi Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupijasa (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Chaupijasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupijasa Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupijechja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chaupiorcco (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Chaupiorcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chicojorcuna]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chiculla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chicuruyoc Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chilhuas]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chinchima]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chirecpampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Choccehuacgra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Choccoito]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chojec (bukid, lat -12,65, long -74,36)|Cerro Chojec]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chojec (bukid, lat -12,65, long -74,38)|Cerro Chojec]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chontahuillca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chontalla (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Chontalla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Choquehuisca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chorrojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chupa Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chupasca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chupque]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerro Chuyuccata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Chuyupunta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cielo Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cocha Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Collquejasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Colonamojo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Compania (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Compania]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Condoraca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Condorcunca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Coras]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Corihuarihuairana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Corihuillca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cosnicocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Covillaccasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Crosmocco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cuchicancha (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Cuchicancha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cuespichayocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cullcuncha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cunyac (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Cunyac]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Cushucush Paocco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Escalera (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,60, long -74,08)|Cerro Escalera]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Escalerayoc (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,88, long -74,36)|Cerro Escalerayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Fernandicha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Gobete]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Hinchuruyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Hornoyocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Hosno]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huachopitec]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huachuayan]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huacoto (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Huacoto]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huallachi]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huamánhuachana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huamanpampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huampay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huancas (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Huancas]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huanchuy (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Huanchuy]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huanupata (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Huanupata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huaracuyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huaraz]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huatuscalla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huaucceyoj (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Huaucceyoj]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huayhuanja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huaylla Punta (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Huaylla Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huayrunjayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huaytayocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huillcallay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huillhuejo Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huillhuicha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huiñac Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huiscaranra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huischjapo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huishcachayojorjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Huito (bukid)|Cerro Huito]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichictinco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichu Orjo (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Ichu Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichu Rutuna]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichuoja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichupata (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,96, long -74,06)|Cerro Ichupata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichupata (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,60, long -74,46)|Cerro Ichupata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ichurutuna (bukid, lat -12,58, long -74,26)|Cerro Ichurutuna]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Iglesiayo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Illapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Incapara]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Incaptianan]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Iribamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Irquejaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ispanajasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Iyaya]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jabonería]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jacano Casa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jachinchilla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Janao]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Janchi Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Janojasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Janopata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Japia Capilla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jarampa (bukid, lat -12,91, long -74,45)|Cerro Jarampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jarancha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jaruapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatotpampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatun Avanzada]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatun Paria Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatunhosno]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatunjaja (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Jatunjaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jatunjasa (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Jatunjasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jauranga]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jeja Orjo Jeja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jellajocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jellje Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jellohuaylayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jellohuayta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jellojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jocha Punco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jollechinahuayra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jollpapata (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Jollpapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jotjotay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jotolligua]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Jumaya]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lachoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lambras (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Lambras]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lana (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Lana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lango Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Laupay Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lecleja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro León Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Leslepata (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,02, long -74,25)|Cerro Leslepata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lihuaccasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llacta Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llactapata (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Llactapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llallocasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llamanayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llamoctachi]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Llayannioj]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lucapampana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Lucho Jasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Luciopampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Macahuilca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Machomollo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Macizo Azúl]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mallao (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Mallao]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mamacha Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Managuatuy]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mancanjasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Marca (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Marca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Margari]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Matalla Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Matara (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Matara]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Matarojasa (bukid, lat -12,93, long -74,10)|Cerro Matarojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Matarojasa (bukid, lat -12,86, long -74,17)|Cerro Matarojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Meillaypata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Millo (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Millo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Millpoc Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Millpojasa (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Millpojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mina (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Mina]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mirador (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Mirador]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mojenete Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Molla (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Molla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mollepata (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,81, long -74,45)|Cerro Mollepata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Morococha (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,62, long -74,11)|Cerro Morococha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mospac]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Motoy]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mulapacana (bukid, lat -12,71, long -74,12)|Cerro Mulapacana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mulapacana (bukid, lat -12,65, long -74,18)|Cerro Mulapacana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Mutuyniyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Muyo Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ñahuichan]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Nailoma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ñaupañacta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Niño Loma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Nuño Loma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ñuñuja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ocohuillca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ojoro (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,80, long -74,07)|Cerro Ojoro]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Orjo Pata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Orjocancha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Orjoy]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Oscamarca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Osoro]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pacobamba (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Pacobamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Paijopata Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pajayjasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Palca (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Palca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pampajasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Parca Ccacca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Parccahuillca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Parccaupatioc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Parcobamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pargara Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Paria Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pariahuanca (bukid)|Cerro Pariahuanca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Parobamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Patacancha (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,30, long -74,28)|Cerro Patacancha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pataccasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Patacruz]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Paucho Jasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Paucho Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pecere]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Peña Colorada (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Peña Colorada]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Peruanuyocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pichjacorral]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pichjapuquio (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Pichjapuquio]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Piedralman]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pillo (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Pillo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pirhuajaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Piscohuica]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pisjohuilca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pite Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pomalla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Prieto (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -14,18, long -75,16)|Cerro Prieto]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucacocha (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,55, long -74,29)|Cerro Pucacocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucajaja (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,70, long -74,16)|Cerro Pucajaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucajasa (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Pucajasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucamachay (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,47, long -74,47)|Cerro Pucamachay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucará (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,79, long -74,04)|Cerro Pucará]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucará (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,68, long -74,04)|Cerro Pucará]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucara Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pucarangra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puconjasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puculluyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puihuanmojo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Pumahuasi (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Pumahuasi]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puncococha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puncojasha (bukid, lat -12,82, long -74,07)|Cerro Puncojasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puncojasha (bukid, lat -12,66, long -74,39)|Cerro Puncojasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Punguinajasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Purhuaya]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puruchuco (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Puruchuco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Purupuyocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Puyman Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quello Orjo (bukid, lat -12,84, long -74,36)|Cerro Quello Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quello Orjo (bukid, lat -12,81, long -74,36)|Cerro Quello Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quesera Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quichcapata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quilcapite]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quillabamba]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quillapampa (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Quillapampa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quiroquiro]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Quisuarpucro]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ramos Cruz]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rayan (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Rayan]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rayoccasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rayusga (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Rayusga]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Razhuilca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerro Rocog]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rocolla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rodeo (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Rodeo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rodeojaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rontuylla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rosahuiscaco Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Runahuañusja Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Runaruna (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Runaruna]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Runatullo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Runtuarca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Runtuhuilca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rurunhuillca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Rurupa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sacaca (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Sacaca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sachayoc (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,67, long -74,12)|Cerro Sachayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sachayoc (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,97, long -74,49)|Cerro Sachayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sacraryke Esquina]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sacsahuilca (bukid, lat -12,84, long -74,15)|Cerro Sacsahuilca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sacsahuilca (bukid, lat -12,83, long -74,14)|Cerro Sacsahuilca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Saihuarara]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Salla (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,10, long -74,11)|Cerro Salla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Saltahuaylla]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Cristobal (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,91, long -74,47)|Cerro San Cristobal]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Cristobal (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,05, long -74,26)|Cerro San Cristobal]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Francisco (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,09, long -74,26)|Cerro San Francisco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Francisco (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,42, long -74,25)|Cerro San Francisco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Jerónimo (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro San Jerónimo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Julian (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro San Julian]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro San Lorenzo (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro San Lorenzo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sancayrioj]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Santa Barbara (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Santa Barbara]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Santa Cruz Punta (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Santa Cruz Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Santa Trinidad]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Santo Tomás (bukid sa Peru)|Cerro Santo Tomás]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sayhua (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,66, long -74,41)|Cerro Sayhua]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sayhua Punta (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Sayhua Punta]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sayhuamojo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Saynatayo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sigueruyoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sillacocha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sinhua]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sinuajasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sirarcay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Soco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sogochupa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Suaptiana (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Suaptiana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sumara]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Sumay Suncho]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Suyojaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Suyojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Suyollihua]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Suytopata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Suytorangra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tacgrapunco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tancas]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tenaceria]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tetejasha]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tinqui Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tinyac Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Titijasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Toldorume]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Toro Rayusca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Torongana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Toronjana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Totora (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,41)|Cerro Totora]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Totorayoc (bukid)|Cerro Totorayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Trago Loma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Tranca (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Tranca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Uchpajasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Uchullay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Ucumarioc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Uma Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Umananay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Urbanayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Uscamarca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Uyrojasa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Vacapacana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Verde Pollela]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Vicuñayoc (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho)|Cerro Vicuñayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Vizcachalloc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Vizcachayoc (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Vizcachayoc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Allpa]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Orcco (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -13,45, long -74,24)|Cerro Yana Orcco]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Orjo (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,94, long -74,12)|Cerro Yana Orjo]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Piruru]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yana Yana (bukid sa Peru, Ayacucho, lat -13,29, long -74,50)|Cerro Yana Yana]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanahuacra (bukid, lat -12,93, long -74,16)|Cerro Yanahuacra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanahuacra (bukid, lat -12,95, long -74,14)|Cerro Yanahuacra]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanahuilca (bukid sa Ayacucho, lat -12,63, long -74,10)|Cerro Yanahuilca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanallay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanama (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Yanama]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanamachay (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Yanamachay]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanapiruru (bukid, lat -13,31, long -74,12)|Cerro Yanapiruru]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yanarumi (bukid sa Ayacucho)|Cerro Yanarumi]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yauri]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yerba Buena Pata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yojlleje]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerro Yorajaja]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerros Alalag]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Amaruyoj]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Anacallana]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Añalayoc]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Angasillay]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Antajaja]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Apacheta]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Arenizo]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Atacalla]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Bimbilete]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Buenavista (kabukiran)|Cerros Buenavista]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Ccoripanderilla]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Chamga Arenal]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Chicranco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Chiptapayacu]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Chojlloj]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Condorillo]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Contay]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Cuchimachay (kabukiran sa Ayacucho)|Cerros Cuchimachay]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Cuco Pata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Cuntaya]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Curi Orcco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros de Alma Mendiz]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Geñuapampa]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Haychayoc]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Huayllapata (kabukiran, lat -14,68, long -74,40)|Cerros Huayllapata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Huayllapata (kabukiran, lat -13,19, long -74,27)|Cerros Huayllapata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Jultunsayo]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Junta Corral]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros La Yapana]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Linopuquio]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Llalloccasa]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Llojepata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Machillo]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Manchana]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Marcahuasi]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Nahuin Puquio]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Paján (kabukiran sa Peru)|Cerros Paján]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Pajcha]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Palmadera]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Pampahuasi]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Pochco (kabukiran)|Cerros Pochco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Pucacunca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Ruentos]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Salccantihua]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros San Andres]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cerros San Francisco (kabukiran sa Ayacucho)|Cerros San Francisco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros San Valentín]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Santiago]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Saracochajasa]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Tambillos]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Tranca (kabukiran, lat -15,38, long -73,87)|Cerros Tranca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cerros Tranca (kabukiran, lat -15,52, long -73,96)|Cerros Tranca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Chacra Chacra]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Chaquilanguiri]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Chaupi Aguada]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Checolle]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Condoryacu]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cordillera Carhuaraso]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cruzpata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Dansana]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Escalera (kabukiran)|Escalera]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Hachamarca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Huallhua]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Huampo]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Huichanguis]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Ichupata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Jacsayoc]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Jatun Jassa]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Jochaloma]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Languiri]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Larque]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Llanjarina]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Llano Loma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Loma Centiyocc]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Lomas Amoca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Lomas Artisayoc]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Lomas Choquemarca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Lomas de Huajuma]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Lomas de Jampatuchayoc (kabukiran)|Lomas de Jampatuchayoc]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Lomas de Palmar]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Matamato Yanaorco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Mojenetuyoj]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Mollepata (kabukiran)|Mollepata]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Negro Machay]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Nudo Chicllaraza]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Nudo Corihuilca]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Nudo Santiago]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Pampa Ccarcca]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pampa Chicahuiro]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pampa Cusipata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pampa Mollepata]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pampa Osno Era]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pancahuasi]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Patacancha]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Potrero (kabukiran)|Potrero]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Puca Orcco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Puncohuacco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Quimza Cruz (kabukiran sa Peru)|Quimza Cruz]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Ranra Orcco]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Ranracucho]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Sengaloma]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Sillajassapampa]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Suito Loma]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Suyupuquio]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Uchubamba]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Vizcachayoj]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) * Mga gintang: :* [[Abra Tapuna]] (<!--T.PASS-->[[gintang]]) :* [[Paso Apacheta]] (<!--T.PASS-->[[gintang]]) {{Location map|Peru |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Ayacucho sa Peru. | label = Ayacucho|position=right|background=white|lat=-14|long=-74.25}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn3947018">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=3947018|name=ayacucho}} Ayacucho] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2014-06-04; database download sa 2015-06-22</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho}} [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa Peru]] [[Kategoriya:Ayacucho (rehiyon)| ]] 9bu1flc7utngrjaeovgkkhme8b6495l 0 6590319 35429984 20603142 2025-06-22T03:33:17Z Jonathantobi 128855 Jonathantobi moved page [[Vladivostok]] to [[Vladivostok (pagklaro)]] 20603142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeoGroup}} Ang '''Vladivostok''' ngalan niining mga mosunod: == Heyograpiya == === Rusya === {{Location map+|Russia |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Vladivostok sa [[Rusya]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Russia| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.10562|long=131.87353}} {{Location map~|Russia| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.39895|long=132.14802}} }} # [[Vladivostok (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya)]], Primorskiy Kray, {{Coord|43.10562|131.87353|region:RU_type:city|name=Vladivostok (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya)}}<!--Geonames ID 2013348--> # [[Vladivostok International Airport]], tugpahanan, {{Coord|43.39895|132.14802|region:RU_type:landmark|name=Vladivostok International Airport}}<!--Geonames ID 6300942--> {{giklaro paghimo ni bot}} [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-01]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Rusya]]<!-- --> nulo786t24t8y5cwqf8qx9dwvt5xqzk 35429990 35429984 2025-06-22T03:39:00Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429990 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Vladivostok''' ngalan niining mga mosunod: == Heyograpiya == === Rusya === {{Location map+|Russia |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Vladivostok sa [[Rusya]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Russia| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.10562|long=131.87353}} }} # [[Vladivostok]], Primorskiy Kray, Rusya # [[Vladivostok International Airport]] {{giklaro paghimo ni bot}} [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-01]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Rusya]]<!-- --> pk64ib5si61f8t2v1w97yublpxve4ip 0 6691141 35429988 32872128 2025-06-22T03:36:24Z Jonathantobi 128855 Redirected page to [[Vladivostok]] 35429988 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vladivostok]] 75ysjmln07kgca3zhocsb5fvejes5pf 0 6691142 35429997 12278024 2025-06-22T06:43:40Z EmausBot 5266 Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Vladivostok]] 35429997 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vladivostok]] 75ysjmln07kgca3zhocsb5fvejes5pf 0 6691143 35429996 12278025 2025-06-22T06:43:30Z EmausBot 5266 Kinukumpuni ang nagkadalawang pagpapapunta sa [[Vladivostok]] 35429996 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vladivostok]] 75ysjmln07kgca3zhocsb5fvejes5pf 10 11342929 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Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khoekhoe = [[Click consonant|click symbols]] from the [[Khoekhoe language]] | Khmer = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] text | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Northern Thai language|Lanna text]] | Lao = [[Lao language|Lao text]] | Levantine = [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine written in Arabic characters]] | Lontara = [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] text | Meitei = [[Meitei script|the Meitei alphabet]] | Mongolian = [[Mongolian script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] text | Ogham = [[Ogham|Ogham text]] | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] text | Old Persian = [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] text | Ottoman Turkish = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish text]], written from right to left with some [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letters and additional symbols joined | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto text]] | Perso-Arabic = [[Persian alphabet|Persian text]] | Phoenician = [[Phoenician language|Phoenician text]] | PIE | PIE words = characters used to write reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] words (for an explanation of the notation, see [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]]) | Runic = [[runes|runic]] characters | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] text | SignWriting = symbols from the [[SignWriting|SignWriting Script]] | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Sogdian = [[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian text]] | Sundanese = [[Sundanese alphabet|Sundanese script]] | Syriac = Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined | Tamil = [[Tamil script]] | Tangut = [[Tangut language|Tangut]] text | Thai = [[Thai language|Thai text]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan script]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh text]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{special|uncommon [[Unicode]] characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu text]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur text]] | Vietnamese = [[Binyetnamita]] nga teksto | #default = {{{special|}}} }} | characters = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[kanji]] and [[kana]] | APL = [[APL syntax and symbols|APL symbols]] | Armenian | Coptic | Deseret | Hebrew | Ogham = {{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} letters | Balinese = Balinese characters | Balochi | Baluchi = [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi script]] | Baybayin = Baybayin characters | Braille = [[Braille|Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = syllabics | Cherokee = Cherokee syllabics | cuneiform = cuneiform script | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] | emoticon = the intended characters | Ethiopic = Ethiopic characters | Georgian = [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letters]] | Glagolitic = letters | Gothic = letters | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko script]] | Hokkien = [[Hàn-jī]], [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] and [[Tâi-lô]] | Indic = Indic text | IPA = [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]] | Javanese = Javanese characters | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khmer = [[Khmer script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu alphabet]] | Mongolian = text in [[Mongolian script]] | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Tai Tham script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] | Lao = [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]] | Lontara = Lontara characters | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] characters | Old Persian = [[Old Persian cuneiform]] | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]] | PIE | PIE words = [[Unicode]] combining characters and [[Latin script|Latin]] characters | Runic = runes | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki script]] | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] characters | SignWriting = SignWriting symbols | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language#Writing|Sindhi script]] | Sogdian = Sogdian characters | Sundanese = Sundanese characters | Syriac = [[Syriac script|Syriac text]] | Tamil = Tamil script | Tangut = [[Tangut script|Tangut characters]] | Thai = [[Thai script]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan characters]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh letters]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{characters|the intended characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur script]] | Vietnamese = chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ | #default = {{{characters|}}} }} | error = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese | Meitei = errors in display | Balochi | Baluchi = unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols | Baybayin = [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | emoticon | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Saraiki | Sindhi | Uyghur = unjoined letters or other symbols | Indic | Tamil = [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Levantine = {{lang|ar|احنا‎}} and {{lang|apc|احنا‎}} appearing as two different characters. If so, [[Template:Lang#Applying_styles|apply this custom style in your user settings]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css">[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; }</syntaxhighlight> | Syriac = unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols | Tibetan = very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{error|[[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]}}} | Urdu = unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols | #default = {{{error|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> sqdq1v91kgetpa2ah487pvtn0jwxwgv 35429974 35429973 2025-06-22T01:07:47Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters/core | compact = {{{compact|}}} | section = {{if empty|{{{section|}}}|{{{2|}}}}} | image = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = Example.of.SJIS.art.rendering.svg | APL = APLgradeup.svg | Armenian = {{{image|Armenian language in the Armenian alphabet.svg}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = {{{image|Wiki letter wo.svg}}} | Balinese = Bali Ba.png | Balochi | Baluchi = Balochi.svg | Baybayin = Baybayin Ba.svg | Bengali = {{{image|Bengali Conjunct Kshya.svg}}} | Braille = {{{image|Braille N.svg}}} | Burmese = Burmese character k.svg | Canadian = {{{image|Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Example.svg}}} | Cherokee = {{{image|Tsalagi word.svg}}} | Coptic = {{{image|CopticLetters.svg}}} | cuneiform = {{{image|Cuneform UZ.svg}}} | Deseret = {{{image|Deseret capital Dee.svg}}} | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = Egyptian-A.PNG | emoticon = {{{image|Emoji u263a.svg}}} | Ethiopic = {{{image|Ge'ez.svg}}} | Georgian = {{{image|ღ.png}}} | Glagolitic = {{{image|GlagoliticSlovoⰔ.svg}}} | Gothic = {{{image|Gothic letter ahsa.svg}}} | Hebrew = {{{image|Shalom2.svg}}} | Hindko = Hindko.svg | Hokkien = O-dot.png | Karen = Karen text.svg | Khoekhoe = {{{image|Clicks.svg}}} | Indic = {{{image|Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg}}} | IPA = {{{image|Parentesi Quadre.svg}}} | Javanese = {{{image|Javanese ha.svg}}} | Khmer = {{{image|Aksar Khmer.svg}}} | Lanna | Northern Thai = {{{image|Lanna Tua Mueang.svg}}} | Lao = {{{image|Laos in Lao.svg}}} | Lontara = Lontara.svg | Manchu = {{{image|Manju gisun.svg}}} | Meitei = {{{image|Meetei Mayek letter I.svg}}} | Mongolian = {{{image|Monggol bicig.svg}}} | Nom = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | Ogham = {{{image|Ogham Sample.png}}} | Old Hungarian = L (rovásbetű).svg | Old Persian = {{{image|Old Persian mi.png}}} | Pashto = Pashto.svg | Perso-Arabic = {{{image|Farsi.svg}}} | PIE | PIE words = PIE ǵh.svg | Phoenician = Phoenician_aleph.svg | Runic = {{{image|Tyr-runes.svg}}} | Saraiki = Saraiki.svg | Shavian = Shavian Ha-ha.svg | SignWriting = SignWriting-render.svg | Sindhi = Word Sindhi in Perso-Arabic.svg | Sundanese = Sunda_Sa.png | Syriac = {{{image|Shlama.svg}}} | Tamil = {{{image|Tamil A.svg}}} | Tangut = {{{image|LFW2008_2403.png}}} | Thai = {{{image|Thai Alphabet Sample.svg}}} | Tibetan = Tibetan wa + (i).svg | Tifinagh = {{{image|Yakh.svg}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{file|Replacement character.svg}}} | Urdu = {{{image|Urdu example.svg}}} | Uyghur = {{{image|Uyghurche.png}}} | Vietnamese = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | {{{image|}}} }} | link = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | emoticon = File:Emoji u263a.svg | Hebrew = Shalom | IPA = Help:IPA | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{link|Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character}}} | {{{link|}}} }} | alt = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Oxomia | Bengali = Bengali | Braille = ⠝ | Hebrew = שָׁלוֹם | IPA = [] | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{alt|<?>}}} | Meitei = Meetei Mayek | {{{alt|}}} }} | width = {{{width|}}} | fix = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Wikipedia:Asamiya script display help | AA | Hokkien | Nom | Vietnamese = [[Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)]] | APL | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs | emoticon | Old Hungarian | Shavian = Help:Special characters | Armenian | Balinese | Baybayin | Canadian | Cherokee | Coptic | Deseret | Georgian | Javanese | Khoekhoe | Lanna | Northern Thai | Lontara | Manchu | Mongolian | Old Persian | SignWriting | Sogdian | Sundanese | Syriac | Tangut = Help:Multilingual support#{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{fix|Help:Multilingual support}}} | Balochi | Baluchi | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Perso-Arabic | Saraiki | Sindhi | Urdu | Uyghur = Help:Arabic | Bengali = Wikipedia:Bangla script display help | Burmese = Help:Multilingual support (Burmese) | Ethiopic = Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic) | Gothic = Help:Gothic Unicode Fonts | Hebrew = Help:Hebrew | Indic | Khmer | Lao | Tamil | Thai | Tibetan = Help:Multilingual support (Indic) | IPA = Help:IPA#Rendering issues | Karen = Help:Multilingual support (Myanmar) | Levantine = Template:Lang#Applying_styles | Meitei = Wikipedia:Meitei script display help | Tifinagh = Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh) | #default = {{{fix|}}} }} | special = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[Shift JIS art]] | APL = [[APL (programming language)|APL]] [[source code]] | Armenian = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] text | Asamiya | Assamese = [[Assamese alphabet|the Assamese alphabet]] | Balinese = [[Balinese alphabet]] | Baluchi | Balochi = [[Balochi language|Balochi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Baybayin = [[Baybayin]] script | Bengali = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali text]] | Braille = [[Braille Patterns|Unicode Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters]] | Cherokee = [[Cherokee syllabary|Cherokee syllabic characters]] | Coptic = [[Coptic language|Coptic]] text | cuneiform = [[cuneiform script]] | Deseret = [[Deseret alphabet|Deseret alphabet characters]] | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic]] text | emoticon = [[Emoji#In Unicode|Unicode emoticons or emojis]] | Ethiopic = [[Ge'ez script|Ethiopic text]] | Georgian = [[Georgian language|Georgian]] text | Glagolitic = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] text | Gothic = [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] characters | Hebrew = [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew text]] | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Hokkien = [[Hokkien]] text | Indic = [[Brahmic scripts|Indic text]] | IPA = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols | Javanese = letters from the [[Javanese script]] | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khoekhoe = [[Click consonant|click symbols]] from the [[Khoekhoe language]] | Khmer = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] text | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Northern Thai language|Lanna text]] | Lao = [[Lao language|Lao text]] | Levantine = [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine written in Arabic characters]] | Lontara = [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] text | Meitei = [[Meitei script|the Meitei alphabet]] | Mongolian = [[Mongolian script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] text | Ogham = [[Ogham|Ogham text]] | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] text | Old Persian = [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] text | Ottoman Turkish = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish text]], written from right to left with some [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letters and additional symbols joined | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto text]] | Perso-Arabic = [[Persian alphabet|Persian text]] | Phoenician = [[Phoenician language|Phoenician text]] | PIE | PIE words = characters used to write reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] words (for an explanation of the notation, see [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]]) | Runic = [[runes|runic]] characters | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] text | SignWriting = symbols from the [[SignWriting|SignWriting Script]] | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Sogdian = [[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian text]] | Sundanese = [[Sundanese alphabet|Sundanese script]] | Syriac = Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined | Tamil = [[Tamil script]] | Tangut = [[Tangut language|Tangut]] text | Thai = [[Thai language|Thai text]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan script]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh text]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{special|uncommon [[Unicode]] characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu text]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur text]] | Vietnamese = [[Binyetnamita]] nga teksto | #default = {{{special|}}} }} | characters = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[kanji]] and [[kana]] | APL = [[APL syntax and symbols|APL symbols]] | Armenian | Coptic | Deseret | Hebrew | Ogham = {{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} letters | Balinese = Balinese characters | Balochi | Baluchi = [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi script]] | Baybayin = Baybayin characters | Braille = [[Braille|Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = syllabics | Cherokee = Cherokee syllabics | cuneiform = cuneiform script | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] | emoticon = the intended characters | Ethiopic = Ethiopic characters | Georgian = [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letters]] | Glagolitic = letters | Gothic = letters | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko script]] | Hokkien = [[Hàn-jī]], [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] and [[Tâi-lô]] | Indic = Indic text | IPA = [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]] | Javanese = Javanese characters | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khmer = [[Khmer script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu alphabet]] | Mongolian = text in [[Mongolian script]] | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Tai Tham script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] | Lao = [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]] | Lontara = Lontara characters | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] characters | Old Persian = [[Old Persian cuneiform]] | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]] | PIE | PIE words = [[Unicode]] combining characters and [[Latin script|Latin]] characters | Runic = runes | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki script]] | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] characters | SignWriting = SignWriting symbols | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language#Writing|Sindhi script]] | Sogdian = Sogdian characters | Sundanese = Sundanese characters | Syriac = [[Syriac script|Syriac text]] | Tamil = Tamil script | Tangut = [[Tangut script|Tangut characters]] | Thai = [[Thai script]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan characters]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh letters]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{characters|the intended characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur script]] | Vietnamese = chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ | #default = {{{characters|}}} }} | error = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese | Meitei = errors in display | Balochi | Baluchi = unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols | Baybayin = [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | emoticon | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Saraiki | Sindhi | Uyghur = unjoined letters or other symbols | Indic | Tamil = [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Levantine = {{lang|ar|احنا‎}} and {{lang|apc|احنا‎}} appearing as two different characters. If so, [[Template:Lang#Applying_styles|apply this custom style in your user settings]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css">[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; }</syntaxhighlight> | Syriac = unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols | Tibetan = very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{error|[[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]}}} | Urdu = unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols | #default = {{{error|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> hadkl79yxguvhxrl4tm9ryuv4g59up9 35429975 35429974 2025-06-22T01:08:12Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters/core | compact = {{{compact|}}} | section = {{if empty|{{{section|}}}|{{{2|}}}}} | image = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = Example.of.SJIS.art.rendering.svg | APL = APLgradeup.svg | Armenian = {{{image|Armenian language in the Armenian alphabet.svg}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = {{{image|Wiki letter wo.svg}}} | Balinese = Bali Ba.png | Balochi | Baluchi = Balochi.svg | Baybayin = Baybayin Ba.svg | Bengali = {{{image|Bengali Conjunct Kshya.svg}}} | Braille = {{{image|Braille N.svg}}} | Burmese = Burmese character k.svg | Canadian = {{{image|Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Example.svg}}} | Cherokee = {{{image|Tsalagi word.svg}}} | Coptic = {{{image|CopticLetters.svg}}} | cuneiform = {{{image|Cuneform UZ.svg}}} | Deseret = {{{image|Deseret capital Dee.svg}}} | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = Egyptian-A.PNG | emoticon = {{{image|Emoji u263a.svg}}} | Ethiopic = {{{image|Ge'ez.svg}}} | Georgian = {{{image|ღ.png}}} | Glagolitic = {{{image|GlagoliticSlovoⰔ.svg}}} | Gothic = {{{image|Gothic letter ahsa.svg}}} | Hebrew = {{{image|Shalom2.svg}}} | Hindko = Hindko.svg | Hokkien = O-dot.png | Karen = Karen text.svg | Khoekhoe = {{{image|Clicks.svg}}} | Indic = {{{image|Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg}}} | IPA = {{{image|Parentesi Quadre.svg}}} | Javanese = {{{image|Javanese ha.svg}}} | Khmer = {{{image|Aksar Khmer.svg}}} | Lanna | Northern Thai = {{{image|Lanna Tua Mueang.svg}}} | Lao = {{{image|Laos in Lao.svg}}} | Lontara = Lontara.svg | Manchu = {{{image|Manju gisun.svg}}} | Meitei = {{{image|Meetei Mayek letter I.svg}}} | Mongolian = {{{image|Monggol bicig.svg}}} | Nom = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | Ogham = {{{image|Ogham Sample.png}}} | Old Hungarian = L (rovásbetű).svg | Old Persian = {{{image|Old Persian mi.png}}} | Pashto = Pashto.svg | Perso-Arabic = {{{image|Farsi.svg}}} | PIE | PIE words = PIE ǵh.svg | Phoenician = Phoenician_aleph.svg | Runic = {{{image|Tyr-runes.svg}}} | Saraiki = Saraiki.svg | Shavian = Shavian Ha-ha.svg | SignWriting = SignWriting-render.svg | Sindhi = Word Sindhi in Perso-Arabic.svg | Sundanese = Sunda_Sa.png | Syriac = {{{image|Shlama.svg}}} | Tamil = {{{image|Tamil A.svg}}} | Tangut = {{{image|LFW2008_2403.png}}} | Thai = {{{image|Thai Alphabet Sample.svg}}} | Tibetan = Tibetan wa + (i).svg | Tifinagh = {{{image|Yakh.svg}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{file|Replacement character.svg}}} | Urdu = {{{image|Urdu example.svg}}} | Uyghur = {{{image|Uyghurche.png}}} | Vietnamese = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | {{{image|}}} }} | link = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | emoticon = File:Emoji u263a.svg | Hebrew = Shalom | IPA = Help:IPA | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{link|Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character}}} | {{{link|}}} }} | alt = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Oxomia | Bengali = Bengali | Braille = ⠝ | Hebrew = שָׁלוֹם | IPA = [] | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{alt|<?>}}} | Meitei = Meetei Mayek | {{{alt|}}} }} | width = {{{width|}}} | fix = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Wikipedia:Asamiya script display help | AA | Hokkien | Nom | Vietnamese = [[w:en:Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)|en:Help:Multilingual support]] | APL | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs | emoticon | Old Hungarian | Shavian = Help:Special characters | Armenian | Balinese | Baybayin | Canadian | Cherokee | Coptic | Deseret | Georgian | Javanese | Khoekhoe | Lanna | Northern Thai | Lontara | Manchu | Mongolian | Old Persian | SignWriting | Sogdian | Sundanese | Syriac | Tangut = Help:Multilingual support#{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{fix|Help:Multilingual support}}} | Balochi | Baluchi | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Perso-Arabic | Saraiki | Sindhi | Urdu | Uyghur = Help:Arabic | Bengali = Wikipedia:Bangla script display help | Burmese = Help:Multilingual support (Burmese) | Ethiopic = Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic) | Gothic = Help:Gothic Unicode Fonts | Hebrew = Help:Hebrew | Indic | Khmer | Lao | Tamil | Thai | Tibetan = Help:Multilingual support (Indic) | IPA = Help:IPA#Rendering issues | Karen = Help:Multilingual support (Myanmar) | Levantine = Template:Lang#Applying_styles | Meitei = Wikipedia:Meitei script display help | Tifinagh = Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh) | #default = {{{fix|}}} }} | special = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[Shift JIS art]] | APL = [[APL (programming language)|APL]] [[source code]] | Armenian = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] text | Asamiya | Assamese = [[Assamese alphabet|the Assamese alphabet]] | Balinese = [[Balinese alphabet]] | Baluchi | Balochi = [[Balochi language|Balochi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Baybayin = [[Baybayin]] script | Bengali = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali text]] | Braille = [[Braille Patterns|Unicode Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters]] | Cherokee = [[Cherokee syllabary|Cherokee syllabic characters]] | Coptic = [[Coptic language|Coptic]] text | cuneiform = [[cuneiform script]] | Deseret = [[Deseret alphabet|Deseret alphabet characters]] | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic]] text | emoticon = [[Emoji#In Unicode|Unicode emoticons or emojis]] | Ethiopic = [[Ge'ez script|Ethiopic text]] | Georgian = [[Georgian language|Georgian]] text | Glagolitic = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] text | Gothic = [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] characters | Hebrew = [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew text]] | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Hokkien = [[Hokkien]] text | Indic = [[Brahmic scripts|Indic text]] | IPA = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols | Javanese = letters from the [[Javanese script]] | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khoekhoe = [[Click consonant|click symbols]] from the [[Khoekhoe language]] | Khmer = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] text | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Northern Thai language|Lanna text]] | Lao = [[Lao language|Lao text]] | Levantine = [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine written in Arabic characters]] | Lontara = [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] text | Meitei = [[Meitei script|the Meitei alphabet]] | Mongolian = [[Mongolian script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] text | Ogham = [[Ogham|Ogham text]] | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] text | Old Persian = [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] text | Ottoman Turkish = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish text]], written from right to left with some [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letters and additional symbols joined | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto text]] | Perso-Arabic = [[Persian alphabet|Persian text]] | Phoenician = [[Phoenician language|Phoenician text]] | PIE | PIE words = characters used to write reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] words (for an explanation of the notation, see [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]]) | Runic = [[runes|runic]] characters | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] text | SignWriting = symbols from the [[SignWriting|SignWriting Script]] | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Sogdian = [[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian text]] | Sundanese = [[Sundanese alphabet|Sundanese script]] | Syriac = Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined | Tamil = [[Tamil script]] | Tangut = [[Tangut language|Tangut]] text | Thai = [[Thai language|Thai text]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan script]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh text]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{special|uncommon [[Unicode]] characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu text]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur text]] | Vietnamese = [[Binyetnamita]] nga teksto | #default = {{{special|}}} }} | characters = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[kanji]] and [[kana]] | APL = [[APL syntax and symbols|APL symbols]] | Armenian | Coptic | Deseret | Hebrew | Ogham = {{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} letters | Balinese = Balinese characters | Balochi | Baluchi = [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi script]] | Baybayin = Baybayin characters | Braille = [[Braille|Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = syllabics | Cherokee = Cherokee syllabics | cuneiform = cuneiform script | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] | emoticon = the intended characters | Ethiopic = Ethiopic characters | Georgian = [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letters]] | Glagolitic = letters | Gothic = letters | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko script]] | Hokkien = [[Hàn-jī]], [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] and [[Tâi-lô]] | Indic = Indic text | IPA = [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]] | Javanese = Javanese characters | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khmer = [[Khmer script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu alphabet]] | Mongolian = text in [[Mongolian script]] | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Tai Tham script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] | Lao = [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]] | Lontara = Lontara characters | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] characters | Old Persian = [[Old Persian cuneiform]] | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]] | PIE | PIE words = [[Unicode]] combining characters and [[Latin script|Latin]] characters | Runic = runes | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki script]] | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] characters | SignWriting = SignWriting symbols | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language#Writing|Sindhi script]] | Sogdian = Sogdian characters | Sundanese = Sundanese characters | Syriac = [[Syriac script|Syriac text]] | Tamil = Tamil script | Tangut = [[Tangut script|Tangut characters]] | Thai = [[Thai script]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan characters]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh letters]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{characters|the intended characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur script]] | Vietnamese = chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ | #default = {{{characters|}}} }} | error = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese | Meitei = errors in display | Balochi | Baluchi = unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols | Baybayin = [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | emoticon | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Saraiki | Sindhi | Uyghur = unjoined letters or other symbols | Indic | Tamil = [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Levantine = {{lang|ar|احنا‎}} and {{lang|apc|احنا‎}} appearing as two different characters. If so, [[Template:Lang#Applying_styles|apply this custom style in your user settings]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css">[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; }</syntaxhighlight> | Syriac = unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols | Tibetan = very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{error|[[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]}}} | Urdu = unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols | #default = {{{error|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 85nsgj3cggbnyojw8eha5dzhnlvz838 35429976 35429975 2025-06-22T01:09:25Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters/core | compact = {{{compact|}}} | section = {{if empty|{{{section|}}}|{{{2|}}}}} | image = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = Example.of.SJIS.art.rendering.svg | APL = APLgradeup.svg | Armenian = {{{image|Armenian language in the Armenian alphabet.svg}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = {{{image|Wiki letter wo.svg}}} | Balinese = Bali Ba.png | Balochi | Baluchi = Balochi.svg | Baybayin = Baybayin Ba.svg | Bengali = {{{image|Bengali Conjunct Kshya.svg}}} | Braille = {{{image|Braille N.svg}}} | Burmese = Burmese character k.svg | Canadian = {{{image|Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Example.svg}}} | Cherokee = {{{image|Tsalagi word.svg}}} | Coptic = {{{image|CopticLetters.svg}}} | cuneiform = {{{image|Cuneform UZ.svg}}} | Deseret = {{{image|Deseret capital Dee.svg}}} | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = Egyptian-A.PNG | emoticon = {{{image|Emoji u263a.svg}}} | Ethiopic = {{{image|Ge'ez.svg}}} | Georgian = {{{image|ღ.png}}} | Glagolitic = {{{image|GlagoliticSlovoⰔ.svg}}} | Gothic = {{{image|Gothic letter ahsa.svg}}} | Hebrew = {{{image|Shalom2.svg}}} | Hindko = Hindko.svg | Hokkien = O-dot.png | Karen = Karen text.svg | Khoekhoe = {{{image|Clicks.svg}}} | Indic = {{{image|Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg}}} | IPA = {{{image|Parentesi Quadre.svg}}} | Javanese = {{{image|Javanese ha.svg}}} | Khmer = {{{image|Aksar Khmer.svg}}} | Lanna | Northern Thai = {{{image|Lanna Tua Mueang.svg}}} | Lao = {{{image|Laos in Lao.svg}}} | Lontara = Lontara.svg | Manchu = {{{image|Manju gisun.svg}}} | Meitei = {{{image|Meetei Mayek letter I.svg}}} | Mongolian = {{{image|Monggol bicig.svg}}} | Nom = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | Ogham = {{{image|Ogham Sample.png}}} | Old Hungarian = L (rovásbetű).svg | Old Persian = {{{image|Old Persian mi.png}}} | Pashto = Pashto.svg | Perso-Arabic = {{{image|Farsi.svg}}} | PIE | PIE words = PIE ǵh.svg | Phoenician = Phoenician_aleph.svg | Runic = {{{image|Tyr-runes.svg}}} | Saraiki = Saraiki.svg | Shavian = Shavian Ha-ha.svg | SignWriting = SignWriting-render.svg | Sindhi = Word Sindhi in Perso-Arabic.svg | Sundanese = Sunda_Sa.png | Syriac = {{{image|Shlama.svg}}} | Tamil = {{{image|Tamil A.svg}}} | Tangut = {{{image|LFW2008_2403.png}}} | Thai = {{{image|Thai Alphabet Sample.svg}}} | Tibetan = Tibetan wa + (i).svg | Tifinagh = {{{image|Yakh.svg}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{file|Replacement character.svg}}} | Urdu = {{{image|Urdu example.svg}}} | Uyghur = {{{image|Uyghurche.png}}} | Vietnamese = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | {{{image|}}} }} | link = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | emoticon = File:Emoji u263a.svg | Hebrew = Shalom | IPA = Help:IPA | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{link|Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character}}} | {{{link|}}} }} | alt = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Oxomia | Bengali = Bengali | Braille = ⠝ | Hebrew = שָׁלוֹם | IPA = [] | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{alt|<?>}}} | Meitei = Meetei Mayek | {{{alt|}}} }} | width = {{{width|}}} | fix = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Wikipedia:Asamiya script display help | AA | Hokkien | Nom | Vietnamese = [[w:en:Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)|Help:Multilingual nga suporta]] | APL | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs | emoticon | Old Hungarian | Shavian = Help:Special characters | Armenian | Balinese | Baybayin | Canadian | Cherokee | Coptic | Deseret | Georgian | Javanese | Khoekhoe | Lanna | Northern Thai | Lontara | Manchu | Mongolian | Old Persian | SignWriting | Sogdian | Sundanese | Syriac | Tangut = Help:Multilingual support#{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{fix|Help:Multilingual support}}} | Balochi | Baluchi | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Perso-Arabic | Saraiki | Sindhi | Urdu | Uyghur = Help:Arabic | Bengali = Wikipedia:Bangla script display help | Burmese = Help:Multilingual support (Burmese) | Ethiopic = Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic) | Gothic = Help:Gothic Unicode Fonts | Hebrew = Help:Hebrew | Indic | Khmer | Lao | Tamil | Thai | Tibetan = Help:Multilingual support (Indic) | IPA = Help:IPA#Rendering issues | Karen = Help:Multilingual support (Myanmar) | Levantine = Template:Lang#Applying_styles | Meitei = Wikipedia:Meitei script display help | Tifinagh = Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh) | #default = {{{fix|}}} }} | special = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[Shift JIS art]] | APL = [[APL (programming language)|APL]] [[source code]] | Armenian = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] text | Asamiya | Assamese = [[Assamese alphabet|the Assamese alphabet]] | Balinese = [[Balinese alphabet]] | Baluchi | Balochi = [[Balochi language|Balochi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Baybayin = [[Baybayin]] script | Bengali = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali text]] | Braille = [[Braille Patterns|Unicode Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters]] | Cherokee = [[Cherokee syllabary|Cherokee syllabic characters]] | Coptic = [[Coptic language|Coptic]] text | cuneiform = [[cuneiform script]] | Deseret = [[Deseret alphabet|Deseret alphabet characters]] | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic]] text | emoticon = [[Emoji#In Unicode|Unicode emoticons or emojis]] | Ethiopic = [[Ge'ez script|Ethiopic text]] | Georgian = [[Georgian language|Georgian]] text | Glagolitic = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] text | Gothic = [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] characters | Hebrew = [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew text]] | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Hokkien = [[Hokkien]] text | Indic = [[Brahmic scripts|Indic text]] | IPA = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols | Javanese = letters from the [[Javanese script]] | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khoekhoe = [[Click consonant|click symbols]] from the [[Khoekhoe language]] | Khmer = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] text | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Northern Thai language|Lanna text]] | Lao = [[Lao language|Lao text]] | Levantine = [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine written in Arabic characters]] | Lontara = [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] text | Meitei = [[Meitei script|the Meitei alphabet]] | Mongolian = [[Mongolian script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] text | Ogham = [[Ogham|Ogham text]] | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] text | Old Persian = [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] text | Ottoman Turkish = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish text]], written from right to left with some [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letters and additional symbols joined | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto text]] | Perso-Arabic = [[Persian alphabet|Persian text]] | Phoenician = [[Phoenician language|Phoenician text]] | PIE | PIE words = characters used to write reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] words (for an explanation of the notation, see [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]]) | Runic = [[runes|runic]] characters | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] text | SignWriting = symbols from the [[SignWriting|SignWriting Script]] | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Sogdian = [[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian text]] | Sundanese = [[Sundanese alphabet|Sundanese script]] | Syriac = Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined | Tamil = [[Tamil script]] | Tangut = [[Tangut language|Tangut]] text | Thai = [[Thai language|Thai text]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan script]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh text]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{special|uncommon [[Unicode]] characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu text]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur text]] | Vietnamese = [[Binyetnamita]] nga teksto | #default = {{{special|}}} }} | characters = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[kanji]] and [[kana]] | APL = [[APL syntax and symbols|APL symbols]] | Armenian | Coptic | Deseret | Hebrew | Ogham = {{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} letters | Balinese = Balinese characters | Balochi | Baluchi = [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi script]] | Baybayin = Baybayin characters | Braille = [[Braille|Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = syllabics | Cherokee = Cherokee syllabics | cuneiform = cuneiform script | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] | emoticon = the intended characters | Ethiopic = Ethiopic characters | Georgian = [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letters]] | Glagolitic = letters | Gothic = letters | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko script]] | Hokkien = [[Hàn-jī]], [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] and [[Tâi-lô]] | Indic = Indic text | IPA = [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]] | Javanese = Javanese characters | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khmer = [[Khmer script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu alphabet]] | Mongolian = text in [[Mongolian script]] | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Tai Tham script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] | Lao = [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]] | Lontara = Lontara characters | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] characters | Old Persian = [[Old Persian cuneiform]] | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]] | PIE | PIE words = [[Unicode]] combining characters and [[Latin script|Latin]] characters | Runic = runes | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki script]] | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] characters | SignWriting = SignWriting symbols | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language#Writing|Sindhi script]] | Sogdian = Sogdian characters | Sundanese = Sundanese characters | Syriac = [[Syriac script|Syriac text]] | Tamil = Tamil script | Tangut = [[Tangut script|Tangut characters]] | Thai = [[Thai script]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan characters]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh letters]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{characters|the intended characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur script]] | Vietnamese = chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ | #default = {{{characters|}}} }} | error = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese | Meitei = errors in display | Balochi | Baluchi = unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols | Baybayin = [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | emoticon | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Saraiki | Sindhi | Uyghur = unjoined letters or other symbols | Indic | Tamil = [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Levantine = {{lang|ar|احنا‎}} and {{lang|apc|احنا‎}} appearing as two different characters. If so, [[Template:Lang#Applying_styles|apply this custom style in your user settings]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css">[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; }</syntaxhighlight> | Syriac = unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols | Tibetan = very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{error|[[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]}}} | Urdu = unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols | #default = {{{error|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qe8vdg1fr47h6lmu2scb4jn31ja5u85 35429977 35429976 2025-06-22T01:10:02Z Như Gây Mê 110847 35429977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters/core | compact = {{{compact|}}} | section = {{if empty|{{{section|}}}|{{{2|}}}}} | image = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = Example.of.SJIS.art.rendering.svg | APL = APLgradeup.svg | Armenian = {{{image|Armenian language in the Armenian alphabet.svg}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = {{{image|Wiki letter wo.svg}}} | Balinese = Bali Ba.png | Balochi | Baluchi = Balochi.svg | Baybayin = Baybayin Ba.svg | Bengali = {{{image|Bengali Conjunct Kshya.svg}}} | Braille = {{{image|Braille N.svg}}} | Burmese = Burmese character k.svg | Canadian = {{{image|Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Example.svg}}} | Cherokee = {{{image|Tsalagi word.svg}}} | Coptic = {{{image|CopticLetters.svg}}} | cuneiform = {{{image|Cuneform UZ.svg}}} | Deseret = {{{image|Deseret capital Dee.svg}}} | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = Egyptian-A.PNG | emoticon = {{{image|Emoji u263a.svg}}} | Ethiopic = {{{image|Ge'ez.svg}}} | Georgian = {{{image|ღ.png}}} | Glagolitic = {{{image|GlagoliticSlovoⰔ.svg}}} | Gothic = {{{image|Gothic letter ahsa.svg}}} | Hebrew = {{{image|Shalom2.svg}}} | Hindko = Hindko.svg | Hokkien = O-dot.png | Karen = Karen text.svg | Khoekhoe = {{{image|Clicks.svg}}} | Indic = {{{image|Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg}}} | IPA = {{{image|Parentesi Quadre.svg}}} | Javanese = {{{image|Javanese ha.svg}}} | Khmer = {{{image|Aksar Khmer.svg}}} | Lanna | Northern Thai = {{{image|Lanna Tua Mueang.svg}}} | Lao = {{{image|Laos in Lao.svg}}} | Lontara = Lontara.svg | Manchu = {{{image|Manju gisun.svg}}} | Meitei = {{{image|Meetei Mayek letter I.svg}}} | Mongolian = {{{image|Monggol bicig.svg}}} | Nom = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | Ogham = {{{image|Ogham Sample.png}}} | Old Hungarian = L (rovásbetű).svg | Old Persian = {{{image|Old Persian mi.png}}} | Pashto = Pashto.svg | Perso-Arabic = {{{image|Farsi.svg}}} | PIE | PIE words = PIE ǵh.svg | Phoenician = Phoenician_aleph.svg | Runic = {{{image|Tyr-runes.svg}}} | Saraiki = Saraiki.svg | Shavian = Shavian Ha-ha.svg | SignWriting = SignWriting-render.svg | Sindhi = Word Sindhi in Perso-Arabic.svg | Sundanese = Sunda_Sa.png | Syriac = {{{image|Shlama.svg}}} | Tamil = {{{image|Tamil A.svg}}} | Tangut = {{{image|LFW2008_2403.png}}} | Thai = {{{image|Thai Alphabet Sample.svg}}} | Tibetan = Tibetan wa + (i).svg | Tifinagh = {{{image|Yakh.svg}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{file|Replacement character.svg}}} | Urdu = {{{image|Urdu example.svg}}} | Uyghur = {{{image|Uyghurche.png}}} | Vietnamese = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}} | {{{image|}}} }} | link = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | emoticon = File:Emoji u263a.svg | Hebrew = Shalom | IPA = Help:IPA | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{link|Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character}}} | {{{link|}}} }} | alt = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Oxomia | Bengali = Bengali | Braille = ⠝ | Hebrew = שָׁלוֹם | IPA = [] | Lanna | Northern Thai | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{alt|<?>}}} | Meitei = Meetei Mayek | {{{alt|}}} }} | width = {{{width|}}} | fix = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese = Wikipedia:Asamiya script display help | AA | Hokkien | Nom | Vietnamese = [[w:en:Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)|Tabang:Multilingual nga suporta]] | APL | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs | emoticon | Old Hungarian | Shavian = Help:Special characters | Armenian | Balinese | Baybayin | Canadian | Cherokee | Coptic | Deseret | Georgian | Javanese | Khoekhoe | Lanna | Northern Thai | Lontara | Manchu | Mongolian | Old Persian | SignWriting | Sogdian | Sundanese | Syriac | Tangut = Help:Multilingual support#{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{fix|Help:Multilingual support}}} | Balochi | Baluchi | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Perso-Arabic | Saraiki | Sindhi | Urdu | Uyghur = Help:Arabic | Bengali = Wikipedia:Bangla script display help | Burmese = Help:Multilingual support (Burmese) | Ethiopic = Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic) | Gothic = Help:Gothic Unicode Fonts | Hebrew = Help:Hebrew | Indic | Khmer | Lao | Tamil | Thai | Tibetan = Help:Multilingual support (Indic) | IPA = Help:IPA#Rendering issues | Karen = Help:Multilingual support (Myanmar) | Levantine = Template:Lang#Applying_styles | Meitei = Wikipedia:Meitei script display help | Tifinagh = Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh) | #default = {{{fix|}}} }} | special = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[Shift JIS art]] | APL = [[APL (programming language)|APL]] [[source code]] | Armenian = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] text | Asamiya | Assamese = [[Assamese alphabet|the Assamese alphabet]] | Balinese = [[Balinese alphabet]] | Baluchi | Balochi = [[Balochi language|Balochi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Baybayin = [[Baybayin]] script | Bengali = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali text]] | Braille = [[Braille Patterns|Unicode Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters]] | Cherokee = [[Cherokee syllabary|Cherokee syllabic characters]] | Coptic = [[Coptic language|Coptic]] text | cuneiform = [[cuneiform script]] | Deseret = [[Deseret alphabet|Deseret alphabet characters]] | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic]] text | emoticon = [[Emoji#In Unicode|Unicode emoticons or emojis]] | Ethiopic = [[Ge'ez script|Ethiopic text]] | Georgian = [[Georgian language|Georgian]] text | Glagolitic = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] text | Gothic = [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] characters | Hebrew = [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew text]] | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Hokkien = [[Hokkien]] text | Indic = [[Brahmic scripts|Indic text]] | IPA = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols | Javanese = letters from the [[Javanese script]] | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khoekhoe = [[Click consonant|click symbols]] from the [[Khoekhoe language]] | Khmer = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] text | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Northern Thai language|Lanna text]] | Lao = [[Lao language|Lao text]] | Levantine = [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine written in Arabic characters]] | Lontara = [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] text | Meitei = [[Meitei script|the Meitei alphabet]] | Mongolian = [[Mongolian script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] text | Ogham = [[Ogham|Ogham text]] | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] text | Old Persian = [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] text | Ottoman Turkish = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish text]], written from right to left with some [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letters and additional symbols joined | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto text]] | Perso-Arabic = [[Persian alphabet|Persian text]] | Phoenician = [[Phoenician language|Phoenician text]] | PIE | PIE words = characters used to write reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] words (for an explanation of the notation, see [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]]) | Runic = [[runes|runic]] characters | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] text | SignWriting = symbols from the [[SignWriting|SignWriting Script]] | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined | Sogdian = [[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian text]] | Sundanese = [[Sundanese alphabet|Sundanese script]] | Syriac = Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined | Tamil = [[Tamil script]] | Tangut = [[Tangut language|Tangut]] text | Thai = [[Thai language|Thai text]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan script]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh text]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{special|uncommon [[Unicode]] characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu text]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur text]] | Vietnamese = [[Binyetnamita]] nga teksto | #default = {{{special|}}} }} | characters = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | AA = [[kanji]] and [[kana]] | APL = [[APL syntax and symbols|APL symbols]] | Armenian | Coptic | Deseret | Hebrew | Ogham = {{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} letters | Balinese = Balinese characters | Balochi | Baluchi = [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi script]] | Baybayin = Baybayin characters | Braille = [[Braille|Braille characters]] | Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]] | Canadian = syllabics | Cherokee = Cherokee syllabics | cuneiform = cuneiform script | Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] | emoticon = the intended characters | Ethiopic = Ethiopic characters | Georgian = [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letters]] | Glagolitic = letters | Gothic = letters | Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko script]] | Hokkien = [[Hàn-jī]], [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] and [[Tâi-lô]] | Indic = Indic text | IPA = [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]] | Javanese = Javanese characters | Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]] | Khmer = [[Khmer script]] | Manchu = [[Manchu alphabet]] | Mongolian = text in [[Mongolian script]] | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Tai Tham script]] | Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] | Lao = [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]] | Lontara = Lontara characters | Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] characters | Old Persian = [[Old Persian cuneiform]] | Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]] | PIE | PIE words = [[Unicode]] combining characters and [[Latin script|Latin]] characters | Runic = runes | Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki script]] | Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] characters | SignWriting = SignWriting symbols | Sindhi = [[Sindhi language#Writing|Sindhi script]] | Sogdian = Sogdian characters | Sundanese = Sundanese characters | Syriac = [[Syriac script|Syriac text]] | Tamil = Tamil script | Tangut = [[Tangut script|Tangut characters]] | Thai = [[Thai script]] | Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan characters]] | Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh letters]] | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{characters|the intended characters}}} | Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] | Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur script]] | Vietnamese = chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ | #default = {{{characters|}}} }} | error = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} | Asamiya | Assamese | Meitei = errors in display | Balochi | Baluchi = unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols | Baybayin = [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | emoticon | Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Saraiki | Sindhi | Uyghur = unjoined letters or other symbols | Indic | Tamil = [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Levantine = {{lang|ar|احنا‎}} and {{lang|apc|احنا‎}} appearing as two different characters. If so, [[Template:Lang#Applying_styles|apply this custom style in your user settings]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css">[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; }</syntaxhighlight> | Syriac = unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols | Tibetan = very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts | Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{error|[[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]}}} | Urdu = unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols | #default = {{{error|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ke1zxo2fs2k0zsuczfkx0d35dbbruh6 2 11348057 35429918 35429912 2025-06-21T12:55:45Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable]]<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni kanhi Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, nga susama sa kaniadto nga panagbangi tali ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa kagamhanan sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, gisugyot ni Osmeña nga gamiton ang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad, aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Kini gawas pa sa P75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa trapikong kasamok" ug makadaot kini sa mga kasikbit nga negosyo. Imbis niana, misugyot siya og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña sa pag-realign sa pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gi-redirect ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st district Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang panagbangi nga mitumaw tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni kanhi [[Talisay, Sugbo|Talisay City]] Mayor Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang mi-iba gikan sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partido United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) nga gipangulohan ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napilde sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik usab si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga miputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK sa eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang panagbangi sa politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—usa sa mga bantugan nga proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga pasagdan nga maghatag og dugay nga kita alang sa siyudad. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkahinay-hinay sa pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa surplus nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibiyaan sa pagtapos sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, gisang-at ni Osmeña og kaso batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad sa Ombudsman alang sa kasong graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa kagamhanan nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga gisukot ang siyudad sa bayad bisan wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160) nga nagdili sa advance payment, ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot sa pagsang-at og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala sa Ombudsman nga si Samuel Martires nga nihukom sa pagbasura sa kaso tungod sa kakuwang sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy uban sa iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa kadaghanan sa mga lingkuranan sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise alkalde, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-alkalde sa lamang nga 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon, ug iyang giakusahan og dayaan si Osmeña, ug misang-at og election protest niadtong Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]], [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Sa ulahi, kaniadtong 2019, gikuha na ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama milabay og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang panagbangi tali ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gipasanginlan ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga sa ulahi gitawag nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsang-at og kaso batok kang Osmeña alang sa cyber-libel may kalabotan sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama gi-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon apil sa PDP-Laban. Gipangutana ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Alkalde Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-alkalde, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise alkalde.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakab-ot sa Barug ang kadaugan niadtong piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise alkalde sa ika-upat nga termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang kadaghanan sa konseho pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato gipadayag sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Alkalde ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, mituhaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug posibleng tambalan sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—labing ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa giusab nga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan, gipalawom ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kaniya may kalabotan sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gikritika ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagbuo sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang kapin sa pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagpanghimakak ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang adunay gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon tali nila bisan pa man nga sila parehong nagpahayag sa publiko nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa tunga sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga nagdula og politika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan, gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa kahimsog, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa konseho sa dakbayan ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang siya naglingkod isip acting mayor. Ang unang konsehal sa ranggo nga si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa buhatan ni Labella kabahin sa opisyal nga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise alkalde. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ===Return as Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (seated, rightmost) with President [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker [[Martin Romualdez]], Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. [[Rachel del Mar|Cutie del Mar]] and Edu Rama, and other national and local officials.]] Rama, now a member of PDP-Laban, filed his candidacy for mayor in the [[2022 Cebu City local elections|May 9, 2022 elections]] on October 9, 2021, with majority floor leader and city councilor Raymond Alvin Garcia as his running mate. They led a coalition between Rama's Barug PDP-Laban, Garcia's KUSUG, and the newly-revived [[Partido Panaghiusa]] under longtime campaign manager and former city councilor Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> The Rama-Garcia tandem, which endorsed the [[UniTeam]] led by presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] and vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], was also endorsed by outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte on April 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Rama defeated two city councilors to win a full term as mayor, winning 226,328 votes over BOPK candidate [[Margot Osmeña]]'s 190,836 votes and independent candidate Dave Tumulak's 132,510 votes.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> On July 21, 2022, Rama was elected National President of the [[League of Cities of the Philippines]] (LCP), the official organization of all the country's city mayors.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> He was subsequently removed from his post by the LCP National Executive Board on July 19, 2024 following his May 7 suspension from office, succeeded by LCP Executive Vice President and [[Mayor of Quezon City|Quezon City Mayor]] [[Joy Belmonte]]. Rama initially questioned the legitimacy of the move, though he eventually relented and expressed his confidence in Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama tested positive for COVID-19 on August 2, 2022. He attributed his asymptomatic status to being [[COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines|fully vaccinated with booster shots]], encouraging others to get vaccinated as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On September 29, 2022, Rama was elected PDP-Laban Vice President for the Visayas during the party's 40th anniversary and general assembly held in [[Pasay City]], having already been president of its Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On November 9, 2022, Rama denied allegations by residents of Lot 937 in Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas that the city government did not help them after property developer Century Horizons, represented by then-former Congressman [[Edgar Erice]], [[Land_grabbing#Displacement|demolished 167 households]] to make way for a property development. Rama said that that he was addressing the residents' requests for help, but declined to disclose what action he was taking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Many of the displaced residents were eventually relocated in 2024, with the Cebu provincial government (under Governors [[Junjun Davide]] and Gwen Garcia) providing relocation sites and financial assistance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Former mayor Tomas Osmeña once again publicly criticized Rama during an October 21, 2023 press conference, stating he would support anyone who ran against Rama in 2025—even saying he would "rather vote for [his] dog" than for Rama. Osmeña cited the PHP 3 billion (USD 54 million) spent on the still-incomplete and allegedly overpriced [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), comparing it to the PHP 6 billion (USD 108 million) he had spent to complete the South Road Properties (SRP) project during his own tenure. He further claimed that the city suffered a long-term revenue loss after Rama sold 50 hectares of SRP land to [[Ayala Corporation]] and [[SM Supermalls]], allegedly losing PHP 6 billion in projected earnings per hectare. Osmeña also accused Rama of favoring the two corporations by reducing the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) route from 25 kilometers (Bulacao to Talamban) to just 12 kilometers ([[SM Seaside City|SM Seaside]] to [[Ayala Center Cebu|Ayala Center]]), arguing the shortened route would benefit the supermalls at the expense of city commuters. Rama declined to comment on Osmeña's criticisms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> In March 2024, Rama filed an administrative complaint before the [[Office of the President of the Philippines]] (OP) against Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia, after the latter stopped the construction of a CBRT station in front of the [[Cebu Provincial Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama files admin case vs Garcia |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-files-admin-case-vs-garcia |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama alleged that Garcia committed [[abuse of power]] by interfering with a national infrastructure project under the [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr), while Garcia responded that she was protecting the cultural and historical integrity of the Capitol, a historical landmark. This resulted in Garcia resigning from PDP-Laban on May 28, citing "irreconcilable conflict" and Rama's position as PDP-Laban's Vice President for Visayas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On October 30, the OP dismissed Rama's complaint, citing insufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> After Rama demolished two of the city's ten [[Pedestrian separation structure|pedestrian overpasses]] in March 2024 and replace them with [[Subway (crossing)|pedestrian underpasses]], Osmeña accused Rama of incompetence, as the overpasses' demolition left the affected areas without an accessible [[pedestrian crossing]]. Osmeña highlighted that Rama previously opposed the overpasses' construction sponsored by the late Rep. [[Raul del Mar]] in favor of flared intersections with [[Intersection (road)|at-grade]] crossings, only to still not have built the first one five years later, with underpasses taking even longer to complete.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama responded that the overpasses had become outdated and inaccessible to [[Disability|persons with disabilities]] (PWDs) with limited mobility, as well as serving as sleeping quarters for [[begging|beggars]] and dumping grounds for [[feces|human waste]].<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On April 11, 2024, Rama cancelled an April 2 order to relocate the Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), following a request from Councilor Jun Alcover. Rama said that he would investigate how he signed the memo (on the request of the City Treasurer's Office), citing the large amount of papers he had to sign daily as mayor. Rama's decision to cancel the move was praised by Alcover and OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> On April 20, 2024, Rama ordered a fact-finding investigation after Alcover accused City Agriculture Department (CAD) Head Joelito Baclayon of negligence. Alcover, in an April 4 privilege speech, accused Baclayon of failing to prepare for El Niño and underutilizing CAD's budget from the previous year.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Baclayon questioned Alcover's allegations, saying the CAD did not receive a complaint from any of the city's farmers; Alcover responded by calling Baclayon a liar, showing the media pictures of farmers' crops destroyed by the El Niño droughts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama initially threw his support behind Baclayon, but eventually said an investigation would be fair to Alcover while allowing Baclayon to defend himself.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Following Rama's May 8 suspension, Alcover called anew for Baclayon's removal on June 14, saying Rama did not heed his advice and asking Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia to replace Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Garcia eventually replaced Baclayon as City Agriculturalist in late 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Family and relationships=== Rama is a member of the Rama family, a prominent [[Political_families_in_the_Philippines|political dynasty]] from Cebu City. He was previously married to lawyer Araceli Lim Francisco ([[annulment|annulled]] 2000), with whom he has two children, activist Micheline and lawyer Mikel.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> From 2004 to 2015, Rama was in a relationship with fellow lawyer, city councilor, and longtime political ally Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> In 2015, speculation emerged about an affair between Rama and [[Catbalogan]] Mayor [[Stephany Uy-Tan]] (married to [[Legislative_districts_of_Samar#1st_District|Samar 1st District]] Rep. Stephen James Tan), whom Rama invited to join him and his family for a photo onstage after his speech during his July 4 State of the City Address. Pesquera later confirmed a connection between the alleged affair and her breakup with Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On October 28, 2021, Rama married former city hall employee Malou Jimenez Mandanat in a civil ceremony, and on October 24, 2024 in a church wedding officiated by [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu|Cebu Archbishop]] [[José S. Palma]]. Rama and Mandanat have one child together.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> The following are a list of Rama's relatives involved in politics and government, sorted in order of [[consanguinity]]: * '''Spouses:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), married 2021, former Cebu City Hall employee<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, annulled 2000, Eastern Visayas Director of the [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Son:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), lawyer and Cebu City Councilor-elect from the 2nd (South) District<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Father:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Brother:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), former [[Governor of Agusan del Norte|Agusan Del Norte]] Governor (1988-1995) and [[Agusan_del_Norte%27s_2nd_congressional_district|Congressman]] (1995-1998)<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Grandfather:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), former [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] (1945-1947), Cebu City Mayor (1938-1940), [[Cebu's 3rd congressional district|Congressman]] (1934-1938), and Councilor (1916-1922); also known as the "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Uncles:''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doctor, former [[Governor of Cebu|Governor of Cebu Province]] (1969-1976; 1986-1988) and Vice Governor (1968-1969) ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), lawyer, journalist, vice president of the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971|1971 Contitutional Convention]] and member of the [[Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986|1986 Constitutional Commission]] ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Nephew:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), incumbent [[Cebu City's 2nd congressional district|Congressman from Cebu City's 2nd (South) District]] (since 2019), former City Councilor (2004-2013; 2016-2019), and former head of barangay affairs (2013-2016) * '''Cousins:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Cebu City Councilor (2001-2004) and [[Barangay Captain]] of Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, celebrity businesswoman, and [[2013_Cebu_City_local_elections#1st_District|2013 candidate]] for Congresswoman from [[Cebu City's 1st congressional district|Cebu City's 1st (North) District]]; mother of celebrities [[Ruffa Gutierrez|Ruffa]], [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], and [[Raymond Gutierrez]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, former [[List_of_vice_governors_of_Cebu#List_of_Vice_Governors_of_Cebu|Vice Governor of Cebu Province]] (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., former Commissioner of the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> and Cebu City Assistant Prosecutor<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Honors and awards== Rama is a recipient of the following honors and awards: * People Manager of the Year for the public sector category, given by the People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) as its first award in the said category, September 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy with a major in Transformative Leadership, ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', given by Northwestern Christian University, January 2023;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award, given by the American Excellence Awards, August 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee, given by [[San Beda College of Law]] on its 75th anniversary, November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Augustus Young]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= [[Dondon Hontiveros]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />[[League of Cities of the Philippines]]|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Belmonte]]}} |- {{s-end}} {{Mayors of Cebu City}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> s87lhy9tznuemn714lj0m612ltd7jeu 35429923 35429918 2025-06-21T14:41:57Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable]]<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise alkalde. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ===Return as Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (seated, rightmost) with President [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker [[Martin Romualdez]], Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. [[Rachel del Mar|Cutie del Mar]] and Edu Rama, and other national and local officials.]] Rama, now a member of PDP-Laban, filed his candidacy for mayor in the [[2022 Cebu City local elections|May 9, 2022 elections]] on October 9, 2021, with majority floor leader and city councilor Raymond Alvin Garcia as his running mate. They led a coalition between Rama's Barug PDP-Laban, Garcia's KUSUG, and the newly-revived [[Partido Panaghiusa]] under longtime campaign manager and former city councilor Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> The Rama-Garcia tandem, which endorsed the [[UniTeam]] led by presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] and vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], was also endorsed by outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte on April 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Rama defeated two city councilors to win a full term as mayor, winning 226,328 votes over BOPK candidate [[Margot Osmeña]]'s 190,836 votes and independent candidate Dave Tumulak's 132,510 votes.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> On July 21, 2022, Rama was elected National President of the [[League of Cities of the Philippines]] (LCP), the official organization of all the country's city mayors.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> He was subsequently removed from his post by the LCP National Executive Board on July 19, 2024 following his May 7 suspension from office, succeeded by LCP Executive Vice President and [[Mayor of Quezon City|Quezon City Mayor]] [[Joy Belmonte]]. Rama initially questioned the legitimacy of the move, though he eventually relented and expressed his confidence in Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama tested positive for COVID-19 on August 2, 2022. He attributed his asymptomatic status to being [[COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines|fully vaccinated with booster shots]], encouraging others to get vaccinated as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On September 29, 2022, Rama was elected PDP-Laban Vice President for the Visayas during the party's 40th anniversary and general assembly held in [[Pasay City]], having already been president of its Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On November 9, 2022, Rama denied allegations by residents of Lot 937 in Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas that the city government did not help them after property developer Century Horizons, represented by then-former Congressman [[Edgar Erice]], [[Land_grabbing#Displacement|demolished 167 households]] to make way for a property development. Rama said that that he was addressing the residents' requests for help, but declined to disclose what action he was taking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Many of the displaced residents were eventually relocated in 2024, with the Cebu provincial government (under Governors [[Junjun Davide]] and Gwen Garcia) providing relocation sites and financial assistance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Former mayor Tomas Osmeña once again publicly criticized Rama during an October 21, 2023 press conference, stating he would support anyone who ran against Rama in 2025—even saying he would "rather vote for [his] dog" than for Rama. Osmeña cited the PHP 3 billion (USD 54 million) spent on the still-incomplete and allegedly overpriced [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), comparing it to the PHP 6 billion (USD 108 million) he had spent to complete the South Road Properties (SRP) project during his own tenure. He further claimed that the city suffered a long-term revenue loss after Rama sold 50 hectares of SRP land to [[Ayala Corporation]] and [[SM Supermalls]], allegedly losing PHP 6 billion in projected earnings per hectare. Osmeña also accused Rama of favoring the two corporations by reducing the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) route from 25 kilometers (Bulacao to Talamban) to just 12 kilometers ([[SM Seaside City|SM Seaside]] to [[Ayala Center Cebu|Ayala Center]]), arguing the shortened route would benefit the supermalls at the expense of city commuters. Rama declined to comment on Osmeña's criticisms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> In March 2024, Rama filed an administrative complaint before the [[Office of the President of the Philippines]] (OP) against Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia, after the latter stopped the construction of a CBRT station in front of the [[Cebu Provincial Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama files admin case vs Garcia |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-files-admin-case-vs-garcia |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama alleged that Garcia committed [[abuse of power]] by interfering with a national infrastructure project under the [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr), while Garcia responded that she was protecting the cultural and historical integrity of the Capitol, a historical landmark. This resulted in Garcia resigning from PDP-Laban on May 28, citing "irreconcilable conflict" and Rama's position as PDP-Laban's Vice President for Visayas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On October 30, the OP dismissed Rama's complaint, citing insufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> After Rama demolished two of the city's ten [[Pedestrian separation structure|pedestrian overpasses]] in March 2024 and replace them with [[Subway (crossing)|pedestrian underpasses]], Osmeña accused Rama of incompetence, as the overpasses' demolition left the affected areas without an accessible [[pedestrian crossing]]. Osmeña highlighted that Rama previously opposed the overpasses' construction sponsored by the late Rep. [[Raul del Mar]] in favor of flared intersections with [[Intersection (road)|at-grade]] crossings, only to still not have built the first one five years later, with underpasses taking even longer to complete.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama responded that the overpasses had become outdated and inaccessible to [[Disability|persons with disabilities]] (PWDs) with limited mobility, as well as serving as sleeping quarters for [[begging|beggars]] and dumping grounds for [[feces|human waste]].<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On April 11, 2024, Rama cancelled an April 2 order to relocate the Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), following a request from Councilor Jun Alcover. Rama said that he would investigate how he signed the memo (on the request of the City Treasurer's Office), citing the large amount of papers he had to sign daily as mayor. Rama's decision to cancel the move was praised by Alcover and OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> On April 20, 2024, Rama ordered a fact-finding investigation after Alcover accused City Agriculture Department (CAD) Head Joelito Baclayon of negligence. Alcover, in an April 4 privilege speech, accused Baclayon of failing to prepare for El Niño and underutilizing CAD's budget from the previous year.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Baclayon questioned Alcover's allegations, saying the CAD did not receive a complaint from any of the city's farmers; Alcover responded by calling Baclayon a liar, showing the media pictures of farmers' crops destroyed by the El Niño droughts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama initially threw his support behind Baclayon, but eventually said an investigation would be fair to Alcover while allowing Baclayon to defend himself.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Following Rama's May 8 suspension, Alcover called anew for Baclayon's removal on June 14, saying Rama did not heed his advice and asking Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia to replace Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Garcia eventually replaced Baclayon as City Agriculturalist in late 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Family and relationships=== Rama is a member of the Rama family, a prominent [[Political_families_in_the_Philippines|political dynasty]] from Cebu City. He was previously married to lawyer Araceli Lim Francisco ([[annulment|annulled]] 2000), with whom he has two children, activist Micheline and lawyer Mikel.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> From 2004 to 2015, Rama was in a relationship with fellow lawyer, city councilor, and longtime political ally Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> In 2015, speculation emerged about an affair between Rama and [[Catbalogan]] Mayor [[Stephany Uy-Tan]] (married to [[Legislative_districts_of_Samar#1st_District|Samar 1st District]] Rep. Stephen James Tan), whom Rama invited to join him and his family for a photo onstage after his speech during his July 4 State of the City Address. Pesquera later confirmed a connection between the alleged affair and her breakup with Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On October 28, 2021, Rama married former city hall employee Malou Jimenez Mandanat in a civil ceremony, and on October 24, 2024 in a church wedding officiated by [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu|Cebu Archbishop]] [[José S. Palma]]. Rama and Mandanat have one child together.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> The following are a list of Rama's relatives involved in politics and government, sorted in order of [[consanguinity]]: * '''Spouses:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), married 2021, former Cebu City Hall employee<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, annulled 2000, Eastern Visayas Director of the [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Son:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), lawyer and Cebu City Councilor-elect from the 2nd (South) District<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Father:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Brother:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), former [[Governor of Agusan del Norte|Agusan Del Norte]] Governor (1988-1995) and [[Agusan_del_Norte%27s_2nd_congressional_district|Congressman]] (1995-1998)<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Grandfather:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), former [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] (1945-1947), Cebu City Mayor (1938-1940), [[Cebu's 3rd congressional district|Congressman]] (1934-1938), and Councilor (1916-1922); also known as the "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Uncles:''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doctor, former [[Governor of Cebu|Governor of Cebu Province]] (1969-1976; 1986-1988) and Vice Governor (1968-1969) ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), lawyer, journalist, vice president of the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971|1971 Contitutional Convention]] and member of the [[Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986|1986 Constitutional Commission]] ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Nephew:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), incumbent [[Cebu City's 2nd congressional district|Congressman from Cebu City's 2nd (South) District]] (since 2019), former City Councilor (2004-2013; 2016-2019), and former head of barangay affairs (2013-2016) * '''Cousins:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Cebu City Councilor (2001-2004) and [[Barangay Captain]] of Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, celebrity businesswoman, and [[2013_Cebu_City_local_elections#1st_District|2013 candidate]] for Congresswoman from [[Cebu City's 1st congressional district|Cebu City's 1st (North) District]]; mother of celebrities [[Ruffa Gutierrez|Ruffa]], [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], and [[Raymond Gutierrez]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, former [[List_of_vice_governors_of_Cebu#List_of_Vice_Governors_of_Cebu|Vice Governor of Cebu Province]] (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., former Commissioner of the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> and Cebu City Assistant Prosecutor<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Honors and awards== Rama is a recipient of the following honors and awards: * People Manager of the Year for the public sector category, given by the People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) as its first award in the said category, September 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy with a major in Transformative Leadership, ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', given by Northwestern Christian University, January 2023;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award, given by the American Excellence Awards, August 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee, given by [[San Beda College of Law]] on its 75th anniversary, November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Augustus Young]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= [[Dondon Hontiveros]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />[[League of Cities of the Philippines]]|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Belmonte]]}} |- {{s-end}} {{Mayors of Cebu City}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> p5tu5ya278y6pagen0409v9r4k6fg5c 35429924 35429923 2025-06-21T14:42:40Z Jonathantobi 128855 /* Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021) */ 35429924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable]]<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ===Return as Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (seated, rightmost) with President [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker [[Martin Romualdez]], Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. [[Rachel del Mar|Cutie del Mar]] and Edu Rama, and other national and local officials.]] Rama, now a member of PDP-Laban, filed his candidacy for mayor in the [[2022 Cebu City local elections|May 9, 2022 elections]] on October 9, 2021, with majority floor leader and city councilor Raymond Alvin Garcia as his running mate. They led a coalition between Rama's Barug PDP-Laban, Garcia's KUSUG, and the newly-revived [[Partido Panaghiusa]] under longtime campaign manager and former city councilor Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> The Rama-Garcia tandem, which endorsed the [[UniTeam]] led by presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] and vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], was also endorsed by outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte on April 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Rama defeated two city councilors to win a full term as mayor, winning 226,328 votes over BOPK candidate [[Margot Osmeña]]'s 190,836 votes and independent candidate Dave Tumulak's 132,510 votes.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> On July 21, 2022, Rama was elected National President of the [[League of Cities of the Philippines]] (LCP), the official organization of all the country's city mayors.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> He was subsequently removed from his post by the LCP National Executive Board on July 19, 2024 following his May 7 suspension from office, succeeded by LCP Executive Vice President and [[Mayor of Quezon City|Quezon City Mayor]] [[Joy Belmonte]]. Rama initially questioned the legitimacy of the move, though he eventually relented and expressed his confidence in Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama tested positive for COVID-19 on August 2, 2022. He attributed his asymptomatic status to being [[COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines|fully vaccinated with booster shots]], encouraging others to get vaccinated as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On September 29, 2022, Rama was elected PDP-Laban Vice President for the Visayas during the party's 40th anniversary and general assembly held in [[Pasay City]], having already been president of its Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On November 9, 2022, Rama denied allegations by residents of Lot 937 in Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas that the city government did not help them after property developer Century Horizons, represented by then-former Congressman [[Edgar Erice]], [[Land_grabbing#Displacement|demolished 167 households]] to make way for a property development. Rama said that that he was addressing the residents' requests for help, but declined to disclose what action he was taking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Many of the displaced residents were eventually relocated in 2024, with the Cebu provincial government (under Governors [[Junjun Davide]] and Gwen Garcia) providing relocation sites and financial assistance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Former mayor Tomas Osmeña once again publicly criticized Rama during an October 21, 2023 press conference, stating he would support anyone who ran against Rama in 2025—even saying he would "rather vote for [his] dog" than for Rama. Osmeña cited the PHP 3 billion (USD 54 million) spent on the still-incomplete and allegedly overpriced [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), comparing it to the PHP 6 billion (USD 108 million) he had spent to complete the South Road Properties (SRP) project during his own tenure. He further claimed that the city suffered a long-term revenue loss after Rama sold 50 hectares of SRP land to [[Ayala Corporation]] and [[SM Supermalls]], allegedly losing PHP 6 billion in projected earnings per hectare. Osmeña also accused Rama of favoring the two corporations by reducing the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) route from 25 kilometers (Bulacao to Talamban) to just 12 kilometers ([[SM Seaside City|SM Seaside]] to [[Ayala Center Cebu|Ayala Center]]), arguing the shortened route would benefit the supermalls at the expense of city commuters. Rama declined to comment on Osmeña's criticisms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> In March 2024, Rama filed an administrative complaint before the [[Office of the President of the Philippines]] (OP) against Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia, after the latter stopped the construction of a CBRT station in front of the [[Cebu Provincial Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama files admin case vs Garcia |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-files-admin-case-vs-garcia |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama alleged that Garcia committed [[abuse of power]] by interfering with a national infrastructure project under the [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr), while Garcia responded that she was protecting the cultural and historical integrity of the Capitol, a historical landmark. This resulted in Garcia resigning from PDP-Laban on May 28, citing "irreconcilable conflict" and Rama's position as PDP-Laban's Vice President for Visayas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On October 30, the OP dismissed Rama's complaint, citing insufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> After Rama demolished two of the city's ten [[Pedestrian separation structure|pedestrian overpasses]] in March 2024 and replace them with [[Subway (crossing)|pedestrian underpasses]], Osmeña accused Rama of incompetence, as the overpasses' demolition left the affected areas without an accessible [[pedestrian crossing]]. Osmeña highlighted that Rama previously opposed the overpasses' construction sponsored by the late Rep. [[Raul del Mar]] in favor of flared intersections with [[Intersection (road)|at-grade]] crossings, only to still not have built the first one five years later, with underpasses taking even longer to complete.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama responded that the overpasses had become outdated and inaccessible to [[Disability|persons with disabilities]] (PWDs) with limited mobility, as well as serving as sleeping quarters for [[begging|beggars]] and dumping grounds for [[feces|human waste]].<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On April 11, 2024, Rama cancelled an April 2 order to relocate the Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), following a request from Councilor Jun Alcover. Rama said that he would investigate how he signed the memo (on the request of the City Treasurer's Office), citing the large amount of papers he had to sign daily as mayor. Rama's decision to cancel the move was praised by Alcover and OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> On April 20, 2024, Rama ordered a fact-finding investigation after Alcover accused City Agriculture Department (CAD) Head Joelito Baclayon of negligence. Alcover, in an April 4 privilege speech, accused Baclayon of failing to prepare for El Niño and underutilizing CAD's budget from the previous year.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Baclayon questioned Alcover's allegations, saying the CAD did not receive a complaint from any of the city's farmers; Alcover responded by calling Baclayon a liar, showing the media pictures of farmers' crops destroyed by the El Niño droughts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama initially threw his support behind Baclayon, but eventually said an investigation would be fair to Alcover while allowing Baclayon to defend himself.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Following Rama's May 8 suspension, Alcover called anew for Baclayon's removal on June 14, saying Rama did not heed his advice and asking Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia to replace Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Garcia eventually replaced Baclayon as City Agriculturalist in late 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Family and relationships=== Rama is a member of the Rama family, a prominent [[Political_families_in_the_Philippines|political dynasty]] from Cebu City. He was previously married to lawyer Araceli Lim Francisco ([[annulment|annulled]] 2000), with whom he has two children, activist Micheline and lawyer Mikel.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> From 2004 to 2015, Rama was in a relationship with fellow lawyer, city councilor, and longtime political ally Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> In 2015, speculation emerged about an affair between Rama and [[Catbalogan]] Mayor [[Stephany Uy-Tan]] (married to [[Legislative_districts_of_Samar#1st_District|Samar 1st District]] Rep. Stephen James Tan), whom Rama invited to join him and his family for a photo onstage after his speech during his July 4 State of the City Address. Pesquera later confirmed a connection between the alleged affair and her breakup with Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On October 28, 2021, Rama married former city hall employee Malou Jimenez Mandanat in a civil ceremony, and on October 24, 2024 in a church wedding officiated by [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu|Cebu Archbishop]] [[José S. Palma]]. Rama and Mandanat have one child together.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> The following are a list of Rama's relatives involved in politics and government, sorted in order of [[consanguinity]]: * '''Spouses:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), married 2021, former Cebu City Hall employee<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, annulled 2000, Eastern Visayas Director of the [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Son:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), lawyer and Cebu City Councilor-elect from the 2nd (South) District<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Father:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Brother:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), former [[Governor of Agusan del Norte|Agusan Del Norte]] Governor (1988-1995) and [[Agusan_del_Norte%27s_2nd_congressional_district|Congressman]] (1995-1998)<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Grandfather:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), former [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] (1945-1947), Cebu City Mayor (1938-1940), [[Cebu's 3rd congressional district|Congressman]] (1934-1938), and Councilor (1916-1922); also known as the "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Uncles:''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doctor, former [[Governor of Cebu|Governor of Cebu Province]] (1969-1976; 1986-1988) and Vice Governor (1968-1969) ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), lawyer, journalist, vice president of the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971|1971 Contitutional Convention]] and member of the [[Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986|1986 Constitutional Commission]] ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Nephew:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), incumbent [[Cebu City's 2nd congressional district|Congressman from Cebu City's 2nd (South) District]] (since 2019), former City Councilor (2004-2013; 2016-2019), and former head of barangay affairs (2013-2016) * '''Cousins:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Cebu City Councilor (2001-2004) and [[Barangay Captain]] of Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, celebrity businesswoman, and [[2013_Cebu_City_local_elections#1st_District|2013 candidate]] for Congresswoman from [[Cebu City's 1st congressional district|Cebu City's 1st (North) District]]; mother of celebrities [[Ruffa Gutierrez|Ruffa]], [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], and [[Raymond Gutierrez]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, former [[List_of_vice_governors_of_Cebu#List_of_Vice_Governors_of_Cebu|Vice Governor of Cebu Province]] (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., former Commissioner of the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> and Cebu City Assistant Prosecutor<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Honors and awards== Rama is a recipient of the following honors and awards: * People Manager of the Year for the public sector category, given by the People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) as its first award in the said category, September 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy with a major in Transformative Leadership, ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', given by Northwestern Christian University, January 2023;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award, given by the American Excellence Awards, August 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee, given by [[San Beda College of Law]] on its 75th anniversary, November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Augustus Young]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= [[Dondon Hontiveros]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />[[League of Cities of the Philippines]]|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Belmonte]]}} |- {{s-end}} {{Mayors of Cebu City}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> 5vu5oxlppfzilhtguixfvsu2rddxf0x 35429925 35429924 2025-06-21T15:08:46Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Family and relationships=== Rama is a member of the Rama family, a prominent [[Political_families_in_the_Philippines|political dynasty]] from Cebu City. He was previously married to lawyer Araceli Lim Francisco ([[annulment|annulled]] 2000), with whom he has two children, activist Micheline and lawyer Mikel.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> From 2004 to 2015, Rama was in a relationship with fellow lawyer, city councilor, and longtime political ally Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> In 2015, speculation emerged about an affair between Rama and [[Catbalogan]] Mayor [[Stephany Uy-Tan]] (married to [[Legislative_districts_of_Samar#1st_District|Samar 1st District]] Rep. Stephen James Tan), whom Rama invited to join him and his family for a photo onstage after his speech during his July 4 State of the City Address. Pesquera later confirmed a connection between the alleged affair and her breakup with Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On October 28, 2021, Rama married former city hall employee Malou Jimenez Mandanat in a civil ceremony, and on October 24, 2024 in a church wedding officiated by [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu|Cebu Archbishop]] [[José S. Palma]]. Rama and Mandanat have one child together.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> The following are a list of Rama's relatives involved in politics and government, sorted in order of [[consanguinity]]: * '''Spouses:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), married 2021, former Cebu City Hall employee<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, annulled 2000, Eastern Visayas Director of the [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Son:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), lawyer and Cebu City Councilor-elect from the 2nd (South) District<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Father:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Brother:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), former [[Governor of Agusan del Norte|Agusan Del Norte]] Governor (1988-1995) and [[Agusan_del_Norte%27s_2nd_congressional_district|Congressman]] (1995-1998)<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Grandfather:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), former [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] (1945-1947), Cebu City Mayor (1938-1940), [[Cebu's 3rd congressional district|Congressman]] (1934-1938), and Councilor (1916-1922); also known as the "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Uncles:''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doctor, former [[Governor of Cebu|Governor of Cebu Province]] (1969-1976; 1986-1988) and Vice Governor (1968-1969) ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), lawyer, journalist, vice president of the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971|1971 Contitutional Convention]] and member of the [[Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986|1986 Constitutional Commission]] ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), former Cebu City Councilor<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Nephew:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), incumbent [[Cebu City's 2nd congressional district|Congressman from Cebu City's 2nd (South) District]] (since 2019), former City Councilor (2004-2013; 2016-2019), and former head of barangay affairs (2013-2016) * '''Cousins:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Cebu City Councilor (2001-2004) and [[Barangay Captain]] of Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, celebrity businesswoman, and [[2013_Cebu_City_local_elections#1st_District|2013 candidate]] for Congresswoman from [[Cebu City's 1st congressional district|Cebu City's 1st (North) District]]; mother of celebrities [[Ruffa Gutierrez|Ruffa]], [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], and [[Raymond Gutierrez]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, former [[List_of_vice_governors_of_Cebu#List_of_Vice_Governors_of_Cebu|Vice Governor of Cebu Province]] (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., former Commissioner of the Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> and Cebu City Assistant Prosecutor<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Honors and awards== Rama is a recipient of the following honors and awards: * People Manager of the Year for the public sector category, given by the People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) as its first award in the said category, September 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy with a major in Transformative Leadership, ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', given by Northwestern Christian University, January 2023;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award, given by the American Excellence Awards, August 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee, given by [[San Beda College of Law]] on its 75th anniversary, November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Augustus Young]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= [[Dondon Hontiveros]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />[[League of Cities of the Philippines]]|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Belmonte]]}} |- {{s-end}} {{Mayors of Cebu City}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> ncwrd40pqpfg5p385snzf63kismjopo 35429926 35429925 2025-06-21T15:35:09Z Jonathantobi 128855 /* Family and relationships */ 35429926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pamilya ug mga relasyon=== Si Rama usa ka sakop sa pamilya Rama, usa ka iladong political dynasty sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo. Kaniadto siya gikasal sa abogado nga si Araceli Lim Francisco (gi-annul niadtong 2000), nga iyang kauban sa duha ka anak: si Micheline, usa ka aktibista, ug si Mikel, usa ka abogado.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> Gikan sa 2004 hangtod 2015, si Rama nakigrelasyon sa kapwa abogado, konsehal sa siyudad, ug dugay na niyang kaalyado sa politika nga si Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, mitumaw ang mga ispekulasyon bahin sa usa ka relasyon tali ni Rama ug [[Catbalogan]] Mayor Stephany Uy-Tan (nga minyo kang [[Samar]] 1st District Rep. Stephen James Tan), human giimbitar ni Rama si Uy-Tan nga moapil sa usa ka family photo uban niya sa entablado pagkahuman sa iyang July 4 State of the City Address. Si Pesquera mitug-an nga adunay kalabutan ang maong isyu sa ilang panagbuwag ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 28, 2021, gikasal si Rama kang kanhing empleyado sa city hall nga si Malou Jimenez Mandanat sa usa ka civil ceremony. Gisundan kini og simbahanong kasal niadtong Oktubre 24, 2024 nga gipangulohan ni Cebu Archbishop José S. Palma. Si Rama ug si Mandanat aduna'y usa ka anak.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> Ang mosunod mao ang listahan sa mga paryente ni Rama nga nalambigit sa politika ug serbisyo sa gobyerno, gisunod sumala sa ilang lebel sa kadugoan (consanguinity): * '''Mga asawa:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), gikasal kaniadtong 2021, kanhing empleyado sa Cebu City Hall<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, gi-anull niadtong 2000, kanhing Eastern Visayas Director sa [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Anak:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), abogado ug umaabot nga Konsehal sa Dakbayan gikan sa ika- (South) nga Distrito<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Amahan:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), kanhing Konsehal sa Cebu City<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Igsuon:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), kanhing Gobernador ug (1988-1995) Kongresista (1995-1998) sa [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Lolo:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), kanhing Senador (1945-1947), Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1938-1940), Kongresista sa ika-3 nga distrito sa Sugbo (1934-1938), ug Konsehal sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1916-1922); ilado isip "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Mga uyo-an (tito):''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doktor, kanhing Gobernador (1969-1976; 1986-1988) ug Bise Gobernador (1968-1969) sa Lalawigan sa [[Sugbo]] ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), abogado, mamahayag, bise-presidente sa 1971 Contitutional Convention ug miyembro sa 1986 Constitutional Commission ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Pag-umangkon:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), kasamtangang Kongresista sa ika-2 (South) nga Distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2004-2013; 2016-2019), ug kanhing tigudmala sa Barangay Affairs Office (2013-2016) * '''Mga ig-agaw:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2001-2004) ug Kapitan sa Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, artista ug negosyante, ug kandidato pagka 2013 para Kongresista sa ika-unang (Norte) Distrito; inahan sa mga artista nga sila Ruffa, [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], ug Raymond Gutierrez<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, kanhing Bise-Gobernador sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., kanhing Commissioner sa Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> ug Assistant Prosecutor sa Dakbayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Honors and awards== Rama is a recipient of the following honors and awards: * People Manager of the Year for the public sector category, given by the People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) as its first award in the said category, September 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy with a major in Transformative Leadership, ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', given by Northwestern Christian University, January 2023;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award, given by the American Excellence Awards, August 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee, given by [[San Beda College of Law]] on its 75th anniversary, November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Augustus Young]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= [[Dondon Hontiveros]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />[[League of Cities of the Philippines]]|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Belmonte]]}} |- {{s-end}} {{Mayors of Cebu City}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> h7cmdh1k9cmn6428bnuolihhcsm7pci 35429927 35429926 2025-06-21T15:38:05Z Jonathantobi 128855 /* Honors and awards */ 35429927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pamilya ug mga relasyon=== Si Rama usa ka sakop sa pamilya Rama, usa ka iladong political dynasty sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo. Kaniadto siya gikasal sa abogado nga si Araceli Lim Francisco (gi-annul niadtong 2000), nga iyang kauban sa duha ka anak: si Micheline, usa ka aktibista, ug si Mikel, usa ka abogado.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> Gikan sa 2004 hangtod 2015, si Rama nakigrelasyon sa kapwa abogado, konsehal sa siyudad, ug dugay na niyang kaalyado sa politika nga si Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, mitumaw ang mga ispekulasyon bahin sa usa ka relasyon tali ni Rama ug [[Catbalogan]] Mayor Stephany Uy-Tan (nga minyo kang [[Samar]] 1st District Rep. Stephen James Tan), human giimbitar ni Rama si Uy-Tan nga moapil sa usa ka family photo uban niya sa entablado pagkahuman sa iyang July 4 State of the City Address. Si Pesquera mitug-an nga adunay kalabutan ang maong isyu sa ilang panagbuwag ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 28, 2021, gikasal si Rama kang kanhing empleyado sa city hall nga si Malou Jimenez Mandanat sa usa ka civil ceremony. Gisundan kini og simbahanong kasal niadtong Oktubre 24, 2024 nga gipangulohan ni Cebu Archbishop José S. Palma. Si Rama ug si Mandanat aduna'y usa ka anak.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> Ang mosunod mao ang listahan sa mga paryente ni Rama nga nalambigit sa politika ug serbisyo sa gobyerno, gisunod sumala sa ilang lebel sa kadugoan (consanguinity): * '''Mga asawa:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), gikasal kaniadtong 2021, kanhing empleyado sa Cebu City Hall<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, gi-anull niadtong 2000, kanhing Eastern Visayas Director sa [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Anak:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), abogado ug umaabot nga Konsehal sa Dakbayan gikan sa ika- (South) nga Distrito<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Amahan:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), kanhing Konsehal sa Cebu City<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Igsuon:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), kanhing Gobernador ug (1988-1995) Kongresista (1995-1998) sa [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Lolo:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), kanhing Senador (1945-1947), Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1938-1940), Kongresista sa ika-3 nga distrito sa Sugbo (1934-1938), ug Konsehal sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1916-1922); ilado isip "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Mga uyo-an (tito):''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doktor, kanhing Gobernador (1969-1976; 1986-1988) ug Bise Gobernador (1968-1969) sa Lalawigan sa [[Sugbo]] ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), abogado, mamahayag, bise-presidente sa 1971 Contitutional Convention ug miyembro sa 1986 Constitutional Commission ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Pag-umangkon:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), kasamtangang Kongresista sa ika-2 (South) nga Distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2004-2013; 2016-2019), ug kanhing tigudmala sa Barangay Affairs Office (2013-2016) * '''Mga ig-agaw:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2001-2004) ug Kapitan sa Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, artista ug negosyante, ug kandidato pagka 2013 para Kongresista sa ika-unang (Norte) Distrito; inahan sa mga artista nga sila Ruffa, [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], ug Raymond Gutierrez<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, kanhing Bise-Gobernador sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., kanhing Commissioner sa Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> ug Assistant Prosecutor sa Dakbayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Mga Ganti ug Pasidungog== Si Rama nakadawat sa mosunod nga mga ganti ug pasidungog: * People Manager of the Year (Public Sector Category) – Gihatag sa People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) isip una nilang award sa public sector, Setyembre 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy, major in Transformative Leadership (honoris causa) – Gihatag sa Northwestern Christian University kaniadtong Enero 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award – Gihatag sa American Excellence Awards kaniadtong Agosto 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee – Gihatag sa San Beda College of Law atol sa ilang ika-75 nga anibersaryo, niadtong Nobyembre 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Augustus Young]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City#Vice Mayor of Cebu City|Vice Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= [[Dondon Hontiveros]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Edgardo Labella]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor of Cebu City]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]]}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />[[League of Cities of the Philippines]]|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= [[Joy Belmonte]]}} |- {{s-end}} {{Mayors of Cebu City}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> c9vkm621fm1mujal6zffwe10psp9mrq 35429928 35429927 2025-06-21T15:40:39Z Jonathantobi 128855 /* External links */ 35429928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding. ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pamilya ug mga relasyon=== Si Rama usa ka sakop sa pamilya Rama, usa ka iladong political dynasty sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo. Kaniadto siya gikasal sa abogado nga si Araceli Lim Francisco (gi-annul niadtong 2000), nga iyang kauban sa duha ka anak: si Micheline, usa ka aktibista, ug si Mikel, usa ka abogado.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> Gikan sa 2004 hangtod 2015, si Rama nakigrelasyon sa kapwa abogado, konsehal sa siyudad, ug dugay na niyang kaalyado sa politika nga si Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, mitumaw ang mga ispekulasyon bahin sa usa ka relasyon tali ni Rama ug [[Catbalogan]] Mayor Stephany Uy-Tan (nga minyo kang [[Samar]] 1st District Rep. Stephen James Tan), human giimbitar ni Rama si Uy-Tan nga moapil sa usa ka family photo uban niya sa entablado pagkahuman sa iyang July 4 State of the City Address. Si Pesquera mitug-an nga adunay kalabutan ang maong isyu sa ilang panagbuwag ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 28, 2021, gikasal si Rama kang kanhing empleyado sa city hall nga si Malou Jimenez Mandanat sa usa ka civil ceremony. Gisundan kini og simbahanong kasal niadtong Oktubre 24, 2024 nga gipangulohan ni Cebu Archbishop José S. Palma. Si Rama ug si Mandanat aduna'y usa ka anak.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> Ang mosunod mao ang listahan sa mga paryente ni Rama nga nalambigit sa politika ug serbisyo sa gobyerno, gisunod sumala sa ilang lebel sa kadugoan (consanguinity): * '''Mga asawa:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), gikasal kaniadtong 2021, kanhing empleyado sa Cebu City Hall<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, gi-anull niadtong 2000, kanhing Eastern Visayas Director sa [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Anak:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), abogado ug umaabot nga Konsehal sa Dakbayan gikan sa ika- (South) nga Distrito<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Amahan:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), kanhing Konsehal sa Cebu City<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Igsuon:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), kanhing Gobernador ug (1988-1995) Kongresista (1995-1998) sa [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Lolo:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), kanhing Senador (1945-1947), Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1938-1940), Kongresista sa ika-3 nga distrito sa Sugbo (1934-1938), ug Konsehal sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1916-1922); ilado isip "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Mga uyo-an (tito):''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doktor, kanhing Gobernador (1969-1976; 1986-1988) ug Bise Gobernador (1968-1969) sa Lalawigan sa [[Sugbo]] ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), abogado, mamahayag, bise-presidente sa 1971 Contitutional Convention ug miyembro sa 1986 Constitutional Commission ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Pag-umangkon:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), kasamtangang Kongresista sa ika-2 (South) nga Distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2004-2013; 2016-2019), ug kanhing tigudmala sa Barangay Affairs Office (2013-2016) * '''Mga ig-agaw:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2001-2004) ug Kapitan sa Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, artista ug negosyante, ug kandidato pagka 2013 para Kongresista sa ika-unang (Norte) Distrito; inahan sa mga artista nga sila Ruffa, [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], ug Raymond Gutierrez<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, kanhing Bise-Gobernador sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., kanhing Commissioner sa Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> ug Assistant Prosecutor sa Dakbayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Mga Ganti ug Pasidungog== Si Rama nakadawat sa mosunod nga mga ganti ug pasidungog: * People Manager of the Year (Public Sector Category) – Gihatag sa People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) isip una nilang award sa public sector, Setyembre 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy, major in Transformative Leadership (honoris causa) – Gihatag sa Northwestern Christian University kaniadtong Enero 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award – Gihatag sa American Excellence Awards kaniadtong Agosto 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee – Gihatag sa San Beda College of Law atol sa ilang ika-75 nga anibersaryo, niadtong Nobyembre 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato V. Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Augustus Young}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= Dondon Hontiveros}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Raymond Alvin Garcia}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />League of Cities of the Philippines|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Belmonte}} |- {{s-end}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> 7nl63gvl4844he2h4hikg5zirvj4i7i 35429929 35429928 2025-06-21T15:41:49Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding.<ref name="MR_DQ2">{{cite news|last1=Sitchon|first1=John |title=Ex-Cebu mayor Mike Rama faces second dismissal order, posts bail on nepotism case|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-mayoral-aspirant-mike-rama-dismissal-bail-nepotism-april-1-2025/|access-date=31 May 2025|agency=Rappler|date=1 Apr 2025}}</ref> ==Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pamilya ug mga relasyon=== Si Rama usa ka sakop sa pamilya Rama, usa ka iladong political dynasty sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo. Kaniadto siya gikasal sa abogado nga si Araceli Lim Francisco (gi-annul niadtong 2000), nga iyang kauban sa duha ka anak: si Micheline, usa ka aktibista, ug si Mikel, usa ka abogado.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> Gikan sa 2004 hangtod 2015, si Rama nakigrelasyon sa kapwa abogado, konsehal sa siyudad, ug dugay na niyang kaalyado sa politika nga si Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, mitumaw ang mga ispekulasyon bahin sa usa ka relasyon tali ni Rama ug [[Catbalogan]] Mayor Stephany Uy-Tan (nga minyo kang [[Samar]] 1st District Rep. Stephen James Tan), human giimbitar ni Rama si Uy-Tan nga moapil sa usa ka family photo uban niya sa entablado pagkahuman sa iyang July 4 State of the City Address. Si Pesquera mitug-an nga adunay kalabutan ang maong isyu sa ilang panagbuwag ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 28, 2021, gikasal si Rama kang kanhing empleyado sa city hall nga si Malou Jimenez Mandanat sa usa ka civil ceremony. Gisundan kini og simbahanong kasal niadtong Oktubre 24, 2024 nga gipangulohan ni Cebu Archbishop José S. Palma. Si Rama ug si Mandanat aduna'y usa ka anak.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> Ang mosunod mao ang listahan sa mga paryente ni Rama nga nalambigit sa politika ug serbisyo sa gobyerno, gisunod sumala sa ilang lebel sa kadugoan (consanguinity): * '''Mga asawa:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), gikasal kaniadtong 2021, kanhing empleyado sa Cebu City Hall<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, gi-anull niadtong 2000, kanhing Eastern Visayas Director sa [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Anak:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), abogado ug umaabot nga Konsehal sa Dakbayan gikan sa ika- (South) nga Distrito<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Amahan:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), kanhing Konsehal sa Cebu City<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Igsuon:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), kanhing Gobernador ug (1988-1995) Kongresista (1995-1998) sa [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Lolo:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), kanhing Senador (1945-1947), Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1938-1940), Kongresista sa ika-3 nga distrito sa Sugbo (1934-1938), ug Konsehal sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1916-1922); ilado isip "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Mga uyo-an (tito):''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doktor, kanhing Gobernador (1969-1976; 1986-1988) ug Bise Gobernador (1968-1969) sa Lalawigan sa [[Sugbo]] ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), abogado, mamahayag, bise-presidente sa 1971 Contitutional Convention ug miyembro sa 1986 Constitutional Commission ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Pag-umangkon:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), kasamtangang Kongresista sa ika-2 (South) nga Distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2004-2013; 2016-2019), ug kanhing tigudmala sa Barangay Affairs Office (2013-2016) * '''Mga ig-agaw:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2001-2004) ug Kapitan sa Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, artista ug negosyante, ug kandidato pagka 2013 para Kongresista sa ika-unang (Norte) Distrito; inahan sa mga artista nga sila Ruffa, [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], ug Raymond Gutierrez<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, kanhing Bise-Gobernador sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., kanhing Commissioner sa Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> ug Assistant Prosecutor sa Dakbayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Mga Ganti ug Pasidungog== Si Rama nakadawat sa mosunod nga mga ganti ug pasidungog: * People Manager of the Year (Public Sector Category) – Gihatag sa People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) isip una nilang award sa public sector, Setyembre 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy, major in Transformative Leadership (honoris causa) – Gihatag sa Northwestern Christian University kaniadtong Enero 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award – Gihatag sa American Excellence Awards kaniadtong Agosto 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee – Gihatag sa San Beda College of Law atol sa ilang ika-75 nga anibersaryo, niadtong Nobyembre 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato V. Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Augustus Young}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= Dondon Hontiveros}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Raymond Alvin Garcia}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />League of Cities of the Philippines|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Belmonte}} |- {{s-end}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> fsseaeysdnwiaa8p5ffujen10a8lsz5 35429930 35429929 2025-06-21T15:43:48Z Jonathantobi 128855 /* Kabatan-onan ug sayo nga karera */ 35429930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding.<ref name="MR_DQ2">{{cite news|last1=Sitchon|first1=John |title=Ex-Cebu mayor Mike Rama faces second dismissal order, posts bail on nepotism case|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-mayoral-aspirant-mike-rama-dismissal-bail-nepotism-april-1-2025/|access-date=31 May 2025|agency=Rappler|date=1 Apr 2025}}</ref> ==Kabatan-onan ug Pagsugod sa Karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ====''Singapore-like'' vision==== During his inaugural address on June 30, 2022, Mayor Michael Rama announced his vision for a “[[Singapore]]-like Cebu City,” inspired by a recent trip to Singapore and centered on mass transit, sustainability, infrastructure, housing, and digitalization projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> On February 13, 2023, Rama unveiled a replica of Singapore’s [[Merlion]] in Carbon Market, the city’s largest public market, which received mixed reactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The "Singapore-like" vision drew criticism for allegedly lacking clear and specific targets, prioritizing large-scale projects despite limited city cash reserves, and being overly ambitious at the expense of day-to-day governance and basic service delivery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Following official visits to [[Melbourne]] in December 2023 and [[Taiwan]] in March 2024, Rama expanded the slogan to “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> The revised slogan was met with further criticism; editorials in local newspapers described the plans as overambitious and impractical, arguing that Cebu City should focus on becoming the best version of itself rather than emulating other cities.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia also publicly criticized the slogan.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> News media also noted growing public mockery of the branding, with terms such as “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” circulating during floods and “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” in the context of garbage collection issues. The slogan was widely panned online as out of touch with the city's real needs.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Commission on Audit]] (COA), in its 2023 audit report, stated that Cebu City lacked the cash to sustain Rama’s "Singapore-like" vision. The report flagged the city’s income projections over the past five years as consistently “unrealistic,” calling the 2023 fiscal year “the most aggressive.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> The controversial slogan was eventually dropped on October 9, 2024, when newly assumed Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia, on his first day in office, announced its retirement in favor of a renewed focus on Cebu City’s own identity. Garcia emphasized Cebu’s long history as a civilization, predating that of Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====2024 suspension and rift with Raymond Garcia==== : ''See also: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]'' On May 8, 2024, Rama was preventively suspended for 6 months by the [[Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)|Ombudsman]] due to withholding the salaries of four city employees. Garcia assumed the post of acting mayor on May 14, replacing city administrator Collin Rosell and city assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, who were both also suspended along with Rama. He also ordered an investigation into alleged harassment against the four city employees who filed the complaint that resulted in Rama's suspension.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Garcia announced that he would adopt a more diplomatic approach to the city's issues as acting mayor, compared to what he labeled as Rama's more aggressive style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Although Rama initially affirmed on February 17 that Garcia would remain his vice mayoral candidate for 2025, he later criticized Garcia's leadership and policy direction as acting mayor with increasing frequency.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Rama accused Garcia of overstepping the bounds of an acting mayor—a claim Garcia denied—and of failing to uphold a prior agreement not to interfere with Rama's policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia admitted to the growing distance between him and Rama on June 17, saying that he "no longer [felt] positive" about Rama's frequent criticisms, even as he still viewed Rama as a friend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Garcia was noticeably absent from a Barug gathering on June 12, where Rama hinted towards picking acting vice mayor Dondon Hontiveros as his 2025 running mate instead.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> On August 12, Rama presented a nearly-30 minute video to allies and journalists at Casino Español de Cebu, criticizing Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia and Gov. Gwen Garcia. He opposed the non-renewal of certain city officials and employees under Garcia’s acting term and raised concerns over the [[Cebu Port Authority]] and Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), following Garcia's resolution of Rama's disputes with both agencies. He accused Gov. Garcia of interfering in city affairs and violating [[Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities|Cebu City's autonomy]], even calling for city residents to be allowed to vote for the Governor in provincial elections. Rama also questioned his exclusion from the [[2024 Palarong Pambansa]] closing rites and criticized the city's hosting of the 2[[Festivals_of_Cebu#Pasigarbo_sa_Sugbo|2024 Pasigarbo sa Sugbo]] at the provincial government's request.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On September 23, Garcia was announced as party president of the newly-revived KUSUG party, succeeding his father Alvin. Garcia also announced his openness to running for a full term as Mayor in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Rama officially declared the end of the Barug-KUSUG coalition and his alliance with Garcia the next day, September 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === 2025 mayoral campaign === : ''See also: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]'' On September 24, 2024, Rama announced Barug's lineup for the [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 elections]], notably including [[Liga ng mga Barangay]] (LnB) Cebu City President Franklyn Ong, who was BOPK's 2022 vice mayoral candidate and a former longtime BOPK member.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Barug would form a coalition with BagOng Sugbo (New Cebu), a grassroots movement recently founded by Ong, to launch the Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama coalition. They filed their candidacies on October 3, with Rama running for re-election as mayor, Hontiveros running for a full-term as vice mayor, Ong running for congress in the North District, and South District Rep. Edu Rama running for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On the same day, the Ombudsman released its September 19 ruling on Rama's case, dismissing suspended Mayor Rama from his position and permanently disqualifying him from public office.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Following succession laws, Vice Mayor Garcia assumed office as mayor, taking his oath of office on October 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC cancelled Rama's certificate of candidacy due to his disqualification by the Ombudsman, which was reversed when Rama obtained a [[Injunction#Temporary_restraining_orders|temporary restraining order]] (TRO) from the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] on on October 22, keeping his name on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On October 31, 2024, Rama announced that he would challenge Garcia's assumption as mayor, filing a case for usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> The Ombudsman would go on to dismiss at least 8 complaints filed by Rama, his allies, and his ex-employees, upholding the Garcia's legitimacy as mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, Rama announced that he withdrew support for [[Tingog Party List]] after former President Duterte endorsed Barug members on February 13. Tingog's first nominee is incumbent Rep. [[Yedda Romualdez]], wife of [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Martin Romualdez]]. Rama also announced his opposition to the [[Impeachment of Sara Duterte|impeachment of Vice President Sara Duterte]], the former president's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Speaker Romualdez, a cousin of President Bongbong Marcos, led the successful impeachment effort in the House amidst the political rivalry between the formerly-allied [[Marcos family|Marcos]] and [[Duterte family|Duterte]] political dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 22, 18 former city employees associated with Rama were ordered to return [[Walkie-talkie|handheld radios]] previously issued by the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO allegedly intercepted radio communications in early April which revealed that Rama's associates were using the city-issued radios for Rama's election campaign, which would violate laws against using government resources for political purposes. Garcia warned that the people responsible had 72 hours to return the handheld radios, after which he would escalate the matter to the City Legal Office for possible legal action. Rama denied knowledge of the matter, telling [[Cebu Daily News]] that he had no idea about it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> On May 12, Rama lost to an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]] by Archival, placing third behind Archival and Garcia. Rama's lineup lost decisively, with no candidates winning in the North District, four councilor candidates winning in the South District, and Rep. Edu Rama winning re-election.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> As was the case with his 2016 defeat, Rama refused to accept his loss, alleging electoral fraud, filing an election protest against Archival, and seeking a manual [[election recount]].<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ==Controversies and legal issues== In January 2011, Rama was accused of bullying businessman and fireworks trader Bryan Lim, after allegedly destroying PHP 3 million (approximately USD 60,000) in fireworks earlier seized for being sold outside of designated selling areas. Lim considered filing a case against Rama for grave abuse of authority. Lim's counsel Noel Archival argued that the fireworks' destruction was done unlawfully, and that Lim should have been allowed to donate the fireworks to the city's Sinulog festival instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama has also been repeatedly criticized for allegedly singing and talking excessively about himself and his family during events and meetings, instead of properly focusing on official business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama was seen singing during an official meeting with [[Business process outsourcing|BPO company]] heads on a video that surfaced on Facebook dated to December 3, 2013, with the poster alleging that they lost their job because the company downsized its Cebu team after the company's boss, who had flown in from overseas to meet the mayor, said that Rama instead wasted their time with the "most expensive useless concert" they had seen.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== The [[Commission on Audit]] (COA) is an independent [[Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Article_IX_–_Constitutional_Commissions|constitutional commission]] mandated to protect public funds from [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]] through auditing the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]]'s spending. COA has the power to disallow expenses it deems irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or illegal, and order the responsible officials to return them to public coffers, as well as flag unspent and underspent funds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> To date, COA has flagged and/or issued disallowances against the following expenses by Rama: * '''2013 disaster assistance:''' In June 2024, COA flagged Rama for a total of PHP 84 million ''(around USD 1.5 million)'' in calamity assistance distributed to city officials and employees on December 23, 2013 following a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Yolanda]] ''(international name "Haiyan")'' in October and November, respectively. COA said that while the funds were given with good intentions, the means of distribution was unlawful, with the budget not being sourced from the city's calamity funds and the individual grants of PHP 20,000 (USD 351) per beneficiary exceeding the legal limit of PHP 15,000. Rama appealed the 30 notices of disallowances given by COA relating to the case, with COA upholding its decision and dismissing Rama's appeal on January 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''August 2022 Canada trip:''' On January 25, 2023, COA flagged as excessive nearly PHP 2 million in cash advances that were distributed for a 6-day official trip to [[Canada]] by Rama and other city officials without the approval of the [[Department of Interior and Local Government]] (DILG). The disbursed airfare of PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) per official was found to be excessive compared to the one-way airfare estimate of PHP 25,000 to 27,000 (USD 439 to 474), with daily expenses allocated for 9 days even if the officials' trip lasted for only 6 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''September 2023 Vladivostok trip:''' COA, in July 2024, flagged nearly PHP 1.3 million (USD 22,800) in expenses for city officials' trip to the 8th [[Eastern Economic Forum]] (EEF) in [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]. Auditors reported that only 2 officials out of the 6 members of Rama's delegation—Rama himself and Councilor Jocelyn Pesquera—had clear responsibilities, and that the trip's expenses violated Presidential Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, which mandates that travel delegations be kept to the barest minimum due to the expensive costs of foreign trips.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2023 unrecorded deposits and disbursements:''' COA flagged over PHP 609 million (USD 10.67 million) in unrecorded [[Deposit (finance)|deposits]] and [[disbursement|disbursements]] by the city government under Rama for 2023, a 788 percent increase from 2022. City Treasurer Mare Vae Reyes claimed that the unrecorded transactions were due to a new system implemented in 2019, while admitting "lapses" in the handling of the deposits and that the 788 percent increase was "alarming."<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022-2023 unspent disaster funds:''' In its 2023 Audit Report, COA flagged PHP 1.456 billion (USD 25.5 million) in unspent disaster funds for 2022 and 2023. Only 8.16 percent of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) Capital Outlay was utilized for both years, with a consistent pattern of low disaster fund utilization over the last five years under the Labella and Rama administrations due to what the City LDRRM Office revealed as bureaucratic [[red tape]] and [[Bottleneck (production)|procedural bottlenecks]]. COA's report mentioned that the underutilization of funds left city vulnerable to calamities and emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 unused CCMC equipment:''' COA identified and flagged 46 unused units of high-value medical equipment worth PHP 84 million (USD 1.47 million) at the [[Cebu City Medical Center]] (CCMC), some purchased as early as 2020 and now out of warranty. An inspection in March 2024 found 46 unutilized units, including vital items like anesthesia machines. COA attributed this to poor planning and coordination, as the equipment was acquired anticipating a hospital completion timeline that remains unfulfilled even eight years after construction began. COA reported that the wasted equipment deprived the public of essential medical services.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''February 2023 charter day bonuses:''' In 2025, COA flagged the release of PHP 71.698 million (USD 1.25 million) in Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 each, or USD 263) to officials and employees in 2023 without sufficient documentation justifying the performance of each recipient, which is legally required for such performance-based incentives. The issue raised concerns, particularly as the city government considered increasing the Charter Day bonus to PHP 35,000 (USD 642) for 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> ==Electoral history== {{Collapse top|title=Electoral History of Mike Rama (click to expand)}} To date, Rama ran in every local election since 1992, for a total of 12 elections. * 1992: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1995: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * 1998: '''Won''' as Councilor for Cebu City's 2nd (South) District * [[2001 Cebu City local elections|2001]]: '''Won''' as Vice Mayor of Cebu City<ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2004 Cebu City local elections|2004]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2004ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 249256 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino |candidate = Ramiro Madarang |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2007_Cebu_City_local_elections#Vice_mayor|2007]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2007ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas–CMD (1991) |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 218241 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Genuine Opposition |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 82640 |percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = |percentage = }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 300881 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner = Lakas–CMD (1991) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2010 Cebu City local elections|2010]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 210520 |percentage = 58.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Nacionalista Party |candidate = [[Alvin Garcia]] |votes = 120327 |percentage = 33.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Lakas-Kampi-CMD |candidate = Georgia Osmeña |votes = 16620 |percentage = 4.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = [[John Henry Osmeña]] |votes = 8178 |percentage = 2.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Philippine Green Republican Party |candidate = Salvador Solima |votes = 1867 |percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra |votes = 1171 |percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Rodolfo Laconza |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Cristituto Abangan |votes = 437 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Anastacio Dela Cruz |votes = 423 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Fermiliano Dapitan |votes = 324 |percentage = 0.09 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 360338 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 90193 |percentage = 25.03 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2013 Cebu City local elections|2013]] Cebu City mayoral election <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 215425 |percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 209497 |percentage = 49.30 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 424922 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 5928 |percentage = 1.40 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance |loser = Liberal Party (Philippines) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2016ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Tomas Osmeña]] |votes = 266819 |percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 232925 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 499744 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 33894 |percentage = 6.80 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title=[[2019 Cebu City local elections|2019]] Cebu City vice mayoral election<ref name="CC_2019ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = United Nationalist Alliance |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 261685 |percentage = 51.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = Mary Ann de los Santos |votes = 235007 |percentage = 46.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Federico Peredo |votes = 3749 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Antonio Rosaroso |votes = 3633 |percentage = 0.72 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 504074 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 26678 |percentage = 5.29 }} {{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = United Nationalist Alliance }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title= [[2022 Cebu City local elections|2022]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan |candidate = Michael Rama (incumbent) |votes = 239656 |percentage = 40.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino |candidate = [[Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña]] |votes = 202446 |percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Tumulak |votes = 141225 |percentage = 24.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Crisologo Saavedra Jr. |votes = 1418 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Edgar Concha Jr. |votes = 1133 |percentage = 0.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = Juanito Luna |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.12 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 552811 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box margin of victory no change| |votes = 35492 |percentage = 6.42 }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing |winner=Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change | title = [[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025]] Cebu City mayoral election<ref name="CC_2025ER" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |party = Liberal Party (Philippines) |candidate = [[Nestor Archival]] |votes = 209370 |percentage = 43.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas |candidate = [[Raymond Alvin Garcia]] ([[incumbent]]) |votes = 176967 |percentage = 30.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Partido Barug |candidate = Michael Rama |votes = 120124 |percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |candidate = Yogi Filemon Ruiz |votes = 27652 |percentage = 4.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Independent |candidate = Julieto Co |votes = 3163 |percentage = 0.54 }} {{Election box total no change |votes = 584103 |percentage = 100.00 }} {{Election box gain with party link without swing |winner = Liberal Party (Philippines) |loser = Partido Federal ng Pilipinas }} {{Election box end}} {{Collapse bottom}} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pamilya ug mga relasyon=== Si Rama usa ka sakop sa pamilya Rama, usa ka iladong political dynasty sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo. Kaniadto siya gikasal sa abogado nga si Araceli Lim Francisco (gi-annul niadtong 2000), nga iyang kauban sa duha ka anak: si Micheline, usa ka aktibista, ug si Mikel, usa ka abogado.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> Gikan sa 2004 hangtod 2015, si Rama nakigrelasyon sa kapwa abogado, konsehal sa siyudad, ug dugay na niyang kaalyado sa politika nga si Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, mitumaw ang mga ispekulasyon bahin sa usa ka relasyon tali ni Rama ug [[Catbalogan]] Mayor Stephany Uy-Tan (nga minyo kang [[Samar]] 1st District Rep. Stephen James Tan), human giimbitar ni Rama si Uy-Tan nga moapil sa usa ka family photo uban niya sa entablado pagkahuman sa iyang July 4 State of the City Address. Si Pesquera mitug-an nga adunay kalabutan ang maong isyu sa ilang panagbuwag ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 28, 2021, gikasal si Rama kang kanhing empleyado sa city hall nga si Malou Jimenez Mandanat sa usa ka civil ceremony. Gisundan kini og simbahanong kasal niadtong Oktubre 24, 2024 nga gipangulohan ni Cebu Archbishop José S. Palma. Si Rama ug si Mandanat aduna'y usa ka anak.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> Ang mosunod mao ang listahan sa mga paryente ni Rama nga nalambigit sa politika ug serbisyo sa gobyerno, gisunod sumala sa ilang lebel sa kadugoan (consanguinity): * '''Mga asawa:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), gikasal kaniadtong 2021, kanhing empleyado sa Cebu City Hall<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, gi-anull niadtong 2000, kanhing Eastern Visayas Director sa [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Anak:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), abogado ug umaabot nga Konsehal sa Dakbayan gikan sa ika- (South) nga Distrito<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Amahan:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), kanhing Konsehal sa Cebu City<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Igsuon:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), kanhing Gobernador ug (1988-1995) Kongresista (1995-1998) sa [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Lolo:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), kanhing Senador (1945-1947), Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1938-1940), Kongresista sa ika-3 nga distrito sa Sugbo (1934-1938), ug Konsehal sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1916-1922); ilado isip "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Mga uyo-an (tito):''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doktor, kanhing Gobernador (1969-1976; 1986-1988) ug Bise Gobernador (1968-1969) sa Lalawigan sa [[Sugbo]] ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), abogado, mamahayag, bise-presidente sa 1971 Contitutional Convention ug miyembro sa 1986 Constitutional Commission ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Pag-umangkon:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), kasamtangang Kongresista sa ika-2 (South) nga Distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2004-2013; 2016-2019), ug kanhing tigudmala sa Barangay Affairs Office (2013-2016) * '''Mga ig-agaw:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2001-2004) ug Kapitan sa Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, artista ug negosyante, ug kandidato pagka 2013 para Kongresista sa ika-unang (Norte) Distrito; inahan sa mga artista nga sila Ruffa, [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], ug Raymond Gutierrez<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, kanhing Bise-Gobernador sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., kanhing Commissioner sa Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> ug Assistant Prosecutor sa Dakbayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Mga Ganti ug Pasidungog== Si Rama nakadawat sa mosunod nga mga ganti ug pasidungog: * People Manager of the Year (Public Sector Category) – Gihatag sa People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) isip una nilang award sa public sector, Setyembre 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy, major in Transformative Leadership (honoris causa) – Gihatag sa Northwestern Christian University kaniadtong Enero 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award – Gihatag sa American Excellence Awards kaniadtong Agosto 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee – Gihatag sa San Beda College of Law atol sa ilang ika-75 nga anibersaryo, niadtong Nobyembre 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato V. Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Augustus Young}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= Dondon Hontiveros}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Raymond Alvin Garcia}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />League of Cities of the Philippines|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Belmonte}} |- {{s-end}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> sxaij4ucvs8ik8d8gboh5ad6jjenqoq 35429991 35429930 2025-06-22T04:48:42Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = The Honorable<br /> | name = Mike Rama | image = Mayor of Cebu City Mike Rama.webp | caption = Si Rama pagka 2022 | office1 = Ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] | term_start1 = November 20, 2021 | term_end1 = October 3, 2024 <br /> {{small|Suspendido: May 8 – October 3, 2024}} | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata1 = Dondon Hontiveros (2021–2022)<br /> Raymond Alvin Garcia (2022–2024) | predecessor1 = Edgardo Labella | successor1 = Raymond Alvin Garcia | term_start2 = June 30, 2010 | term_end2 = May 17, 2016 <br />{{small|Suspendido: December 11, 2015 – February 8, 2016}} | 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|Vice Mayor}} | 1namedata2 = Joy Augustus Young|Joy Young (2010–2013)<br>Edgardo Labella (2013–2016) | predecessor2 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | successor2 = Margot Osmeña|Margarita Osmeña {{small|(acting)}} <br />Tomas Osmeña | office3 = Ika-16 nga Bise Mayor<br />sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo | term_start3 = June 30, 2019 | term_end3 = November 19, 2021 | 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata3 = Edgardo Labella | predecessor3 = Edgardo Labella | successor3 = Dondon Hontiveros | term_start4 = June 30, 2001 | term_end4 = June 30, 2010 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Mayor}} | 1namedata4 = [[Tomas Osmeña]] | predecessor4 = Renato V. Osmeña Sr. | successor4 = Joy Young | office5 = Miyembro sa Sangguniang Panlungsod<br>sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo<br>gikan sa ika-duha nga distrito | term_start5 = June 30, 1992 | term_end5 = June 30, 2001 | birth_name = Michael Lopez Rama | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Cebu City]], Philippines | death_date = | death_place = | party = Barug (lokal; sukad 2012) <br> PDP (national; sukad 2019) | otherparty = BO-PK (1992–2011)<br>PROMDI (hangtod 2004)<br>Lakas (2004–2009)<br>Liberal (2009–;2012)<br>UNA (2012–2019) | spouse = {{unbulleted list | Araceli Lim Francisco<br><small>(nagbuwag 2000)</small> | {{marriage|Malou Mandanat Rama|2022}} }} | children = 3 | father = Fernando Genson Rama | mother = Natividad Lopez | relations = [[#Personal life|Pamilya Rama]] | occupation = Politician | profession = HRD manager, Lawyer | education = [[Velez College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[San Beda College of Law|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]) | signature = Michael Rama Signature.png }} [[ File:Official_handover_turnover_of_Palarong_Pambansa_Flag_(Rizal,_Metro_Manila;_2023-08-05)_E911a_13.jpg|thumb|Si Rama sa Marikina Sports Center kaniadtong 2023]] Si '''Michael Lopez Rama''' (natawo Oktubre 28, 1954) usa ka [[Pilipino|Pilipinong]] [[politiko]] ug abogado nga nag-alagad isip ika-26 nga [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|Mayor]] sa [[Dakbayan sa Sugbo]] gikan 2021 hangtod 2024, ug sa una gikan 2010 hangtod 2016. Nag-alagad sad siya isip ika-16 nga Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan (2001-2010, 2019-2021) ug Konsehal gikan sa ika-duha (South) District (1992-2001). Kaniadtong Oktubre 2024, gitangtang sa Ombudsman si Rama isip mayor ug permanente nga gi-disqualify sa pagtrabaho sa gobyerno human kini gihatolan nga guilty sa nepotismo ug grave misconduct.<ref name="MR_DQ1">{{cite news|last1=Piquero|first1=Pia|title=Preventively suspended Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama banned from public office|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598411/michael-rama-permanently-banned-from-public-office-due-to-nepotism|access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News|date=3 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="MR_legalTimeline">{{cite news|last=Piquero|first=Pia|title=TIMELINE: From suspension to disqualification – key events in Michael Rama’s legal battles |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598653/timeline-from-suspension-to-disqualification-key-events-in-mike-ramas-legal-battles|agency=Cebu Daily News|date=2024-10-05|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Si Rama ika-duha nga gitangtang ug gi-disqualify kaniadtong Enero 3, 2025 tungod sa ilegal nga panghatag ug mga kontrata sa pagkuha sa basura nga wala niagi og tarung sa mga legal nga proseso sa bidding.<ref name="MR_DQ2">{{cite news|last1=Sitchon|first1=John |title=Ex-Cebu mayor Mike Rama faces second dismissal order, posts bail on nepotism case|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-mayoral-aspirant-mike-rama-dismissal-bail-nepotism-april-1-2025/|access-date=31 May 2025|agency=Rappler|date=1 Apr 2025}}</ref> ==Kabatan-onan ug pagsugod sa karera== Natawo si Michael Lopez Rama kaniadtong Oktubre 28, 1956 kang Fernando Genson Rama ug Natividad Lopez Rama.<ref name="MR_2022victory">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama promises non-partisan politics |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440422/rama-promises-non-partisan-politics-for-fresh-term-as-mayor |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Aduna siya'y 12 ka igsuon, apil na ang kanhing Gobernador ug Kongresista sa Agusan Del Norte nga si Eduardo Rama Sr.<ref name="MR_EduSr">{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Eduardo Jr. |title=Remembering my dad today in what would have been his 75th birthday. |url=https://www.facebook.com/EduardoRamaJr/posts/remembering-my-dad-today-in-what-would-have-been-his-75th-birthday-my-father-edu/1154961911273935/ |website=Facebook - Edu Rama |access-date=31 May 2025 |date=26 Nov 2017}}</ref> Kuyog silang nagdako sa Rama Compound sa Barangay Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City.<ref name="MR_family">{{cite news |title=The Legacy of Mike Rama |url=https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=Zee.PH |date=3 Jun 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623155550/https://zee.ph/the-legacy-of-mike-rama/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2021}}</ref> Migradwar si Rama isip class valedictorian gikan sa Basak Elementary School sa Basak San Nicolas. Niskwela siya sa University of Southern Philippines ug nitiwas og pre-med degree gikan sa Velez College. Nikuha siya og graduate studies sa law sa San Beda College sa [[Manila]], ug nipasar sa bar exam pag 1983.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education & Other Details |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sa wala pa siya misulod sa pulitika, nagtrabaho sad si Rama isip usa ka human resource manager para sa Cebu Oxygen and Acetylene Company (Coaco).<ref name="MR_PMAP">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Vince Harlan A. |title=Rama named ‘people’s manager of the year’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-named-peoples-manager-of-the-year |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=22 Sep 2014 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ==Karera sa pulitika== ===Konsehal sa Cebu City (1992-2001)=== Gisugdan ni Rama ang iyang karera sa pulitika pagka lansar niya isip Konsehal gikan sa segundo (South) distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo isip usa ka miyembro sa Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan (BOPK) ni Mayor [[Tomas Osmeña]], ug nipuli sa iyahang tito nga si Clemente "Cle" G. Rama, usa ka beteranong konsehal.<ref name="MR_CleRama">{{cite news |last1=Gatdula-Arevalo |first1=Donabelle |title=Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama meets with Fil-Am community in Los Angeles |url=https://asianjournal.com/usa/southerncalifornia/cebu-city-mayor-michael-rama-meets-with-la-fil-am-community/ |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Asian Journal |date=23 Aug 2023}}</ref> Nag-alagad si Rama og tulo ka termino hangtod 2001, diin siya gi-appoint isip chairman sa Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center II Advisory Council.<ref name="MR_family" /> Sa ika-tulo niya nga termino, napili si Rama isip National President sa Philippine Councilors league (PCL).<ref name="MR_LCP">{{cite news |last1=Cordova |first1=Calvin |title=Cebu City Mayor Rama elected League of Cities president |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/22/cebu-city-mayor-rama-elected-league-of-cities-president |access-date=2 Jun 2025 |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=22 Jul 2022}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor (2001-2010)=== Human nihawa si kasamtangang Mayor Alvin Garcia sa BOPK aron magtukod sa iyang kaugalingong partido, ang Kugi Uswag Sugbo (KUSUG), gikuha si Rama ni kanhing Mayor Osmeña isip iyang kapares nga Bise Mayor para sa 2001 Cebu City local elections. Nakadaog ang tandem sa duha ka posisyon, ug napildi ni Rama ang kandidato sa KUSUG nga si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Renato Osmeña.<ref name="CC_2001ER">{{cite web |title=CERTIFIED LIST OF ELECTED CANDIDATES |url=http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html |website=Commission on Elections |access-date=27 Jan 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020927233420/http://www.comelec.gov.ph/results/local_region7.html#cebuct |archive-date=27 Sep 2002}}</ref><ref name="CC_2001ER2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City race: Tomas Osmeña proclaimed mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/28/104310/cebu-city-race-tomas-osmea-proclaimed-mayor |agency=Philstar.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Tulo ka termino nag-alagad si Rama isip Bise Mayor, ug nakadaog usab pagka 2004 ug 2007, kauban ni Osmeña isip mayor.<ref name="CC_2004ER">{{cite web |title=2004 City or Municipality Election Result |url=https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |website=data.gov.ph (archived) |access-date=2025-06-03 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712080027/https://data.gov.ph/dataset/2004-city-or-municipality-election-result/resource/1507882d-a7f2-47ca-bd0d-a34d0c572fba |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CC_2007ER">{{cite news |title=Tomas, BOPK bets proclaimed winners |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2007/05/21/1239/tomas-bopk-bets-proclaimed-winners |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Kaniadtong 2007, sa ika-tulo niya nga termino isip Bise Mayor, gipili si Rama isip National Vice President sa Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines (VMLP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Avila |first1=Bobit |title=Erap or his ego should retire from politics |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2008/04/21/57242/erap-or-his-ego-should-retire-politics |access-date=31 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=21 Apr 2008}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |title=Mike Rama's 3 Big B's for Cebu City |agency=[[Cebu Daily News]] |date=24 Apr 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175111/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100424-266139/Mike-Ramas-3-Big-Bs-for-Cebu-City |archive-date=30 Jul 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Gi-appoint sad siya isip chairman sa pipila ka government ug non-government agencies, sama sa zoning board sa ciudad, ang Tourism Commission, Police Coordinating and Advisory Council (PCAC), ug People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB).<ref name="MR_family" /> Nagsugod ang mga away ni Rama ug Osmeña, apil na ang pagsaway ni Rama sa pag-dumala ni Osmeña sa 93-1 land swap deal sa dakbayan ug sa [[Cebu|Probinsya sa Sugbo]], ug si Rama giingnan nga "mahigalaaon kaayo" kuno sa kontra ni Osmeña sa pulitika nga si Gobernador sa Sugbo [[Gwendolyn Garcia|Gwen Garcia]] samtang nagserbisyo isip acting mayor sa panahon nga nilarga si Osmeña sa [[United States|Estados Unidos]] para sa pagtambal sa kanser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borromeo |first1=Rene U. |title=Osmena to run vs Rama in 2013 |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2012/01/28/771750/osmea-run-vs-rama-2013 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=8 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref name="MR_VMLP" /> ====Kontrobserisya sa pag-endorso sa 2010==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]' --> Tungod kay si Osmeña ug Rama parehas nga term-limited sa ilang mga posisyon, si Rama ang nigawas nga mopuli isip kandidato sa BOPK para mayor inig ka 2010, samtang si Osmeña modagan isip [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|Kongresista]] sa South District. Apan nagsugod og kaguba ang alyansa sa duha; pag 2009, giakusahan ni Osmeña si Rama nga usa kuno tini nga tigpanalipod sa bawal nga droga human sa paghilabot kuno ni Rama sa usa ka drug bust kung asa naapil ang iyahang anak. Pagkahuman, gibawi ni Osmeña ang iyang akusasyon.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /><ref name="MR_2010EnCon1">{{cite news |title=Sonny, Georgia advise Tomas: Drop Mike, for legacy's sake |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=26 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603023226/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/sonny-georgia-advise-tomas-drop-mike-for-legacys-sake |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2010EnCon2">{{cite news |last1=Acebu |first1=Debbie |title=Rama clan defends Mike from allegations hurled by Tionko |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603002154/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/01/571075/rama-clan-defends-mike-allegations-hurled-tionko |archive-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagmugna og usa ka manifesto ang mga kapitan sa barangay nga mga kaalyado sa BOPK nga naghagit sa pagpili ni Osmeña kang Rama isip kandidato sa pagka-mayor sa BOPK inig ka 2010, ug naghangyo kang Osmeña nga iendorso nalang ang iyang igsuon nga si Georgia Osmeña, nga nidagan sad pagka-mayor. Gisuportaan sad ang manifesto ni kanhing Senador Sonny Osmeña—usa sad nga kandidato sa pagka-mayor ug ang gisalikway nga ig-agaw ni Tomas—ug ni Raymond Alvin Garcia nga napildi ni Rama sa pagka bise mayor kaniadtong 2007.<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Bisan pa sa kontrobsersiya ug mga karaang tensiyon, si Rama gibarugan gihapon ni Tomas Osmeña ug sa BOPK.<ref name="MR_VMLP" /> Para sa una niya nga kampanya sa pagka-mayor, gigamit ni Rama ang slogan nga "Bayanihan, Barangayan, Boluntarismo." Nakadaot si Rama sa 2010 pinaagi sa 210,520 nga boto, labaw sa 120,327 nga boto ni kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia, para mahimong ika-26 nga Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Cebu City, ug gipulihan sa iyang kaalyado nga si Joy Young isip bise mayor.<ref name="CC_2010ER">{{cite news |title=BOPK wins landslide in Cebu City |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2010/05/13/574523/bopk-wins-landslide-cebu-city |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="CC_2010ER2">{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |title=BOPK shuts out Kusug in all city electoral races |last1=Dumaboc |first1=Fe Marie D. |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 May 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516061622/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100513-269869/BOPK-shuts-out--Kusug-in-all-city-electoral-races |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> ===Mayor (2010–2016)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]] for Rama's 2015 and 2016 suspensions''--> Isip mayor, nagsilbi si Rama isip tigdumala sa pipla ka organizasyon, sama sa Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Cultural and Historical Affairs Commission (CHAC), Area Vocational Rehabilitation Center 11 Advisory Council, Coastline Management Board (CMB), ug ang Adopt a Police Station Project. Nahimo sad siyang pangulo sa Young Lawyers Association of Cebu (YLAC) ug Vice President of the Philippine Association on Voluntary Arbitration (PAVA).<ref name"MR_BG">{{cite web |title=Mayor Michael L. Rama - Membership, Education and Other Details |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |website=Cebu City Government |access-date=6 Jun 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |date=25 Jun 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ang unang termino ni Rama gimarkahan sa nagtubo nga panagbingkil sa politika tali nila ni Kongresista Osmeña tungod sa nagkalain-laing isyu, sama kaniadto nga pagkontrahay ni Osmeña ug kanhi Bise Mayor Garcia. Apil sa mga iladong insidente kay ang pagpahigayon ni Rama og mga "loyalty checks" sa mga Osmeña appointees, ang wala pag-imbitar sa mga opisyal sa BOPK ug pagpabor sa mga mimyembro sa oposisyon nga KUSUG sa mass oathtaking sa mga bag-ong pili nga opisyal sa Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), ug mga kasong legal nga gisang-at batok kang Rama sa mga kaalyado sa BOPK tungod sa giingong walay pagpili nga pagdemolish sa mga balay nga nahimutang daplin sa Mahiga Creek."<ref name="MR_loyaltychecks">{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama conducts loyalty checks |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/05/31/691263/rama-conducts-loyalty-checks |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="MR_leavingBOPK">{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |title=Rama cuts ties with BOPK |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/06/03/692242/rama-cuts-ties-bopk |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=3 Jun 2011}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 2, 2011, gianunsyo ni Rama ang iyang pagbulag sa BOPK, nga iyang kaalyado sulod sa 13 ka tuig, bisan pa nga nagpabilin siya nga miyembro sa nasudnong kaalyado niini, ang [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|Liberal Party]] (LP). Mitubag si Osmeña nga ang mga miyembro sa BOPK nakasinati og kawalay katagbawan sa paagi ni Rama sa pagdumala sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_leavingBOPK" /> Kaniadtong 2012, naningkamot si Osmeña nga gamiton ang iyang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|PHP]] 400 milyon (katumbas sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|USD]] 7 milyon) nga pondo gikan sa Kongreso, isip alokasyon sa Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) alang sa south district sa siyudad aron pagtukod og duha ka bag-ong flyover. Gawas pa kini sa PHP 75 milyon nga iyang nadawat gikan sa Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), nga mas nailhan nga pork barrel.<ref name="MR_2012flyovers">{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Osmeña realigns his flyover budget in favor of south Cebu road widening in 1st district; Gullas 'thankful' to Liberals |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/275924/osmena-realigns-his-flyover-budget-in-favor-of-south-cebu-road-widening-in-1st-district-gullas-thankful-to-liberals |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2012 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gibabagan ni Rama ang maong sugyot, ug sa usa ka sulat niadtong Setyembre 4, 2012 ngadto kang [[Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas|Presidente]] [[Noynoy Aquino|Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino]] III, iyang gisulti nga ang flyover dili mao ang "katapusang solusyon sa problema sa trapiko" ug makadaot kini sa mga duol nga negosyo. Nisugyot si Rama og road widening ug pag-abli og alternatibong agianan isip solusyon sa trapiko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delos Angeles |first=Edison A. |title=Rama to P-Noy: Stop two flyover projects |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/52799/rama-to-p-noy-stop-two-flyover-projects |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2011-09-04 |access-date=2025-06-03 |quote=Please be informed that this is not the ultimate solution to the traffic congestion in those areas. Our stand remains that widening or roads and opening of alternative roads are still the best option for the (traffic) problems}}</ref> Misulay si Osmeña nga ibalhin pondo alang sa mga proyekto sa road widening sa south district, apan gibabagan gihapon kini ni Rama. Sa ulahi, gihatag ni Osmeña ang pondo ngadto kang Cebu 1st District Representative [[Eduardo R. Gullas|Eduardo "Eddie" Gullas]], aron gamiton sa mga road widening project gikan sa [[Carcar]] hangtod sa [[Sibonga]], bisan pa sa dugay na nilang nagkontra tungod sa mga gi-angkon ni Gullas nga 50 ka ektarya sa South Road Properties (SRP) samtang mayor pa siya sa [[Talisay, Sugbo|Dakbayan sa Talisay]].<ref name="MR_2012flyovers" /> Human niini, nagtukod si Rama sa iyang kaugalingong partido politikal nga gitawag og Team Rama, kauban ang ubang nihawa sa BOPK, aron atubangon si Osmeña sa piniliay sa 2013. Kauban niya isip running-mate ug kandidato sa bise mayor mao si kasamtangang Konsehal Edgardo Labella. Gisumite sa Team Rama ang ilang mga certificate of candidacy sa COMELEC niadtong Oktubre 5, 2012, nga karon kaalyado na sa nasudnong oposisyon nga partidong United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) ubos ni Bise Presidente Jejomar Binay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareja |first1=Jessica Ann |last2=Campo |first2=Liv |title=The race is on: Team Rama against BOPK |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20121006/281479273637873 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> Napildi sa tambalang Rama-Labella ang mayoral comeback bid ni Osmeña ug napatalsik si kasamtangang Bise Mayor Young, diin nakadaug si Rama og 217,448 ka boto batok sa 211,072 ka boto ni Osmeña, nga mao'y nagputol sa dugay nang dominasyon sa BOPK matag eleksyon.<ref name="CC_2013ER">{{Cite news|url=http://election-results.rappler.com/2013/region-7/cebu/cebu-city|title=2013 ELECTION RESULTS: CEBU CITY, CEBU {{!}} Rappler|website=election-results.rappler.com|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="CC_2013ER2">{{cite news |title=Rama proclaimed Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/29226-rama-proclaimed-cebu-mayor |access-date=21 Dec 2019 |agency=Rappler |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> ====Ikaduha nga termino (2013–2016)==== <!--: ''See also: [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Nagpadayon ang away politika tali ni Rama ug Osmeña sa tibuok ikaduhang termino ni Rama. Kaniadtong 2014, gisaway ni Osmeña si Rama tungod sa pagsul-ob og mga papel gawas sa tipikal nga katungdanan sa usa ka mayor, sama sa pagpakaaron-ingnong bombero, pulis, ug disaster reporter.<ref>[https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/seares-mike-rama-costumes-mar-roxas-masks|title=Seares: Mike Rama costumes, Mar Roxas masks; ''SunstarCebu''.]</ref> Kaniadtong 2015, gibasol na usab ni Osmeña si Rama kabahin sa SRP—ang kinadak-ang proyekto ni Osmeña sa 1990s—nga giakusahan nga mismanage sa pondo sa kagamhanan pinaagi sa pagpamaligya og mahal nga mga lote sa SRP aron lamang makakuha og dali nga kwarta, imbes nga makaginansya ang syudad kadugayan. Gipasiugda usab ni Osmeña ang iyang giingong pagkapapas sa pondo sa siyudad ilawom ni Rama, itandi sa sobra nga PHP 2.4 bilyon (USD 43.13 milyon) nga iyang gibilin sa katapusan sa iyang termino niadtong 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas accuses Mayor Rama of bankrupting Cebu City; De los Reyes claims Gullas asked UV students to register in Talisay |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama-srp-issue/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=13 Aug 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 2015, nagpasaka si Osmeña og kaso sa Ombudsman batok kang Rama ug 19 pa ka opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad alang sa graft ug mga kalapasan sa procurement, nga may kalabotan sa rekonstruksiyon sa Carbon Market Unit 2. Giakusahan ni Osmeña nga may sabwatan tali sa mga opisyal ug mga bidder aron i-award ang PHP 167 milyon (USD 3 milyon) nga proyekto ngadto sa Geety Realty and Development Corp. (GRDC), nga kuno dili kwalipikado sa mga proyekto sa gobyerno nga molapas sa PHP 100 milyon (USD 1.8 milyon). Gisaysay sa reklamo nga nanghatag na og bayad ang syudad bisag wala pa magsugod ang proyekto, nga supak sa pagbawal sa advance payment ubos sa Local Government Code (R.A. 7160), ug nga gi-falsify sa GRDC ang ilang mga tax permit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas sues Mike over Carbon Market Unit 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/11/22/1525011/tomas-sues-mike-over-carbon-market-unit-2 |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Nov 2015 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Kaniadtong Hulyo 30, 2018, ang Office of the Ombudsman nagbuot nga magpasaka og mga kaso batok kang Rama ug pito pa ka opisyal; apan kini gibaliwala ni Ombudsman Samuel Martires, nga nibasura sa kaso tungod sa kakulangan sa merito niadtong Nobyembre 8, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cerojano |first=Philip A. |title=Mike wins over Tom as Ombud dismisses Carbon Unit 2 case |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/mike-wins-over-tom-as-ombud-dismisses-carbon-unit-2-case |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=16 Mar 2022 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nilansar si Rama aron makadaog og ikatulo ug kataposang sunod-sunod nga termino isip mayor sa piniliay sa 2016, diin iyang gisumite ang certificate of candidacy kauban ang iyang running mate nga si Labella ug ubang kandidato sa Team Rama niadtong Oktubre 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Napallacan |first=Jhunnex |title=Supporters show up for Team Rama’s COC filing in Cebu |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/731655/supporters-show-up-for-team-ramas-coc-filing-in-cebu |agency=Inquirer.net |date=10 Jul 2022 |access-date=9 Jun 2025}}</ref> Samtang nakadaog ang mga kaalyado ni Rama sa majority sa konseho ug nakadaug usab si Labella sa iyang ikaduhang termino isip bise mayor, napildi si Rama ni Osmeña sa pagka-mayor og 33,894 ka boto.<ref name="CC_2016ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2016 - Partial and Unofficial Results |url=https://2016halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/9/26/470/cebu-city.html |agency=ABS-CBN News |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Osmeña takes back Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/565723/osmena-takes-back-cebu-city/story/ |agency=GMA News Online |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta sa eleksyon; iyang giakusahan og pagpanikas si Osmeña, ug nagpasaka og election protest pag Mayo 22.<ref name="MR_2016loss">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Rama files election protest against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/94174/rama-files-election-protest-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Gitugotan sa COMELEC ang manual recount sa 20 porsyento sa mga boto, apan wala kini makausab sa resulta.<ref name="MR_2016loss2">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=COMELEC ORDERS A RECOUNT |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/114817/comelec-orders-recount |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=4 Dec 2016 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_2016loss3">{{cite news |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |title=Comelec to examine list in 168 precincts |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/152334/comelec-examine-list-168-precincts |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=27 Oct 2017 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagpahuway gikan sa gobyerno (2016–2019)=== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Drug protector allegations|Drug protector allegations]]''--> Kaniadtong Agosto 6, 2016, ginganlan ni Presidente Rodrigo Duterte si Rama nga usa sa mga protector sa mga drug lord.<ref name="MR_2016drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama, other officials in PH named 'drug protectors' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-other-officials-in-ph-named-drug-protectors |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Giusab ni Duterte ang maong akusasyon sa 2017. Kanunay nga gikakatarungan ni Rama ang iyang pagkawalay sala, ug iyang gipahayag nga napahisalaag lang si Duterte sa sayop nga impormasyon.<ref name="MR_2017drugs">{{cite news |title=Rama named anew as ‘drug protector’ |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/02/26/1674992/rama-named-anew-drug-protector |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref name="MR_2018drugs">{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=Investigate US Cebu politicians tagged by Duterte as illegal drug protectors |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974968/investigate-us-cebu-politicians-tagged-by-duterte-as-illegal-drug-protectors |agency=Inquirer.net |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Pag 2019 pa nga gikuha ang pangalan ni Rama gikan sa narco-list ni Duterte.<ref name="MR_2019drugs">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |title=Out of narcolist, former Cebu City Mayor Mike Rama says: 'God is good' |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/222431/out-of-narcolist-former-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-god-is-good |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga opisyal sa Team Rama nibalhin og partido gikan sa UNA ngadto sa PDP-Laban, ang bag-ong partido sa administrasyon nga gipangulohan ni Duterte, niadtong Agosto 27, 2016. Wala maapil si Rama sa induction sa mga bag-ong miyembro tungod sa iyang pagkaapil sa narco-list ni Duterte niadtong panahona. Si [[Ubos Balay-Balaoranan sa Pilipinas|House Speaker]] ug PDP-Laban Secretary General Pantaleon Alvarez miingon nga "the crime of one [is] not the fault [of] all."<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Cebu officials join PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/144477-300-cebu-officials-join-pdp-laban/ |agency=Rappler |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Nagpadayon ang pagbikil ni Rama ug Osmeña. Gitawag ni Osmeña ang Team Rama—nga gitawag na nga Barug Team Rama—nga “Team Suyop” (pagpasabot sa drug allegations batok kang Rama) ug “Team Babag”.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |title=Osmeña lashes at Labella on FB |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/174836/osmena-lashes-labella-fb |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Si Barug konsehal Joy Pesquera nitubag pamaagi sa pagsaka og kaso nga cyber-libel batok kang Osmeña tungod sa “Team Suyop” nga bansag niadtong Mayo 13, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka C. |title=Pesquera files cyberlibel case against Osmeña |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/220144/pesquera-files-cyberlibel-case-against-osmena |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2019-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Kaniadtong Nobyembre 2017, ang Team Rama nag-rebrand nga “Barug PDP-Laban” isip pagpangandam sa piniliay sa 2019. Gipahibalo kini sa publiko sa mga miyembro sa partido, apan giangkon nila nga wala kini masabuti ni Rama, nga kaniadtong panahona wala gihapon ma-apil sa PDP-Laban. Gikwestyon ni Rama ang maong desisyon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Political burden |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2017/11/18/1760311/editorial-political-burden |agency=The Freeman |date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 17, 2018, nagsumite og kandidatura ang mga miyembro sa Barug alang sa piniliay sa 2019. Si Bise Mayor Edgardo Labella, nga term-limited na, nidagan pagka-mayor, samtang si Rama nidagan pagka-bise mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galarpe |first1=Luel |title=Cebu City opposition bets file COCs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051338 |access-date=2025-06-09 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=2018-10-17}}</ref> Nakadaog ang Barug sa piniliay sa Mayo 13, diin napildi ni Labella si Osmeña, nibalik si Rama isip bise mayor sa ika-upat niyang termino, ug nakuha sa Barug ang majority sa Sangguniang Panlungsod pinaagi sa siyam sa napulo'g unom ka miyembro niini.<ref name="CC_2019ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - City/Municipality Results - Eleksyon 2019 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CEBU+CITY/?tfb_a |access-date=2025-05-25 |agency=GMA News |date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Giila sa mga political observer nga usa sa mga nakatabang sa kadaugan sa Barug mao ang dako nga suporta ni Presidente Duterte para sa usa ka lokal nga eleksyon, lakip ang padayon nga pag-atake batok kang Osmeña ug BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seares |first1=Pachico |title=Seares: Duterte risks political capital in Cebu City election for mayor |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-duterte-risks-political-capital-in-cebu-city-election-for-mayor |access-date=27 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=9 May 2019 |quote=Presidents usually stay off local politics but in this midterm election, Duterte has waded in, mostly to secure the support of politicians in provinces and cities for his candidates for senators.}}</ref> Ang mga nagdaog nga kandidato giproklama sulod sa duha ka adlaw pagkahuman sa eleksyon tungod sa mga teknikal nga problema sa transmission sa mga boto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/234167/midnight-proclamation-for-cebu-citys-south-district-election-winners |title=Midnight proclamation for Cebu City's south district election winners |agency=Cebu Daily News | date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069807|title=Labella proclaimed Cebu City mayor|last=Galarpe|first=Luel|date=2019-05-14|agency=Philippine News Agency |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ===Bise Mayor ug mga Panahon nga Nag-Acting Mayor (2019–2021)=== Kaniadtong 2019, nilutaw ang mga espekulasyon kabahin sa posibleng panag-uli ug pakig-alyansa sa 2022 ni Rama ug Osmeña, human nga nagkahiusa sila sa pipila ka mga isyu—ilabi na ang ilang pagsupak sa pagusab sa mga plano sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) ug ang ilang kabalaka kabahin sa giingong sobra nga impluwensiya ni Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Dino kang Mayor Labella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bzzzzz: This early, the talk is about Tomas-Mike alliance vs Edgar in 2022 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/bzzzzz/bzzzzz-this-early-the-talk-is-about-tomas-mike-alliance-vs-edgar-in-2022 |agency=SunStar |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Apan gipadayag usab ni Rama ang iyang baruganan batok kang Osmeña sa usa ka panayam niadtong Disyembre 13, 2019, upat ka adlaw human gisang-at ni Osmeña ang kaso sa graft batok kang Rama bahin sa 2015 nga pagpamaligya sa 45 ka ektarya nga lote sa South Road Properties (SRP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama: Osmeña is my opponent |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/274994/rama-osmena-is-my-opponent |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2020-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Misamot usab ang tensyon tali ni Rama ug Labella. Gisaway ni Rama ang pagdumala ni Labella sa siyudad ug ang iyang pagtubag sa mga hagit sa COVID-19 pandemic. Niadtong Abril 2020, giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga wala magtagad sa papel sa konseho sa pagmugna sa mga polisiya ug naningkamot nga modumala sa siyudad pinaagi lamang sa mga executive order. Gipangutana ni Rama ang pito ka executive orders ni Labella, ug giingon nga ang kakulang sa pagtagad sa executive branch sa krisis mao'y usa sa mga hinungdan sa pagkatag sa virus sa siyudad sa Sugbo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama unhappy with Labella’s handling of COVID-19 crisis, disregard of legislative dept |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/304467/rama-unhappy-with-labellas-handling-of-covid-19-crisis-disregard-of-legislative-dept |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Sa tibuok panahon sa pandemya, nagpadayon ang pagsaway ni Rama sa liderato ni Labella, samtang gamay ra nga personal nga komunikasyon sa duha, bisan pa nga pareho silang nagpahayag nga nagpadayon ang ilang panaghinigalaay ug alyansa sa politika. Giakusahan ni Rama si Labella nga dili makita ug dili aktibo sa krisis, ug nga wala magpakita sa publiko sa panahon nga misaka ang kaso sa COVID-19 sa siyudad. Gipasanginlan usab niya si Labella nga gitago ang kahimtang sa iyang panglawas atol sa mga medical leave niini.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar">{{cite news |title=Labella names Rama COVID-19 vaccine czar; VM says ‘no thanks’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/labella-names-rama-covid-19-vaccine-czar-vm-says-no-thanks |agency=SunStar |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Ingon tubag, giakusahan ni Labella si Rama nga namulitika—usa ka pasangil nga gidinay ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama denies playing politics with Labella |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/02/08/2076180/rama-denies-playing-politics-labella |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Kaniadtong Pebrero 10, 2021, gimanduan ni Labella si Rama nga mahimong vaccine czar sa siyudad ug chairman sa vaccination board. Apan gibalibaran ni Rama ang titulo ug mas gipili nga tawgon ang iyang kaugalingon nga "convenor" sa board.<ref name="MR_COVIDczar" /> Mikalala ang kahimtang sa panglawas ni Mayor Edgardo Labella sa tibuok tuig 2021, nga misangpot sa pito ka medical leave. Sa matag higayon nga mobakasyon si Labella tungod sa problema sa panglawas, si Rama ang misilbi isip acting mayor: * '''Enero 20 hangtod 22:''' Naospital si Labella tungod sa halos ikamatay nga sepsis (infection sa dugo) nga gigikanan sa impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021">{{cite news |title=After cancer, sepsis, Mayor Labella in hospital again but won't resign |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/after-cancer-sepsis-mayor-labella-in-hospital-again-but-wont-resign |agency=SunStar |date=2021-11-02 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 8 hangtod 10''' – Nagpa-ayo pa gikan sa maong impeksyon sa dalunggan;<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor Labella hospitalized again due to persistent cough |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-labella-hospitalized-again-persistent-cough/ |work=Rappler |publisher=Rappler Inc. |date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Mayo 31 hangtod Hunyo 13:''' Tungod sa mild pneumonia;<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella files medical leave again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380209/labella-files-medical-leave-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-05-31 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Hunyo 9 – sulod sa mga tulo ka semana pagkahuman:''' Tungod sa sepsis;<ref>{{cite news |last=Mary Ruth R. Malinao |title=Labella on 3‑week leave, reveals having sepsis |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/06/09/2104168/labella-3-week-leave-reveals-having-sepsis |agency=The Freeman |date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> * '''Hulyo 14 hangtod Agosto 10:''' Tungod sa padayon nga ubo, pneumonia, ug mild stroke;<ref name="EL_MLNov2021" /> * '''Setyembre 2 hangtod 7:''' Alang sa wala gipadayag nga rason;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama is acting mayor of Cebu City again |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/397811/rama-is-acting-mayor-of-cebu-city-again |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> * '''Setyembre 20 hangtod Oktubre 8, nga unya gi-extend ngadto sa indefinite leave:''' Tungod sa komplikasyon sa panglawas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labella’s leave may be extended – Casas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404465/labellas-leave-may-be-extended-casas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labella now on indefinite leave |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/404882/labella-now-on-indefinite-leave |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2021, gikwestyon sa Sangguniang Panlungsod ang awtoridad ni Rama sa pagpangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho samtang naglingkod siya isip acting mayor. Ang numero-unong konsehal si Dondon Hontiveros unta ang angay mahimong acting vice mayor ug mopangulo sa mga sesyon sa konseho. Mitubag si Rama nga wala siya nakadawat og pormal nga komunikasyon gikan sa opisina ni Labella kabahin sa mga medical leaves niini.<ref name="EL_MLFeb2021" /> Pag Nobyembre 19, 2021, namatay si Labella tungod sa sepsis nga resulta sa pneumonia, human sa 23 ka adlaw nga pagpabilin sa ospital.<ref name="EL_deathRplr">{{cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |title=Cebu City Mayor Edgar Labella dies at 70 |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/cebu-city-mayor-edgar-labella-dies-november-19-2021/ |agency=Rappler |date=19 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Misunod si Rama sa pagka-mayor sa sunod adlaw, Nobyembre 20, samtang gisundan siya ni Hontiveros isip bise mayor. Nagpanumpa silang duha sa ilang mga katungdanan atubangan ni Court of Appeals Associate Justice Gabriel Ingles.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 Nov 2021 |title=Michael Rama takes oath as Cebu City mayor, Dondon Hontiveros as vice |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072035/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/11/20/Michael-Rama-Dondon-Hontiveros-oathtaking.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=20 Nov 2021 |agency=CNN Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LOOK: Rama takes oath as new Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/20/21/rama-takes-oath-as-new-cebu-city-mayor |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=20 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pagbalik isip Mayor (2021–2024)=== [[File:PBBM leads the groundbreaking of the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit (CBRT) Project – Package 1 001.jpg|thumb|Rama in 2023 (naglingkod, pinakatuo) kauban si Presidente [[Bongbong Marcos]], House Speaker Martin Romualdez, Cebu Gov. [[Gwen Garcia]], Cebu City Reps. |Cutie del Mar ug Edu Rama, ug uban pang mga opisyal sa national ug local.]] Kaniadtong Oktubre 9, 2021, si Rama, nga karon miyembro na sa PDP-Laban, nagsumite sa iyang kanditatura isip mayor sa piniliay sa May 9, 2022, kauban si majority floor leader ug Konsehal Raymond Alvin Garcia isip iyang running mate. Nangulo sila sa koalisyon sa Barug PDP-Laban ni Rama, sa KUSUG ni Garcia, ug sa bag-ong gibanhaw nga Partido Panaghiusa nga gipangulohan sa dugay nang campaign manager ug kanhing konsehal nga si Jose "Joey" Daluz III.<ref name="MR_2022COC">{{cite news |last1=Sitchon |first1=John |title=Mike Rama files candidacy for Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/mike-rama-files-certificate-candidacy-mayor-cebu-city-2022/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=8 Oct 2021}}</ref> Ang tambalang Rama-Garcia, nga ni-endorso sa UniTeam ni presidential candidate [[Bongbong Marcos]] ug vice-presidential candidate [[Sara Duterte]], gi-endorso sad usab sa mopahawa nang Presidente nga si Rodrigo Duterte kaniadtong Abril 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte endorses Rama-Garcia tandem |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/duterte-endorses-rama-garcia-tandem |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Napildi ni Rama ang duha ka konsehal aron makadaug og tibuok termino isip mayor, pinaagi sa 226,328 ka boto batok sa 190,836 ka boto ni kandidato sa BOPK nga si Margot Osmeña ug 132,510 ka boto sa independenteng kandidato nga si Dave Tumulak.<ref name="CC_2022ER">{{cite news |title=Cebu City - Cebu - Eleksyon 2022 - GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/results/local/REGION+VII/CEBU/CITY+OF+CEBU/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC_2022ER2">{{cite news |last1=Letigio |first1=Delta Dyrecka |title=Rama-Garcia, Barug-PDP Laban win majority in Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/440283/rama-garcia-barug-pdp-laban-win-majority-in-cebu-city |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 May 2022}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 21, 2022, napili si Rama isip National President sa League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa tanang mayor sa mga siyudad sa Pilipinas.<ref name="MR_LCP" /> Apan siya gitaktak sa maong posisyon sa LCP National Executive Board niadtong Hulyo 19, 2024, human sa iyang suspensiyon sa buhatan niadtong Mayo 7. Napulihan siya ni LCP Executive Vice President ug Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte. Sa sinugdanan, gikwestyon ni Rama ang pagkalehitimo sa maong lihok, apan sa ulahi midawat siya niini ug mipadayag sa iyang pagsalig kang Belmonte.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Mike Rama out as LCP president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mike-rama-out-as-lcp-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Padronia |first=Earl Kim H. |title=Rama respects decision to temporarily replace him as nat’l president |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-respects-decision-to-temporarily-replace-him-as-natl-president |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=27 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Agosto 2, 2022, nagpositibo si Rama sa COVID-19. Gipasalamatan niya ang pagka-kompleto sa iyang pagpabakuna ug booster shots tungod kay wala siyay mga sintomas, ug gi-awhag usab niya ang publiko sa pagpabakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu Mayor Michael Rama tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/03/22/cebu-mayor-michael-rama-tests-positive-for-covid |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 29, 2022, napili si Rama isip PDP-Laban Vice President para sa Visayas sa ika-40 anibersaryo ug general assembly sa partido nga gipahigayon sa Pasay City. Sa wala pa niini, siya na ang presidente sa PDP-Laban Cebu City chapter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama now PDP-Laban's VP for the Visayas |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/466779/mike-rama-now-pdp-labans-vp-for-the-visayas |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=10 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Nobyembre 9, 2022, gi-deny ni Rama ang mga akusasyon sa mga residente sa Lot 937 sa Sitio San Miguel, Barangay Apas nga wala motabang ang kagamhanan sa siyudad human gidemolis ang 167 ka panimalay aron ipahimutang ang usa ka proyekto sa yuta nga gihimo sa property developer nga Century Horizons, nga girepresentar ni kanhi Kongresista Edgar Erice. Miingon si Rama nga iyang gitagad ang mga hangyo sa mga residente, apan nagdumili siya sa pagdetalye sa mga lakang nga iyang gihimo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama to Lot 937 residents: “The city government will be a part of the solution, but according to the law” |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/473885/rama-to-lot-937-residents-the-city-government-will-be-a-part-of-the-solution-but-according-to-the-law |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mga na-displace nga residente na-relocate pagka 2024, uban sa tabang sa gobyerno sa lalawigan (ubos nila Gobernador Junjun Davide ug Gwen Garcia) nga mitabang sa paghatag og relocation sites ug tabang pinansyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lot 937 occupants to move to Capitol lot in Apas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lot-937-occupants-to-move-to-capitol-lot-in-apas |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 21, 2023, gibatikos na usab ni kanhing mayor Osmeña si Rama sa usa ka press conference, nga miingon nga mosuporta siya sa bisan kinsa nga modagan batok kang Rama sa 2025—ug bisan pa nga mas pilion pa daw niya nga mobotar sa iyang iro kaysa kang Rama. Giingon ni Osmeña nga gatusan ka milyon nga pondo sa siyudad ang nasayang tungod sa PHP 3 bilyon (USD 54 milyon) nga gigasto sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC), nga hangtod karon wala pa makompleto ug giingong sobra ang presyo. Gitandi niya kini sa iyang PHP 6 bilyon (USD 108 milyon) nga gigasto sa pagkompleto sa South Road Properties (SRP) sa panahon sa iyang paglingkod. Dugang pa, giakusahan niya si Rama nga nakapahinabo og dugayng kapildihan sa kita sa siyudad human ibaligya ang 50 ka ektarya sa SRP ngadto sa Ayala Corporation ug SM Supermalls, nga kuno nagpasagad sa PHP 6 bilyon nga kita matag ektarya. Giakusahan usab ni Osmeña si Rama sa pagpabor sa duha ka korporasyon pinaagi sa pagpamubo sa ruta sa Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System (CBRT) gikan sa orihinal nga 25 kilometro (Bulacao hangtod Talamban) ngadto sa 12 kilometro na lang (SM Seaside hangtod Ayala Center), nga kuno makapabor sa supermalls apan maka-alkansi sa mga ordinaryong tawo. Wala nikomento si Rama kabahin sa mga pasangil ni Osmeña.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tomas hits Rama |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/10/22/2305694/tomas-hits-rama |agency=The Freeman |date=22 Oct 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomas Osmeña vs. Mike Rama: The long-running political rivalry |url=https://mycebu.ph/article/tomas-osmena-mike-rama/ |website=MyCebu.ph |date=10 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Marso 2024, nagpasaka og reklamong administratibo si Rama sa Office of the President (OP) batok kang Gobernador Gwen Garcia, human ipahunong sa gobernador ang pagtukod sa usa ka CBRT station atubangan sa [[Kapitolyo sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo]]. Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia sa pag-abuso sa gahum tungod sa iyang pagpanghilabot sa usa ka proyekto sa nasyonal nga gobyerno ilawom sa Department of Transportation (DOTr). Mitubag si Garcia nga iyang gipanalipdan ang kultural ug kasaysayanong integridad sa Capitol, nga usa ka historical landmark. Tungod niini, mi-resign si Garcia gikan sa PDP-Laban niadtong Mayo 28, tungod sa iyang giingon nga "irreconcilable conflict" ug sa posisyon ni Rama isip Vice President for the Visayas sa partido.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwen Garcia resigns from PDP‑Laban |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/gwen-garcia-resigns-from-pdp-laban |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 30, gibasura sa OP ang reklamo ni Rama tungod sa kakuwang og ebidensya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's complaint vs Gwen junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/31/2396605/ramas-complaint-vs-gwen-junked |agency=The Freeman |date=31 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Human gi-demolish ni Rama ang duha sa napulo ka overpass sa siyudad niadtong Marso 2024 aron pulihan kuno og mga underpass, gibasol siya ni Osmeña sa pagka-incompetente. Giingon ni Osmeña nga ang tungod sa pagbungkat, ang mga apektadong lugar magpabilin nga walay luwas ug maayong labanganan. Gibutyag usab ni Osmeña nga kaniadto misupak si Rama sa pagtukod sa maong mga overpasses nga gisponsoran sa yumaong Rep. Raul del Mar, ug misuporta na lang sa plano sa flared intersections nga adunay at-grade crossings, apan human sa lima ka tuig, wala gihapon naugmad ang bisan usa, samtang ang underpasses mas dugay pa gyud matukod.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Osmeña criticizes Rama for removing all Cebu City skywalks |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562331/osmena-criticizes-rama-for-removing-all-cebu-city-skywalks |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=16 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Mitubag si Rama nga ang mga overpasses daan na ug dili na angay gamiton, ilabi na kay dili kini accessible sa mga persons with disabilities (PWDs) nga maglisod og lakaw. Gipahayag usab niya nga ang overpasses gigamit isip tulogan sa mga namamalimos ug nahimong tapunan sa mga hugaw ug tae sa tawo.<ref name="MR_SGlike1">{{cite news |title=Rama: Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features, Taiwan training |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/562905/rama-singapore-like-cebu-city-with-melbourne-features-taiwan-training |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=17 Mar 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 11, 2024, gikansela ni Rama ang usa ka memo nga iyang gipirmahan niadtong Abril 2 alang sa pagbalhin sa Cebu City Office of Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA), human sa hangyo ni Konsehal Jun Alcover. Miingon si Rama nga iyang susihon kung giunsa niya pagpirma sa memo nga gikan sa City Treasurer’s Office, nga gipasanginlan niya ang kadaghan sa papeles nga iyang pirmahan matag-adlaw. Ang iyang desisyon nga ikansela ang pagbalhin gidayeg ni Alcover ug ni OSCA Head Homer Cabaral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama cancels move order, OSCA to remain in same location |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/567883/rama-cancels-move-order-osca-to-remain-in-same-location |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 20, 2024, misugo si Rama og usa ka fact-finding investigation human gisaway ni Alcover ang hepe sa City Agriculture Department (CAD) nga si Joelito Baclayon sa pagkakuwang sa preparasyon batok sa El Niño ug sa wala paggamit sa budget sa CAD sa miaging tuig.<ref name="MR_CAD">{{cite news |title=Rama orders probe of Baclayon days after defending CAD chief |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568948/rama-orders-probe-of-baclayon-days-after-defending-cad-chief |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa usa ka privilege speech niadtong Abril 4, giakusahan ni Alcover si Baclayon sa kapabayaan. Gisuklian ni Baclayon ang mga pasangil ug miingon nga wala siya nadawat nga reklamo gikan sa mga mag-uuma sa siyudad. Gitawag ni Alcover nga bakakon si Baclayon, ug gipakita sa media ang mga hulagway sa nadaot nga tanom tungod sa kainit sa El Niño.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls Baclayon, Cebu City agriculture chief, a ‘liar’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/568220/alcover-calls-baclayon-cebu-city-agriculture-chief-a-liar |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Sa sinugdanan, misuporta si Rama kang Baclayon, apan sa ulahi miingon nga ang imbestigasyon patas alang kang Alcover ug mopahimo kang Baclayon nga ipanukad ang iyang kaugalingon.<ref name="MR_CAD" /> Human ma-suspendido ni Rama niadtong Mayo 8, misibya si Alcover og panawagan nga kuhaon si Baclayon niadtong Hunyo 14, miingon nga wala paminawi ni Rama ang iyang tambag, ug gihangyo si Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia nga ilisan si Baclayon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcover calls for City Agri head’s resignation anew |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/alcover-calls-for-city-agri-heads-resignation-anew |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Gipulihan ni Garcia si Baclayon isip City Agriculturalist sa ulahing bahin sa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DYHP RMN Cebu 612 |title=Nanamilit nang daan si Cebu City Agriculturist Joelito Baclayon sa iyang mga sakop |url=https://www.facebook.com/dyhprmncebu612/posts/pfbid02GpWZ3CJbBeu8AcHcVxCReUZYTU7CDAB7Sy8qq9YrXYAr9i4mAEGeGPEgGUc7ederl |website=Facebook - DYHP RMN CEBU |access-date=21 June 2025 |date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref> ====''Singapore-like'' nga paglantaw ==== Atol sa iyang inaugural address niadtong Hunyo 30, 2022, gipadayag ni Mayor Michael Rama ang iyang ambisyoso nga plano alang sa usa ka “[[Singapore (ulohang dakbayan)|Singapore]]-like Cebu City”, nga ang inspirasyon mao'y iyang bag-ohay nga biyahe ngadto sa Singapore. Ang maong paglantaw mitutok sa pagpalambo sa mass transit, sustainability, inprastruktura, pabalay, ug digitalisasyon sa mga serbisyo sa dakbayan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama envisions a Singapore-like Cebu City |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/450493/rama-envisions-a-singapore-like-cebu-city |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Pebrero 13, 2023, iyang gibutyag ang replica sa Singapore Merlion sulod sa Carbon Market, ang kinadak-ang pampublikong merkado sa siyudad, nga nakadawat og halo-halong reaksyon gikan sa katawhan.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Cebuanos think of the Merlion’s replica as a symbol of Cebu City’s Singapore‑like dream |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/490775/what-cebuanos-think-of-the-merlions-replica-as-a-symbol-of-cebu-citys-singapore-like-dream |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Ang "Singapore-like" vision mikabat og daghang kritikismo, ilabi na sa kakulang sa klaro ug tukmang mga tumong, sa paghatag ug prayoridad sa dagkong proyekto bisan pang limitado ra ang pondo sa siyudad, ug sa pagpasagad sa pang adlaw-adlaw nga panggobyerno ug panghatag sa mga batakang serbisyo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mayor Mike Rama wants Cebu City to become 'Singapore‑like' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1937375/cebu/local-news/explainer-mayor-mike-rama-wants-cebu-city-to-become-singapore-like |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Human sa mga opisyal nga pagbisita ni Rama sa [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]] niadtong Disyembre 2023 ug [[Republika sa Tsina|Taiwan]] niadtong Marso 2024, giusab niya ang slogan aron mahimong “Singapore-like Cebu City with Melbourne features and Taiwan training.”<ref name="MR_SGlike1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL - First Singapore, now Melbourne too? |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/22/2320657/editorial-first-singapore-now-melbourne-too |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Ang bag-ong slogan nakadani og dugang pang nga pagsaway. Ang mga editorial sa lokal nga pamantalaan mitawag niini og sobrang ambisyoso ug dili praktikal, ug misugyot nga ang Sugbo unta magtutok sa kaugalingong pagpalambo imbis nga kopyahon ra ang ubang siyudad.<ref name="MR_SGlike2">{{cite news |title=EDITORIAL — A too-far-off dream |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2024/10/11/2391737/editorial-too-far-dream |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Si Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia misaway sab sa slogan, nga iyang giingon nga wala nagpakita sa tinuod nga pagkaila sa Sugbo.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd">{{cite news |title=Cebu City mayor junks Rama's 'Singapore-like' slogan |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/9/cebu-city-mayor-junks-rama-s-singapore-like-slogan |agency=Manila Bulletin |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Nagkadaghan usab ang mga meme o kataw-anan batok sa branding, sama sa mga pulong nga “Singa''pool''-like Cebu” sa panahon sa baha ug “Singa''poor''-like Cebu” kon adunay problema sa koleksyon sa basura. Ang slogan gisaway sa social media ingon nga wala'y kalabot sa tinuod nga sitwasyon ug panginahanglan sa siyudad.<ref name="MR_SGlike2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s up with Mayor Rama’s obsession with turning Cebu into Singapore? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/112vubt |website=Reddit |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore-Like Cebu City With Melbourne Features And Taiwan Training |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1bih7sz |website=Reddit |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore like |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/134mrw0 |website=Reddit |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> Niadtong Hulyo 2024, ang Commission on Audit (COA), sa ilang 2023 audit report, misulti nga ang siyudad kulang sa pondo aron masuportahan ang “Singapore-like” vision ni Rama. Giila sa COA nga “unrealistic” ang mga income projection sa siyudad sulod sa niaging lima ka tuig, ug giingon nga ang 2023 mao ang “pinaka-agresibo.”<ref>{{cite news |title=COA says Cebu City lacks cash reserves for 'Singapore-like' vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/586860/coa-says-cebu-city-lacks-cash-reserves-for-singapore-like-vision |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 9, 2024, opisyal nga gibiyaan ang slogan human si Raymond Alvin Garcia, nga bag-ong misalmot isip mayor, mipahibalo sa pag-retire sa “Singapore-like” branding. Mitutok na siya sa pagpasigarbo sa tinuod nga identidad sa Sugbo, nga iyang giila nga mas karaan pa nga sibilisasyon kumpara sa Singapore.<ref name="MR_SGlikeEnd" /> ====Suspensiyon pag 2024 ug pagkontra kang Raymond Garcia==== <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Suspensions from office|Suspensions from office]]''--> Niadtong Mayo 8, 2024, gihatagan og preventive suspension sa unom ka bulan si Rama sa Office of the Ombudsman tungod sa pagpugong sa suweldo sa upat ka empleyado sa siyudad. Si Bise Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia mipuli isip acting mayor niadtong Mayo 14, ug iyang gipulihan si City Administrator Collin Rosell ug si City Assessor Maria Teresa Rosell, nga apil usab sa mga gi-suspenso. Si Garcia usab misugo og imbestigasyon batok sa giingong harassment nga gibuhat sa kampo ni Rama batok sa mga nagreklamong kawani nga mitultol sa suspensiyon.<ref name="MR_2024suspended">{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=Garcia assumes post of acting Cebu City mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354930/garcia-assumes-post-acting-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=25 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Ingon acting mayor, gipadayag ni Garcia nga iyang gamiton ang mas diplomatikong pamaagi, tandi sa mas agresibong kuno nga estilo ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=‘Aggressive vs Diplomatic’: Acting Mayor Garcia takes different approach from Rama |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/573334/aggressive-vs-diplomatic-acting-mayor-garcia-takes-different-approach-from-rama |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> Bisan pa nga gipanghimatuud ni Rama kaniadtong Pebrero 17 nga si Garcia gihapon ang iyang ka-tandem sa 2025, nagkadugay, mas mikusog ang iyang pagpangsaway sa liderato ug palisiya ni Garcia isip acting mayor.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup">{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama-Garcia tandem in 2025 polls: Is it no more? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/578605/rama-garcia-tandem-on-2025-polls-is-it-no-more |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Jun 2024 |quote="When [former mayor] Labella died, [#1 councilor] Dondon immediately ascended as vice mayor… he is now cons vice mayor, so who can stop him from becoming a full-fledged vice mayor?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=On policy direction: Same with Rama, but diplomatic approach - Garcia |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/06/04/2360272/policy-direction-same-rama-diplomatic-approach-garcia |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jun 2024}}</ref> Giakusahan ni Rama si Garcia nga milapas sa limitasyon sa usa ka acting mayor ug wala motuman sa ilang sabut nga dili usbon ang mga polisiya ni Rama. Gi-deny kini ni Garcia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Garcia responds to Rama: Don’t blame me |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/584714/garcia-responds-to-rama-dont-blame-me |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascardo |first1=Iris Hazel |title=Despite Rama’s harsh words: Raymond still considers Mike a political ally |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/08/15/2378057/despite-ramas-harsh-words-raymond-still-considers-mike-political-ally |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=15 Aug 2024}}</ref> Niadtong Hunyo 17, misugid si Garcia nga nibati na siya og kalain sa mga padayong pagsaway gikan ni Rama, pero higala gihapon ang iyang pagtan-aw kaniya. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond Garcia: Mike Rama is still a friend |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/589941/raymond-garcia-rama-is-still-a-friend |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=14 Aug 2024}}</ref> Dili usab makita si Garcia sa usa ka tigum sa Barug niadtong Hunyo 12, diin gipasabot ni Rama ang posibilidad nga iyang pilion si Acting Vice Mayor Dondon Hontiveros isip bag-ong ka-tandem sa 2025.<ref name="MR_RGbreakup" /> Niadtong Agosto 12, 2024, gipakita ni Rama ang usa ka hapit 30-minutong video sa iyang mga kaalyado ug sa mga mamamahayag sa Casino Español de Cebu. Sa maong video, iyang gisaway si Acting Mayor Garcia ug si Governor Gwen Garcia, ilabi na sa dili pag-renew sa pipila ka opisyales sa siyudad, ug sa pag-sulbar ni Garcia sa mga pagbikil batok sa Cebu Port Authority (CPA) ug sa Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD). Giakusahan ni Rama si Gov. Garcia nga nanghilabot sa mga butang sa siyudad ug nga naglapas sa awtonomiya sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, ug misugyot pa nga hatagan balik og katungod ang mga lumulupyo sa dakbayan sa pagboto sa gobernador sa eleksiyon sa probinsya. Mi-reklamo sab si Rama nga wala siya giimbitar sa seremonyas sa 2024 Palarong Pambansa, ug gisaway ang pag-host sa dakbayan sa Pasigarbo sa Sugbo subay sa hangyo sa probinsya.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias">{{cite news |title=Rama criticizes Raymond, Gwen |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-criticizes-raymond-gwen |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Niadtong Setyembre 23, 2024, gianunsyo si Garcia isip bag-ong party president sa gibanhaw nga KUSUG, puli sa iyang amahan nga si kanhing Mayor Alvin Garcia. Giingon sab niya nga abli siya sa posibilidad nga modagan og mayor sa 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Raymond is new Kusug president, open to run as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596560/raymond-is-new-kusug-president-open-to-run-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> Sa mosunod nga adlaw, Setyembre 24, opisyal nga gibungkag ni Rama ang koalisyon sa Barug ug KUSUG, ug giputol ang iyang alyansa ni Garcia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama ends coalition with Garcia for 2025 election |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596821/rama-ends-coalition-with-garcia-for-2025-elections |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=25 Sep 2024 |quote=Tensions between the two have only grown since Garcia assumed the role of acting mayor. Rama has openly criticized Garcia for the changes he implemented in Cebu City during his leadership, particularly his diplomatic approach. “Maabot ang panahon magkita ta, I’m telling you. You better watch out,” Rama said.}}</ref> === Kampanya sa pagka-mayor sa 2025 === <!--: ''Tan-awa usab: [[#Dismissal and disqualification from office|Dismissal and disqualification from office]], [[#Electoral protests|Electoral protests]]''--> Niadtong Setyembre 24, 2024, gianunsyo ni Rama ang mga kandidato sa Barug para sa 2025, diin labing napansin ang pag-apil ni Franklyn Ong, Presidente sa Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City, nga vice mayoral candidate sa BOPK niadtong 2022 ug dugay nang kaalyado sa BOPK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug unveils slate for 2025 elections |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/596824/barug-unveils-slate-for-2025-elections |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Ang Barug namugna og koalisyon uban sa BagOng Sugbo, usa ka grassroots movement nga bag-o lang gitukod ni Ong, ug ilang gilunsad ang koalisyong ''Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo Team Rama''. Ni-file sila sa ilang kandidatura niadtong Oktubre 3: si Rama midagan pag-usab isip mayor, si Dondon Hontiveros para sa tibuok nga termino isip bise mayor, si Ong para kongresista sa North District, ug si Edu Rama balik sa South District.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partido Barug BagOng Sugbo files candidacies, full slate announced |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/598458/partido-barug-bagong-sugbo-files-candidacies-full-slate-announced |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Sa samang adlaw, gipagawas sa Ombudsman ang iyang desisyon nga petsado Setyembre 19, nga nagpahawa kang Rama sa iyang katungdanan ug permanente siyang gi-diskwalipikar sa pagserbisyo sa gobyerno.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /> Sumala sa balaod sa pagsunod-sunod sa posisyon, si Bise Mayor Raymond Garcia ang mipuli isip mayor ug misumpa sa katungdanan niadtong Oktubre 9.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> Gi-kansela sa COMELEC ang certificate of candidacy ni Rama tungod sa iyang diskwalipikasyon, apan na-bali kini human siya nakakuha og Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) gikan sa Korte Suprema niadtong Oktubre 22, aron nagpabilin ang iyang pangalan sa balota.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama asks Supreme Court to stop Comelec from canceling COC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/rama-asks-supreme-court-stop-comelec-canceling-coc/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |last2=Semilla‑Dakay |first2=Nestle |title= SC issues TRO on reelection disqualification cases vs 2 Cebu mayors |url=https://www.inquirer.net/418454/sc-issues-tro-on-reelection-disqualification-cases-vs-2-cebu-mayors/ |agency=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2024-10-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 31, 2024, gipahibalo ni Rama nga iyang gi-challenge ang pag-puli ni Garcia sa pagka-mayor, pinaagi sa pagsaka og kasong usurpation of authority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Rama to file case against Raymond Garcia for ‘usurpation’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/603584/rama-to-file-case-against-raymond-garcia-for-usurpation |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 Oct 2024}}</ref> Sunod niini, gipasakaan og daghang reklamo si Garcia sa Ombudsman gikan kang Rama, iyang mga kaalyado, ug mga kanhi empleyado sa siyudad, apan gibasura kini sa opisina, nga mipabor sa pagka-lehitimo ni Garcia isip mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Ombudsman upholds Garcia’s legitimacy as Cebu City mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/628905/ombudsman-upholds-garcias-legitimacy-as-cebu-city-mayor |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Mar 2025 |quote="The Office of the Ombudsman has dismissed a complaint against Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia over the termination of a co-terminus employee, upholding his authority as Cebu City’s chief executive. It further weakens former Mayor Michael Rama’s claim to the mayoral seat."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seblos |first1=John Paul |title=8th case vs Garcia tossed |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/8th-case-vs-garcia-tossed |access-date=28 May 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=20 Apr 2025}}</ref> Niadtong Pebrero 19, 2025, gipahibalo ni Rama nga iyang gibawi ang suporta sa Tingog Party List human ang kanhing Pangulong Rodrigo Duterte mipahayag og suporta sa mga kandidato sa Barug niadtong Pebrero 13. Ang unang nominee sa Tingog mao si Rep. Yedda Romualdez, asawa ni House Speaker Martin Romualdez. Gipadayag sab ni Rama ang iyang pagsupak sa impeachment batok kang Bise Presidente Sara Duterte, anak sa kanhing presidente.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barug Team Rama drops support for Romualdez’ Tingog Partylist |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/623950/barug-team-rama-drops-support-for-romualdez-tingog-partylist |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Si Speaker Romualdez—usa ka ig-agaw ni Presidente Bongbong Marcos—ang nangulo sa malampusong impeachment drive batok sa bise presidente, nga gitan-aw nga resulta sa panagbungol sa mga dinastiyang Marcos ug Duterte.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Andrea Chloe |title=A family feud in the Philippines |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/family-feud-philippines |website=Lowy Institute |publisher=Lowy Institute |date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Niadtong Abril 22, 2025, napulo'g walo (18) ka mga kanhi empleyado sa siyudad nga konektado kang Rama ang gisugo nga ibalik ang handheld radios nga gihatag kaniadto sa City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO). Matod sa CDRRMO, ilang nasakmit ang radio communications niadtong unang bahin sa Abril nga nagpakita nga gigamit ang mga radio alang sa kampanya ni Rama, nga bawal ubos sa balaod batok sa paggamit sa butang sa gobyerno para sa pulitika. Gi-warningan ni Garcia nga adunay 72 ka oras ang mga responsable aron mobalik sa mga radyo, human niini, posible silang pasakaan og kaso sa City Legal Office. Si Rama mitubag sa Cebu Daily News nga wala kuno siya kahibalo sa maong panghitabo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return city‑issued radios used in campaign, Garcia orders Rama camp |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/634122/return-city-issued-radios-used-in-campaign-garcia-orders-rama-camp |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> Niadtong Mayo 12, 2025, napildi si Rama sa pagka-mayor, ikatulo sa resulta human ni Archival ug Garcia. Daog si Archival sa usa ka wala damhang kadaogan. Pildi ang halos tanang kandidato sa Barug, gawas lang sa South District diin nakadaug ang upat ka konsehal, ug si Rep. Edu Rama nga gipili balik.<ref name="CC_2025ER">{{cite news |title=Halalan 2025 CITY OF CEBU Election Results |url=https://halalanresults.abs-cbn.com/local/city-of-cebu |access-date=22 May 2025 |agency=ABS-CBN News |date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roque |first=Nika |date=2025-05-13 |title=Archival, Osmeña win mayor and vice mayor positions in Cebu City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/945978/archival-osme-a-win-mayor-and-vice-mayor-positions-in-cebu-city/story/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |agency=GMA News Online}}</ref> Sama sa iyang pagkapildi kaniadtong 2016, wala gidawat ni Rama ang resulta, nagpasaka og election protest, ug nangayo og manual recount sa eleksyon.<ref name="MR_2025loss">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama refuses to concede Cebu City mayoral defeat |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/637639/mike-rama-refuses-to-concede-cebu-city-mayoral-defeat |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MR_2025loss2">{{cite news |title=Mike Rama seeks manual vote recount after loss to Archival |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638923/mike-rama-seeks-manual-vote-recount-after-loss-to-archival |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> == Mga kontrobersiya ug isyung legal == Niadtong Enero 2011, giakusahan si Rama nga nang-abusar kuno sa iyang gahum batok sa negosyante ug tigbaligya og pabuto nga si Bryan Lim, human gireklamo nga gipaguba ni Rama ang PHP 3 milyon (USD 60,000) nga mga paputok nga nasakmit kay gi-display sa dili gitugot nga lugar. Giingon sa abogado ni Lim nga si Atty. Noel Archival nga wala nasundan ang legal nga sa pagbungkag sa paputok, ug nga untang gihatagan og higayon si Lim nga ihatag nalang kini para sa Sinulog festival. Si Lim mipahayag nga plano niya pasakaan og kaso si Rama alang sa grave abuse of authority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pyro trader mulls raps vs city government |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/01/04/644794/pyro-trader-mulls-raps-vs-city-government |agency=The Freeman |date=4 Jan 2011 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> Dugang pa, si Rama perming gi-kritika tungod sa sige og kanta ug paghisgot sa iyang kaugalingon ug pamilya sa mga opisyal nga aktibidad ug miting imbes nga tutokan ang trabaho.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu City suspended mayor Rama was disqualified |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1fvb19v/cebu_city_suspended_mayor_rama_was_disqualified |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Philippines |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Niadtong Disyembre 3, 2013, usa ka video ang mitumaw sa Facebook nga nagpakita kang Rama nagkanta sa miting uban sa mga ulo sa mga BPO companies. Ang nag-post sa video miingon nga nawad-an sila og trabaho human ang ilang kompanya nag-downsize sa Cebu team, mahitungod na ilang boss gikan sa gawas nasuko sa gikalas nga oras, nga gihulagway niya nga ang miting ni Rama mao ang "pinakamahal nga walay pulos nga konsiyerto" nga ilang nasaksihan.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPO heads and Mike Rama Dec 3 2013 |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1904726016420521 |website=Facebook - BPO Secrets |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===COA disallowances=== Ang Commission on Audit (COA) usa ka independyenteng constitutional commission nga gitahasan nga panalipdan ang pondo sa gobyerno batok sa kurapsyon, pinaagi sa pag-audit sa mga gasto sa gobyerno. Adunay gahum ang COA nga i-disallow o balibaran ang mga gasto nga ilang giisip nga dili regular, dili kinahanglan, sobra, labing mahalon, o iligal, ug ipahibalik kini sa mga opisyal nga responsable ngadto sa kaban sa gobyerno. Mahimo usab sa COA nga sitahan ang mga pondo nga wala magamit o kulang og paggasto.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |title=COA gave Robredo’s OVP a Notice of Disallowance. What happens now? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/07/19/2196517/coa-gave-robredos-ovp-notice-disallowance-what-happens-now |agency=PhilSTAR |date=19 Jul 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Sa pagka-karon, mao kini ang mga gasto ni Rama nga gipanghimakak ug/o gipang-flag sa COA: * '''Ayuda sa kalamidad pagka 2013:''' Kaniadtong Hunyo 2024, gi-flag sa COA si Rama tungod sa PHP 84 milyon (mga USD 1.5 milyon) nga calamity assistance nga gipang-apod-apod sa mga opisyal ug empleyado sa siyudad kaniadtong Disyembre 23, 2013, pagkahuman sa linog nga magnitude 7.2 ug sa [[Bagyong Yolanda]] niadtong Oktubre ug Nobyembre. Giingon sa COA nga bisan pa man nga adunay maayong tumong ang paghatag sa maong tabang, illegal ang paagi sa distribusyon niini tungod kay dili gikan sa calamity fund sa siyudad ang gigamit nga pondo, ug milapas sa legal nga limitasyon nga PHP 15,000, tungod kay PHP 20,000 ang natagaan kada benepisyaryo. Giapel ni Rama ang 30 ka notices of disallowance, apan gibarugan gihapon sa COA ang ilang desisyon ug gibalibaran ang iyang apela niadtong Enero 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cebu City's appeal on P84 million disallowance junked |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/10/25/2219049/cebu-citys-appeal-p84-million-disallowance-junked |agency=PhilSTAR |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''Biyahe sa Canada niadtong Agosto 2022:''' Kaniadtong Enero 25, 2023, gi-flag sa COA nga labis ang halos PHP 2 milyon nga cash advances alang sa 6 ka adlaw nga biyahe ni Rama ug uban pang opisyal sa Canada nga walay pagtugot gikan sa Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). Ang pamasahe nga PHP 300,000 (USD 5,400) kada opisyal sobra ra kaayo kung itandi sa one-way fare estimate nga PHP 25,000 hangtod 27,000 (USD 439–474). Gihatagan usab sila og daily expenses para sa 9 ka adlaw bisan 6 ra ka adlaw ang tinuod nga gidugayon sa biyahe.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |title=COA flags Cebu City officials' cash advances for Canada trip |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/cebu-city-officials-cash-advances-canada-trip-audit-report-2022/ |agency=Rappler |date=25 Oct 2022 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''Biyahe sa Vladivostok pag Setyembre 2023:''' Niadtong Hulyo 2024, gi-flag sa COA ang halos PHP 1.3 milyon (USD 22,800) nga gasto sa biyahe padulong sa 8th Eastern Economic Forum (EEF) sa [[Vladivostok]], [[Rusya|Russia]]. Gi-report sa mga auditors nga duha ra sa unom ka miyembro sa delegasyon ni Rama — siya ug si Konsehal Jocelyn Pesquera — ang may klarong buhatonon. Giingon nga violation kini sa Executive Order No. 77 s. 2019, nga nag-ingon nga ang mga foreign travel kinahanglan tipid ug limitado ra ang manlakaw tungod sa kamahal niini.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Rama-led Vladivostok trip |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-rama-led-vladivostok-trip |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''Mga wala marekord nga deposito ug paggasto sa 2023:''' Gi-flag sa COA ang sobra sa PHP 609 milyon (USD 10.67 milyon) nga wala marekord nga deposits ug disbursements sa dakbayan niadtong 2023 — 788% ang pagsaka gikan sa 2022. Giingon sa City Treasurer nga si Mare Vae Reyes nga ang kakulian tungod sa bag-ong sistema nga gi-implementar pag 2019, apan iyang giangkon nga aduna’y “lapses” sa pagdumala ug nga “alarming” ang 788% nga pagsaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P609-M unrecorded deposits, disbursements in Cebu |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/08/03/coa-flags-p609-m-unrecorded-deposits-disbursements-in-cebu |agency=Daily Tribune |date=3 Aug 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2022–2023 nga wala magamit nga pondo sa katalagman:''' Sa 2023 nga audit report, gi-flag sa COA ang PHP 1.456 bilyon (USD 25.5 milyon) nga wala magamit nga pondo sa katalagman alang sa 2022 ug 2023. 8.16% ra ang nagamit sa Capital Outlay sa LDRRMF sa duha ka tuig. Giingon nga padayon ang low utilization tungod sa red tape ug mga bottleneck sa proseso. Giingon sa COA nga tungod niini, nahimong delikado ang dakbayan sa mga kalamidad.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City of unutilized P1.4B disaster fund |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/587387/coa-flags-cebu-city-of-unutilized-p1-4b-disaster-fund |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=21 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''Mga wala magamit nga CCMC equipment, 2024:''' Gi-flag sa COA ang 46 ka wala magamit nga high-value nga medical equipment nga nagkantidad og PHP 84 milyon (USD 1.47 milyon) sa Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC). Ang uban niini gipalit pa sukad 2020 ug karon nilapas na ang warranty. Usa ka inspeksyon niadtong Marso 2024 nakakita og 46 ka unit ang wala magamit, lakip ang mga importanteng gamit sama sa anesthesia machines. Giingon nga tungod kini sa walay klarong pagplano ug koordinasyon sa pagpalit nga nagsalig sa usa ka hospital completion nga hangtod karon wala pa mahuman human sa 8 ka tuig. Gireport sa COA nga tungod sa mga gisayang nga mga kagamitan, nisamot ang kakuwangan sa mga importanteng serbisyong medikal para sa publiko. <ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags P83-M unused equipment in Cebu City hospital |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/07/24/coa-flags-p83-m-unused-equipment-in-cebu-city-hospital |agency=Daily Tribune |date=24 Jul 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''Pebrero 2023 nga Charter Day bonuses:''' Pag 2025, gi-flag sa COA ang PHP 71.698 milyon (USD 1.25 milyon) nga gihatag nga Charter Day bonuses (PHP 15,000 o USD 263 matag empleyado) niadtong Pebrero 2023, nga walay tarung nga dokumentasyon nga nagpamatuod sa performance sa matag nakadawat — nga usa ka legal nga requirement sa mga performance-based incentives. Nigawas ang mga kabalaka bahin sa isyu labi na kay gi-planohan sa syudad nga posibleng ipasaka ang bonus og PHP 35,000 (USD 642) sa 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=COA flags Cebu City's P15K incentives |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/coa-flags-cebu-citys-p15k-incentives |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=1 Mar 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> <!-- CEBUANO REWRITE ENDS HERE --> ===Drug protector allegations=== : ''See also: [[Rodrigo Duterte's August 7, 2016, speech]]'' In 2009, then-Vice Mayor Rama was accused by then-Mayor Osmeña of being a “drug lord protector” during a gathering of BOPK-aligned [[barangay captain|barangay captains]].<ref name="MR_2010EnCon1" /> Independent candidate Jimboy Tiokno echoed this, linking Rama to alleged drug lord Crisostomo Llaguno. Rama filed a libel suit against Tiokno, and his family dismissed the accusations, claiming Osmeña later called it a “lapse of judgment.”<ref name="MR_2010EnCon2" /> On January 15, 2014, Rama refused a surprise [[drug test]] at city hall following allegations that he was using illegal drugs., criticizing the council's resolution requiring all city officials to undergo testing.<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> He said the council had no authority over him as mayor but eventually complied on January 23.<ref>{{cite news |title=After initially declining, Mayor Rama finally submits to drug test |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2014/01/24/1282489/after-initially-declining-mayor-rama-finally-submits-drug-test |agency=The Freeman |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 6, 2016, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] publicly named Rama as a protector of [[drug lord|drug lords]].<ref name="MR_2016drugs" /> Rama, woken by family after the midnight announcement, expressed sadness but said he remained supportive of [[Philippine drug war|Duterte's drug war]] and was willing to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike: Why me? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/100664/mike-why-me |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Days later, Rama met with [[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]] (PDEA) Director General Isidro Lapeña but claimed the agency had no records or evidence against him, nor could they identify the drug lord he was supposedly protecting.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Duterte repeated the accusation in a February 2017 speech, mistakenly referring to Rama as Cebu’s governor.<ref name="MR_2017drugs" /> Rama again denied the claim, saying Duterte had been fed wrong information.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /> In 2018, Rama said he began receiving [[death threat|death threats]] as a result of Duterte's allegations, including a tarpaulin hung on a pedestrian overpass showing a 2016 photo of Rama alongside fellow UNA party members [[Albuera, Leyte]] Mayor [[Death of Rolando Espinosa|Rolando Espinosa Sr.]] and [[Ronda, Cebu]] Vice Mayor Jonnah John Ungab, who were both murdered following drug-related allegations. Their faces were crossed out in red, with Rama's circled and tagged, “you are next.”<ref name="MR_2018drugs" /> The tarpaulin was quickly taken down, with the [[Cebu City Police Office]] (CCPO) launching an investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |title=Cebu cops probe tarpaulin threat against ex‑mayor Rama |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/970930/cebu-cops-probe-tarpaulin-threat-against-ex-mayor-rama |work=Inquirer.net |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> After several failed attempts to meet Duterte, Rama finally had a brief chance meeting in March 2018, after running into presidential aide [[Bong Go]] in [[Davao City]]. Rama declined to share details, calling Duterte “cordial.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama gets meeting with Duterte |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/03/22/1799257/rama-gets-meeting-duterte |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> He later took another voluntary drug test in September 2018 at the [[Philippine National Police]] (PNP) Regional Office, visiting Regional Director [[Debold Sinas]] in another attempt to clear his name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talisic |first=Benjie B. |title=Rama visits PRO‑7, seeks clear name from drug allegations |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/196189/rama-visits-pro-7-seeks-clear-name-drug-allegations |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama was eventually removed from Duterte’s narco-list in 2019, with his name absent from the list released on March 14. He thanked his supporters, while allies Raymond Garcia and Joel Garganera blamed his initial inclusion on the supposed influence of the opposition [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) over the agencies behind the list.<ref name="MR_2019drugs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Team Rama: Justice has been served |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/team-rama-justice-has-been-served |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Cebu Port Authority dispute=== On July 15, 2015, during Rama's second term as mayor, the [[Port of Cebu|Cebu Port Authority]] (CPA) sued for a [[Injunction#Permanent_injunctions|permanent injunction]] asking the [[Regional Trial Court]] (RTC) Branch 10 in Cebu City to stop the city government from exercising control over the [[Compañía Marítima Building]], a historical landmark in an area that the city wanted to include in its development of the Carbon Public Market.<ref name="MR_CPA">{{cite news |last=Piquero|first= Pia|title=Cebu City Mayor Rama, execs to face complaints filed by CPA |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/570781/cebu-city-mayor-rama-execs-to-face-complaints-filed-by-cpa |agency=Cebu Daily News |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=30 Apr 2024}}</ref> The RTC granted the CPA's injunction in December 2022, during Rama's third mayoral term.<ref name="MR_CPA2">{{cite news |title=Cebu City ‘invasion’ condemned |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-invasion-condemned |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The CPA later constructed a perimeter fence around port premises as part of its port expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On February 2, 2023, the city, through its Office of the Building Official (OBO), issued 15 notices of violations to the CPA over the construction work on port buildings without city permits.<ref name="MR_CPA3">{{cite news |title=Cebu City OBO sues CPA over 18 structures |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cebu-city-obo-sues-cpa-over-18-structures |agency=SunStar |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> In August 2023, the RTC upheld its 2022 injunction in favor of the CPA, affirming the port authority's ownership and territorial [[jurisdiction]] over the Compania Maritima building and the port premises.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> Rama ordered city officials to stop the port construction on March 8, 2024. The CPA refused to comply, citing its jurisdiction over the port area as an agency of the national government and the court's injunction in its favor.<ref name="MR_CPA2" /> On March 18, the OBO filed criminal cases against the CPA before the Ombudsman, alleging 18 counts of illegal construction, as well as several other administrative charges.<ref name="MR_CPA3" /> On April 1, Rama ordered city officials and employees, led by City Administrator Collin Rosell, to forcibly enter the port premises and install rail fences to block off the port's expansion project.<ref name="MR_CPA" /><ref name="MR_CPA2" /> The CPA condemned the forced entry in an official statement the following day, filing complaints against Rama, Rosell, and other city officials on April 29 before the Office of the President for impermissible encroachment, “deliberate and flagrant disregard” of the CPA's authority, and “obstinate disobedience and resistance” to the court's December 2022 injunction, among other charges.<ref name="MR_CPA4">{{cite news |title=CPA condemns Cebu City officials who ‘forcibly’ entered port |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/565655/cpa-condemns-cebu-city-officials-who-forcibly-entered-port |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama asksed President Bongbong Marcos to intervene on April 5, saying that the President had to help him with the CPA issue after Rama supported the President's election in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almonte |first=Josh |title=CPA issue: Rama requests PBBM to intervene |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/566440/cpa-issue-rama-requests-pbbm-to-intervene |agency=Cebu Daily News |publisher=Inquirer.net |date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> On April 19, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] stressed in an interview that the city government and the CPA—an agency under the DOTr—should collaborate to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPA, Cebu City Govt must talk to resolve issue – Bautista |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/cpa-and-cebu-city-government-must-talk-to-resolve-issue-bautista |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> The city's long-running dispute with the CPA was eventually resolved on May 28, 2024 when the city government—then headed by Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia—signed a [[compromise agreement]] with the CPA, represented by General Manager Francisco Comendador III. Garcia, in a [[press conference]] said the document will be submitted to the court trying the case for [[Judgment (law)|resolution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saavedra |first1= John Rey Saavedra|title=Compromise reached on Cebu maritime issue|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1225634|access-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Magsumbol |first1= Caecent No-ot |title=CPA, Cebu City declare truce|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/26/2358016/cpa-cebu-city-declare-truce|access-date=29 May 2025 |date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Rama, by then [[#Suspensions from office|suspended from office]], criticized Garcia's "diplomatic" approach to resolving the dispute.<ref name="MR_vsGarcias" /> ===2021 "shadow officials" controversy=== On November 12, 2021, an anonymous city employee sent a complaint to the DILG and [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service Commission]] (CSC), accusing then-Acting Mayor Rama of appointing irregular "shadow officials" to run the city government's 27 departments. The complaint alleged that Rama asked city employees during a November 8 [[Flag#Hoisting_the_flag|flag ceremony]] to obey the shadow officials "otherwise risk being disciplined, replaced, or terminated," even if the said shadow officials were [[wikt:unaccountable|not properly accountable]] under the law due to not being the duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow">{{cite news |last=Letigio |first=Delta Dyrecka |last2=Gom-os |first2=Mae Fhel |title=Shadow officials of Rama running Cebu City Hall? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/411854/shadow-officials-of-rama-running-cebu-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 Nov 2021 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> Rama criticized the employee's anonymity but did not deny the appointments, insisting that his appointees were "overseers" rather than shadow officials, citing his own lack of trust in then-Mayor Labella's duly-appointed department heads.<ref name="MR_shadow" /> The issue was [[Mootness|rendered moot]] following Labella's death on November 19, with Rama fully assuming the office of mayor and appointing his own department heads on December 6.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama names new dep’t heads |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/415594/rama-names-new-dept-heads |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2021-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> ===2023-2024 dispute with MCWD and Joey Daluz=== On October 15, 2019, then-Mayor Edgardo Labella removed the board of directors of the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) after seven of eight [[Local government in the Philippines|local government units]] (LGUs) within its franchise area expressed dissatisfaction over poor service. Despite legal challenges and an interim takeover by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Labella appointed a new board on January 6, 2020, which included Jose "Joey" Daluz III—a former city councilor, longtime Barug campaign manager, and [[Partido Panaghiusa]] president—who was elected chairman of the board on February 17.<ref name="MCWD_timeline">{{cite news |title=MCWD brouhaha timeline |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/mcwd-brouhaha-timeline |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2019-09-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On August 18, 2022, several MCWD employee unions launched the “LAYAS!” (''Go away!'') campaign, urging Daluz’s resignation and submitting a position paper to Mayor Rama, the LWUA, the Office of the President, the Ombudsman, and the CSC. The paper cited a 62% revenue drop, poor operational performance, and alleged hiring [[Cronyism|favoritism]] and questionable contracts under Daluz’s leadership. Daluz refused to step down.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employees' union asks Daluz to step down as MCWD chair |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/459089/employees-union-asks-daluz-to-step-down-as-mcwd-chair |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama ordered Daluz's removal on May 18, 2023, reportedly due to his absence at an emergency meeting on [[El Niño]]. Daluz countered that Rama had not invited him and accused the mayor of usurping the MCWD board chair's authority to call meetings, asserting LGU officials had no authority over water district boards.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Cebu Water District chairman defies Rama removal order |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/metropolitan-cebu-water-district-chairman-defies-rama-removal-order/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Daluz claimed Rama’s move was politically motivated on June 2, citing his earlier suggestion for Rama to run for a national post and make way for younger local leaders as having irritated Rama.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cebu City officials are fighting over Metropolitan Water District |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/explainers/why-cebu-city-officials-fighting-over-metropolitan-water-district/ |agency=Rappler |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> He also pointed to the board's rejection of a full privatization proposal from the controversial [[Political_families_of_the_Philippines#Villar|Villar]]-owned [[PrimeWater]] as another of Rama's motives. Board member Jodelyn May Seno later alleged that Rama met with PrimeWater officials at his residence in February to discuss the planned takeover and full privatization of MCWD. Both Rama and PrimeWater denied the accusations.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bongcac |first1=Doris |last2=Sabalo |first2=Wenilyn |title=PrimeWater says it has nothing to do with moves to privatize MCWD |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/511986/primewater-says-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-moves-to-privatize-mcwd |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> The City Legal Office (CLO) sought graft charges against the Daluz-led board and issued termination notices on August 1, 2023. Rama named replacements on October 31. The Daluz-led board rejected his authority to do so. On November 6, Rama threatened the use of police force against the Daluz-led board if they refused to step down. Despite a LWUA order the next day declaring that Rama had no such authority, his appointees entered MCWD headquarters and held a board meeting while city-deployed [[SWAT]] personnel stood by outside.<ref name="MCWD_timeline" /> On March 15, 2024, LWUA installed an interim board and executed a partial takeover of MCWD, dismaying both the Rama and Daluz camps. The interim board suspended Daluz and his allies for six months pending investigation of alleged [[Government_procurement#Corruption|procurement law violations]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainer: Mike Rama, Joey Daluz both dismayed by LWUA takeover of MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/explainer-mike-rama-joey-daluz-both-dismayed-by-lwua-takeover-of-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges">{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=Rama, 5 other CH officials face raps |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-5-other-ch-officials-face-raps |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=30 Apr 2024 |date=29 Apr 2024}}</ref> Both the interim board and LWUA called out Daluz for what they described was the "unauthorized and illegal use" of the MCWD headquarters' social hall for political activities in preparation for a 2025 mayoral run.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: LWUA, for first time, cites Joey Daluz’ agenda in politics |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/seares-lwua-for-first-time-cites-joey-daluz-agenda-in-politics |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On April 29, Daluz and MCWD General Manager Edgar Donoso filed charges against Rama and five other city officials after they allegedly entered the MCWD headquarters illegally, accompanying LWUA-appointed [[Officer in Charge (Philippines)|officer-in-charge]] (OIC) John DX Lapid and barricading the general manager's office. Rama declined to comment but questioned their authority to file complaints while suspended. The dispute led to Lapid's resigning as OIC and taking an indefinite leave.<ref name="MCWD_Apr15charges" /> On May 9, the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) ruled LWUA’s takeover invalid due to the necessary conditions for a LWUA takeover not having been met, restoring the Daluz-led board.<ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA granted authority to intervene in water districts’ operations |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwua-granted-authority-to-intervene-in-water-districts-operations |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LWUA’s partial takeover of MCWD not valid |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lwuas-partial-takeover-of-mcwd-not-valid |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Following Rama’s suspension on May 8, Acting Mayor Raymond Garcia resolved the city's dispute with MCWD.<ref>{{cite news |title=2024 a year of turmoil and transition in Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/2024-a-year-of-turmoil-and-transition-in-cebu |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Daluz resigned from MCWD on September 30 to pursue a 2025 mayoral bid but later ran for vice mayor as Garcia's running mate after KUSUG and Panaghiusa formed a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daluz steps down from MCWD |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/daluz-steps-down-from-mcwd |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-06-10 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kusug Panaghiusa merged Garcia‑Daluz tandem now official |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/10/01/2389332/kusug-panaghiusa-merged-garcia-daluz-tandem-now-official |agency=The Freeman |date=2024-10-01 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Sinulog at the SRP (2023-2024)=== As mayor and chairperson of the Sinulog Foundation, Inc. (SFI), Rama moved the 2023 [[Sinulog]] Festival to the South Road Properties (SRP), a decision initially backed by the Cebu City Chamber of Commerce and Industry. However, the venue drew widespread criticism for being distant from the city center, lacking public transport access, and having poor site conditions, including muddy terrain and limited shelter. Critics also said the venue favored private vehicle owners over the commuting public.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue">{{cite news |last=Sitchon |first=John |title=The politics of Cebu’s Sinulog venues: ‘Goodbye’ to the South Road Properties |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/cebu-sinulog-venues-politics-january-2025/ |agency=Rappler |date=14 Jan 2025 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2">{{cite news |title=SRP Sinulog venue still widely opposed |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/12/15/2319060/srp-sinulog-venue-still-widely-opposed |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia joined the opposition on January 9, 2023, denouncing the venue as a risk to children's health and safety, and announced the withdrawal of 10 out of 26 contingents from all over [[Cebu Province]]. Her remarks came after similar pullouts by [[Mandaue City]] Mayor [[Jonas Cortes]], [[Lapu-Lapu City]] Mayor [[Junard Chan|Junard "Ahong" Chan]], and [[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] Mayor [[Samsam Gullas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pullout of province, 3 city contingents imperils Sinulog 2023 grand highlight |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/pullout-province-city-contingents-imperils-grand-highlight-sinulog-2023/ |agency=Rappler |date=2023-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Despite public backlash and Garcia's PHP PHP 20 million (USD 349,000) donation offer to return the festival to the [[Cebu City Sports Center]] (CCSC), Rama insisted on holding the 2024 Sinulog at the SRP, citing CCSC’s limited capacity.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref name="MR_sinulogIssue2" /> The decision drew renewed criticism online, including allegations that the venue shift benefited commercial interests such as [[Nustar Resort and Casino]], and claims of possible [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog_2024 : Parade of ads” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/19bx4r7/sinulog_2024_parade_of_ads |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Look at all these billboards along the parade route—it's turning into an ad fest.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=“Sinulog sa SRP : San una, puerteng lapoka, if…” |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Cebu/comments/1hy0je4/sinulog_sa_srp_san_una_pwerteng_lapoka_if |website=Reddit |publisher=r/Cebu |date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-20 |quote=”Sinulog sa SRP last year: puro lapok. Hope this time aro’y mas huwai nga yan.”}}</ref> After Rama’s suspension, Acting Mayor Raymond Alvin Garcia announced on August 1, 2024, that the Sinulog would return to the CCSC in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog 2025 will return to CCSC – Raymond |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/591093/sinulog-2025-will-return-to-ccsc-raymond |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> Rama criticized Garcia's decision, while Garcia cited poor attendance and underwhelming ticket sales at the SRP, despite the city distributing plenty of free tickets.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /> The Sinulog's return to the CCSC was met with broad public approval. Participation increased from Cebu and other provinces, businesses reported improved sales, and estimated attendance surged to around four million, even prompting crowd control challenges.<ref name="MR_sinulogIssue" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For better or for worse: The ‘old’ Sinulog is back |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/618465/for-better-or-for-worse-the-old-sinulog-is-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=“Liveliest, grandest” — Sinulog 2025 described by city mayor |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/01/20/2415527/liveliest-grandest |agency=The Freeman |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> ===Electoral protests=== Rama filed electoral protests on three separate occasions, alleging [[electoral fraud]] following both of his election losses in 2016 and 2025: * '''[[2016 Cebu City local elections|2016 mayoral elections]]:''' After losing re-election to former mayor Osmeña, Rama filed a protest on May 22, 2016, calling his loss "statistically impossible" and accusing Osmeña and BOPK of cheating.<ref name="MR_2016loss" /> Osmeña filed a counter-protest, also accusing Rama of cheating. On November 9, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) Second Division ordered a manual recount of 168 clustered precincts—roughly 20% of Cebu City's 837 precincts.[37] Rama stated he was coordinating with the lawyers handling the [[2016_Philippine_presidential_election#Electoral_protest|protest of defeated 2016 vice presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos]]. The recount upheld Osmeña’s victory, who served until 2019.<ref name="MR_2016loss3" /> * '''[[2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections|2018 Barangay elections]]:''' After BOPK allies won 49 of the city’s 80 barangay captain posts, Rama indicated plans to file protests on behalf of his defeated allies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B. |title=BOPK: 49 TEAM RAMA: 31 |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/175242/bopk-49-team-rama-31 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> These did not prosper, and BOPK increased its majority to 51, with Franklyn Ong elected Liga ng mga Barangay (LnB) Cebu City chapter president and ''ex officio'' city councilor. Team Rama candidate Niña Mabatid and her allies walked out of the LnB election, alleging fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province, bets ran unopposed: Ong is ABC prexy; Mabatid walks out |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2018/07/31/1838411/province-bets-ran-unopposed-ong-abc-prexy-mabatid-walks-out |agency=The Freeman |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> * '''[[2025 Cebu City local elections|2025 mayoral elections]]:''' After Archival emerged victorious as mayor over incumbent Mayor Garcia and Rama, Rama again alleged electoral fraud and vote-counting machine glitches, as with his 2016 defeat.<ref name="MR_2025loss" /> Unlike Rama, Garcia conceded the race and congratulated Archival. Rama filed an electoral protest on May 22, 2025, seeking a manual recount.<ref name="MR_2025loss2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama files protest, seeks manual recount |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/05/24/2445350/rama-files-protest-seeks-manual-recount |agency=Philstar.com |date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Archival dismissed the claims as being "based on [Rama's] imagination," noting that second-placer Garcia did not contest the outcome; Garcia urged Rama to move on.<ref>{{cite news |last=Piquero |first=Pia |title=Archival shrugs off Rama’s election protest – ‘All his imagination’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/638952/archival-shrugs-off-ramas-election-protest-all-his-imagination |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> On May 27, COMELEC clarified that Rama must substantiate his fraud claims and pay PHP 25,000 (USD 439) per precinct for any manual recount.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comelec‑7: Rama bears burden of proving poll irregularities |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/comelec-7-rama-bears-burdenof-proving-poll-irregularities |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> Rama reaffirmed his protest on June 11 and expressed plans for a 2028 political return, despite his permanent disqualification from public office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama eyes 2028 comeback: ‘We will be back’ |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/641540/mike-rama-eyes-2028-comeback-we-will-be-back |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> ===Suspensions from office=== Before his dismissal and permanent disqualification from public office, Rama had already been [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended from office]] thrice: * '''2015 suspension over Labangon road projects demolition:''' On December 9, 2015, the Office of the President (OP) ordered a 60-day preventive suspension against Rama in response to an administrative complaint filed by Barangay Captain Victor Buendia of Labangon, Cebu City. The complaint accused Rama of culpable violation of [[Constitution of the Philippines|the Constitution]], grave abuse of authority, grave misconduct, and oppression, alleging that Rama illegally ordered the destruction of a PHP 300,000 (around USD 5,400) center island and street lighting project funded and undertaken by the said Barangay without due process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malacañang suspends Cebu Mayor Mike Rama |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/115460-cebu-mayor-mike-rama-preventive-suspension/ |agency=Rappler |date=11 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> The OP determined that Rama's actions were unjustified due to street lights and center islands not being nuisances, and that their removal should have followed appropriate legal procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=DILG to implement suspension order vs. Cebu City Mayor Michael Rama |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-implement-suspension-order-vs-Cebu-City-Mayor-Michael-Rama/NC-2015-1394 |website=Department of the Interior and Local Government |date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref> Rama resumed his office on February 8, 2016, after the suspension ended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama now back as mayor; 60-day suspension ends |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/rama-now-back-as-mayor-60-day-suspension-ends |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=8 Feb 2016}}</ref> * '''2016 suspension over 2013 calamity aid:''' On April 7, 2016, the Office of the President suspended Rama, Vice Mayor Labella, and 12 City Councilors—both from Team Rama and the opposition BOPK— after finding guilty of grave abuse of authority over the controversial release of PHP 20,000 calamity aid to all City Hall employees in 2013. All suspended officials were barred from office until the end of the term on June 30, 2016, leaving only 5 out of 18 councilors in office, with [[Margot Osmeña]] serving as Acting Mayor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=Rama, VM, and city dads suspended |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/04/10/1571686/rama-vm-and-city-dads-suspended |agency=The Freeman |date=10 Apr 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gumatay |first=Princess Dawn Felicitas |title=If suspension implemented: Vacuum feared in City Council |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2016/05/15/1583689/if-suspension-implemented-vacuum-feared-city-council |agency=The Freeman |date=15 May 2016 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> * '''2024 suspension:''' On May 8, 2024, Ombudsman [[Samuel Martires]] ordered a 6-month preventive suspension against Rama and seven other city officials over the alleged non-payment of four employees of the City Assessor's Office for nearly 10 months, since July 2023.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended" /><ref name="MR_2024suspended2">{{cite news |last1=Ong Ki |first1= Czarina |title=Ombudsman orders preventive suspension of Cebu City mayor, 7 others |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/8/ombudsman-orders-preventive-suspension-of-cebu-city-mayor-7-others |agency=Manila Bulletin |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=8 May 2024}}</ref> Rama's appeals against the suspension order were denied by the [[Court of Appeals of the Philippines|Court of Appeals]] on May 28 and by the Ombudsman on June 20.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= Mascardo|first1=Iris Hazel |title=Six-Month suspension: CA dismisses Mike’s appeal|url= https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2024/05/23/2357294/six-month-suspension-ca-dismisses-mikes-appeal|access-date=24 May 2024 |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Rama challenged the suspension before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] as unconstitutional on August 12, with the court ordering the Ombudsman to answer Rama's petition on August 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padronia |first1= Earl Kim |title=SC tells Ombud to reply to Rama’s suspension appeal |url= https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/sc-tells-ombud-to-reply-to-ramas-suspension-appeal |agency=SunStar Cebu |access-date=22 Aug 2024 |date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref> While the 6-month suspension would have expired on November 8, Rama was [[Dismissal_(employment)|dismissed from office]] before then.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On all three occasions, Rama claimed that his suspensions were politically-motivated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy L. |last2=Silva |first2=Victor Anthony V. |title=Osmeña: Don’t blame me for Rama’s fall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/77962/osmena-dont-blame-me-for-ramas-fall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=13 Dec 2015 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama forgives but won't forget his political foes |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2015/12/28/rama-forgives-but-wont-forget-his-political-foes/daily-feed/ |agency=Politiko |date=28 Dec 2015 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larisma |first=Arkeen |title=Rama: Suspension is politically motivated |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/rama-suspension-is-politically-motivated |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=3 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Dismissal and disqualification from office=== In January 2023, Rama was sued before the Ombudsman by Jonel Salceda (''[[Pseudonym|alias]]'' Inday Josa Chiongban Osmeña) for [[nepotism]] and [[misconduct|grave misconduct]], accusing Rama of appointing his brothers-in-law, Elmer and Gomer Mandanat, to positions under the Office of the Mayor and the CCMC from January to December 2022. On September 10, 2024, during Rama's 6-month suspension over the non-payment of city employees' salaries, Rama's legal team denied rumors about an impending dismissal due to the nepotism case, subsequently filing a Motion for Clarification with the Ombudsman to seek clarity on the case.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The Ombudsman announced on September 25, 2024 that it had found [[probable cause]] in Rama's nepotism case for three violations of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which it intended to elevate to court. Later that day, Rama's legal team announced their intent to contest the Ombudsman's resolution.<ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> On October 3, 2024, the day Rama and Barug filed their candidacies for the 2025 elections, the Ombudsman released its September 9 ruling finding then-suspended Mayor Rama guilty of nepotism and grave misconduct, dismissing him from office, permanently banning him from any future government employment, and forfeiting his retirement benefits.<ref name="MR_DQ1" /><ref name="MR_legalTimeline" /> The COMELEC also disqualified Rama from the 2025 elections by ordering that all candidates who are disqualified from public office be removed from the ballot, a move which also included dismissed Mandaue Mayor Jonas Cortes and dismissed [[Governor of Albay|Albay Governor]] [[Noel Rosal]]. The Supreme Court consolidated the appeals of Rama, Cortes, and Rosal into a single case, reversing their disqualifications with a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the COMELEC on October 22 after the officials argued that the Ombudsman's disqualification is not yet final and executory due to being subject to appeal. The TRO ensured that all three candidates stayed on their respective ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laqui |first1=Ian |title=Supreme Court halts Comelec's disqualification of Mandaue, Cebu, Albay officials |url= https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/22/2394490/supreme-court-halts-comelecs-disqualification-mandaue-cebu-albay-officials|access-date=24 Oct 2024 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> On December 2, 2024, after what would have been the end of Rama's 6-month suspension, Rama attempted to defy his dismissal and report back to work at City Hall, despite Garcia having already succeeded him as mayor. Rama attended the flag ceremony and appeared cordial with Garcia, walking out after Garcia referred to Rama as the former Mayor. Rama then spoke to journalists, asserted that he was still the duly-elected mayor, and called Garcia a fake mayor.<ref name="MR_2024clamp">{{cite news |title=Dismissed Cebu City mayor Mike Rama holds presscon at City Hall |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609532/dismissed-cebu-city-mayor-mike-rama-holds-presscon-at-city-hall |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Citizen' Mike walks out of flag ceremony |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/citizen-mike-walks-out-of-flag-ceremony |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama then attempted to enter his old office in the Executive Building, which had been padlocked by Garcia for security reasons. Tensions further escalated after Rama's vehicle, which was parked in the parking slot reserved solely for the mayor's use, was [[Wheel clamp|clamped]] by the Cebu City Transportation Office (CCTO). Rama's supporters shouted at the uniformed CCTO personnel and attempted to prevent them from leaving.<ref name="MR_2024clamp" /> Garcia dismissed the issue, stating that security threats came not from Rama himself, but rather from his associates who had allegedly violated security on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rama’s return to City Hall ends in clampdown |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/609625/mike-ramas-return-to-city-hall-ends-in-clampdown |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On February 19, 2025, the Cebu City Legal Office (CLO) issued a demand letter giving Rama 24 hours to return a [[Toyota_HiAce#GranAce/Granvia/Majesty/HiAce_Super_Grandia/HiAce_VIP/Quantum_VX|Toyota HiAce Super Grandia]] owned by the city government, previously issued to Rama as an official vehicle. Rama refused to comply, going to City Hall on February 21, confronting CLO head Santiago Ortiz Jr., and condemning the demand letter as "[[tyranny]] and [[oppression]]." The city later filed a police blotter report at the Waterfront Police Station on February 26, with Garcia saying that the city was reviewing possible legal remedies, including [[Motor vehicle theft|carnapping]] charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Rama won’t return van; Cebu City files blotter report |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625205/michael-rama-wont-return-van-cebu-city-files-blotter-report#ixzz91Vm6MCMN |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref> Rama said that he would be willing to return the van, although he insisted that he was still the rightful mayor and that his return of the van should not be seen as waiving his claim to the office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama willing to return van but insists he’s the rightful mayor |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/625416/rama-willing-to-return-van-but-insists-hes-the-rightful-mayor |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> The city government later dropped the carnapping charges against Rama after he turned the vehicle over to Vice Mayor Hontiveros on February 28, albeit without signing the formal turnover paperwork.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rama car-napping’ — City Hall drops case as Rama returns van |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/626069/rama-carnapping-city-hall-drops-case-as-rama-returns-van |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> On March 17, 2025 the Ombudsman ordered Rama dismissed as mayor and permanently disqualified from public office for the second time, after finding him guilty of awarding garbage collection contracts in December 2021 without going through the legally-required bidding processes for private contractors. Also dismissed were Leizl Calamba, Lyndon Basan, Conrado Ordesta III, Janeses Ponce, and Dominic Diño, members of the city's Bids and Awards Committee. The Ombudsman's decision was based on a complaint filed by Jundel Bontuyan in August 2023.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> On April 1, Rama posted [[bail]] of PHP 270,000 (USD 4,700) for his nepotism case following his legal team's discovery of an arrest warrant against him in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]] on March 11.<ref name="MR_DQ2" /> == Kasaysayan sa eleksyon == Hangtod karon, si Rama midagan sa tanang lokal nga eleksyon sukad sa 1992, nga may kinatibuk-ang 12 ka eleksyon. {| class="wikitable" |+ Mga Rekord sa Eleksyon ni Mike Rama |- ! Tuig !! Partido !! Resulta !! Gidaganan !! Boto !! Mga Kontra !! Ref |- | '''1992''' || PROMDI / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Konsehal, Cebu City South District || N/A || N/A || |- | '''1995''' || PROMDI / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Konsehal, Cebu City South District || N/A || N/A || |- | '''1998''' || PROMDI / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Konsehal, Cebu City South District || N/A || N/A || |- | '''2001''' || PROMDI / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Bise Mayor, Cebu City || N/A || • Renato V. Osmena (KAMPI / KUSUG) || <ref name="CC_2001ER" /><ref name="CC_2001ER2" /> |- | '''2004''' || PROMDI / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Bise Mayor, Cebu City || 249,256 || • Ramiro Madarang (KNP / KUSUG) || <ref name="CC_2004ER" /> |- | '''2007''' || [[Lakas Kampi CMD|Lakas]] / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Bise Mayor, Cebu City || 218,241 || • Raymond Alvin Garcia (GO / KUSUG) - 82,640<br>• Cristituto Abangan (IND) - N/A || <ref name="CC_2007ER" /> |- | '''2010''' || [[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|LP]] / BOPK || '''Daog''' || Mayor, Cebu City || 210,520 || • Alvin Garcia ([[Partidong Nacionalista|Nacionalista]] / KUSUG) - 120,327 <br> • Georgia Osmeña ([[Lakas Kampi CMD|Lakas]]) - 16,620 <br> • John Henry Osmeña (IND) - 8,178 <br> • Salvador Solima (PGRP) - 1,867 <br> • Crisologo Saavedra (IND) - 1,171 <br> • Rodolfo Laconza (IND) - 471 <br> • Cristituto Abangan (IND) - 437 <br> • Anastacio Dela Cruz (IND) - 423 <br> • Fermillano Dapitan (IND) - 324 || <ref name="CC_2010ER" /><ref name="CC_2010ER2" /> |- | '''2013''' || UNA / Team Rama || '''Daog''' || Mayor, Cebu City || 215,425 || • [[Tomas Osmeña]] ([[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|LP]] / BOPK) - 209,497 || <ref name="CC_2013ER" /><ref name="CC_2013ER2" /> |- | '''2016''' || UNA / Team Rama || '''Pildi''' || Mayor, Cebu City || 232,925 || • '''[[Tomas Osmeña]] ([[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|LP]] / BOPK) - 266,819''' || <ref name="CC_2016ER" /> |- | '''2019''' || PDP-Laban / Barug || '''Daog''' || Bise Mayor, Cebu City || 261,685 || • Mary Ann de los Santos (LDP / BOPK) - 235,007 <br> • Federico Peredo (IND) - 3,749 <br> • Antonio Rosaroso (IND) - 3,633 || <ref name="CC_2019ER" /> |- | '''2022''' || PDP-Laban / Barug || '''Daog''' || Mayor, Cebu City || 239,656 || • Margarita Osmeña (LDP / BOPK) - 202,446 <br> • Dave Tumulak (IND) - 141,225 <br> • Crisologo Saavedra Jr. (IND) - 1,418 <br> • Edgar Concha Jr. (IND) - 1,133 <br> • Juanito Luna (IND) - 760 || <ref name="CC_2022ER" /><ref name="CC_2022ER2" /> |- | '''2025''' || Barug || '''Pildi''' || Mayor, Cebu City || 120,124 || • '''Nestor Archival''' ([[Partidong Liberal (Pilipinas)|LP]] / BOPK) - 209,370''' <br> • Raymond Alvin Garcia (PFP / KUSUG) - 176,967 <br> • Yogi Filemon Ruiz (KBL) - 27,652 <br> • Julieto Co (IND) - 3,163 || <ref name="CC_2025ER" /> |} ==Personal life== Rama is an early riser, preferring to wake up as early as 5:30 AM and work eight to twelve hours a day.<ref name="MR_family" /> He is also known to be an avid singer, sometimes singing during events and speeches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seares: Mayor Mike Rama's song of choice for his May 26 ‘declaration of independence’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/seares-mayor-mike-ramas-song-of-choice-for-his-may-26-declaration-of-independence |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> One of Rama's favorite songs is ''[[The Greatest Love of All]]'', which he would occasionally incorporate into his speeches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best speech I’ve heard from MLR |url=https://www.pages.ph/2013/09/best-speech-ive-heard-from-mlr/ |website=Pages.ph |publisher=John Pages |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> In August 2023, Rama denied rumors that traveled to the United States for cancer treatment. The supposed official purpose of his trip was to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award from the "America Excellence Awards" (AEA). Observers, however, found the award unusual, noting that the AEA—purportedly an American organization—had awarded Rama despite his being a Filipino citizen, that most of its awardees were also Filipinos, and that the organization solicited nominations through its website, unlike most reputable award-giving bodies.<ref name="MR_AEA">{{cite web |last=Cortes |first=Mel B. |title=Tell it to SunStar: What is the American Excellence Awards? |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/tell-it-to-sunstar-what-is-the-american-excellence-awards |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=23 Aug 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Rama denies cancer rumors |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2023/09/06/mike-rama-denies-cancer-rumors/ |website=Politiko |date=6 Sep 2023 |access-date=6 Jun 2025}}</ref> ===Pamilya ug mga relasyon=== Si Rama usa ka sakop sa pamilya Rama, usa ka iladong political dynasty sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo. Kaniadto siya gikasal sa abogado nga si Araceli Lim Francisco (gi-annul niadtong 2000), nga iyang kauban sa duha ka anak: si Micheline, usa ka aktibista, ug si Mikel, usa ka abogado.<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_marriage">{{cite news |title=Rama weds former CH employee |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/rama-weds-former-ch-employee |access-date=30 Oct 2024 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=31 Oct 2021}}</ref> Gikan sa 2004 hangtod 2015, si Rama nakigrelasyon sa kapwa abogado, konsehal sa siyudad, ug dugay na niyang kaalyado sa politika nga si Jocelyn "Joy" Pesquera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Connie E. |title=For the love of Mike |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/85972/for-the-love-of-mike |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, mitumaw ang mga ispekulasyon bahin sa usa ka relasyon tali ni Rama ug [[Catbalogan]] Mayor Stephany Uy-Tan (nga minyo kang [[Samar]] 1st District Rep. Stephen James Tan), human giimbitar ni Rama si Uy-Tan nga moapil sa usa ka family photo uban niya sa entablado pagkahuman sa iyang July 4 State of the City Address. Si Pesquera mitug-an nga adunay kalabutan ang maong isyu sa ilang panagbuwag ni Rama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nalzaro |first=Bobby |title=Just keeping the love alive |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/nalzaro-just-keeping-the-love-alive |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rama's rumored ex‑GF facing plunder complaint before anti‑graft office |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/ramas-rumored-ex-gf-facing-plunder-complaint-before-anti-graft-office |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Niadtong Oktubre 28, 2021, gikasal si Rama kang kanhing empleyado sa city hall nga si Malou Jimenez Mandanat sa usa ka civil ceremony. Gisundan kini og simbahanong kasal niadtong Oktubre 24, 2024 nga gipangulohan ni Cebu Archbishop José S. Palma. Si Rama ug si Mandanat aduna'y usa ka anak.<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Limpag |first1=Max |title=On church annulments: How Mike, Malou Rama got married at Cebu Cathedral |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/church-annulments-how-mike-malou-rama-got-married-in-cebu-cathedral/ |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Rappler |date=30 Oct 2024}}</ref> Ang mosunod mao ang listahan sa mga paryente ni Rama nga nalambigit sa politika ug serbisyo sa gobyerno, gisunod sumala sa ilang lebel sa kadugoan (consanguinity): * '''Mga asawa:''' ** Malou Mandanat-Rama ([[Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names|née]] Jimenez Mandanat), gikasal kaniadtong 2021, kanhing empleyado sa Cebu City Hall<ref name="MR_marriage" /> ** Araceli Lim Francisco, gi-anull niadtong 2000, kanhing Eastern Visayas Director sa [[Bureau of Internal Revenue]] (BIR)<ref name="MR_marriage" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lao |first1=Garry |title=Rama defends ex-wife on "ill-gotten wealth" |url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2011/03/18/667003/rama-defends-ex-wife-ill-gotten-wealth |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=18 Mar 2011}}</ref> * '''Anak:''' Mikel F. Rama (born 1985), abogado ug umaabot nga Konsehal sa Dakbayan gikan sa ika- (South) nga Distrito<ref>{{cite web |title = Certificate of Candidacy – Mikel Rama (Cebu City, 2nd District) |url = https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Local/COC_Local_R7/CEBU/CEBU_CITY/COUN_D2_RAMA_MIKEL_F.pdf |website = Commission on Elections |access-date = 2 Jun 2025 |date = 3 Oct 2024 |format = PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piquero |first1=Pia |title=Mikel Rama mum on continuing father’s ‘Singapore-Like’ vision |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/640091/mikel-rama-mum-on-continuing-fathers-singapore-like-vision |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=Cebu Daily News |date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * '''Amahan:''' Fernando G. Rama (1920-1991), kanhing Konsehal sa Cebu City<ref name="MR_family" /><ref name="MR_2022victory" /> * '''Igsuon:''' Eduardo "Eddie" L. Rama Sr. (1944-2000), kanhing Gobernador ug (1988-1995) Kongresista (1995-1998) sa [[Agusan del Norte]]<ref name="MR_EduSr" /> * '''Lolo:''' [[Vicente Rama]] (1887-1956), kanhing Senador (1945-1947), Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1938-1940), Kongresista sa ika-3 nga distrito sa Sugbo (1934-1938), ug Konsehal sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo (1916-1922); ilado isip "Father of the Cebu City Charter" * '''Mga uyo-an (tito):''' ** [[Osmundo Rama|Osmundo "Mundo" G. Rama]] (1914-1998), doktor, kanhing Gobernador (1969-1976; 1986-1988) ug Bise Gobernador (1968-1969) sa Lalawigan sa [[Sugbo]] ** [[Napoleon Rama|Napoleon "Nap" G. Rama]] (1923-2016), abogado, mamahayag, bise-presidente sa 1971 Contitutional Convention ug miyembro sa 1986 Constitutional Commission ** Clemente "Cle" G. Rama (1935-2006), kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan<ref name="MR_CleRama" /> * '''Pag-umangkon:''' Eduardo "Edu" R. Rama Jr. (born 1978), kasamtangang Kongresista sa ika-2 (South) nga Distrito sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo, kanhing Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2004-2013; 2016-2019), ug kanhing tigudmala sa Barangay Affairs Office (2013-2016) * '''Mga ig-agaw:''' ** George R. Rama (1949-2021), former Konsehal sa Dakbayan (2001-2004) ug Kapitan sa Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quintas |first1=Kristine |title=George Rama passes away |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2015/01/27/1417258/george-rama-passes-away |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=The Freeman |date=27 Jan 2015}}</ref> ** [[Anabelle Rama]] (born 1952), talent manager, artista ug negosyante, ug kandidato pagka 2013 para Kongresista sa ika-unang (Norte) Distrito; inahan sa mga artista nga sila Ruffa, [[Richard Gutierrez|Richard]], ug Raymond Gutierrez<ref>{{cite news |title=Annabelle asks Mike for refund |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/annabelle-asks-mike-for-refund |access-date=2 June 2025 |agency=SunStar Cebu |date=13 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |title=Mayor's Page |access-date=12 Dec 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095919/http://www.cebucity.gov.ph/cityofficials/executive/68-mayors-page?start=2 |archive-date=22 Dec 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Enrique P. Rama, kanhing Bise-Gobernador sa Lalawigan sa Sugbo (1998-1992)<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez‑Java |first=Melva |title=The History of Cebu, Philippines: Capitol of Cebu |series=Cebu Provincial History Series; vol. 55 |publisher=Provincial Government of Cebu and University of San Carlos |year=2014 |location=Cebu City |isbn=9789719972167}}</ref> ** Dario P. Rama Jr., kanhing Commissioner sa Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (early 2000's)<ref>{{cite news |title=EDITORYAL – Anti-Graft Commission makupad sa mga corrupt! |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinyon/2003/05/24/207392/editoryal-150-anti-graft-commission-makupad-sa-mga-corrupt |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=4 May 2003}}</ref> ug Assistant Prosecutor sa Dakbayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Administrative Order No. 71, s. 1993 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1993/07/29/administrative-order-no-71-s-1993/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Official Gazette |date=29 July 1993}}</ref> ==Mga Ganti ug Pasidungog== Si Rama nakadawat sa mosunod nga mga ganti ug pasidungog: * People Manager of the Year (Public Sector Category) – Gihatag sa People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP) isip una nilang award sa public sector, Setyembre 2014;<ref name="MR_PMAP" /> * Doctor in Philosophy, major in Transformative Leadership (honoris causa) – Gihatag sa Northwestern Christian University kaniadtong Enero 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rama conferred with doctorate degree |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2023/01/07/2235913/rama-conferred-doctorate-degree |agency=The Freeman |date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> * Lifetime Achievement Award – Gihatag sa American Excellence Awards kaniadtong Agosto 2023;<ref name="MR_AEA" /> * Hall of Fame Awardee – Gihatag sa San Beda College of Law atol sa ilang ika-75 nga anibersaryo, niadtong Nobyembre 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=San Beda College of Law to hold alumni homecoming |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/11/22/2313269/san-beda-college-law-hold-alumni-homecoming |agency=PhilSTAR |date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.mikerama.com}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} |- {{s-bef|before= Renato V. Osmeña}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2001 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Augustus Young}} |- {{s-bef|before= Jesus C. Cruz<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sison |first1=Bebot Jr. |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |title=More local officials, youth leaders back state of emergency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2006/02/26/323351/more-local-officials-youth-leaders-back-state-emergency |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=PhilSTAR |date=26 Feb 2006}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />Vice Mayors League of the Philippines|years=2007 - June 30, 2010}} {{s-aft|after= Henry Dy<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Mar 2011 |title=Isko Moreno gets Vice Mayor's League's top post |agency=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2011/03/01/news/national/isko-moreno-gets-vice-mayors-leagues-top-post/642438 |last=Canlas |first=Jomar |access-date=15 Apr 2022}}</ref>}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Tomas Osmeña]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016}} {{s-aft|after= Tomas Osmeña}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= Bise Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo|years=June 30, 2019 - Nov. 23, 2021}} {{s-aft|after= Dondon Hontiveros}} |- {{s-bef|before= Edgardo Labella}} {{s-ttl|title= [[Mayor sa Dakbayan sa Sugbo]]|years=Nov. 23, 2021 - Oct. 3, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Raymond Alvin Garcia}} |- {{s-bef|before= [[Evelio Leonardia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guadalquiver |first1=Nanette |title=Outgoing Bacolod mayor honored after 18 years as chief executive |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177033 |access-date=3 Jun 2025 |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=19 Jun 2022}}</ref>}} {{s-ttl|title=National President,<br />League of Cities of the Philippines|years=July 21, 2022 - July 19, 2024}} {{s-aft|after= Joy Belmonte}} |- {{s-end}} == References == {{Reflist}} <!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Mike}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Visayan people]] [[Category:Cebuano people]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Filipino city and municipal councilors]] [[Category:Cebu City Council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:People expelled from public office]] [[Category:Vice mayors of Cebu City]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan politicians]] [[Category:Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians]] [[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]] [[Category:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino politicians]] [[Category:Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians]] [[Category:United Nationalist Alliance politicians]] --> pm88jg3mhhrkubs25o9tjd36xs4m6rz 0 11348058 35429919 2025-06-21T13:37:39Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name = The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = [[Biograph Company]] | writer = | starring = | music = | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]] | editing = | distributor = Biograph | released = {{Film date|1909|02|18}} }} Ang '''''The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek n..." 35429919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name = The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = [[Biograph Company]] | writer = | starring = | music = | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]] | editing = | distributor = Biograph | released = {{Film date|1909|02|18}} }} Ang '''''The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/J/JonesesHaveAmateurThea1909.html The Jones Have Amateur Theatricals]</ref><ref>Bernard A. Drew. ''Motion Picture Series and Sequels: A Reference Guide''</ref> ==Cast== * [[John R. Cumpson]] - Mr. Jones * [[Florence Lawrence]] - Mrs. Jones * [[Linda Arvidson]] * [[Clara T. Bracy]] * [[George Gebhardt]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] hva8rnsrm83v9i4x0ht8bfybkw1cdbe 0 11348059 35429920 2025-06-21T13:38:39Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name = Lady Helen's Escapade | image = Variety advertisement April 1909.jpg | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = | writer = [[Stanner E.V. Taylor]] | starring = [[Florence Lawrence]]<br>[[David Miles]]<br>[[Anita Hendrie]]<br>[[Owen Moore]]<br>[[Dorothy West (actress)|Dorothy West]]<br>[[Herbert Prior]]<br>[[Mack Sennett]]<br>[[John R. Cumpson]]<br>[[Arthur V. Johnson]]<br>Vi..." 35429920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name = Lady Helen's Escapade | image = Variety advertisement April 1909.jpg | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = | writer = [[Stanner E.V. Taylor]] | starring = [[Florence Lawrence]]<br>[[David Miles]]<br>[[Anita Hendrie]]<br>[[Owen Moore]]<br>[[Dorothy West (actress)|Dorothy West]]<br>[[Herbert Prior]]<br>[[Mack Sennett]]<br>[[John R. Cumpson]]<br>[[Arthur V. Johnson]]<br>[[Vivian Prescott]]<br>[[Dorothy Bernard]] | music = | cinematography = [[G.W. Bitzer]] | editing = | distributor = [[American Mutoscope and Biograph Company]] | released = {{film date|1909|4|19}} }} Ang '''''Lady Helen's Escapade''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/LadyHelensEscapade1909.html Lady Helen’s Escapade]</ref><ref>[https://mubi.com/films/lady-helens-escapade LADY HELEN'S ESCAPADE]</ref> ==Cast== * [[Florence Lawrence]] - Helen * [[David Miles]] * [[Anita Henrie]] * [[Owen Moore]] * [[Dorothy West]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] 1ou9jy6ms0otwt7wrvmtlz71vrp0z77 0 11348060 35429921 2025-06-21T13:44:57Z Randervik 93956 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296327486|Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]" 35429921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nag-opisyo|name=Nguyễn Văn Thiệu|image=Portrait of Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.jpg|caption=Opisyal nga hulagway, 1969|order=ika-2|office=Presidente sa Habagatang Vietnam|vicepresident={{ubl|[[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] (1967–1971)|Trần Văn Hương (1971–1975)}}|primeminister={{list collapsed|title=''See list''|[[Nguyễn Văn Lộc]] (1967–1968)|Trần Văn Hương (1968–1969)|[[Trần Thiện Khiêm]] (1969–Abr. 1975)|[[Nguyễn Bá Cẩn]] (Abr. 1975)}}|predecessor=''Siya mismo''<br />(isip Chairman sa National Leadership Committee)|successor=[[Trần Văn Hương]]|office2=[[Mga Lider sa Habagatang Vietnam|Tagapangulo sa Komite sa Nasyonal nga Pagpangulo]]|primeminister2=Nguyễn Cao Kỳ|predecessor2=[[Phan Khắc Sửu]]<br />(isip Hepe sa Estado)|successor2=[[1967 South Vietnamese presidential election|''Posisyon giwagtang'']]|office3=[[Minister sa Pambansang Depensa (South Vietnam)|Ministro sa Pambansang Depensa]]|primeminister3=[[Phan Huy Quát]]|predecessor3=[[Trần Văn Minh (diplomata)|Trần Văn Minh]]|successor3=[[Nguyễn Hữu Có]]|office4=[[Deputy Prime Minister sa Habagatan Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyW4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 | title=世界諸国の制度・組織・人事: 1840-2000 | isbn=9784130301220 | author1=秦郁彥 | date=December 2001 | publisher=東京大学出版会 }}</ref>|alongside4={{ubl|[[Nguyễn Lưu Viên]]|[[Nguyễn Xuân Oánh]]|[[Trần Văn Đỗ]]|[[Trần Văn Tuyên]]}}|primeminister4={{ubl|Trần Văn Hương|Nguyễn Xuân Oánh {{small|(acting)}}|Phan Huy Quát}}|predecessor4={{ubl|[[Đỗ Mậu]]|[[Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn]]}}|successor4={{ubl|[[Nguyễn Hữu Có]]|Nguyễn Lưu Viên}}|party=[[Nasyonal nga Sosyal Demokratikong Prente]]|otherparty={{ubl|[[Republika sa Vietnam Military Forces|Militar]] (1963–1967)|[[Personalistang Labor Revolutionary Party|Cần Lao]] (hangtod 1963)|[[Viet Minh]] (1945–1946)}}|spouse={{marriage|[[Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh]]|1951}}|children=3|profession=Opisyal sa kasundalohan ug politiko|alma_mater=|signature=Signature of Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.svg|allegiance={{ubl|[[Estado sa Vietnam]]|[[Habagatang Vietnam]]}}|branch={{ubli|[[Nasyonal nga Hukbo sa Vietnam]]|[[Kasundaluhan sa Republika sa Vietnam]]}}|serviceyears=1943–1967|rank=<!-- [[File:B ARVN-OF-8.svg|30px]] --> [[Tenyente heneral]] (Trung Tướng)|commands={{ubli|[[Vietnamese National Military Academy]] (1956–1960)|[[Ika-7 nga Dibisyon (Habagatang Vietnam)|Ika-7 nga Dibisyon]] (1960–1961)|[[1st Dibisyon (Habagatang Vietnam)|1st Dibisyon]] (1961–1962)|[[Ikalima nga Dibisyon (Habagatang Vietnam)|Ikalima Dibisyon]] (1962–1964)|[[IV Corps (Habagatang Vietnam)|IV Corps]] (1964–1965)}}|battles={{ubl|[[1960 Pagsulay sa kudeta sa Habagatang Vietnam|pagsulay sa kudeta sa 1960]]|[[1963 South Vietnamese nga kudeta|1963 nga kudeta]]}}|unit=}} '''Nguyễn Văn Thiệu''' ({{IPA|vi|ŋʷǐənˀ vān tʰîəwˀ|lang|Nguyen Van Thieu.ogg}}; 5 Abril 1923 – 29 Septiyembre 2001) maoy usa ka opisyal sa militar sa [[Habagatang Vietnam]] ug politiko nga maoy presidente sa Habagatang Vietnam gikan 1967 hangtod 1975. == Mga pakisayran == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2001]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1923]] 37mx5c7mcac5ym623q7eqqs4p92c78d 0 11348061 35429939 2025-06-21T23:41:56Z Randervik 93956 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296618152|South Vietnam]]" 35429939 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Habagatang Biyetnam''', opisyal nga '''Republika sa Biyetnam''' ( ), maoy usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya]] nga naglungtad gikan sa 1955 hangtod 1975. Gipulihan kini sa [[Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam]] niadtong 1975. Niadtong 1976, ang Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam ug [[Amihanang Biyetnam]] naghiusa aron mahimong [[Biyetnam|Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam]]. 80g4fx4s8e5umbgv1ilsp7qc62nuymp 35429940 35429939 2025-06-21T23:43:09Z Randervik 93956 35429940 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Habagatang Biyetnam''', opisyal nga '''Republika sa Biyetnam''' ({{Lang-vi|Việt Nam Cộng hòa}}), maoy usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya]] nga naglungtad gikan sa 1955 hangtod 1975. Gipulihan kini sa [[Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam]] niadtong 1975. Niadtong 1976, ang Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam ug [[Amihanang Biyetnam]] naghiusa aron mahimong [[Biyetnam|Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam]]. havut4isgvdlxaa82llanmscliu8tjd 35429941 35429940 2025-06-21T23:46:11Z Randervik 93956 35429941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|align=right|total_width=220|image1=Flag of South Vietnam.svg|alt1=|caption1=Bangyaw|image2=Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1967–1975).svg|alt2=|caption2=Timailhan|footer=}} Ang '''Habagatang Biyetnam''', opisyal nga '''Republika sa Biyetnam''' ({{Lang-vi|Việt Nam Cộng hòa}}), maoy usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya]] nga naglungtad gikan sa 1955 hangtod 1975. Gipulihan kini sa [[Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam]] niadtong 1975. Niadtong 1976, ang Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam ug [[Amihanang Biyetnam]] naghiusa aron mahimong [[Biyetnam|Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam]]. e4v9rueb74shmyeg6m9z3bumhv6ldhe 35429942 35429941 2025-06-21T23:48:04Z Randervik 93956 35429942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|align=right|total_width=220|image1=Flag of South Vietnam.svg|alt1=|caption1=Bangyaw|image2=Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1967–1975).svg|alt2=|caption2=Timailhan|footer=}} [[Payl:South Vietnam in its region.svg|thumb|Nahimutangan (1972)]] Ang '''Habagatang Biyetnam''', opisyal nga '''Republika sa Biyetnam''' ({{Lang-vi|Việt Nam Cộng hòa}}), maoy usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya]] nga naglungtad gikan sa 1955 hangtod 1975. Gipulihan kini sa [[Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam]] niadtong 1975. Niadtong 1976, ang Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam ug [[Amihanang Biyetnam]] naghiusa aron mahimong [[Biyetnam|Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam]]. lkqrdfw9n9axhzabqoxh7duso4r0xc2 35429943 35429942 2025-06-21T23:49:52Z Randervik 93956 35429943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|align=right|total_width=220|image1=Flag of South Vietnam.svg|alt1=|caption1=Bandera|image2=Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1967–1975).svg|alt2=|caption2=Timailhan|footer=}} [[Payl:South Vietnam in its region.svg|thumb|Nahimutangan (1972)]] Ang '''Habagatang Biyetnam''', opisyal nga '''Republika sa Biyetnam''' ({{Lang-vi|Việt Nam Cộng hòa}}), maoy usa ka nasod sa [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya]] nga naglungtad gikan sa 1955 hangtod 1975. Gipulihan kini sa [[Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam]] niadtong 1975. Niadtong 1976, ang Republika sa Habagatang Biyetnam ug [[Amihanang Biyetnam]] naghiusa aron mahimong [[Biyetnam|Sosyalistang Republika sa Biyetnam]]. cvxstpmv8xyjievazfr1a7zoknwu7ec 0 11348062 35429944 2025-06-21T23:52:23Z Randervik 93956 Redirected page to [[Habagatang Biyetnam]] 35429944 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect[[Habagatang Biyetnam]] hmk6pfp4p0n4sbdevnaek0c0nx1czaf 0 11348063 35429978 2025-06-22T01:50:38Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name = Leather Stocking | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = | writer = D. W. Griffith | starring = | music = | cinematography = | editing = | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1909|9|27}} }} Ang '''''Leather Stocking''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/..." 35429978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name = Leather Stocking | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = | writer = D. W. Griffith | starring = | music = | cinematography = | editing = | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1909|9|27}} }} Ang '''''Leather Stocking''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/LeatherStocking1909.html Leather Stocking]</ref><ref>Eric Trenkamp. ''Race, War, and the Cinematic Myth of America: Dust That Never Settles''</ref> ==Cast== * [[George Nichols]] * [[Mack Sennett]] * [[Marion Leonard]] * [[Linda Arvidson]] * [[Owen Moore]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] a3nv7o3en7tt4q1ddi4bw825r9thfp0 0 11348064 35429979 2025-06-22T01:51:31Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name =The Life of Moses | image = The-Life-of-Moses-1909.jpg | caption = | director = [[J. Stuart Blackton]] | producer = [[Madison L. Peters]] | writer = | narrator = | starring = {{ubl|[[Pat Hartigan]]|[[Julia Arthur]]|[[William J. Humphrey]]}} | music = | editing = | cinematography = | studio = [[Vitagraph Company of America]] | distributor = Vitagraph Comp..." 35429979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name =The Life of Moses | image = The-Life-of-Moses-1909.jpg | caption = | director = [[J. Stuart Blackton]] | producer = [[Madison L. Peters]] | writer = | narrator = | starring = {{ubl|[[Pat Hartigan]]|[[Julia Arthur]]|[[William J. Humphrey]]}} | music = | editing = | cinematography = | studio = [[Vitagraph Company of America]] | distributor = Vitagraph Company of America | released = {{Film date|1909|12|04}} }} Ang '''''The Life of Moses''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[J. Stuart Blackton]].<ref>[https://letterboxd.com/film/the-life-of-moses/ The Life of Moses]</ref><ref>Richard I. Suchenski. ''Projections of Memory: Romanticism, Modernism, and the Aesthetics of Film''</ref> ==Cast== * [[Pat Hartigan]] - Moses * [[Julia Arthur]] * [[William J. Humphrey]] * [[Charles Kent]] * [[Edith Storey]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] jorgfs0vfcrzqg2o3fs1yq0hph2w2n3 0 11348065 35429980 2025-06-22T01:52:16Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name = The Little Darling | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = [[Biograph Company]] | writer = | starring = [[Mary Pickford]] | music = | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]] | editing = | studio = [[Biograph Company]] | distributor = Biograph Company | released = {{Film date|1909|9|2}} }} Ang '''''The Little Darling''''' (1909) maoy [..." 35429980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name = The Little Darling | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = [[Biograph Company]] | writer = | starring = [[Mary Pickford]] | music = | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]] | editing = | studio = [[Biograph Company]] | distributor = Biograph Company | released = {{Film date|1909|9|2}} }} Ang '''''The Little Darling''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/LittleDarling1909.html The Little Darling]</ref><ref>Paolo Cherchi Usai. ''The Griffith Project, Volume 11''</ref> ==Cast== * [[Mary Pickford]] * [[Mack Sennett]] * [[John R. Cumpson]] * [[Owen Moore]] * [[Arthur V. Johnson]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] 7u3a8pyihyrbbz2k3tqscpwyot2kul4 0 11348066 35429982 2025-06-22T02:32:28Z Jonathantobi 128855 Jonathantobi moved page [[Melbourne (kapital sa estado)]] to [[Melbourne, Australia]]: Pagtul-id sa titulo 35429982 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Melbourne, Australia]] d9qwnn0pu5cm371r45dy9rqhyqzl9vz 0 11348067 35429985 2025-06-22T03:33:17Z Jonathantobi 128855 Jonathantobi moved page [[Vladivostok]] to [[Vladivostok (pagklaro)]] 35429985 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vladivostok (pagklaro)]] dc0s1glwns72fy0s68u01lycnu1rh6o 35429986 35429985 2025-06-22T03:34:17Z Jonathantobi 128855 Blanked the page 35429986 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 35429987 35429986 2025-06-22T03:35:32Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Rusya|date=2017-01}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Vladivostok]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Settlement <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Vladivostok | native_name = Владивосток | other_name = Władywostok | category = Kapital sa lalawigan | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Vladivostok.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = Flag of Vladivostok, Russia.png | symbol = Gerbvlad2012.jpg | symbol_type = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Rusya}} | country_flag = | state = [[Primorskiy Kray]] | state_type = Lalawigan | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | part = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | location = | elevation = 40 | lat_d = 43.10562 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = 131.87353 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | highest = | highest_note = | highest_elevation = | highest_elevation_note = | lowest = | lowest_note = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_elevation_note = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = | area_land = | area_land_decimals = | area_water = | area_water_decimals = | area_urban = | area_urban_decimals = | area_metro = | area_metro_decimals = | area_municipal = | area_municipal_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 587022 | population_date = 2010-08-09 | population_note = <ref name = "gn2013348"/> | population_urban = | population_urban_date = | population_urban_note = | population_metro = | population_metro_date = | population_metro_note = | population_municipal = | population_municipal_date = | population_municipal_note = | population_density = | population_density_note = | population_urban_density = | population_urban_density_note = | population_metro_density = | population_metro_density_note = | population_municipal_density = | population_municipal_density_note = <!-- *** People *** --> | population1 = | population1_type = | population2 = | population2_type = | population3 = | population3_type = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | established_type = | date = | date_type = | government = | government_location = | government_region = | government_state = | mayor = | mayor_party = | leader = Черепков, Виктор Иванович | leader_type = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[New Caledonia Time|NCT]] | utc_offset = +11 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code = {{#property:P281}} | postal_code_type = | area_code = | area_code_type = | code = | code_type = | code1 = | code1_type = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = VVO | free_type = [[IATA]] | free1 = | free1_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | timezone_label = Asia/Vladivostok }} <!--P.PPLA-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Rusya|Kapital sa lalawigan]] ang '''Vladivostok''' ([[Chuvash]]: '''Владивосток''') sa [[Rusya]].<ref name = "gn2013348"/> Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa <!--ADM1-->[[Primorskiy Kray]], sa habagatan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:6400}} km sa sidlakan sa [[Moscow (ulohang dakbayan)|Moscow]] ang ulohan sa nasod. {{formatnum:40}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Vladivostok<ref name = "gn2013348"/>, ug adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:587022}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn2013348"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Vladivostok lain-lain. Sa habagatang-kasadpan, dagat ang pinakaduol sa Vladivostok.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang [[Gora Sapërnaya]], {{formatnum:218}} ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, {{formatnum:5.2}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa Vladivostok.{{efn|group=saysay|Ang punto nga labing taas sa ibabaw sa mga lokal nga kapunawpunawan, sumala sa gihabogon data sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn2013348"/>}} Vladivostok ang kinadak-ang lungsod sa maong dapit. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Vladivostok, mga lawis, ug mga luuk talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn2013348"/>}} Ang klima [[klima sa kontinente]]. Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:6}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:18}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-10}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:985}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:186}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa {{formatnum:7}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Vladivostok | -12| -7| 7 | -10| -4| 21 | -4| 3| 23 | 1| 8| 55 | 7| 14| 93 | 12| 15| 87 | 17| 20| 186 | 16| 18| 117 | 17| 19| 139 | 8| 12| 93 | -3| 1| 115 | -8| -1| 49 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|Russia |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Vladivostok sa Rusya. | label = Vladivostok|position=right|background=white|lat=43.10562|long=131.87353}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn2013348">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2013348|name=vladivostok}} Vladivostok] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2010-08-09; database download sa 2017-01-07</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Владивосток|Vladivostok}} [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Primorskiy Kray]] [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Rusya nga mas dako pa kay sa 300,000 ka mga tawo]] 3220swtlhp0o79f48l9o8n63qmy7rc6 35429989 35429987 2025-06-22T03:36:56Z Jonathantobi 128855 35429989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Rusya|date=2017-01}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Vladivostok (pagklaro)]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Settlement <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Vladivostok | native_name = Владивосток | other_name = Władywostok | category = Kapital sa lalawigan | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Vladivostok.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = Flag of Vladivostok, Russia.png | symbol = Gerbvlad2012.jpg | symbol_type = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Rusya}} | country_flag = | state = [[Primorskiy Kray]] | state_type = Lalawigan | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | part = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | location = | elevation = 40 | lat_d = 43.10562 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = 131.87353 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | highest = | highest_note = | highest_elevation = | highest_elevation_note = | lowest = | lowest_note = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_elevation_note = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = | area_land = | area_land_decimals = | area_water = | area_water_decimals = | area_urban = | area_urban_decimals = | area_metro = | area_metro_decimals = | area_municipal = | area_municipal_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 587022 | population_date = 2010-08-09 | population_note = <ref name = "gn2013348"/> | population_urban = | population_urban_date = | population_urban_note = | population_metro = | population_metro_date = | population_metro_note = | population_municipal = | population_municipal_date = | population_municipal_note = | population_density = | population_density_note = | population_urban_density = | population_urban_density_note = | population_metro_density = | population_metro_density_note = | population_municipal_density = | population_municipal_density_note = <!-- *** People *** --> | population1 = | population1_type = | population2 = | population2_type = | population3 = | population3_type = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | established_type = | date = | date_type = | government = | government_location = | government_region = | government_state = | mayor = | mayor_party = | leader = Черепков, Виктор Иванович | leader_type = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[New Caledonia Time|NCT]] | utc_offset = +11 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code = {{#property:P281}} | postal_code_type = | area_code = | area_code_type = | code = | code_type = | code1 = | code1_type = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = VVO | free_type = [[IATA]] | free1 = | free1_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | timezone_label = Asia/Vladivostok }} <!--P.PPLA-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Rusya|Kapital sa lalawigan]] ang '''Vladivostok''' ([[Chuvash]]: '''Владивосток''') sa [[Rusya]].<ref name = "gn2013348"/> Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa <!--ADM1-->[[Primorskiy Kray]], sa habagatan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:6400}} km sa sidlakan sa [[Moscow (ulohang dakbayan)|Moscow]] ang ulohan sa nasod. {{formatnum:40}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Vladivostok<ref name = "gn2013348"/>, ug adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:587022}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn2013348"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Vladivostok lain-lain. Sa habagatang-kasadpan, dagat ang pinakaduol sa Vladivostok.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang [[Gora Sapërnaya]], {{formatnum:218}} ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, {{formatnum:5.2}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa Vladivostok.{{efn|group=saysay|Ang punto nga labing taas sa ibabaw sa mga lokal nga kapunawpunawan, sumala sa gihabogon data sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn2013348"/>}} Vladivostok ang kinadak-ang lungsod sa maong dapit. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Vladivostok, mga lawis, ug mga luuk talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn2013348"/>}} Ang klima [[klima sa kontinente]]. Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:6}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:18}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-10}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:985}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:186}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa {{formatnum:7}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Vladivostok | -12| -7| 7 | -10| -4| 21 | -4| 3| 23 | 1| 8| 55 | 7| 14| 93 | 12| 15| 87 | 17| 20| 186 | 16| 18| 117 | 17| 19| 139 | 8| 12| 93 | -3| 1| 115 | -8| -1| 49 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|Russia |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Vladivostok sa Rusya. | label = Vladivostok|position=right|background=white|lat=43.10562|long=131.87353}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn2013348">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2013348|name=vladivostok}} Vladivostok] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2010-08-09; database download sa 2017-01-07</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Владивосток|Vladivostok}} [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Primorskiy Kray]] [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Rusya nga mas dako pa kay sa 300,000 ka mga tawo]] ex39h5eup6khr6bo0i950jg91t2xm0u 2 11348068 35429992 2025-06-22T04:52:37Z Jonathantobi 128855 Redirected page to [[en:User:Jonathantobi]] 35429992 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[en:User:Jonathantobi]] 1bzsdmuwpgm9gaq9fda2ozxqzi4bxm6 0 11348069 35429994 2025-06-22T06:41:21Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name = The Lonely Villa | image = Lonely Villa (1909).webm | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | writer = [[Mack Sennett]] | based_on = | starring = David Miles | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]]<br>Arthur Marvin | distributor = [[Biograph Company]] | released = {{film date|1909|6|10}} }} Ang '''''The Lonely Villa''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni D. W. Griff..." 35429994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name = The Lonely Villa | image = Lonely Villa (1909).webm | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | writer = [[Mack Sennett]] | based_on = | starring = David Miles | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]]<br>Arthur Marvin | distributor = [[Biograph Company]] | released = {{film date|1909|6|10}} }} Ang '''''The Lonely Villa''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/LonelyVilla1909.html Lonely Villa]</ref><ref>[https://mubi.com/films/the-lonely-villa THE LONELY VILLA]</ref> ==Cast== * [[David Miles]] - Robert Cullison * [[Marion Leonard]] - Mrs. Robert Cullison * [[Mary Pickford]] * [[Gladys Egan]] * [[Adele DeGarde]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] mgasooirg7pzt1zlv5o62rqgebnmihy 0 11348070 35429998 2025-06-22T08:08:57Z Nikolai Kurbatov 60172 Created page with "{{Infobox pelikula | name = Love Finds a Way | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = | writer = D. W. Griffith | starring = [[Anita Hendrie]] | music = | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]]<br>[[Arthur Marvin]] | editing = | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1909|1|11}} }} Ang '''''Love Finds a Way''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni D. W. G..." 35429998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pelikula | name = Love Finds a Way | image = | caption = | director = [[D. W. Griffith]] | producer = | writer = D. W. Griffith | starring = [[Anita Hendrie]] | music = | cinematography = [[G. W. Bitzer]]<br>[[Arthur Marvin]] | editing = | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1909|1|11}} }} Ang '''''Love Finds a Way''''' (1909) maoy [[Amerikano]]ng pelikula gidirek ni [[D. W. Griffith]].<ref>[https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/LoveFindsAWay1909.html Love Finds a Way]</ref><ref>Richard Schickel. ''D.W. Griffith: An American Life''</ref> ==Cast== * [[Anita Hendrie]] * [[Arthur V. Johnson]] * [[Marion Leonard]] * [[Harry Solter]] * [[Charles Inslee]] == Mga pakisayran == {{reflist}} [[Kategoriya:Amerikanong pelikula]] iwbk666m0l5ivs3f4oqh4eyxf2wvfhr