Wikipedia:Mabiligu dundɔŋ

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* '''dag:''' {{int:please-translate}}
* '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection.
&lt;/div&gt;

== Coming soon: Template dialog improvements for VisualEditor and new wiktext mode ==

''/ Apologies for writing in English. It would be great if you could help translate this message. / ''

Hello! Here is more news from the focus area “[[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Make working with templates easier]]” by Wikimedia Germany’s [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]: 

'''Your wiki will soon receive an overall improved interface for editing templates''' in VisualEditor and in the new wikitext mode ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). This includes several improvements: 

* general redesign (more spacing, bigger window for better usability),
* a better overview of parameters that are available for a template,
* an easier way to add parameters via checkboxes and search filters,
* better visibility of important information,
* added links to documentation and help pages.

More in-depth information can be found on [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|the project page on Meta]]. The planned deployment date for these changes is October 6. 

'''Please note'''
* Some interface texts in the dialog have changed and might need to be [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw&amp;language=dag&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translated into your language on translatewiki]. It can take around two weeks for translations to appear in the interface.
* The [[mw:wiki/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|official VisualEditor help page on mediawiki.org]] will only be changed later this year, when all wikis have received the feature. If you have a local help page about the feature, you can update it based on [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements/Release notes|information on this page]], which we will fill with content in late September.

We would be very happy to hear what you think of these changes. Please let us know [[meta:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|on this talk page]]. -- [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:09, 22 Silimin gɔli September 2021 (GMT)

: Hello again! Unfortunately, '''this deployment will be postponed a bit''':
:* Our team is currently still working on a few optimizations for mobile and for screen readers, so we’re planning to deploy the feature to your wiki in late October/beginning of November.
:* That also means that the [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements/Release notes|texts on this subpage]] are not finished yet. We’ll give you an update here on your village pump once the texts are done. Then you can update your help page accordingly.
:* '''If you haven’t already [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw&amp;language=dag&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translated the VE template dialog texts], now is a good time to do this.'''
:* For those who are curious what to expect, here are two videos: One shows the current interface on English Wikipedia, the other one shows the improved interface which you’ll get soon (currently on betawiki):
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; widths=&quot;300px&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
VE Template Dialog before changes by WMDE's Technical Wishes team.webm|Current view on English Wikipedia
New VE Template Dialog, improved by WMDE's Technical Wishes team.webm|Coming soon: Improved version
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Sorry for the inconvenience! – Johanna for the Technical Wishes team, [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:46, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT)

:: The documentation of the improvements on the Visual Editor template dialog is finally complete now and can be found [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE%20Technical%20Wishes/VisualEditor%20template%20dialog%20improvements/Release%20notes here]. Sorry for the delay. Please remember to [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw&amp;language=dag&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translate the VE template dialog texts] if you haven’t already. The deployment of these changes is planned for November 16th. – For the Technical Wishes team, [[Ŋun su:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:38, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)

Thank you so much for the kind gesture. We look forward to a more super view. 16th November is already saved in my calendar to wake up to a new introduction of an interface. [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:56, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)

'''Final deployment date: template dialog improvements for VisualEditor and new wiktext mode'''&lt;br&gt;
Unfortunately, the deployment had to be postponed and did not happen on November 16th as announced. I am very sorry about this. The extensive [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements template dialog improvements] for VisualEditor and new wiktext will finally be available from November 24th on your wiki. If you have any feedback, please let us know on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements project’s talk page].  -- Timur for Wikimedia Germany’s Technical Wishes team, [[Ŋun su:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:06, 23 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)&lt;br&gt;

P.S.: We are still working out the final details with the new keyboard navigation which should be working smoothly soon.


== Extension:ArticlePlaceholder ==
[[:mw:Extension:ArticlePlaceholder|Extension:ArticlePlaceholder]] tooi sɔŋdi ka lahabaya kalinli nabigiri Wikipedia zuƔu. Sokama yi saɣi, ti ni tooi che ka Tɛmplati maa tum tuma kpe Dagbani Wikipedia ŋɔ zuƔu. -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:12, 25 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT)
:*{{support}} ''Support'' -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:13, 25 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT)
:*{{Support}} Naawuni yiko ni, man' saɣiya. Di naa sɔŋ ti pam. [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:47, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)

::@{{ping|Masssly}} , above extension have been deployed on this wiki, for that extension to work please complete inwiki setup mentioned in [[mediawikiwiki:Extension:ArticlePlaceholder#Set-up]].[[Ŋun su:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:~aanzx|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 04:51, 14 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
::: Done! It's working now, thanks! -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 11:21, 15 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:14, 9 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
Thank you so much for the invitation.Here is the application for the Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Ghana.
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Alhassan_Mohammed_Awal/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Ghana. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:58, 14 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
￼
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&amp;oldid=22560402 --&gt;

==Bot policy==
Hello. To facilitate [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|steward]] granting of bot access, I suggest implementing the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy|standard bot policy]] on this wiki. In particular, this policy allows stewards to automatically flag known interlanguage linking bots (if this page says that is acceptable) or bots that fix double redirects. The policy also enables [[m:Bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] on this wiki (if this page says that is acceptable), which are trusted bots that will be given bot access on every wiki that allows global bots.

This policy makes bot access requesting much easier for local users, operators, and stewards. To implement it we only need to create a redirect to this page from [[Project:Bot policy]], and add a line at the top noting that it is used here. If you use or prefer to use a dedicated project page for handling bot flag requests, that is also acceptable. Please read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy|the text at Meta-Wiki]] before commenting. If you object, please say so; I hope to implement in two weeks if there is no objection, since it is particularly written to streamline bot requests on wikis with little or no community interested in bot access requests. Thank you for your consideration. --[[Ŋun su:Zabe|Zabe]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zabe|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:17, 16 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
:I Strongly support this! It is a great idea knowing the power of bots and how they can make our language wikipedia great. [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:27, 25 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
:: Thank you. I've '''implemented''' the policy. Please add on top of this page the following:
::: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
:: Best regards, --[[Ŋun su:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MarcoAurelio|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:40, 16 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
:::[[Ŋun su:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]], Thank you for '''implementing''' the policy. I checked and I saw that [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] have added the above code at the top of this page but it seems something is wrong somewhere. Please check the code. Many thanks [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:07, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
:::: @[[User:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]], I've [[Special:Diff/35641/prev|fixed the code]]. I hope that it looks okay to you. Regards, --[[Ŋun su:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MarcoAurelio|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:39, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
:::::Many thanks @[[User:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]]

==Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Ghana==

Hello,

The [[Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]] is inviting to participate in the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Ghana 2022 Wiki Loves Folklore contest] in Ghana. Please feel free to comment or endorse the grant application [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Dagbani_Wikimedians/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Ghana here]. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 05:22, 1 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)

==Admin renewal voting==
Dear Dagbani Wikipedia community,

Please vote here on whether to extend the administrator positions of these two users. Adminship will expire at the end of February 2022 as an initial trial, but now we are voting on whether to indefinitely extend adminship.
*{{u|Masssly}}
*{{u|Sabon Harshe}}
*{{u|Shahadusadik}}

We have made good use of adminship for the past several months, and see our roles as more like online maintenance workers rather than 'bosses'. Everyone on this Wikipedia has been quite cooperative and helpful, so our work was mostly limited to fixing broken redirects and moving pages. There are currently only 3 admins maintaining this wiki, so manpower would definitely be helpful for the community. [[Ŋun su:Sabon Harshe|Sabon Harshe]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sabon Harshe|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:05, 21 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)

===Masssly===
Masssly is one of the most important members of our community. He played essential roles founding the Dagbani Wikipedia and is a member of the Wikimedia Board Election Committee, to help steward Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustee and Funds Dissemination Committee elections.

;Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:29, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Issahiddris|Issahiddris]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Issahiddris|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:43, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:07, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:16, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:07, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su: Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:36, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:40, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:45, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:11, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)

;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Sabon Harshe===
Sabon Harshe has created hundreds of new articles on the Dagbani Wikipedia and has also made major contributions to many African-language wikis.

;Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:34, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Issahiddris|Issahiddris]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Issahiddris|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:42, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:09, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:16, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:04, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su: Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su Yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:41, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:40, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:47, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:12, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Shahadusadik===
Sadik Shahadu is the Executive Director of the Dagbani Wikimedians User Group. He provides training and general support to contributors of the Dagbani Wikipedia. 

;Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:34, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Issahiddris|Issahiddris]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Issahiddris|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:41, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:10, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)

* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:14, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:06, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su: Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su Yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana Yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:46, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:40, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:50, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)

;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

== Make working with templates easier: Several improvements coming to your wiki soon. ==

[[File:I_love_templates_hexagon.png|right|200x200px]]
''Apologies for writing in English. It would be great if you could help translate this message.''

Hello! A few months ago, your wiki received these improvements from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]] project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team: 

* In the template dialog of the VisualEditor, several fundamental improvements were done. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]])
* A new attribute “suggested values” was introduced to help you clarify what values a parameter may expect. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|2]])
* When using syntax highlighting, line numbers are shown in the ''template'' namespace. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|3]]) &lt;br/&gt;A few wikis have these line numbers in ''all'' namespaces. If you want this for your wiki as well, please reach out to us.

'''On March 9''', more improvements from the Templates project are coming to this and many more wikis:
* Finding and inserting templates will become easier with an improved search and added warnings. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|4]])
* In VisualEditor, you will be able to remove a template from a page via the context menu, just like removing a table or an image. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|5]])
* Matching brackets will be highlighted (when you use syntax highlighting (CodeMirror)). ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|6]])
* The color scheme in syntax highlighting (CodeMirror) will be updated for better readability. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|7]])

These improvements have been tested on a few other wikis for a few months now, but we’d love to hear what you think of them on the talk pages of the project pages linked above ([1] - [7]). 

A few weeks later, we’re also going to add a colorblind-friendly color scheme in syntax highlighting (CodeMirror extension). You’ll be able to activate it via a user setting.

– Greetings from the Technical Wishes project, [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:59, 1 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
:Dear[[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] and the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, Thank you so much for the support! We will explore the changes made and will get back to you if we have questions regarding the links your shared. most of our community members are able to read in English and Dagbani but we will be able to translate your message into Dagbani language. Please let us know if you need any information to help you support the Dagbani Wikipedia even more. Many thanks. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:09, 14 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
:: @[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]]: That is wonderful! It would be great to get some feedback how the features are working for you, on the talk pages of the project pages that I have linked above. I hope they serve you well in your work. -- Have a good weekend! [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:37, 18 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)

==Wiki Loves Earth 2022 in Ghana==

Hi all,

The [https://meta.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moore_Wikimedia_Community Moore Wikimedia Community] is organizing Wiki Loves Earth 2022 in Ghana]]. Please feel free to leave your comments and or endorse the [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Moore_Wikimedia_Community/Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Ghana#Moore_Wikipedia%28Incubator%29|grant application]] 

Thanks.

[[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:55, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
:Hi [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] and the Moore wiki community, Thank you for inviting us. We are very happy to contribute to the Wiki loves earth 2022 in Ghana project. Please let us know if you need any assistance. Cheers! on behalf of the [[Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]], [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:10, 8 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT)

== Namespace pala ==
Kamani [[Wikipedia:Mabiligu_dundɔŋ/Archive/August_2021#New_namespace:Salima|namespace:Salima]] din pa [[Solɔɣu]] zuɣu la, di tu ni ti nam namespace pala din yɛn laɣim lahabaya shɛŋa ŋan doya  ŋɔ:
* Kpiɛriti
* Shɛhira gbana
* Yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi
* ŋaha
* Yila
* Wahi
* Tilahi
* Diema ni yiɣ'jam 
* kali
* Tiŋduya
* Alikuraani Suura
* Baabuli Suura

N-yuli yaɣi namespace shɛŋa? Sabimi sɔŋ kpe ka ti nam ŋa zaa jilli!
-&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 08:44, 22 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT)

== Make working with templates easier: One more improvement coming soon. ==

''Apologies for writing in English. It would be great if you could help translate this message.'' 

Hello, one more change from WMDE’s focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” is coming to your wiki soon: In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[Mw:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), you’ll be able to activate a '''colorblind-friendly color scheme''' with a user setting. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind mode|project page]])

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from WMDE’s focus area “Templates”. We would love to [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|hear your feedback]].

Thanks for being one of the first wikis to get the improvements from our project, and for giving valuable feedback! – [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:57, 29 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT)

== Admin Request ==

M mabihi,

N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n lɛbi Adimisstireta n ti Dagbanli Wikipedia din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. 
Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka be tima sɔli.
*{{u|Dnshitobu}}
M paɣiya!
===Dnshitobu ===

;Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:56, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:01, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:13, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
#[[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:22, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# Mbo! Naawuni ni ti nasara[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:47, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# Naawuni yiko ni O nam puuni, nasara nyɛla a dini [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:10, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# A shiri simdi ni a lebi adiministireeta. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:01, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
#[[Ŋun su:Abubakar280|Abubakar280]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Abubakar280|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:12, 22 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# ashiri simdili [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:15, 22 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# Nyini n-kuli nyɛ li [[Ŋun su:Attah Mohammed|Attah Mohammed]] (Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Attah Mohammed|Yɛltɔɣa]] 11:05, 22 Silimin goli June 2022 (GMT)
#[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:41, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
11. [[Ŋun su:Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 04:15, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)

12. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Peter|Alhassan Peter]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Peter|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:10, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)

13. [[Ŋun su:Yakubu Fadilatu|Yakubu Fadilatu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Yakubu Fadilatu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:20, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
;Neutral votes
----
;Oppose votes

== Admin Renewal ==

M mabihi,
N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n neei n daa Adimisstireta tali maa ti Dagbanli Wikipedia ŋɔ zuɣu din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka bɛ tima sɔli.

===Shahadusadik ===

;Support votes
*[[Ŋun su:Uprising Man|Uprising Man]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Uprising Man|Yɛltɔɣa]])

*[[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:33, 18 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
 
* [[Ŋun su:Awinebotima|Awinebotima]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinebotima|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:35, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:17, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:43, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Din-nani1===
;Support votes 
* [[Ŋun su:Uprising Man|Uprising Man]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Uprising Man|Yɛltɔɣa]])
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:33, 18 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Awinebotima|Awinebotima]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinebotima|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:35, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:17, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:44, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Dnshitobu ===

;Support votes
*[[Ŋun su:Uprising Man|Uprising Man]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Uprising Man|Yɛltɔɣa]])
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:32, 18 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Awinebotima|Awinebotima]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinebotima|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:36, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:16, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:45, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

== Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test ==

===Cross posting===

[[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to:

* Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer)

* Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer)

* Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer)

* Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant)

You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates:

* Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC'''

* Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC'''

These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature.

Thank you!
[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:59, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT)

== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 ==

=== Cross posting ===
Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!


The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']].

You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. 

We look forward to your participation. 

Thank you.


Best,

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']]

[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:04, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT)

== Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''{{int:Please-translate}}''

{{int:Hello}}

The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually.

We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas!

The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows:
* Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023
* Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023
* Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023
* Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023

If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023!
&lt;/div&gt;

{{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 12:59, 13 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&amp;oldid=24226232 --&gt;

== Vote for your favourite Wikimedia sound logo ==

''We are really sorry for posting in English''
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Sound_Logo_Cover_Image_-_Linkedin.png|center|800x800px]]
Voting in the Wikimedia sound logo contest [[c:Sound_Logo_Vote|'''has started''']]. From December 6 to 19, 2022, please play a part and help chose the sound that will identify Wikimedia content on audio devices. [[wmfblog:2022/12/06/vote-for-the-sound-of-all-human-knowledge/|Learn more on Diff]].

The sound logo team is grateful to everyone who participated in this global contest. We received 3,235 submissions from 2,094 participants in 135 countries. We are incredibly grateful to the team of [[wmfblog:2022/10/31/screening-3235-sound-submissions/|volunteer screeners]] and the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communications/Sound_Logo/Contest_proposal#How_will_the_final_selection_happen? selection committee] who, among others, helped bring us to where we are today. It is now up to Wikimedia to choose the Sound Of All Human Knowledge.

Best wishes, [[Ŋun su:Arupako-WMF|Arupako-WMF]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Arupako-WMF|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:38, 16 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)

== Feminism and Folklore 2023 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023,
 
You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a fountain tool or dashboard.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]].
 
This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023.
 
Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]]

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:23, 24 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=23942484 --&gt;

== Global ban for PlanespotterA320/RespectCE ==

Per the [[m:Global bans|Global bans]] policy, I'm informing the project of this request for comment: [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for PlanespotterA320 (2) ]] about banning a member from your community. Thank you.--[[User:Lemonaka|Lemonaka]] ([[User talk:Lemonaka|talk]]) 21:40, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Zabe@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lemonaka/Massmessagelist&amp;oldid=24501599 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 21:20, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2023 (GMT)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge!
&lt;/div&gt;
[[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.&lt;section end=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello,

As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are:

* Community members in good standing
* Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects
* Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type
* Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023
* Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations
* Confidently able to communicate in English

The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff.

The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''.

Best regards,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 Silimin gɔli April 2023 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot; /&gt;
Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. 

We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now.

This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available.

You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them.

[[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:45, 11 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Selection of the U4C Building Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Announcing the new Elections Committee members&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello there, 

We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. 

Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:59, 28 Silimin gɔli June 2023 (GMT)
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== Linking new articles and categories to Wikidata ==

Hi all. With thanks to {{ping|Shahadusadik}}, I learnt about dagwiki and your great Wikidata integration at Wikimania. I operate [[User:Pi bot]], which runs a script to link new Wikipedia articles with Wikidata items where possible, or create new items after a 14-day wait. Would you like me to set this running for dagwiki? As a first step, it's now adding new articles with Wikidata item matches into [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=82&amp;opt=%7B%22type%22%3A%22all%22%7D the Wikidata game], and will add new potential matches to that daily. If you want, I can start the script to create the new Wikidata items after 14 days (with the exception that if a potential match is in the Game, it will wait for that to be resolved before creating a new item), would that be useful? Thanks. [[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mike Peel|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:38, 22 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT)

:Hi @[[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]], Thank you so much for this. I would appreciate it a lot if you could run me through how this is done. Our community is definitely interested in using it. Also, feel free to set it running for dagwiki.I am available to talk more! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:35, 4 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT)
::{{ping|Shahadusadik}} Thanks for your support for this work. There are two parts here. The first part is already running, the bot is looking for Wikidata items that match new articles here, and it is adding them to [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=82&amp;opt=%7B%22type%22%3A%22all%22%7D the Wikidata game]. Please have a look at these matches and decide if they are matches or not through that tool (if you match them, then the sitelink is added through your account). The second part is creating new Wikidata items for articles without potential matches after 14 days - would you like me to start this running? It is important then to check the new items on Wikidata and merge them with existing items if the bot has missed the match. Thanks. [[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mike Peel|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:49, 10 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT)
:::Yes. Sure @[[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]. I may have missed this important information. I went through the Wikidata game and it looks fine for me. Do you mind if we have a call on this to learn more? Many thanks for the support. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:56, 3 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. 

The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward.

Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]].

Best,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT)
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== Fenben Human Parasites ==

[https://www.fenbendazole.org/fenbendazole-for-human-parasites/ Fenbendazole] is a frequently used medication that belongs to the benzimidazole group of drugs. This drug works by disrupting the energy production of parasites, making them unable to survive. Such parasitic infections are a tremendous health concern, affecting people and animals all over the world. Common parasites that cause these infections are roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and tapeworms.

Parasitic infections may not cause visible symptoms right away, but prolonged exposure can lead to various difficult health issues, such as nutrient deficiency, cravings for certain foods, discomfort and swelling in the stomach, anemia, chronic exhaustion, higher body temperatures, sweat during the night, painful muscles and joints, skin issues such as rosacea, and itching in the anal and vaginal regions.

Fenbendazole has earned a reputation as a potent therapeutic remedy for intestinal parasites. Its ability to tackle many different kinds of parasites causes it to be regularly suggested as a therapy for diverse worm infections, such as strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, and enterobiasis.

Fenbendazole has a distinct way of functioning as it is directed at a particular protein named beta-tubulin which is present in the narrow tube-like structures found in parasites. Microtubules are vital for a number of cellular processes such as cell duplication and procreation.

When a parasite ingests fenbendazole, the medication binds to the beta-tubulin within the microtubules, hindering the construction of these microtubules. Therefore, the parasite's capacity to multiply its cells is hindered, unsurprisingly disrupting its reproductive aptitude.

Fenbendazole stops the parasite's ability to metabolize glucose, which it needs for fuel. As a result, the organism starts to lose energy, and when it is deprived of that, it perishes.

Fenbendazole is recognized for its accuracy, as it only acts upon the beta-tubulin of the parasites while not influencing the same element in the creature that is being treated. This is why fenbendazole is considered as an effective and safe way to address parasite invasions in many cases. [[Ŋun su:Fenbenparasites|Fenbenparasites]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Fenbenparasites|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:19, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee  ==&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;&quot;&gt;
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']]

''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/span&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;

Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. 

On behalf of the Committee Support team,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all, 

Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]].

Best,

Katie Chan &lt;br&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:12, 17 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: Reference Previews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]]
A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years.  Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]].

Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget.

Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. 

* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. 
* Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. 
-- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team,
&lt;section end=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT)
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:Awesome! We look forward to it. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:13, 26 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT)

== Help us improve the editing experience on Wikidata by signing up for our research ==

''(apologies for writing in English)''

Hello folks,

Wikimedia Deutschland is exploring ways to improve the editing experience on Wikidata in different languages, and would love to hear your feedback.

We are conducting online interviews to learn about your experiences, expectations, and concerns. Here is a sign-up form you can use to express your interest in taking part: https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata_research_sign_up 

-Thanks [[Ŋun su:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:24, 21 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland
&lt;section end=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:32, 13 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT)
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== Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? ==

''Apologies for writing in English.''

The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references.

* The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here].
* Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch.
* [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]].
* Sessions will be held in January and February.
* [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.]
* Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment.

We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]]
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== Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.''

Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.&lt;br&gt; 
''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.''

The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time.

For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.&lt;br&gt;We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2024 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:26, 18 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

-- [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:26, 18 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
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== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Dagbani Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know about our plans to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Dagbani Wikipedia. For this, our team would want you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback

* Ask us questions

* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and provide feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.

* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Dagbani Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has a Content Translation tool enabled by default.

We plan to enable the tool by 15th of February 2024, if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message

* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;from=en&amp;to=dag&amp;sx=true#/sx our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Dagbani Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:gcr:Special:ContentTranslation|https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool

* What you think about our plans to enable it

* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback.

On behalf of the WMF Language team. [[Ŋun su:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:UOzurumba (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:20, 26 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. 

A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks.

Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)
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== Survey about Wikifunctions: we need your input! ==

{{int:please-translate}}!

Hello all! I’m Luca/Sannita, Community Relations Specialist for [[:f:|Wikifunctions]], the newest Wikimedia project.

We are currently conducting user research to improve Wikifunctions, and we need your input! You do not need experience with Wikifunctions to participate.

Participation takes the form of an interview, conducted online, '''in English''', using Google Meet, for a duration of about 75 minutes.

To join this study, please fill out '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScBACHQEKxXmyPOPKenscb4iJ_BpSRIwGqxBVDTSVVZQCJ87g/viewform this short form]''' as soon as possible. ([[:foundation:Generic_screener_survey_privacy_statement_for_design_research|privacy policy for the survey]]).

Interviews will start on March 14th, 2024. We are pleased to offer a thank you gift to those who complete the interview. More details about the project will be provided in a follow-up email to those who qualify for this study.

Let me know if there are questions or clarifications needed. Hope you will take part to the study! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:04, 11 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
: ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: ''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all,

This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. 

Here are the key planned dates:

*  May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions
*  June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5]
*  June-August 2024: Campaign period
*  End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period
*  October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates
*  Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan.

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]].

Best regards,

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group)

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:56, 12 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)
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== Dagbani Wikimedians User Group Annual Report 2022-2023 ==

Dear all,

I am happy to share our [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_Wikimedians_User_Group/Annual_Reports/2022-2023 annual report] for the year 2023. We welcome your comments and feedback. 

Read the full report here: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_Wikimedians_User_Group/Annual_Reports/2022-2023 Dagbani Wikimedians user group 2022-2023 Annual Report] [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:10, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)

== The Vector 2022 skin as the default ==

[[File:Vector_2022_video-en.webm|thumb]]
Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''This week, we will make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.'''

We were working on it between 2019 and 2022. It is already the default on most wikis.

It will become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins.

&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Top of an article&quot;&gt;
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default)
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;A section of an article&quot;&gt;
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default)
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
; About the skin

'''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 14-15 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.]

'''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs.

'''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin.

* The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%.
* The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages.
* The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on.
* The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities.

'''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins.

; How can editors change and customize this skin?

It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. 

If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[Ŋun su:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:15, 25 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)


== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:56, 25 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26844397 --&gt; [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:43, 6 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to select members of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;Hello all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]].

We look forward to your participation!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

[[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]

Dear community members,

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. 

You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. 

You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language.

On behalf of the CAC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)
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== Translation of WikiLearn Courses into Dagbani ==

Gaafara m mabihi,

N suhiri noli ni n-zaŋ Wikemdia bohimbu sodoli shɛli din-bieni n-yuui a maa ka ti nima na bi tooi maliŋa n-niŋdi anfaani. Dina n-ŋyɛ bɛni boli shɛli ni [https://learn.wiki/courses WikiLern]. Lana baŋsim bohimbu yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din be silimiinsili ni n-ti pahi andunia yili bali kara shɛŋa ti ni kuli mi maa zuɣu. N-di malila nia ni ti gba kpaŋ ti maŋa n liebigili ti Dagbanli ni ka di sɔŋ ti n-tabili ti mabihi ka ti tooi bohim Wikipedia tuma vienyɛla din yɛn che ka ti gba timdi nuu zaŋchaŋ baŋsim nambu ni yoli niŋbu n-zaŋti so kam.
N tiehiya ni ti zaa saɣiti ni netiweki n-ti pahi deeta shaara la nyɛla din tooi mɔŋditi bohimbu din-nyɛ pohim zuɣu dini la kamani (Zoom bee Meet) ni di taba la. Ti Dagbani Wikimedians User Group gba nyɛla ban tooi laɣinditi saha sheŋa n-lɛriti baŋsim bɛ wofiisi la ni to amaa ti zaa mi ni ka zaa ka bɛni tooi m-boli domini yiko kalinsi zuɣu. Lala yɛli muɣisira ŋɔ zaa nyɛla din yɛn baligi di yi niŋ ka ti tooi kaari lala baŋsim dundɔŋ ŋɔ maa. Baŋsim kara nyɛla din shabi dinni ka a ni tooi bohimli saha shɛli kam a ni bɔra. A ni tooi pili bohimbu kam m-bahi ka ti labina n-ti naaili diyi niŋ ka netiweeki bee deeta naabu ti chirisi a bohimbu.
N-tiehirimi ni di bohimbu niema ŋɔ yi be ti balli ŋɔ zuɣu, di ni kpaŋsi ka kpehi Dagbani Wikimiidia shɛba ban zaɣa ka bohimbu niema din nyɛ silimiinsili la korisi ka bɛ niŋ zaɣa ni di bohimbu domini di ni nyɛ bɛ balli la zuɣu. Di ni nyɛ ti ballila zuɣu, di ni tooi lahi che ka di gbaaibu niŋ soochi n-ti ti. Shehira gbana nyɛla din biɛni n-ti ŋun tooi naai bohimbu yaɣili kam. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, n-di tiehirimi ni ti pii kuɣili m-bahi bɔŋni ka wum di kumsi. Dina n-nyɛ n-tiehirimi ni ti liebigi baŋsim bohimbu maa yaɣishɛli din jendi &quot;'''&quot;Dihitabili molo din ka barina Baŋsim liebu'''&quot; (Trust &amp; Safety Disinformation Training). Di nyɛla din dii ka bachi kpɛma ka ti ni tooi zaŋli m-pili. Di yi niŋ ka salo taɣideeli ka niŋdi bohimbu vienyɛla di zuɣu, di ni liebi daliri ka ti labina n-ti kpaŋ timaŋa ka bohimbu yaɣa din pahi n-yɛ silimiinsili la zaa liebigi Dagbanli ni. Wula ka yi nyɛli m mabihi?


Dear community members,

There is a platform called WikiLearn where there are several interesting Wikimedia courses that can broaden ones understanding of the Wikimedia Movement issues and projects in order to actively and effectively contribute to the Foundation's mission of free knowledge creation and sharing. The courses currently exist in English and other world major languages. I am taking the initiative to get the courses translated into Dagbani also. The courses are self-pace and you can take them anytime. You can pause and resume a course wnen you need to until it is completed. There are digital certificates to be awarded upon successful completion of the courses. This in my view will address the challenge of network and high cost of internet data during the limited online trainings via Zoom or Meet e.t.c because there won't be any fear of missing a particular meeting because one has no internet data to join at the scheduled time or one is located at place where the network is unstable or similar reasons. You can pause and resume later when you face internet data or network challeges. It is also an opportunity for more people to learn about things that they may not get the opportunity to learn during the periodic in-person trainings that are  limited to selected people due to budgetary constraints by the User Group. The availability of the causes in Dagbani will aid a deeper understanding of the concepts as well as ensure diversity and more visibilty of the Dagbani Language on the internet space. I am thinking of us starting with a course in the catalog titled &quot;'''Trust &amp; Safety Disinformation Training&quot;.''' It is a non-technical course that can be good to start with. When the course is well understood by learners, they can better be informed about all it takes to be an effective Wikimedian. You take look at the [https://learn.wiki/courses courses in the catalog] and suggest any other you think is good to start with, otherwise, we will go with the one above. What is your take on this project? [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:30, 31 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)

:N daa nyɛla ŋun yu ni n timdi nuu Wikimedia tuma ni to amaa baŋsim pooli nyɛla din gbaɣisi ni zaŋ chaŋ di polo. Bohimbu n ŋɔ yi beni di bahibahimdi di yi ti nyɛ ti balli ni, din ŋuna mani nia paliya. N-saɣiti lala haŋkali ŋɔ zuŋɔ ni biɛɣuni &lt;nowiki&gt;{{SS}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Ŋun su:ALHASSAN MOHAMED NURIDEEN|ALHASSAN MOHAMED NURIDEEN]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:ALHASSAN MOHAMED NURIDEEN|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:52, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
::N nyela ŋun saɣiti hankali ŋɔ. Di nyɛla din ni sɔŋ ti bohimbu Wikipiidia  maa zuɣu. ŋun saɣiti hankali ŋɔ. Di nyɛla din ni sɔŋ ti bohimbu Wikipiidia  maa zuɣu. [[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:14, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
:::Yɛlimaŋli, man na bi go n-yi lala baŋsim bɔhimbu yaɣili ŋɔ maa zuɣu. Di niŋma nyaɣisim ni a ni buɣisi ni ti pili shɛli maa. Ti yi di nasara di puuni, tin kpaŋmi ti maŋa n-lɛbigi yaɣ' dina maa zaa Dagbanli ni [[Ŋun su:AFAIBRAHIM|AFAIBRAHIM]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:AFAIBRAHIM|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:45, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
::::This is a laudable idea and I will support to the best of my ability the accomplishment of this project. I hope it will be replicated in the other sister communities so we can all benefit from it.  I have been in the movement for over 4 years now but I haven't been aware of such a learning platform. Having it in our local dialects is a perfect idea to increase our interest in taking the courses and the course suggested seems to be the foundation to becoming a successful Wikimedian and I support it.[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:16, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
::This is a great idea which will help a lot in learning more about Wikipedia and its sister projects. This, I think should be replicated in all the other languages that we are working on as indicated by Hasslaebetch. Again, It can be taken as one of our various communities projects where all the language communities will embark on it as a project and at the end have it translated to their various languages. In this regard, I think that it would be prudent to have  it executed by the language communities instead of implementing it as an individual. The idea will be tabled for discussion in our next team meeting when we meet to have discussions on projects for the language communities. [[Ŋun su:Din-nani1|Din-nani1]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Din-nani1|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:02, 11 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. 

We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** –
* Northern and Western Europe
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]]
* Latin America and Caribbean
** –
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
** —
* Sub-Saharan Africa
** –
* Middle East and North Africa
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]]
* East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP)
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]]
* South Asia
** –

The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]]
* –
* –
* –
* –

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:14, 3 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hi everyone,

The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading.

'''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?'''

The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

'''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”'''

Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote.

'''Movement Charter ratification vote'''

Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org].

On behalf of the MCDC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading.

Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]].

After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further.

If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org'''].

On behalf of the CEC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''.

If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. 

On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024.

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]].

In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]].

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:02, 10 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.  

As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy.

The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: 

'''Individual vote:'''

Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333).

'''Affiliates vote:'''

Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111).

'''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:'''

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].  

With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''.

We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance.

The Charter Electoral Commission,

[[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:52, 18 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:46, 27 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now.

'''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 6 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]]
Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].

'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.

Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;section end=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC ==

Hi all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation!

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:19, 22 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]].

I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** Ajraddatz

The following seats were not filled during this special election:

* Latin America and Caribbean
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South Asia
* The four remaining Community-At-Large seats

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]].

On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board.

Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]].

When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:14, 3 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)
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== MOS namespace transition ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello -- as part of [[phab:T363538]] and as announced in [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Tech News this week]], the &lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt; namespace was added to dagwiki this morning.  The output of the title migration script can be found at [[phab:T363538#10134137]].  The follow pages were moved:

* &lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt; was moved to [[MOS:T363538/]]

(You can find these with https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=T363538&amp;namespace=126 and https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Broken%2F&amp;namespace=0 )

Please review these pages and fix any broken links.
&lt;/div&gt;[[Ŋun su:CAnanian (WMF)|CAnanian (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:CAnanian (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:08, 10 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)

== 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.&lt;/i&gt;{{tracked|T66315}}

Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project.
The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''General''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''In Other Projects''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section.

We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the   [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2.
More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;We welcome your feedback and questions.&lt;br&gt; [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:57, 27 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Deployment of Dark mode in Dagbani Wikipedia ==

Hello Dagbani Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

We are happy to announce that the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] have deployed [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on Dagbani Wikipedia! This was possible because pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations!

This was only possible due to the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who have made sure that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody!

For context, we would like to add that the Web team's work on dark mode has concluded. If on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month.

If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create this page: &lt;code&gt;Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/dag.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt; in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page.

Thank you!

On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. [[Ŋun su:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:UOzurumba (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:21, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)

:Noted with thanks! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:37, 7 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted.

The following four candidates were the most voted:

# [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]]
# [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]]
# [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]]
# [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]]

While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]]

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group

&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:29, 22 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)
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== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Dagbani Wikipedia  ==

{{Int:Hello}} Dagbani Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Dagbani Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Ŋun su:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:UOzurumba (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 03:09, 23 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)

== Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC ==

Hello everyone,

The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone &lt;https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000&gt;). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: &lt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024&gt;.

This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation.

Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)
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== Grant notification ==

Dear Wiki Loves Folklore &amp; Feminism and Folklore Organizers,
We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 3 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by December 1st.

For a comprehensive guide on how to apply, please refer to the Wiki Loves Folklore Grant Toolkit: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_Grant_Toolkit

Additionally, you can find detailed information on the Rapid Grant timeline here: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid#Timeline [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:42, 25 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)

== Roll out of Parsoid Read Views on Dagbani Wikipedia soon ==

{{Int:Please-translate}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello everyone, I am glad to inform you that as part of our continued rollout of Parsoid Read Views, Parsoid will soon be turned as the default read views renderer on Dagbani Wikipedia. [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework/Reports|Here's the rationale]] behind our confidence to roll-out this experimental feature and collect feedback.

Turning on Parsoid Read Views for Dagbani Wikipedia is in preparation for the first [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2024-09-13|Wikifunctions integration]] in 2025.
This is also an opportunity for continued experimentation as we increase the number of wikis using Parsoid for read views.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry you can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the page you’re navigating in the Tools submenu, as described at the [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] page.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].

There is [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available.

Best regards, [[User:CAnanian (WMF)|C. Scott Ananian]], for the Content Transform Team
&lt;/div&gt; [[Ŋun su:CAnanian (WMF)|CAnanian (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:CAnanian (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:08, 27 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)

:Thank you for the information @[[Ŋun su:CAnanian (WMF)|CAnanian (WMF)]]. We will do as requested and let you know if you encounter any challenges. Cheers! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:11, 7 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Admin Request ==


== Admin Request ==
M mabihi,

N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n lɛbi Adimisstireta n ti Dagbanli Wikipedia din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka be tima sɔli.

Ti paɣiya!

* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]]
*; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:40, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)

[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:28, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
*; Neutral votes  ----
*; Oppose votes
* {{u|Dnshitobu}}

; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
; Neutral votes

----

; Oppose votes


[[Ŋun su:Din-nani1|Din-nani1]]

; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:28, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
; Neutral votes

----

; Oppose votes


[[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]]
; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:28, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
; Neutral votes

----

; Oppose votes

[[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:33, 26 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 02:35, 29 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 02:35, 29 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)
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== Dagbani natural language functions in Wikifunctions ==

So far there are not many natural language functions listed in the subpage of the function catalogue about Dagbani in [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Catalogue/Natural_language_operations/Dagbani|Wikifunctions]]. Can you please check this page and try to create more functions. If you have questions I can try to help you. [[Ŋun su:Hogü-456|Hogü-456]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hogü-456|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:48, 21 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)

:Hi @[[Ŋun su:Hogü-456|Hogü-456]], thanks for this. I will pass this on to the Dagbani Wikifunctions working group. Cheers! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:52, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
::Who is member of the Dagbani Wikifunctions working group and when do the meetings of this group happen. I am interested in attending at such a meetup if it happens virtually. [[Ŋun su:Hogü-456|Hogü-456]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hogü-456|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:43, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
:::It’s hosted by Wikifunctions team led by Luca and Sharavani with me and 3 other 4 other participants from the Dagbani community. I will remind once we schedule our next meeting. Also, might you be available to help the team create more functions? The language diversity hub can schedule a consultation call for you and the working group. Cheers! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:21, 10 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)

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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:55, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
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== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
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== Wikifunctions will be deployed on Dagbani Wikipedia on April 15 ==

Hi all, we are happy to announce that Wikifunctions is finally coming to your project! Starting from '''April 15''', you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles.

A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. In other words, think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks!

For this first release, we recommend trying out the [[:f:Z20756|Age function]] as it’s gotten more testing. You’re also invited to create functions that you find useful!  

We kindly ask you to try to use a function in an article, and let us know how the process goes. Also, we would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels in Dagbani, so that more users can freely reuse them on the project.

Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me on my talk page. [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:21, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)

:This is great news! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:46, 10 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
::Hi all, unfortunately I have to announce that we are postponing the deployment of Wikifunctions to your wiki to a later date. We encountered a problem in testing, and we need some additional time to successfully deploy access to functions. I'll keep you posted about the new date. Sorry for the inconvenience! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:27, 14 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
:::Hi all, we want to let you know that Wikifunctions is now '''live''' on your project! You can now call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles. A few things to keep in mind:
:::* This is our very first live deployment, so you should expect bugs. When you encounter them, please report them in this thread or on my talk page.
:::* There are hundreds of functions already made by the Wikifunctions community. For the best experience, we recommend you try out the functions we have tested:
:::** [[:f:Z13473|format number strings with commas]]
:::** [[:f:Z18428|miles to kilometers]]
:::** [[:f:Z22322|population density]]
:::** [[:f:Z11022|natural number as Roman numeral]]
:::** [[:f:Z10018|convert a string to uppercase]]
:::If there is a bug, a malfunction or a problem, please let me know immediately in this thread or on my talk page.
:::In the next few days, I will send you a tutorial with live examples about how to insert a function in an article. If you are interested in how to ''create'' a function, please refer to [[:f:Wikifunctions:Introduction]].
:::As always, I'm here in case you need help! Thank you in advance! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:22, 15 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
::::Great news. Thank you for letting us know. \o/ [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:10, 15 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
:::::Hi all! Thank you for your editing and for trying out our functions. We have got [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzW42VULKdXd1UkE2xXDuL1R6iXhYA_MHqq1FWbcLltjlULg/viewform?usp=header a feedback survey] ([[:foundation:Legal:Wikifunctions_deployment_on_Dagbani_Wikipedia_feedback_survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]]) for you to compile, to share with us your initial experience with Wikifunctions. Please, do so before '''May 15'''. I'll be available in case of need at any time. Thanks in advance! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:47, 5 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:04, 28 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:40, 29 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|yɛlmi yaɣilitɔŋsatarili]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:26, 22 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 03:07, 28 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|yɛlmi yaɣilitɔŋsatarili]]) 16:47, 29 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Grant notification  ==

Dear WPWP, Wiki Loves Monuments 2025, WikiVibrance International, and Africa Youth Day Organizers, We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 1 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by July 1, 2025.
For a comprehensive guide on how to apply

https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid [[User:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[User talk:Zakaria Tunsung|talk]]) 09:03, 11 June 2025 (UTC) [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:06, 11 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT)</text>
      <sha1>if6eq57x9femk9rb21rd0pr8wk8xc7h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of Nigerian films of 2015</title>
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      <text bytes="32603" sha1="5nd3wm0gqf9hmekkos6zhgcgcbqkc9w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=September 2022}}

Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla  Nigeria sinii shɛŋa bɛ ni daa niŋ nia ni bɛ bahi yuuni '''2015'''.
&lt;!---- KEEP CAST AT A LIMIT OF 4 OR 5 -----&gt;
&lt;!---- ONLY ADD FILMS WITH A THEATRICAL RELEASE. NO FILMS SHOULD BE ADDED THAT HAVE BEEN RELEASED UNDER A FILM FESTIVAL -----&gt;

==2015==

===January–March===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Opening
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|Title
! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot;|Director
!Cast
! style=&quot;width:13%&quot;|Genre
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Studio
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''J&lt;br/&gt;A&lt;br/&gt;N&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br/&gt;A&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;Y&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 16
| ''[[Gone Too Far! (film)|Gone Too Far!]]'' || Destiny Ekaragha || [[OC Ukeje]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Adelayo Adedayo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Shanika Warren-Markland]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Malachi Kirby]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Poisson Rouge Pictures &lt;br/&gt; [[British Film Institute]] &lt;br/&gt; FilmOne Distribution ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sunnews&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=97450 |title=FilmOne to open 2015 with Heavens Hell, Gone Too Far, The Department |publisher=Sun News Online |work=Sun Newspaper |date=28 December 2014 |accessdate=23 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101163344/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=97450 |archivedate=1 January 2015 |access-date=11 April 2025 |archive-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101163344/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=97450 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 30
| ''[[The Department (film)|The Department]]'' || Remi Vaughn Richards || [[Majid Michel]]&lt;br/&gt;[[OC Ukeje]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Desmond Elliot]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jide Kosoko]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Osas Ighodaro]] || [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] || [[Inkblot Productions|InkBlot Productions]] &lt;br/&gt; Closer Pictures &lt;br/&gt; FilmOne Distribution || &lt;ref name=&quot;sunnews&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=7 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:green; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''F&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;B&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R&lt;br /&gt;Y&lt;br /&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 6
| ''[[The Green Eyed]]'' || Blessing O. Oduefe || [[Nse Ikpe Etim]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kalu Ikeagwu]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tamara Eteimo]] &lt;br/&gt; Blossom Chukwujekwu || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  Poise Fendy Entertainment || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2015/02/coming-soon-the-green-eyed.html | title=COMING SOON: The Green Eyed | publisher=Nollywood Reinvented | date=4 February 2015 | accessdate=1 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 13
| ''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'' || Darasen Richards &lt;br /&gt; DJ Tee || [[Olu Jacobs]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Bimbo Akintola]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Gabriel Afolayan]] &lt;br/&gt; Ricardo Agbor &lt;br /&gt; Seun Akindele || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  Darasen Richards Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria Tell&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nigeriatell.com/news/amvca-nominated-epic-movie-the-antique-premieres-in-cinemas-this-friday | title=AMVCA nominated epic movie, The Antique, premieres in cinemas this Friday | publisher=Nigeria Tell | date=12 February 2015 | accessdate=22 February 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Grey Dawn (film)|Grey Dawn]]'' || [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] || [[Bimbo Manuel]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi]]&lt;br/&gt;Sika Osei&lt;br/&gt; Marlon Mave || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  Sparrow Productions|| &lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria Tell&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/28999/3/trailer-shirley-frimpong-mansos-new-movie-grey-daw.html | title=Trailer + Shirley Frimpong Manso's New Movie-GREY DAWN Starts Showing From February 13 - Featuring Bimbo Manuel, Sika Osei, Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi &amp; Others | publisher=Modern Ghana | date=19 January 2015 | accessdate=23 February 2015 | author=Agyapong, Vincent}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 20
| ''[[Dazzling Mirage]]'' || [[Tunde Kelani]] || Kemi &quot;Lala&quot; Akindoju&lt;br/&gt;Seun Akindele&lt;br/&gt;[[Kunle Afolayan]]&lt;br/&gt;Carol King || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Mainframe Films || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://pulse.ng/movies/dazzling-mirage-movie-gets-cinema-release-date-id3461165.html | title=Movie gets cinema release date | publisher=Pulse NG | date=6 February 2015 | accessdate=22 February 2015 | author=Izuzu, Chidumga}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[The Other Side (2015 Nigerian film)|The Other Side]]'' || Ike Nnaebue || [[Uche Jombo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Chet Anekwe]]|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-other-side-movie-set-to-hit-nigeria-cinemas-id3464262.html | title=Movie set to hit Nigeria cinemas | publisher=Pulse NG | date=9 February 2015 | accessdate=22 February 2015 | author=Izuzu,Chidumga}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan= style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 26
| ''[[Thy Will Be Done (film)|Thy Will Be Done]]'' || [[Obi Emelonye]] || [[Ramsey Nouah]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mercy Johnson]]&lt;br/&gt;Mary Njoku || [[Drama film|Drama]] || The Nollywood Factory || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/27/fab-photos-ramsey-nouah-mercy-johnson-okojie-esama-of-the-benin-kingdom-more-at-the-movie-premiere-of-thy-will-be-done/ | title=ab Photos! Ramsey Nouah, Mercy Johnson-Okojie, Esama of the Benin Kingdom &amp; More at the Movie Premiere of 'Thy Will Be Done' | publisher=bellanaija.com | date=27 February 2015 | accessdate=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 27
| ''[[Still Standing (film)|Still Standing]]'' || Michael Uadiale Jr || [[Jackie Appiah]]&lt;br/&gt;Bobby Obodo || [[Drama film|Drama]] || GenMeMoir || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=235 | title=Still Standing | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=23 February 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=10 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710070627/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=235 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''M&lt;br/&gt;A&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;C&lt;br/&gt;H&lt;br/&gt;'''
|rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 6
| ''[[The Duplex (film)|The Duplex]]'' || Ikechukwu Onyeka || [[Omoni Oboli]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mike Ezuruonye]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Uru Eke]] || [[Supernatural]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Videofield International || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=403 | title=The Duplex | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=14 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 15
| ''[[Yes I Don't]]'' || Best Okoduwa || [[Van Vicker]]&lt;br/&gt;Judith Audu&lt;br/&gt;Ireti Osayemi || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] ||Dexterity Pictures|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=481 | title=Yes I don't | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=23 February 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=24 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224070932/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=481 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 20
| ''[[While You Slept]]'' || [[Desmond Elliot]] || [[Ini Edo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Venita Akpofure]]|| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Royal Arts Academy || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=510 | title=While You Slept | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=19 March 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185736/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=510 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 27
| ''[[Hunting 4 Hubbies]]'' || Yinka Idowu || Marie Gomez&lt;br/&gt;Orwi Imanuel Ameh&lt;br/&gt;Armour Owolabi &lt;br/&gt;Ronke Ogunmakin || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=223 | title=Hunting 4 Hubbies | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=19 March 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113742/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=223 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[In the Music]]'' ||  Chibuzor Afurobi || [[Bryan Okwara]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Beverly Naya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Omawumi Megbele]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Chelsea Eze]]&lt;br&gt;[[Keira Hewatch]] || [[Musical film|Musical]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=503 | title=In the Music | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=20 March 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===April–June===
&lt;!---- KEEP CAST AT A LIMIT OF 4 OR 5 -----&gt;
&lt;!---- ONLY ADD FILMS WITH A THEATRICAL RELEASE. NO FILMS SHOULD BE ADDED THAT HAVE BEEN RELEASED UNDER A FILM FESTIVAL -----&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Opening
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|Title
! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot;|Director
!Cast
! style=&quot;width:13%&quot;|Genre
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''A&lt;br/&gt;P&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;I&lt;br/&gt;L&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 3
| ''[[Friends or Foes]]'' || Ejike Chinedu Obim || [[Belinda Effah]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Daniella Okeke]]&lt;br/&gt;Dabby Chimere&lt;br/&gt;Jojo Charry || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=495 | title=Friends or Foes | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=23 February 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114915/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=495 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 17
| ''[[What's Within]]'' || [[Rukky Sanda]] || [[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Rukky Sanda]]&lt;br&gt;[[Alexx Ekubo]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Rukky Sanda Productions || &lt;ref name=&quot;What's Within&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=506 | title=What's Within | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=19 March 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094357/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=506 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 24
|-
| ''[[Luke of Lies]]'' ||  Emmanuel Mang Eme || [[Alexx Ekubo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Belinda Effah]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Daniella Okeke]] &lt;br/&gt; Eddie Watson ||[[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] ||  || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=498 | title=Luke of Lies | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=23 February 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Of Bad Faith]]'' || Ike Nnabue || [[Omoni Oboli]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kalu Ikeagwu]]&lt;br&gt;Nsikan Isaac || [[Romantic comedy]] || Rukky Sanda Productions || &lt;ref name=&quot;What's Within&quot;/&gt;
|-
| rowspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:green; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;Y&lt;br /&gt;'''
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 1
| ''[[The Boss is Mine]]'' || [[Okechukwu Oku]] || Bishop Ime Umoh&lt;br/&gt;[[Daniella Okeke]]&lt;br&gt;Michael Godson || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=509 | title=The Boss is Mine | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=19 March 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090632/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=509 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[So in Love (film)|So in Love]]'' || Ike Nnabue || [[Bryan Okwara]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Belinda Effah]]&lt;br&gt;Lilian Esoro || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=520 | title=So in Love | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090514/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=520 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 3
| ''[[As Crazy as It Gets]]'' || Shittu Taiwo || [[Omoni Oboli]]&lt;br/&gt;Chucks Chyke&lt;br&gt;Tehilla Adiele || [[romantic comedy|Romantic Comedy]] || Reel Pixel Entertainment || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=523 | title=As Crazy as It Gets | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090536/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=523 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 8
| ''[[The Grave Dust]]'' || Ikechukwu Onyeka || [[Ramsey Nouah]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Joke Silva]]&lt;br&gt;[[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Crown Prince Productions &lt;br&gt; B-King Movies || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=527 | title=The Grave Dust | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Busted Life]]'' || Austin Chima || [[Ramsey Nouah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Majid Michel]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Chet Anekwe]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=519 | title=So in Love | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Beneath Her Veil'' || Adeyinka Oduniyi || Wole Ojo&lt;br/&gt;[[Kalu Ikeagwu]]&lt;br&gt;Tina Mba&lt;br&gt;Moyo Lawal || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Audio Visual First || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=535 | title=Beneath Her Veil | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090527/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=535 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 10
| ''[[Where Does Beauty Go]]'' ||  Abiodun Williams || [[Clarion Chukwura]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tony Umez]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abiola Segun-Williams|Abiola Segun Williams]]|| [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=534 | title=Where Does Beauty Go | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090533/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=534 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Night For Sex]]'' ||  Abiodun Williams || [[Kalu Ikeagwu]]&lt;br/&gt;Moyo Lawal&lt;br&gt;Mary Lazarus || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=533 | title=Night For Sex | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090544/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=533 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 15
| ''[[Ikogosi]]'' ||  Toka Mcbaror || [[Chelsea Eze]]&lt;br/&gt;IK Ogbonna || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] || Plus 66 Studios ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=2&amp;moviedetails=500 | title=Ikogosi | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=23 February 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 19
| ''[[Oloibiri (film)|Oloibiri]]'' || Curtis Graham || [[Olu Jacobs]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Richard Mofe Damijo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ivie Okujaye]]&lt;br&gt;Daniel K. Daniel&lt;br&gt;Chucks Chyke || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=528 | title=Oloibiri | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 29
| ''[[Silver Rain (film)|Silver Rain]]'' || Juliet Asante || [[Joselyn Dumas]]&lt;br/&gt;Uru Eke&lt;br/&gt;[[Enyinna Nwigwe]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=447| title=Silver Rain| publisher=Afrinolly| accessdate=2 July 2015| access-date=11 April 2025| archive-date=6 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406052503/http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=447| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=7 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''J&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br/&gt;N&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 5
| ''[[The Guest (2015 Nigerian film)|The Guest]]'' || Christian Olayinka || [[Rita Dominic]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Femi Jacobs]]&lt;br/&gt;Somkele Iyamah&lt;br&gt;Chika Chukwu || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Banner Films &lt;br&gt; The Audrey Silva Company || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=524 | title=The Guest | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[A Place Called Happy]]'' || Dolapo Adeleke || [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kiki Omeili]]&lt;br/&gt;Adeyemi Okanlawon || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Light Screen Films || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=517 | title=A Place Called Happy | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=29 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 12
| ''[[The Perfect Man (2015 film)|The Perfect Man]]'' || Olamide Oyelade || [[Ikenna Obi]]&lt;br/&gt;Diana Childs&lt;br/&gt;Tara Nwachukwu || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || Banner Films &lt;br&gt; || &lt;ref name=&quot;The Perfect Man&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=522 | title=The Perfect Man | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090529/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=522 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Superstar'' || Tony Abulu|| [[Ayo Makun]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Bryan Okwara]]&lt;br/&gt;Toyin Aimakhu&lt;br&gt;[[Racheal Oniga]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jide Kosoko]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=537 | title=Superstar | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 26
| ''[[3 is Company]]'' || Ernest Obi || [[OC Ukeje]]&lt;br/&gt;Wole Ojo&lt;br/&gt;Yvonne Jegede || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || Banner Films &lt;br&gt; || &lt;ref name=&quot;The Perfect Man&quot;/&gt;
|-
| ''[[Mummy Dearest (film)|Mummy Dearest]]'' || Willis Ikedum || [[Liz Benson]]&lt;br/&gt;Daniel K. Daniel || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Wheels Pictures || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=375 | title=Mummy Dearest | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=25 July 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=25 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725132201/http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=375 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Diary of The Triplets (2015 film)|Diary of The Triplets]]'' || Bright Wonder || [[Kalu Ikeagwu]]&lt;br/&gt;Bright Wonder&lt;br/&gt;Iyke Adiele&lt;br/&gt;Osas Iyamu&lt;br&gt;Chucks Chyke || [[Comedy film|Comedy Drama]] || High Definition Film Studios || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=375 | title=Diary of The Triplets | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=26 June 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=25 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725132201/http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=375 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===July–September===
&lt;!---- KEEP CAST AT A LIMIT OF 4 OR 5 -----&gt;
&lt;!---- ONLY ADD FILMS WITH A THEATRICAL RELEASE. NO FILMS SHOULD BE ADDED THAT HAVE BEEN RELEASED UNDER A FILM FESTIVAL -----&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Opening
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|Title
! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot;|Director
!Cast
! style=&quot;width:13%&quot;|Genre
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan=6 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''J&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br/&gt;L&lt;br/&gt;Y&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 3
| ''[[Miss Flawless]]'' || Tissy Nnachi || Mimi Orjiekwe&lt;br/&gt;[[Belinda Effah]]&lt;br/&gt;Kenneth Okolie || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=526 | title=Miss Flawless | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090531/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=526 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 3
| ''[[If Tomorrow Never Comes (film)|If Tomorrow Never Comes]]'' || Pascal Amanfo || [[Yvonne Nelson]]&lt;br&gt;Adeyemi Okanlawon || [[Drama film|Drama]] || YN Productions || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=508 | title=If Tomorrow Never Comes | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=25 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 10
| ''[[Mum, Dad, Meet Sam]]'' ||  || [[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin]]&lt;br&gt;Anthony Ofoegbu || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||  || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=463 | title=Mum, Dad, Meet Sam | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=25 July 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=25 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725081542/http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=463 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 17
| ''[[Tempting Fate (2015 film)|Tempting Fate]]'' || [[Kevin Nwankwor]] || [[Ramsey Nouah]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || KevStel Group || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=362 | title=Tempting Fate | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 24
| ''[[Affairs of the Heart (film)|Affairs of the Heart]]'' || Robert Peters || [[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Stella Damasus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Beverly Naya]] || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=7&amp;moviedetails=545 | title=Affairs of the Heart | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 24 | ''[[Heroes and Villains (film)|Heroes and Villains]]'' || Shittu Taiwo || [[Belinda Effah]]&lt;br/&gt;Seun Akindele&lt;br/&gt;[[Ivie Okujaye]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sylvia Oluchy]] || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] || Reel Pixel Films || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=7&amp;moviedetails=543 | title=Heroes and Villains | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=6 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:green; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''A&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br/&gt;G&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br/&gt;S&lt;br/&gt;T&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 20
| ''[[Romance is Overrated]]'' || Belinda Yanga || [[Bryan Okwara]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kiki Omeili]]&lt;br&gt;Keira Hewatch || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || RME Pictures || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=6&amp;moviedetails=547 | title=Romance is Overrated | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 August 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 21
| ''[[Miss Taken]]'' || Ike Nnaebue || Seun Akindele&lt;br/&gt;Uru Eke || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=551 | title=Miss Taken | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Last Night (2015 film)|Last Night]]'' || Andy Boyo || Prince David Osei || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=7&amp;moviedetails=555 | title=Last Night | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 August 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Scarred (2015 film)|Scarred]]'' || John Uche || [[Van Vicker]]&lt;br/&gt;Mamai Kerneh&lt;br/&gt;Al Johnson || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Eagle Eye Productions || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=507 | title=Scarred | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=19 March 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184049/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=507 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 28
| ''[[Diary of a Lagos Girl]]'' || Jumoke Olatunde || [[OC Ukeje]]&lt;br&gt;[[Linda Ejiofor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Alexx Ekubo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Liz Benson]]&lt;br&gt;Dolapo Oni || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Parables Entertainment || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=541 | title=Diary of a Lagos Girl | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=2 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Lunch Time Heroes]]'' || Seyi Babatope || [[Omoni Oboli]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dakore Akande]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tope Tedela]]&lt;br/&gt;Dianna Yekinni || [[Drama film|Drama]] || PHB Films || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=3&amp;moviedetails=560 | title=Lunch Time Heroes | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=9 October 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''S&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;P&lt;br/&gt;T&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;M&lt;br/&gt;B&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 3
| ''[[Forever Within Us]]'' || Pat Oghre Imobhio || Seun Akindele&lt;br/&gt;[[Blossom Chukwujekwu]]&lt;br&gt;Mary Lazarus || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=532 | title=Falling | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090512/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=532 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot;| 18
| ''[[Falling (2015 film)|Falling]]'' || Niyi Akinmolayan || [[Adesua Etomi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Blossom Chukwujekwu]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tamara Eteimo]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Closer Pictures || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=536 | title=Falling | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=17 May 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=18 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090538/http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=1&amp;moviedetails=536 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===October–December===
&lt;!---- KEEP CAST AT A LIMIT OF 4 OR 5 -----&gt;
&lt;!---- ONLY ADD FILMS WITH A THEATRICAL RELEASE. NO FILMS SHOULD BE ADDED THAT HAVE BEEN RELEASED UNDER A FILM FESTIVAL -----&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Opening
! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|Title
! style=&quot;width:10%;&quot;|Director
!Cast
! style=&quot;width:13%&quot;|Genre
! style=&quot;width:20%&quot;|Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''O&lt;br/&gt;C&lt;br/&gt;T&lt;br/&gt;O&lt;br/&gt;B&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 2
| ''[[Gbomo Gbomo Express]]'' || Walter Taylour || [[Ramsey Nouah]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Osas Ighodaro]] || [[Caper film|Caper]] [[comedy film|Comedy]] || WaltBanger 101 || 
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 9
| ''[[The Cursed Ones]]'' || Nana Obiri Yeboah || [[Ama K. Abebrese]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jimmy Jean-Louis]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/actorMovies.php?celebMovieDetails=552 | title=The Curse Ones | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=29 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; |16
|''[[The Visit (2015 Nigerian film)|The Visit]]''  || Funke Fayoyin || [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.yeyepikin.com/2015/09/top-nollywood-movies-hitting-the-cinemas-in-october/ | title=The Visit | publisher=YeYePikin.com | accessdate=5 October 2015 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040855/http://www.yeyepikin.com/2015/09/top-nollywood-movies-hitting-the-cinemas-in-october/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; |23
|''[[4-1-Love]]''  || Ikechukwu Onyeka || [[Alexx Ekubo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anthony Monjaro]] &lt;br/&gt;Lilian Esoro || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=6&amp;moviedetails=572 | title=4-1-Love | publisher=Afrinolly | accessdate=10 October 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[A Soldier's Story (2015 film)|A Soldier's Story]]''  || Frankie Ogar || [[Tope Tedela]]&lt;br&gt;[[Linda Ejiofor]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Adesua Etomi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Zainab Balogun]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Frankie Ogar Films || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://m.afrinolly.com/movie-details.php?type=7&amp;moviedetails=578 | title= A Soldier's Story | publisher=Afrinolly |accessdate=10 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:green; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''N&lt;br/&gt;O&lt;br/&gt;V&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;M&lt;br/&gt;B&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 27
| ''[[Taxi Driver: Oko Ashewo]]'' || Daniel Oriahi || [[Odunlade Adekola]]&lt;br&gt;[[Femi Jacobs]]&lt;br&gt;Ijeoma Grace Agu&lt;br&gt;[[Afeez Oyetoro|Hafeez Oyetoro]]|| [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || FilmOne Production &lt;br&gt; House 5 Production &lt;br&gt; Orbit Imagery || 
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 27
| ''[[Road To Yesterday (film)|Road To Yesterday]]'' || [[Ishaya Bako]] || [[Genevieve Nnaji]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Oris Erhuero]]&lt;br&gt;[[Majid Michel]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || The Entertainment Network || 
|-
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;&quot;|'''D&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;C&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;M&lt;br/&gt;B&lt;br/&gt;E&lt;br/&gt;R&lt;br/&gt;'''
| rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | 18
| ''[[Fifty (2015 film)|Fifty]]'' || [[Biyi Bandele]] || [[Ireti Doyle]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nse Ikpe Etim]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dakore Akande]]&lt;br&gt;[[Omoni Oboli]] || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || [[Ebonylife TV|EbonyLife Films]]||
|}

==Unknown release dates==
*''[['76 (film)|'76]]''
*''[[Heaven's Hell]]''
*''[[93 Days]]''
*''[[Code of Silence (2015 film)]]''
*''Dangerous Twins''

==Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&amp;countries=ng&amp;sort=moviemeter,asc&amp;title_type=feature&amp;year=2015,2015 2015 films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Nigeria}}
{{2015 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigerian Films Of 2015}}
[[Category:Lists of Nigerian films by year|2015]]
[[Category:Lists of 2015 films by country]]
[[Category:2015 in Nigerian cinema|Films]]</text>
      <sha1>5nd3wm0gqf9hmekkos6zhgcgcbqkc9w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>UNESCO</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115114</id>
      <parentid>112874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-11T11:51:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul Rahman Abdul Kudus</username>
        <id>5829</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>n yihiya linki gaba</comment>
      <origin>115114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="123569" sha1="szpn9ux9w20yagzahpbqq61ppll4owb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Short description|Specialized agency of the United Nations}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date = December 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox organization|logo_size=200px|image=Flag of UNESCO.svg|name=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|caption=[[Flag of UNESCO]]|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|staff=2,341|staff_year=2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://unsceb.org/hr-organization | title=PERSONNEL BY ORGANIZATION &amp;#124; United Nations - CEB }}&lt;/ref&gt;|type=[[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]]|abbreviation=UNESCO|leader_title=Director-General|leader_name=[[Audrey Azoulay]]|leader_title2=Deputy Director-General|leader_name2=[[Xing Qu]]|status=Active|formation={{start date and age|1945|11|16|df=yes}}|logo=Logo UNESCO 2021.svg|headquarters=[[Paris]], France|website=[https://www.unesco.org/ unesco.org]|parent_organization=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]|subsidiaries=|footnotes={{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}}}

'''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''' ('''UNESCO''' {{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|k|oʊ}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO|url=https://en.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date=25 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|Organisation des Nations unites pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}}} nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu be [[United Nations]] (UN) ka di niya nyɛla di kpaŋsi dunia suhudoo ni gbubu ka di nyɛla di yɛn naala noli ni tiŋ'duya baŋsim lɛbu polo, baŋsim, tabiibi ni kaya ni taɣada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Introducing UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO history|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|archive-date=9 April 2010|access-date=23 April 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di mali di mini tingbana din laɣindi tumda din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ka naan yi che tingbana pinaayi ban gba pahi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815012241/https://en.unesco.org/countries/|archive-date=15 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;ka naan yi che bɛ mini ʒingama zuɣunima ban laɣindi tumda, gɔmnanti ni timdi shɛba nuu mini ban kuli ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 June 2013|title=Partnerships|url=https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220827/https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|archive-date=23 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuma du'zuɣu be la [[Paris]], France, UNESCO ka mali di kpari bɔɣiri yaɣa pihinu ni ata&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Field offices|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817141658/https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/|archive-date=17 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ni &quot;national commissions&quot; kɔbishii yini ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=National Commissions|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822204031/https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=1 August 2019|title=About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/apia/about|access-date=24 July 2023|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa kpala yuuni1945 ka nyɛ din daa di &quot;[[League of Nations]]' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation&quot; fali.&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres|date=2018|publisher=Université de Lausanne|location=Lausanne|trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=live}} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/|date=22 March 2019}}).&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO's kpabu niya, din daa nyɛ World War II ni daa tahi shɛli na, di bɔrila suhudoo kpaŋsibu, lɛbiginsim din za din yaa tooi yuui ni daadama fukumsi ka di nyɛla tingbana n yɛn gbaari shaawara taba sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesdoc.unesco.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892]|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073606/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di kpuɣirila lala sochibisi ŋɔ yaɣa dibaa anu polo: shikuru, &quot;natural sciences, social/human sciences&quot;, kaya ni taɣada mini lahabaya wuligibu. UNESCO tabiri mi sɔŋdi binshɛŋa din kpaɣisiri shikuru karimbu, tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma baŋsim lɛbu mini shikuru baŋsim lɛbu, tabiibi baŋsim din ti tooni, ka gu pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi mini &quot;press freedom&quot;, ka gu ka taɣi  kaya ni taɣada taarihi, ka kpaŋsi kaya ni taɣada balibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/coop/unesco/program/list.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=mofa.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsors|url=https://www.climats-bourgogne.com/en/sponsors_30.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=climats-bourgogne.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsors and Contributors|url=https://www.wcrp-climate.org/sponsors|access-date=30 June 2022|website=wcrp-climate.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla din tabiri sɔŋdi &quot;[[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]&quot; din zani ti kaya ni taɣada mini Naawuni nam din pahi pahi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO nyɛla &quot;General Conference&quot; din nyɛ din tingbana mini tingbani shɛŋa din tabiri sɔŋdi li, ka di ʒiini laɣingu yuma ayi kam n-gbaari shaawara zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini di laɣ'dibo polo. di lahi piiri di kpamaba, din tabiri sɔŋdi UNESCO tuma, ka piiri &quot;Director-General&quot; yuma anahi kam, ka o nyɛ UNESCO tuma yaɣa zaa kpɛma.
{{TOC limit|}}

== Taarihi ==

=== Origins ===
UNESCO yiko mini di noli naabu ni yingbana din pahi nyɛla din pili [[League of Nations]] saha Anashaara goli 21 September yuuni 1921, ni di pii kpamba ka lahi baŋ di ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kaya ni taɣada ka yɛlimuɣisira, shikuru mini tabiibi nasara dibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Plenary Meetings|date=5 September – 5 October 1921|series=Records of the Second Assembly|place=Geneva|publisher=League of Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987|date=December 1987|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|series=UNESDOC database|place=Paris|id=LAD.85/WS/4 Rev|quote=The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications.|ref={{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}}|access-date=13 December 2010|archive-date=2 February 2011|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lala yaɣ'palli ŋɔ, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), daa kpala yuuni 1922&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot; /&gt; ka kali ninvuɣ'kara kamani [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, ni Gonzague de Reynold m pahi bɛ niriba ni (dini n daa nyɛ din pɔri League of Nations din be Western Europe ni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|date=2020|title=A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939)|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|url-status=live|journal=Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America|pages=65–89|doi=10.4324/9780429299407-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191605/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|archive-date=17 January 2021|access-date=13 August 2020|doi-access=free|s2cid=243387712}}&lt;/ref&gt;). &quot;International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC)&quot; daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli Paris din saha Anashaara goli September yuuni 1924, ni di tabiri sɔŋdi ICIC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation|date=1930|url=https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819035239/https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|publisher=United Nations library resources|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaa, World War II piligu saha daa nyɛla din dam ba daa pili li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Hamen|first1=Susan E|title=The Great Depression and World War II : 1929–1945|last2=Wilson|first2=Theodore A|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62403-178-6|oclc=870724668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tɛha din nyɛ ʒingamazuɣu dini ŋuna, International Bureau of Education (IBE) daa pilimi ni ʒingama laɣingu din tumdi tiri &quot;international educational development&quot; tum Anashaara goli December yuuni 1925{{Sfn|UNESCO|1987}} ka daa pahi UNESCO ni yuuni 1969, di ji daa niŋ ka bɛ mini ba laɣi ni tɛhi yini yuuni 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IBE — Digital Collections — IBE History, 1925-1969|url=https://digitalcollections.ibe-unesco.org/about/ibe-history/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IBE — Digital Collections|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nambu ===
Bɛ ni daa dihi gbana ni ti Atlantic Charter mini Declaration of the United Nations naai, Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) daa pili laɣingu ʒinibu London ka di daa tuɣi Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1942 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 5 December yuuni 1945. Anashaara goli 30 October  yuuni 1943, tingbana nangban yini laɣinsi daa niŋ talahi &quot;Moscow Declaration&quot; ni, ka China, United Kingdom, United States ni USSR daa saɣiti li. Din daa doli di nyaaŋa na n daa nyɛ Dumbarton Oaks Conference niya Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1944. Di ni daa niŋ ka CAME tɛha mini United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) wuhibu kana, din daa niŋ San Francisco bɛ ni din gbaai Anashaara goli  April zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli June yuuni 1945, United Nations Conference ni di kpa (ECO/CONF) din daa daa niŋ London fbini din gbaai Anashaara goli 1 zaŋ chaŋ 16 November  yuuni 1945 ka gɔmnanti pihinahi ji anahi daa be din ni. UNESCO tɛha daa nyɛla Rab Butler, Minister of Education zaŋti United Kingdom ni daa yɛligi shɛli, di n mali sɔŋsi pam zaŋti lɛbiginsim.&lt;ref&gt;[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco|date=19 October 2017}}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ECO/CONF ni, UNESCO zalisi daa nyɛla bɛ ni yina ni shɛli, ka di zalisi malizali laɣingu kpabu daa pili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1–16 November 1945|title=United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2012|access-date=8 June 2012|series=UNESDOC database|id=ECO/Conf./29|ref={{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}}|place=The Institute of Civil Engineers, London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di daa niŋla bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1945, mini Anashaara goli 4 November yuuni 1946 — dabisi shɛli UNESCO's zalisi ni daa zani talahi.{{Sfn|Unesco|1945}}

Tuuli &quot;General Conference&quot; daa niŋla Anashaara goli 19 November zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 10 December yuuni 1946, ka da piigi Julian Huxley ka o niŋ Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|year=1947|title=General Conference, First Session|place=UNESCO House, Paris|at=Item 14, p. 73|series=UNESDOC database|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;United States Army colonel&quot;, university zuɣulana mini ŋun zabiri ninsalisili zuɣu, Blake R. Van Leer gba daa nyɛla ŋun kpe li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_KlLQISQMC&amp;dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&amp;pg=PA35|title=Summary Minutes of Meetings 1956|publisher=United States National Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.|year=1956|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082914/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Summary_Minutes_of_Meeting/3N_KlLQISQMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&amp;pg=PA35&amp;printsec=frontcover|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa labi teei di zalikpana maa Anashaara goli November yuuni 1954 di ni daa niŋ ka &quot;General Conference&quot; yɛli ni ban be din ni yɛn zanimi ti bɛ tiŋgbana ka leei bɛ tumdi bɛ suhuyurilim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2011|access-date=13 December 2010|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala zalisi ŋɔ daa be di ko ka che UNESCO di tuuli ha, ICIC, ni di tingbana ni yɛn tumdi shɛm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Peacekeeping in the Cold War/Post-Cold War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|work=United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era|pages=23–45|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003333/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/united-nations-peacekeeping-post-cold-war-era-john-terence-neill-nick-rees/10.4324/9780203307434|place=Abingdon, UK|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|doi=10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|isbn=978-0-203-30743-4|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schmidt, Christopher.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/650842164|title=Into the heart of darkness : cosmopolitanism vs. realism and the Democratic Republic of Congo|date=2010|oclc=650842164|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003433/https://www.worldcat.org/title/into-the-heart-of-darkness-cosmopolitanism-vs-realism-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/oclc/650842164|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lɛbiginsim ===
Bɛ kpaŋmaŋa shɛli n-nyɛ di bi gaŋ zuliya shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Claude Lévi-Strauss and UNESCO|first=Wiktor|last=Stoczkowski|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000162769|access-date=2024-07-26|journal=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France|date=2008|number=5|issn=1993-8616}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yuuni 1955, Republic of South Africa daa yiya ka che UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1967|title=Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000002428|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa lahi labi kpe din ni yuuni 1994 Nelson Mandela toon-tali ni saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Thompson, Leonard Monteath|title=A history of South Africa|date=January 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12806-2|edition=Third|location=New Haven|oclc=560542020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Nygren|first=Thomas|title=UNESCO Teaches History: Implementing International Understanding in Sweden|date=2016|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|work=A History of UNESCO|pages=201–230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082907/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|isbn=978-1-349-84528-6|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa pilila bɛ tuma shikuru yaɣili Marbial Valley, Haiti, ka bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1947. Lala dini ŋɔ nyaaŋa, daa pahi yuuni 1949 &quot;mission to Afghanistan&quot; ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/unesco-at-74-an-overview-of-its-laudable-progress-1573916648|access-date=2024-07-26|website=The Financial Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO daa yɛliya yuuni 1948 ni niŋmi bihi shikuru chandi yoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; World Conference on Education for All, din  be Jomtien, Thailand, daa pili dunia laɣinsi yuuni 1990 ni bɛ bhe ka bihi, ninsarinsi ni bikura chaŋ shikuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2000, World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal,daa yijna ti kpaŋsi bihi shiikuru yuuni 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

World Declaration on Higher Education nyɛla UNESCO's World Conference niya zaŋ chaŋ &quot;Higher Education&quot; Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1998-10-09|title=World Declaration On Higher Education For The Twenty-First Century: Vision And Action|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000141952|access-date=2012-11-12|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

UNESCO's tuuli tuma zaŋ chaŋ kaya ni taɣada polo n-nyɛ International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia,ka di daa pili yuuni 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nagaoka|first=Masanori|title=Cultural landscape management at Borobudur, Indonesia|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-42046-2|oclc=957437019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World Heritage Convention|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1976, World Heritage Committee daa kpaya ka bɛ daa kali li pahi World Heritage List ni yuuni 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 August 2017|title=41st Session of the World Heritage Committee|url=https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/see_also___/211447,339,komunikat,41st_session_of_the_world_heritage_committee_.html|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=The City of Krakow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-and-promotion-diversity-cultural-expressions|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa ʒini tiŋ'duya laɣingu Paris Anashaara goli December yuuni 1951 ka daa kpa European Council for Nuclear Research, ka di zuɣu daa tahi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About CERN|url=https://home.cern/about|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=[[CERN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kpabu na, yuuni 1954.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=25 November 2020|title=UNESCO must reform to stay relevant – and reconnect people through science|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03311-3|journal=Nature|volume=587|issue=7835|pages=521–522|bibcode=2020Natur.587..521.|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03311-3|pmid=33239811|s2cid=227176079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Arid Zone programming,&quot; 1948–1966, lahi nyɛls UNESCO tuuli tumanima puuni yini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2019|title=UNESCO in the Making|url=https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making|access-date=16 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yuuni 1968, UNESCO gɔmnantinima daa ʒini laɣingu zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim polo.Yuuni 1968 laɣingu ʒinibu niya daa nyɛla UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=1970|title=Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, Paris, 4–13 September 1968|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Natural Resources Research|volume=X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012|access-date=8 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Finnemore|first=Martha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|title=National Interests in International Society|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8323-3|pages=4|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|archive-date=1 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣili,  &quot;lahabaya wuligibu ni bachinima mini anfooni nima&quot; nyɛla din be UNESCO Zalisi ni, &quot;Second World War&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War|url=https://irpj.euclid.int/articles/united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-seeds-of-peace-weeds-of-war/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Wouters|first1=Jan|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000156697|title=Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO|last2=Vidal|first2=Maarten|date=29 June 1905|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-104067-2|series=Standard-Setting in UNESCO|volume=1|pages=147–169|chapter=UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity|access-date=2024-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; UNESCO daa kplala [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]] (IPDC), bali-bɔbigu yɛlibu laɣingu tingbana sunsuuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication – About|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication/about|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1993, UNESCO's General Conference daa saɣiti [[Windhoek Declaration]] pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi ni, ka di zuɣu daa che ka UN General Assembly daa zali dabisi shɛli bɛ ni yɛn pili li, Anashaara goli 3 May, [[World Press Freedom Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Press Freedom Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tum yuuni 1997, UNESCO tiri la [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] Anashaara goli 3 May kam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/world/2024/05/03/unesco-guillermo-cano-world-press-freedom-prize.html|access-date=2024-07-26|website=www.manoramayearbook.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 21st century ===
UNESCOdaa deei Palestine pahi bɛ ni yuuni 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2011|title=General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date=14 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Blomfield|first=Adrian|date=31 October 2011|title=US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|archive-date=1 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zalisi din daa zali United States sahashɛli Palestine ni daa bɔri ni bɛ kpe UNESCO mini [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Anashaara goli April yuuni 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172201/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|archive-date=24 December 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413024831/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng|date=13 April 2020}}, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details, see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1989|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819213216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|page=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws.|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091928/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=31 October 2011|title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162636/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|archive-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=Sayare|first2=Scott|date=31 October 2011|title=Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|archive-date=31 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=4 November 2011|title=After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date=7 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=3 December 2011|title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds|publisher=CNN|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|archive-date=6 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 November 2013|title=U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|archive-date=9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2019, Israel daa yi UNESCO di ni daa kpe din ni yuun pisopɔin yini ka nyaaŋa, Israel &quot;ambassador&quot; tali zaŋ ti UN [[Danny Danon]] sabbu: &quot;UNESCO nyɛla din ;labiri sabiri taarihi, ka lahi nyahiri Jewish biɛhigu ni Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US&quot; – The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230161001/https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|archive-date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-not-elected-to-unesco-executive-board-for-the-first-time/}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States daa yɛli bɛ niya zaŋ chaŋ UNESCO labi-kpe ni yuuni 2023, bɛ ni daa yi din ni yuma anu nyaaŋa, ka yɛn yo di &quot;$600 million&quot; farigu  labisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Charlton|first=Angela|date=2023-06-12|title=US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence|url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States nyɛla [[UNESCO General Conference]] ni daa saɣiti shɛli Anashaara goli July.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Matthew|date=2024-09-26|title=U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw|website=[[PBS]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2023-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuma ==
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_Brasília_Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]
UNESCO tumdil bɛ tuma yaɣa dibaa anu: shikuru, &quot;natural sciences&quot;, &quot;social and human sciences&quot;, kaya ni taɣada, ni lahabaya wuligibu ,mini alizama dibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Expertise|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/newdelhi/expertise|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO tabirimi sɔŋdi vihibu-vihibu din nyɛ &quot;[[comparative education]].&quot;

[[UNESCO Chairs]], 644 UNESCO kpamba shaawara gbaabu, ka yaɣa din be din  ni nyɛ  kɔbisiyopɔin ni pisopɔin din yina tingbana kɔbiga ni pihiyɔbu ni anahi ni

* Environmental Conservation Organization
* [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] bɛ ni daa piigi shɛli yuuni1960
* Organization of the International Conference din jendi Adult Education (CONFINTEA) yuun pinaayi sunsuuni
* Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
* Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document
* [[UNESCO ASPNet]], tingbana shikuruti din gari 12,000  ka be tingbana kɔbiga ni pihinii ni ayi sunsuuni. &lt;ref&gt;Because [[Diploma mill|diploma mills]] have falsely claimed UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf|date=13 May 2015}}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

* UNESCO lahi lɛti salo baŋsim:
** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: 
** [[Global Geoparks Network]]
** [[Biosphere reserve|Biosphere reserves]], zaŋ gbaai [[Programme on Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB), tum yuuni 1971
** [[City of Literature]]; yuuni 2007, Ŋun daa deei kpamli tuuli n daa nyɛ [[Edinburgh]], Scotland's tuuli &quot;[[circulating library]]&quot; biɛhigu shee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Varga, Susan|title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland)|publisher=The History Press Ltd|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, daa lee City of Literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Schmidt|first1=Mitchell|date=12 October 2017|title=Iowa City, nation's only 'UNESCO City of Literature' disappointed over withdrawal|url=https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082906/https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|archive-date=9 February 2022|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Gazette|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Phipps|first=Kinsey|date=9 December 2018|title=Iowa City grows after 10 years as City of Literature|url=https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133329/https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|archive-date=11 December 2018|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Daily Iowan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bala din bɔri kpihimbu mini bali-bɔbigu tumanima (''[[UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'')

** [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
** [[Memory of the World]] International Register, tum yuuni 1997
** [[Water resources management]], zaŋ chaŋ [[International Hydrological Programme]] (IHP), tum yuuni 1965
** [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]
** [[World Digital Library]]
* Lahabaya wuligi ni anfooninima mini bachinima kpaŋsibu:
* Sokam yɛltɔɣa wumti kpaŋsibu, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;ni [[International Programme for the Development of Communication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lahabali wuligiriba gu ka taɣi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Safety of Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Plan of Action|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lahabali gu ka taɣi zali,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=18 June 2013|title=Building Knowledge Societies|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Memory of the World Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Memory of the World|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini [[Information for All Programme (IFAP)|Information for All Programme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kaya ni taɣada saɣiti pɔhim zuɣu

Salo sunsuuni biɛhisi saɣiti (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [[Accessibility|Accessible]] to all, ni (iv)  [[Multistakeholder governance model|Multi-stakeholder]] participation (ka bɛ ŋmaai li jia R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internet Universality|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

** Baŋsim deebu kundunima ni kamani &quot;''World Trends in Freedom of Expression&quot; mini &quot;Media Development'',&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;UNESCO Series&quot; din jendi Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini Media Development Indicators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binyɛra kpaŋsibu kamani:
** [[International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World]]: 2001–2010,UN yuuni 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/decades/international-decade-culture-peace-and-non-violence-children}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[World Press Freedom Day]], 3 May yuuni kam, ni di kpaŋsi &quot;[[freedom of expression]]&quot; mini &quot;[[freedom of the press]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=World Press Freedom Day - EN|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2025-04-13|website=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Criança Esperança,'' Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Criança Esperança Programme|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/crianca-esperanca-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[International Literacy Day]], 8 September yuuni ka
** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]], 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|access-date=18 August 2017|website=unesco.org|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]] 21 May yuuni kam
* Tuma tumbu kamani:
** [[Migration Museums]] Initiative:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Migration Institutions – Home|url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|archive-date=5 March 2007|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=Migrationmuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], European Centre for Higher Education: din daa kpa yuuni 1972, Bucharest, Romania
** [[Free Software Directory]]: tum yuuni 1998 UNESCO mini [[Free Software Foundation]] nyɛla ban laɣim kpa [[free software]].
** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]], Focusing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION –|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=6 October 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies
** [[International Council of Science]]
** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador|UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors]]
** [[ASOMPS]]
** [[Botany 2000]]
** [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], sabbunima bali-bɔbigu ni lɛbigibu yuuni 1948 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2005
** [[GoUNESCO]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 March 2014|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019|website=GoUNESCO – Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[UNESCO-CHIC BIRUP]], UNESCO-CHIC Group (China) Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP)&quot;&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_chic_biosphere_integrated_rural_urbanization_project_birup/], UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Transparency Portal|url=https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510034410/https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=1 March 2021|website=opendata.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Niya beni ni bɛ yina ni UNESCO yuya dibaa ayi. tuuli dini maa yɛn kalila kaya ni taɣada. Din yɛn be din ni shɛŋa ni tooi nyɛ [[Jōmon Venus]] of Japan, ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom mini  [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. Yuya din pahi buyi maa yɛn nyɛla binnɛma&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=20 April 2017|title=Archives|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1998|title=Science and Technology Education|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Official UNESCO NGOs ==
UNESCO malila biɛhigu ni 322 [[International non-governmental organization|international non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quoted on UNESCO official site|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di pam n-nyɛ UNESCO ni booni shɛli &quot;operational&quot;; di bela &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;  UNESCO din galisi pam n-nyɛ &quot;formal associate&quot;, ni 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni (ASC) biɛhigu ni UNESCO n-nyɛ:
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Abbr
!Organization
|-
|IB
|[[International Baccalaureate]]
|-
|CCIVS
|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service
|-
|CIPSH
|[[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] (''Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines''; publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]])
|-
|CIOFF
|[[International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts]] (''Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels'')
|-
|EI
|[[Education International]]
|-
|IAU
|[[International Association of Universities]]
|-
|IFTC
|[[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]
|-
|ICOM
|[[International Council of Museums]]
|-
|ICSSPE
|[[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]
|-
|ICA
|[[International Council on Archives]]
|-
|ICOMOS
|[[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]
|-
|IFJ
|[[International Federation of Journalists]]
|-
|IFLA
|[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]
|-
|IFPA
|International Federation of Poetry Associations
|-
|IMC
|[[International Music Council]]
|-
|IPA
|[[International Police Association]]
|-
|INSULA
|International Scientific Council for Island Development
|-
|ISC
|[[International Science Council]] (formerly [[International Council for Science|ICSU]] and [[International Social Science Council|ISSC]])
|-
|ITI
|[[International Theatre Institute]]
|-
|IUCN
|[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]
|-
|IUTAO
|International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations
|-
|UIA
|[[Union of International Associations]]
|-
|WAN
|[[World Association of Newspapers]]
|-
|WFEO
|[[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]
|-
|WFUCA
|World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations
|}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]

== Institutes and centres ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Abbr
!Name
!Location
|-
|IBE
|[[International Bureau of Education]]
|[[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Bureau of Education|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UIL
|[[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]
|[[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 2015|title=About the Institute|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UIL – UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IIEP
|[[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]
|Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IIEP UNESCO|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IITE
|UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education
|Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO IITE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IICBA
|UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa
|[[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IICBA|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IESALC
|UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean
|[[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IESALC|publisher=UNESCO|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|MGIEP
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]
|New Delhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|access-date=3 February 2020|website=UNESCO MGIEP|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UNESCO-UNEVOC
|[[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]
|[[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ICWRGC
|International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change
|[[Koblenz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC)|url=https://www.waterandchange.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120200655/https://www.waterandchange.org/en/|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|website=ICWRGC – International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IHE
|[[UNESCO-IHE|IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education]]
|[[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ICTP
|[[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]
|[[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mission &amp; History|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=ICTP – International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UIS
|[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]
|[[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 November 2016|title=Contact Us|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Prizes ==
UNESCO tirila pina pishi ni ayɔbu&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf|date=2 February 2011}}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; shikuru baŋsi ni, &quot;natural sciences, social and human sciences,&quot; kaya ni taɣada, lahabaya wuligibu ni suhudoo polo:


=== Shikuru baŋsim ===

* [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]
* [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]
* UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development
* UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education
* UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
* [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education

=== Natural Sciences ===

* [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards|L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]&lt;ref&gt;Peccia, Tiziano, Rasha Kelej, Ahmed Hamdy, and Ahmed Fahmi. &quot;A reflection on Public-Private Partnerships’ contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.&quot;, Scienza e Pace - Università di Pisa, 8.1 (2017): Research Papers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hamdy, Ahmed, Mohammed Kyari, Marie Johnson, Ahmed Fahmi, and Tiziano Peccia. &quot;Towards Women participation in Scientific Research in Africa.&quot; Published by African Union Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU-STRC).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kalinga Prize|UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science]]
* [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences]]
* [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]
* [[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation|UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]
* UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences
* UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM
* Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management

=== Social and Human Sciences ===

* UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
* UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean
* UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
* UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
* [[International José Martí Prize|UNESCO/International José Martí Prize]]
* UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts

=== Culture ===

* Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)

=== Communication and Information ===

* [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]
* UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
* UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World]] Prize

=== Peace ===

* [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]

=== Inactive prizes ===

* [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)
* [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]
* UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)
* UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

== International Days observed at UNESCO ==
International Days din niŋdi UNESCOn doli ŋɔ na:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/|date=10 November 2012}}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Date
!Name
|-
|14 January
|[[World Logic Day]]
|-
|24 January
|World Day for African and [[African diaspora|Afrodescendant]] [[Culture of Africa|Culture]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/world-day|access-date=16 March 2023|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|24 January
|[[International Day of Education]]
|-
|25 January
|[[International Day of Women in Multilateralism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Day of Women in Multilateralism|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-multilateralism|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|27 January
|[[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]
|-
|11 February
|[[International Day of Women and Girls in Science]]
|-
|13 February
|[[World Radio Day]]
|-
|21 February
|[[International Mother Language Day]]
|-
|4 March
|[[UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development]]
|-
|8 March
|[[International Women's Day]]
|-
|14 March
|[[International Day of Mathematics]]
|-
|20 March
|[[International Francophonie Day]]
|-
|21 March
|International Day of [[Nowruz]]
|-
|21 March
|[[World Poetry Day]]
|-
|21 March
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]
|-
|22 March
|[[World Water Day]]
|-
|5 April
|[[International Day of Conscience]]
|-
|6 April
|[[International Day of Sport for Development and Peace]]
|-
|15 April
|[[World Art Day]]
|-
|23 April
|[[World Book and Copyright Day]]
|-
|30 April
|[[International Jazz Day]]
|-
|3 May
|[[World Press Freedom Day]]
|-
|5 May
|[[African World Heritage Day]]
|-
|5 May
|[[World Portuguese Language Day]]
|-
|16 May
|[[International Day of Light]]
|-
|21 May
|[[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]
|-
|22 May
|[[International Day for Biological Diversity]]
|-
|5 June
|[[World Environment Day]]
|-
|8 June
|[[World Oceans Day]]
|-
|17 June
|[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]
|-
|7 July
|[[UN Swahili Language Day|Kiswahili Language Day]]
|-
|18 July
|[[Mandela Day|Nelson Mandela International Day]]
|-
|26 July
|[[International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem]]
|-
|9 August
|[[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]
|-
|12 August
|[[International Youth Day]]
|-
|23 August
|[[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]
|-
|8 September
|[[International Literacy Day]]
|-
|9 September
|[[International Day to Protect Education from Attack]]
|-
|15 September
|[[International Day of Democracy]]
|-
|20 September
|[[International Day of University Sport|International Day for University Sport]]
|-
|21 September
|[[International Day of Peace]]
|-
|28 September
|[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]
|-
|5 October
|[[World Teachers' Day]]
|-
|6 October
|International Geodiversity Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.geodiversityday.org/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Geodiversity Day|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|11 October
|[[International Day of the Girl Child]]
|-
|13 October
|[[International Day for Disaster Reduction]]
|-
|17 October
|[[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]
|-
|24 October
|[[United Nations Day]]
|-
|27 October
|[[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]
|-
|2 November
|[[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3 November
|International Day for Biosphere Reserves&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day for Biosphere Reserves|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/biosphere-reserves?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000da82692511cafaf52f6dc60629ec28f02c5d16a29ee92a049979ffb2615f863908148ab7051430007100a07811529af602e22ee9de55e3b31523e0322c4f6fece108d426e21efdeb40145b3201dea7291bb4b36bf1200928|access-date=20 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|First Thursday of November
|[[International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-school-violence-and-bullying?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000215100c9b55f50f01ef1e64051f85d005ed160afdcf1a51bcf3583574677710208e8af9298143000018e9fdf83784eb3679536c40b01a90b0f25955889d57dd8600be4d679c6274bfbe91309740e894263ea1c504e76b6e1|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5 November
|[[World Day of Romani Language]]
|-
|5 November
|[[World Tsunami Awareness Day]]
|-
|10 November
|World Science Day for Peace and Development
|-
|14 November
|International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-illicit-trafficking?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000821549653dba7a376b0a5b441f23d8634a07fe1a0b8047f8ed7274eefcb8bf83086389fffe143000c64e4284c7d7279202386844466d3c243ced0a6346867120dacca3b36c89c6166e3a5033c235a8e5bac9a20c2a095b25|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Third Thursday of November
|[[World Philosophy Day]]
|-
|16 November
|[[International Day for Tolerance]]
|-
|18 November
|International International Day of Islamic Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day of Islamic Art|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-day-islamic-art?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20007f0fb6123af772d877095c654e99dffd11b638c1dbcfcbe0ded4d7755fbb64e908fe0b245d143000d659354dbf4355519b3d6ff69fa0fe3d4dd01e13569dc94bfb468157404a5baea6571b52e128f194aedd3ef1a92e404c|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 November
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]
|-
|26 November
|World Olive Tree Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Day of the Olive Tree|url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Olive Council|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|29 November
|[[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]
|-
|1 December
|[[World AIDS Day]]
|-
|2 December
|World Futures Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Futures Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-futures?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20005a8944393e54498a6a76c337f206b93f3df96e7230f9cb8d5bfbd1f7d90c5ceb087a862064143000d48518290f2d33eede6cfbd08f9ea8d7ca374e7b1f573d2a3e2d1f9ce27cc48a4f9e190123c7bd6714dba119bd6b04b0|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3 December
|[[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities|International Day of Persons with Disabilities]]
|-
|10 December
|[[Human Rights Day]]
|-
|18 December
|[[International Migrants Day]]
|-
|18 December
|[[UN Arabic Language Day|World Arabic Language Day]]
|}


== Tingbana din be din ni ==
{{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_member_states.png|right|thumb|334x334px|{{legend|#008000|UNESCO member states}}{{legend|#0000FF|UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC}}{{legend|#00FF00|UNESCO associates}}{{legend|#FFFF00|UNESCO observers}}]]
Zaŋ kana Anshaara goli July yuuni 2003, UNESCO daa malila tingbana kɔbigu ni piwɔi ni anahi nin ban pahi pinaayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries|archive-date=2 November 2011|access-date=3 November 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shɛba bi ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ka shɛba mi lahi be National Organizing Committees din be tingbana ban ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=28 July 2009|publisher=WADA|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO ni naai noya ni shɛba n-nyɛ [[United Nations member states]] (gbaa yihi Israel&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini [[Liechtenstein]]), ni [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] mini [[Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=State Parties|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|archive-date=31 October 2011|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Member States of the United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States mini Israel yila UNESCO Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lazaroff|first=Tovah|date=31 December 2018|title=Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875|url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082910/https://www.jpost.com/international/israel-us-slated-to-leave-unesco-today-to-protest-anti-israel-bias-575875|archive-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;amaa United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uspbs&quot; /&gt;

== Governing bodies ==

=== Director-General ===
Zaŋ kana Anashaara goli June yuuni 2023 11 Directors-General n zani ti UNESCO tum di ni kpa{{snd}}dobba awɔi ni paɣaba ayi. 11 Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO yila yaɣa ayɔbu na: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), ni East Europe (1).

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, bɛ bi piigi Director-General yaɣa pia din pahi be UNESCO maa ni: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central ni North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, ni South America.

Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO tum di kpabu ni yuuni 1946 n doli ŋɔ na:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/|date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Directors-General of UNESCO
| scope=&quot;col&quot; |Order
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Image
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Name
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Term
|-
|1st
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Julian_Huxley_1-2.jpg|75x75px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Julian Huxley]]
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|1946–1948
|-
|2nd
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:JAIME_TORRES_BODET_1902,_ESCRITOR,_POETA_Y_POLITICO_MEXICANO_(13451293993).jpg|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Jaime Torres Bodet]]
|{{flagcountry|MEX|1934}}
|1948–1952
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e6e6aa&quot;
|–
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Captura_de_Pantalla_2022-06-03_a_las_23.24.45.png|79x79px]]
|[[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#e6e6aa&quot; |[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1952–1953
|-
|3rd
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Luther_Harris_Evans,_Diretor-geral_da_United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization_(UNESCO).tif|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Luther Evans]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
|1953–1958
|-
|4th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Contemporary_history,_Italy_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002707_0001.tiff|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Vittorino Veronese]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|1958–1961
|-
|5th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:René_Maheu_(France),_UNESCO_Director_General_(1961-1974).JPG|76x76px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[René Maheu]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1961; 1961–1974
|-
|6th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco_history,_M'Bow_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002701_0001.tiff|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]]
|{{flagcountry|SEN}}
|1974–1987
|-
|7th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza_et_Alain_Husson-Dumoutier_(cropped).jpg|78x78px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]]
|{{flagcountry|ESP}}
|1987–1999
|-
|8th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Matsuura_Koichiro_1-2.jpg|75x75px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Koïchiro Matsuura]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|1999–2009
|-
|9th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Irina_Bokova_crop.jpg|83x83px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Irina Bokova]]
|{{flagcountry|BUL}}
|2009–2017
|-
|10th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Didier_Plowy_-_Audrey_Azoulay_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Audrey Azoulay]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|2017–''Incumbent''
|}

=== General Conference ===
UNESCO General Conference din ʒini tum yuuni 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/|date=25 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Session
!Location
!Year
!Chaired by
!from
|-
|1st
|Paris
|1946
|[[Léon Blum]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|-
|2nd
|[[Mexico City]]
|1947
|[[Manuel Gual Vidal]]
|{{flagcountry|MEX}}
|-
|3rd
|[[Beirut]]
|1948
|Hamid Bey Frangie
|{{flagcountry|LBN}}
|-
|1st extraordinary
|Paris
|1948
|
|
|-
|4th
|Paris
|1949
|[[Edward Ronald Walker]]
|{{flagcountry|AUS}}
|-
|5th
|[[Florence]]
|1950
|[[Stefano Jacini (1886-1952)|Stefano Jacini]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|-
|6th
|Paris
|1951
|[[Howland H. Sargeant]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|-
|7th
|Paris
|1952
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|-
|2nd extraordinary
|Paris
|1953
|
|
|-
|8th
|[[Montevideo]]
|1954
|Justino Zavala Muniz
|{{flagcountry|URY}}
|-
|9th
|New Delhi
|1956
|[[Abul Kalam Azad]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|-
|10th
|Paris
|1958
|[[Jean Berthoin]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|-
|11th
|Paris
|1960
|Akale-Work Abte-Wold
|{{flagcountry|ETH}}
|-
|12th
|Paris
|1962
|Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro
|{{flagcountry|BRA}}
|-
|13th
|Paris
|1964
|[[Norair Sisakian]]
|{{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}
|-
|14th
|Paris
|1966
|Bedrettin Tuncel
|{{flagcountry|TUR}}
|-
|15th
|Paris
|1968
|[[William Eteki Mboumoua]]
|{{flagcountry|CMR}}
|-
|16th
|Paris
|1970
|Atilio Dell'Oro Maini
|{{flagcountry|ARG}}
|-
|17th
|Paris
|1972
|Toru Haguiwara
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|-
|3rd extraordinary
|Paris
|1973
|
|
|-
|18th
|Paris
|1974
|Magda Jóború
|{{flagcountry|HUN}}
|-
|19th
|[[Nairobi]]
|1976
|Taaita Toweett
|{{flagcountry|KEN}}
|-
|20th
|Paris
|1978
|Napoléon LeBlanc
|{{flagcountry|CAN}}
|-
|21st
|[[Belgrade]]
|1980
|Ivo Margan
|{{flagcountry|YUG}}
|-
|4th extraordinary
|Paris
|1982
|
|
|-
|22nd
|Paris
|1983
|Saïd Tell
|{{flagcountry|JOR}}
|-
|23rd
|[[Sofia]]
|1985
|[[Nikolai Todorov]]
|{{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}
|-
|24th
|Paris
|1987
|Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez
|{{flagcountry|GTM}}
|-
|25th
|Paris
|1989
|[[Anwar Ibrahim]]
|{{flagcountry|MYS}}
|-
|26th
|Paris
|1991
|[[Bethwell Allan Ogot]]
|{{flagcountry|KEN}}
|-
|27th
|Paris
|1993
|Ahmed Saleh Sayyad
|{{flagcountry|YEM}}
|-
|28th
|Paris
|1995
|Torben Krogh
|{{flagcountry|DNK}}
|-
|29th
|Paris
|1997
|[[Eduardo Portella]]
|{{flagcountry|BRA}}
|-
|30th
|Paris
|1999
|[[Jaroslava Moserová]]
|{{flagcountry|CZE}}
|-
|31st
|Paris
|2001
|[[Ahmad Jalali]]
|{{flagcountry|IRN}}
|-
|32nd
|Paris
|2003
|[[Michael Omolewa]]
|{{flagcountry|NGA}}
|-
|33rd
|Paris
|2005
|[[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]]
|{{flagcountry|OMN}}
|-
|34th
|Paris
|2007
|[[Georgios Anastassopoulos]]
|{{flagcountry|GRC}}
|-
|35th
|Paris
|2009
|Davidson Hepburn
|{{flagcountry|BHS}}
|-
|36th
|Paris
|2011
|[[Katalin Bogyay]]
|{{flagcountry|HUN}}
|-
|37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=General Conference 37th|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date=3 October 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2013
|[[Hao Ping]]
|{{flagcountry|CHN}}
|-
|38th
|Paris
|2015
|Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president|archive-date=16 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Namibia}}
|-
|39th
|Paris
|2017
|Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=5 October 2017|title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|archive-date=13 November 2017|access-date=12 November 2017|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
|40th
|Paris
|2019
|[[Ahmet Altay Cengizer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 October 201|title=UNESCO: President of the 40th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/presiden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018154954/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/president|archive-date=18 October 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|-
|41st&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 June 2021|title=41st Session of the General Conference – 9–24 November 2021|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006085222/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=6 October 2021|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2021
|Santiago Irazabal Mourão
|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|-
|42nd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 November 2023|title=Address by Ms Simona Mirela Miculescu|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387533?posInSet=16&amp;queryId=ffd33a3a-41f1-4a8b-9543-7f10c0f2dd6a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2023
|[[Simona Miculescu]]
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
|}

=== Executive Board ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Term
!Group I 
(9 seats)
!Group II 
(7 seats)
!Group III 
(10 seats)
!Group IV 
(12 seats)
!Group V(a) 
(13 seats)
!Group V(b) 
(7 seats)
|- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|2017–
2021
|{{flagcountry|Finland}} 

{{flagcountry|Portugal}} 

{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|{{flagcountry|Albania}} 

{{flagcountry|Belarus}} 

{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
|{{flagcountry|Cuba}} 

{{flagcountry|Grenada}} 

{{flagcountry|Jamaica}} 

{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}} 

{{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} 

{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|
{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Philippines}}
|{{flagcountry|Burundi}} 

{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} 

{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} 

{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}

{{flagcountry|Zambia}}

{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|{{flagcountry|Egypt}} 

{{flagcountry|Jordan}}

{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
|2019–2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|France}}

{{flagcountry|Germany}}

{{flagcountry|Italy}}

{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}

{{flagcountry|Spain}}

{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|{{Flag|Hungary}}

{{Flag|Poland}}

{{Flag|Russia}}

{{Flag|Serbia}}
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}

{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Republic of Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|{{Flag|Benin}}

{{Flag|Congo}}

{{Flag|Guinea}}

{{Flag|Ghana}}

{{flagcountry|Kenya}}

{{Flag|Namibia}}

{{flagcountry|Senegal}}

{{Flag|Togo}}
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}

{{Flag|UAE}}

{{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
|- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|'''2021–2025'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/41/elections?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000296c62ecf70783aa2deb49bab9972b32e78e12a141101e730f19afd71077a454085e4dbe2414300050c3569c0132c2e6ed5d6c59cee0616cbf7eb737bcd75d6d5fbcda198e9ca730a3a536e274d2f7e2f102624759a6d48c}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}

{{flagcountry|Iceland}}

{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|{{Flag|Armenia}}

{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}

{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|{{flagcountry|Chile}}

{{flagcountry|Grenada}}

{{Flag|Haiti}}

{{flagcountry|Mexico}}

{{flagcountry|Paraguay}}

{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
|
{{Flag|China}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Cook Islands}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Japan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Viet Nam}}
|{{Flag|Angola}}

{{Flag|Botswana}}

{{Flag|Congo}}

{{Flag|Djibouti}}

{{flagcountry|South Africa}}

{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|{{Flag|Egypt}}

{{Flag|Jordan}}

{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efe;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|'''2023–2027'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/42/elections}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|France}}

{{flagcountry|Germany}}

{{flagcountry|Italy}}

{{flagcountry|Spain}}

{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}

{{Flag|United States}}
|{{Flag|Albania}}

{{Flag|Czech Republic}}

{{Flag|Serbia}}

{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

{{Flag|Cuba}}

{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Flag|Australia}}

{{Flag|Bangladesh}}

{{Flag|Indonesia}}

{{Flag|Pakistan}}

{{Flag|Republic of Korea}}

{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}}

{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}

{{Flag|Gabon}}

{{Flag|Liberia}}

{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}

{{Flag|Mozambique}}

{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
|{{Flag|Iraq}}

{{Flag|Oman}}

{{Flag|Qatar}}

{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|}

== Offices and headquarters ==
{{main|World Heritage Centre}}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:April_2010,_UNESCO_Headquarters_in_Paris_-_The_Garden_of_Peace_(or_Japanese_Garden)_in_Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters]]
UNESCO tiuma du'zuɣu bela [[Place de Fontenoy]] din be Paris, France. Tanmɛriba pam n daa laɣim mɛ li, ban nima n-nyɛ[[Bernard Zehrfuss]], [[Marcel Breuer]] ni Luigi Nervi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO House – visit us {{!}} UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/house|access-date=29 March 2023|website=unesco.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Di shɛli n-nyɛ ''Garden of Peace'' din nyɛ [[Government of Japan]] ni daa ti shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO garden|url=https://architectuul.com/architecture/unesco-garden|access-date=31 May 2022|website=Architectuul}}&lt;/ref&gt; American-Japanese yaɣ'mɛra [[Isamu Noguchi]] n daa dizaani li yuuni 1958 ka Japan nira, Toemon Sano daa bahi naai li. Yuuma 1994–1995,  UNESCO yuun pihinu chuɣu puhibu ni, [[Tadao Ando]] daa mɛ du'shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Furuyama|first=Masao|title=Ando (Basic Art Series)|url=https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324030457/https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|archive-date=24 March 2021|access-date=30 January 2021|website=taschen.com|pages=71–72|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Field offices by region ===
UNESCO Field Offices din doli ŋɔ na zaa nyɛla UNESCO ni bo shɛŋa zali tingbana yaɣa ka UNESCO lahi boi niriba ka bɛ tumdi di yini kam ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date=8 September 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Africa ====

* [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]
* [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]
* [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]
* [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]
* [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]
* [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]
* [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]
* [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]
* [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]
* [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]
* [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]
* [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]
* [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]
* [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]

==== Arab States ====

* [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]
* [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[Palestine]]
* [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]
* [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]
* [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], Jordan)
* [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]
* [[Manama]] – [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]
* [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]
* [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories

==== Asia and Pacific ====
{{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}

* [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], New Zealand, [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)
* [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]
* Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]
* [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]
* [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]
* [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]
* [[Manila]] – National Office to the [[Philippines]]
* [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]
* New Delhi – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], India, [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]
* [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]

==== Europe and North America ====

* [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]
* [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]
* New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]
* [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe

==== Latin America and the Caribbean ====
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Carondolete_en_el_cambio_de_guardia.jpg|thumb|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|archive-date=7 May 2009|access-date=30 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; This centre was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]

* [[Brasília]] – National Office to Brazil&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]
* [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]
* [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]
* [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]
* [[Mexico City]] – National Office to Mexico
* [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], Brazil, Chile, [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]
* [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]
* [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], Mexico, [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]
* [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile

=== Partner organizations ===

* [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC)
* [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)
* [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)
* [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] (ICOMOS)
* [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)

== Yɛl'gɔla ==

=== New World Information and Communication Order ===
UNESCO nyɛla yɛl'gɔla ni paai shɛba saha din gari, di bahi bahindi bɛ biɛhigu ni United States, United Kingdom, Singapore ni [[Soviet Union]]. 1970s mini 1980s saha, UNESCO's sɔŋsim zaŋti &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; mini di [[MacBride report]] daa ti bɔri ni di mɔŋla &quot;[[freedom of the press]]&quot; zaŋm chaŋ lahabaya wuligibu polo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Grahm|first=S. E.|date=April 2006|title=The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=30|issue=2|pages=231–51|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x|hdl-access=free|hdl=1885/20736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1984, United States daa che bɛ tɔhibu laɣingu maa ni ka daa yi din ni, ka United Kingdom daa doli yuuni 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position'|date=January 1986|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640|journal=[[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082856/https://login.microsoftonline.com/741bf7de-e2e5-46df-8d67-82607df9deaa/saml2|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore gba daa yiya yuuni 1985 naabu ni, ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛla farigu ni pahi zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO|date=28 December 1984|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bɛ ni daa taɣi gɔmnanti yuuni 1997 UK daa labi kpe. United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2003, ka Singapore daa doli Anashaara goli 8 October yuuni 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=UNESCO|date=14 February 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== China ===
UNESCO nyɛla bɛ ni gali shɛba ka di nyɛla ni People's Republic of China zaŋ ba mi ka bɛ zaani tiri [[Chinese Communist Party]] tɔhibu ni &quot;[[ethnic minorities in China]]&quot; kamani [[Uyghurs]] mini [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 September 2023|title=How China uses UNESCO to rewrite history|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/21/how-china-uses-unesco-to-rewrite-history|url-access=subscription|access-date=22 September 2023|issn=0013-0613|quote=To bolster the idea of a Han-centric identity, the party seeks to dilute the contributions of minority groups in UNESCO claims. For example, documents filed with the organisation state that Tibet's Potala Palace, the winter home of Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, exhibits the skills of many ethnic groups, not just Tibetans. The government uses &quot;radical selectivity&quot; in choosing which places, people and practices to emphasise, says Rachel Harris of the School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kashgarian|first=Asim|date=16 February 2023|title=UNESCO Accused of Complicity in China's Treatment of Uyghur Heritage|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unesco-accused-of-complicity-in-china-s-treatment-of-uyghur-heritage-/6966959.html|access-date=22 September 2023|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kachmar|first=Oleh|date=24 September 2020|title=Uyghur Heritage and the Charge of Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang|url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/rules-based-international-order/genocide/uyghur-heritage-and-the-charge-of-cultural-genocide-in-xinjiang/|access-date=22 September 2023|website=New Lines Institute|publisher=[[Fairfax University of America]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isr ael ===
Israel nyɛla UNESCO ni daa deei shɛba yuuni 1949, din nambu yuun yini nyaaŋa. Israel kuli nyɛla ban be din ni tum din saha. Yuuni 2010, Israel daa dizaani [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] din be [[Hebron]] mini [[Rachel's Tomb]] din be [[Bethlehem]] –din zaa be [[West Bank]] – ka nyɛ [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 February 2010|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aanshaara goli October yuuni 2010, UNESCO's daa vooti ya ni bɛ moli &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; mini &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; ka daa yɛli ni bɛ pahila &quot; [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 October 2010|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO buɣisili mi ka di zani ti &quot;Muslinima, Dolodolo ni Jewish nima kaya ni taɣada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Two Palestinian sites of Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron and the Bilal Bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Hillel Fendel|date=1 November 2010|title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|archive-date=4 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] yɛliya ni Rachel's tomb pa bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli leei Muslinima syaɣili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Maayana Miskin|date=29 October 2010|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 November 2010|title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|archive-date=3 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|work=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Shalom|first=Rabbi|date=5 November 2010|title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|archive-date=5 January 2012|access-date=8 August 2011|work=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, din be [[Jordan]]'s insistence, daa labi mɛ [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge din be Jerusalem. Israel daa yɛliya ni Jordan gbaala shaawara ni  Israel ka di nyɛla bɛ wurim di kodoriko ka gu ka taɣi sarati; Jordan daa bɛ saɣiti li. Israel gba daa bi tooi mali NESCO committee ni zaɣisibu shɛli [[Egypt]] gba ni daa zaŋ na.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=20 June 1995|title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli January yuuni 2014, pɔi ka bɛ daa zali di yoobu dabisa, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;daa tirisi li tooni din ka dali&quot; ka daa nyahi ibushee din daa nyɛ [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]] ni daa niŋ shɛli ka di sabi &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|date=17 January 2014|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=21 January 2014|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli 1 January yuuni 2019, Israel daa yiya ka che UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=1 January 2019|title=69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Occupied Palestine Resolution ====
{{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}
Anashaara goli 13 October yuuni 2016, UNESCO daa zali zaligu ti East Jerusalem dinm galindi Israel ni &quot;girigiri&quot; niŋbu Israeli pirinsi ni linjimanima sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO adopts anti&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO adopts anti&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commission report|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli soiyaasanima pam ni daa galim ba naai nyaaŋa, n-ti tabili [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] mini [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel daa kahi bɛ ŋmangura ka che laɣingu maa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=13 October 2016|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|newspaper=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Czech jintɔri duu gba daa zaɣisili ka yɛli ni gbaabu maa nyɛla &quot;hateful [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot; /&gt; Anashaara goli 26 October, UNESCO daa labi teei bɛ gbaabu maa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|date=26 October 2016|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 October 2016|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli October yuuni 2017, United States mini Israel daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni yi laɣingu maa ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|archive-date=8 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Palestine ===

==== Palestinian youth magazine controversy ====
Anashaara goli February yuuni 2011, lahabali daa yina &quot;Palestinian youth magazine&quot; ni ka bipuɣinbili daa buɣisi o ni lihiri ni o sa be ka so soha-biɛɣu ni, [[Adolf Hitler]]. Anashaara goli December yuuni 2011, UNESCO, ban daa tabiri sɔŋdi lala lahabali wuligibu yaɣili ŋɔ daa galim lalal lahabali maa ka daa yihi bɛ nuu bɛ sɔŋbu ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=23 December 2011|title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|archive-date=9 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Islamic University of Gaza controversy ====
Yuuni 2012, UNESCO daa gkpuɣi niya ni bɛ pii daanbalo [[Islamic University of Gaza]] ka o zani ti &quot;[[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]],&quot; ni &quot;[[Space science|space sciences]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine).|url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|archive-date=27 November 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka di daa tahi galimbi ni yɛl'gola na.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;pg=PA211 The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false|date=13 October 2017}} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University|publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs|date=12 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|archive-date=15 July 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di kpɛma, [[Kamalain Shaath]], daa pahi UNESCO zuɣu, ka yari  ni &quot;the Islamic University nyɛla shikuru din nyɛ baŋsim yɛligibu ni lɛbiginsim dini&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Higgins, Michael|date=12 July 2012|title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs|work=National Post|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130030307/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|archive-date=30 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shaked|first1=Ronny|date=6 February 2007|title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Yedioth Ahronot|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|archive-date=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Cambanis, Thanassis|date=28 February 2010|title=Hamas University|work=The Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|archive-date=26 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli &quot;ambassador&quot; zaŋti UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ sabi washiika ti Hamas zaŋ chaŋ shikuru ŋɔ yɛltɔƔa polo, di bahi bahindi bɛ suhuri ni yiɣisi ka di nyɛla dini n-nyɛ Palestinian university tuuli ka UNESCO pii ni bɛ laɣim tum.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Ravid, Barak|date=12 July 2012|title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|archive-date=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jewish laɣingu [[B'nai B'rith]] gba daa galim  li.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Yaakov, Yifa|date=14 July 2012|title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University|work=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|archive-date=17 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Listing Nanjing Massacre documents ===
Yuuni 2015, Japan da ti varisigu ni UNESCO ni daa mali niya ni bɛ pahi 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] bɛ ni yɛn ti kali binshɛŋa pahi &quot;Memory of the World&quot; ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents – Asia – DW.COM – 19.10.2015|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=29 December 2015|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|url-status=live|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== US withdrawals ===
United States yila UNESCO yuuni 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=20 November 2003|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawal&quot; /&gt;

Anashaara goli 12 October yuuni 2017, United States daa ti UNESCO lahabali ni bɛ ni labi yi laɣingu maa ni, Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018; Israel gba daa kpuɣi lala napɔŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=1 January 2019|title=U.S. and Israel officially withdraw from UNESCO|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-and-israel-officially-withdraw-from-unesco|accessdate=28 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot; /&gt;

United States bɛ yo kamani $600&amp;nbsp;million farigu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|last2=Morello|first2=Carol|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the UN's cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|archive-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; tum di ni che di $80&amp;nbsp;million yɔbu yuuni-yuuni UNESCO farigu di ni daa niŋ ka Palestine daa kpe din ni zaa yuuni 2011. Israel mini United States daa pahila ninvuɣ'pinaanahi ban daa zaɣisirili ni tingnana kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;bias&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=13 October 2017|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; di ni daa niŋ ka United States daa moli ni bɛ ni lahi labi kpe yuuni 2023, ka bɛ daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni yo farigu din doli ba zaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kurdish–Turkish conflict ===
Anashaara goli 25 May yuuni 2016, Turkish yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi niŋda [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] daa wuɣi nuu ka [[Turkey]] UNESCO &quot;goodwill ambassador&quot; tali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA|date=9 May 2018}}&quot;. Reuters. 26 May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Campaigns against illicit art trading ===
Yuuni 2020 UNESCO daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni kuri ariziki shɛli niŋdi kaya ni taɣada ni paai 10&amp;nbsp;billion dollars yuuni zuɣu ni.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent Noice, &quot;Unesco, stop citing 'bogus' $10bn figure, art trade pleads&quot;, The Art Newspaper, 12 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115080112/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure|date=15 November 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nancy Kenney, &quot;Unesco under fire for using Met objects in anti-trafficking campaign&quot;, The Art Newspaper, 13 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145243/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking|date=17 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Products and services ==

* UNESDOC Database&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; – di mali UNESCO gban gari 146,000 ka bɛ yihili polotum yuuni 1945 n-ti pahi &quot;metadata&quot; din yina UNESCO Library mini luɣa din pahi pahi.

=== Information processing tools ===
UNESCO daa yina ni binshɛŋa din yɛn tabiri sɔŋdi &quot;database management&quot; (CDS/ISIS (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Information Processing Tools|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=8 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* OpenIDAMS &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OpenIDAMS|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=13 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IDIS 

== Lihi pahi ==

* [[Academic mobility network]]
* [[League of Nations archives]]
* [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]
* ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]
* [[UniRef]]
* [[National Commissions for UNESCO]]
* [[International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Finnemore, Martha. 1993. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706939?seq=1 International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural]{{sic|nolink=y}}&lt;span&gt; Organization and Science Policy.&lt;/span&gt;&quot; ''International Organization'' Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp.&amp;nbsp;565–597

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}

* {{Official website|https://www.unesco.org/}}

{{United Nations}} {{ECOSOC}} {{UN Charter}} {{Supranationalism/World government topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Humanitarian partners of the European Commission}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox organization|logo_size=200px|image=Flag of UNESCO.svg|name=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|caption=[[Flag of UNESCO]]|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|staff=2,341|staff_year=2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://unsceb.org/hr-organization | title=PERSONNEL BY ORGANIZATION &amp;#124; United Nations - CEB }}&lt;/ref&gt;|type=[[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]]|abbreviation=UNESCO|leader_title=Director-General|leader_name=[[Audrey Azoulay]]|leader_title2=Deputy Director-General|leader_name2=[[Xing Qu]]|status=Active|formation={{start date and age|1945|11|16|df=yes}}|logo=Logo UNESCO 2021.svg|headquarters=[[Paris]], France|website=[https://www.unesco.org/ unesco.org]|parent_organization=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]|subsidiaries=|footnotes={{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}}}

'''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''' ('''UNESCO''' {{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|k|oʊ}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO|url=https://en.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date=25 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|Organisation des Nations unites pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}}} nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu be [[United Nations]] (UN) ka di niya nyɛla di kpaŋsi dunia suhudoo ni gbubu ka di nyɛla di yɛn naala noli ni tiŋ'duya baŋsim lɛbu polo, baŋsim, tabiibi ni kaya ni taɣada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Introducing UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO history|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|archive-date=9 April 2010|access-date=23 April 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di mali di mini tingbana din laɣindi tumda din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ka naan yi che tingbana pinaayi ban gba pahi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815012241/https://en.unesco.org/countries/|archive-date=15 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;ka naan yi che bɛ mini ʒingama zuɣunima ban laɣindi tumda, gɔmnanti ni timdi shɛba nuu mini ban kuli ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 June 2013|title=Partnerships|url=https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220827/https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|archive-date=23 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuma du'zuɣu be la [[Paris]], France, UNESCO ka mali di kpari bɔɣiri yaɣa pihinu ni ata&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Field offices|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817141658/https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/|archive-date=17 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ni &quot;national commissions&quot; kɔbishii yini ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=National Commissions|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822204031/https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=1 August 2019|title=About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/apia/about|access-date=24 July 2023|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa kpala yuuni1945 ka nyɛ din daa di &quot;[[League of Nations]]' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation&quot; fali.&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres|date=2018|publisher=Université de Lausanne|location=Lausanne|trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=live}} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/|date=22 March 2019}}).&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO's kpabu niya, din daa nyɛ World War II ni daa tahi shɛli na, di bɔrila suhudoo kpaŋsibu, lɛbiginsim din za din yaa tooi yuui ni daadama fukumsi ka di nyɛla tingbana n yɛn gbaari shaawara taba sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesdoc.unesco.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892]|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073606/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di kpuɣirila lala sochibisi ŋɔ yaɣa dibaa anu polo: shikuru, &quot;natural sciences, social/human sciences&quot;, kaya ni taɣada mini lahabaya wuligibu. UNESCO tabiri mi sɔŋdi binshɛŋa din kpaɣisiri shikuru karimbu, tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma baŋsim lɛbu mini shikuru baŋsim lɛbu, tabiibi baŋsim din ti tooni, ka gu pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi mini &quot;press freedom&quot;, ka gu ka taɣi  kaya ni taɣada taarihi, ka kpaŋsi kaya ni taɣada balibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/coop/unesco/program/list.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=mofa.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsors|url=https://www.climats-bourgogne.com/en/sponsors_30.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=climats-bourgogne.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsors and Contributors|url=https://www.wcrp-climate.org/sponsors|access-date=30 June 2022|website=wcrp-climate.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla din tabiri sɔŋdi &quot;[[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]&quot; din zani ti kaya ni taɣada mini Naawuni nam din pahi pahi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO nyɛla &quot;General Conference&quot; din nyɛ din tingbana mini tingbani shɛŋa din tabiri sɔŋdi li, ka di ʒiini laɣingu yuma ayi kam n-gbaari shaawara zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini di laɣ'dibo polo. di lahi piiri di kpamaba, din tabiri sɔŋdi UNESCO tuma, ka piiri &quot;Director-General&quot; yuma anahi kam, ka o nyɛ UNESCO tuma yaɣa zaa kpɛma.
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== Taarihi ==

=== Origins ===
UNESCO yiko mini di noli naabu ni yingbana din pahi nyɛla din pili [[League of Nations]] saha Anashaara goli 21 September yuuni 1921, ni di pii kpamba ka lahi baŋ di ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kaya ni taɣada ka yɛlimuɣisira, shikuru mini tabiibi nasara dibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Plenary Meetings|date=5 September – 5 October 1921|series=Records of the Second Assembly|place=Geneva|publisher=League of Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987|date=December 1987|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|series=UNESDOC database|place=Paris|id=LAD.85/WS/4 Rev|quote=The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications.|ref={{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}}|access-date=13 December 2010|archive-date=2 February 2011|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lala yaɣ'palli ŋɔ, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), daa kpala yuuni 1922&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot; /&gt; ka kali ninvuɣ'kara kamani [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, ni Gonzague de Reynold m pahi bɛ niriba ni (dini n daa nyɛ din pɔri League of Nations din be Western Europe ni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|date=2020|title=A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939)|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|url-status=live|journal=Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America|pages=65–89|doi=10.4324/9780429299407-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191605/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|archive-date=17 January 2021|access-date=13 August 2020|doi-access=free|s2cid=243387712}}&lt;/ref&gt;). &quot;International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC)&quot; daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli Paris din saha Anashaara goli September yuuni 1924, ni di tabiri sɔŋdi ICIC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation|date=1930|url=https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819035239/https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|publisher=United Nations library resources|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaa, World War II piligu saha daa nyɛla din dam ba daa pili li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Hamen|first1=Susan E|title=The Great Depression and World War II : 1929–1945|last2=Wilson|first2=Theodore A|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62403-178-6|oclc=870724668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tɛha din nyɛ ʒingamazuɣu dini ŋuna, International Bureau of Education (IBE) daa pilimi ni ʒingama laɣingu din tumdi tiri &quot;international educational development&quot; tum Anashaara goli December yuuni 1925{{Sfn|UNESCO|1987}} ka daa pahi UNESCO ni yuuni 1969, di ji daa niŋ ka bɛ mini ba laɣi ni tɛhi yini yuuni 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IBE — Digital Collections — IBE History, 1925-1969|url=https://digitalcollections.ibe-unesco.org/about/ibe-history/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IBE — Digital Collections|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nambu ===
Bɛ ni daa dihi gbana ni ti Atlantic Charter mini Declaration of the United Nations naai, Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) daa pili laɣingu ʒinibu London ka di daa tuɣi Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1942 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 5 December yuuni 1945. Anashaara goli 30 October  yuuni 1943, tingbana nangban yini laɣinsi daa niŋ talahi &quot;Moscow Declaration&quot; ni, ka China, United Kingdom, United States ni USSR daa saɣiti li. Din daa doli di nyaaŋa na n daa nyɛ Dumbarton Oaks Conference niya Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1944. Di ni daa niŋ ka CAME tɛha mini United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) wuhibu kana, din daa niŋ San Francisco bɛ ni din gbaai Anashaara goli  April zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli June yuuni 1945, United Nations Conference ni di kpa (ECO/CONF) din daa daa niŋ London fbini din gbaai Anashaara goli 1 zaŋ chaŋ 16 November  yuuni 1945 ka gɔmnanti pihinahi ji anahi daa be din ni. UNESCO tɛha daa nyɛla Rab Butler, Minister of Education zaŋti United Kingdom ni daa yɛligi shɛli, di n mali sɔŋsi pam zaŋti lɛbiginsim.&lt;ref&gt;[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco|date=19 October 2017}}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ECO/CONF ni, UNESCO zalisi daa nyɛla bɛ ni yina ni shɛli, ka di zalisi malizali laɣingu kpabu daa pili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1–16 November 1945|title=United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2012|access-date=8 June 2012|series=UNESDOC database|id=ECO/Conf./29|ref={{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}}|place=The Institute of Civil Engineers, London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di daa niŋla bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1945, mini Anashaara goli 4 November yuuni 1946 — dabisi shɛli UNESCO's zalisi ni daa zani talahi.{{Sfn|Unesco|1945}}

Tuuli &quot;General Conference&quot; daa niŋla Anashaara goli 19 November zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 10 December yuuni 1946, ka da piigi Julian Huxley ka o niŋ Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|year=1947|title=General Conference, First Session|place=UNESCO House, Paris|at=Item 14, p. 73|series=UNESDOC database|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;United States Army colonel&quot;, university zuɣulana mini ŋun zabiri ninsalisili zuɣu, Blake R. Van Leer gba daa nyɛla ŋun kpe li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_KlLQISQMC&amp;dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&amp;pg=PA35|title=Summary Minutes of Meetings 1956|publisher=United States National Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.|year=1956|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082914/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Summary_Minutes_of_Meeting/3N_KlLQISQMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&amp;pg=PA35&amp;printsec=frontcover|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa labi teei di zalikpana maa Anashaara goli November yuuni 1954 di ni daa niŋ ka &quot;General Conference&quot; yɛli ni ban be din ni yɛn zanimi ti bɛ tiŋgbana ka leei bɛ tumdi bɛ suhuyurilim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2011|access-date=13 December 2010|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala zalisi ŋɔ daa be di ko ka che UNESCO di tuuli ha, ICIC, ni di tingbana ni yɛn tumdi shɛm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Peacekeeping in the Cold War/Post-Cold War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|work=United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era|pages=23–45|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003333/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/united-nations-peacekeeping-post-cold-war-era-john-terence-neill-nick-rees/10.4324/9780203307434|place=Abingdon, UK|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|doi=10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|isbn=978-0-203-30743-4|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schmidt, Christopher.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/650842164|title=Into the heart of darkness : cosmopolitanism vs. realism and the Democratic Republic of Congo|date=2010|oclc=650842164|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003433/https://www.worldcat.org/title/into-the-heart-of-darkness-cosmopolitanism-vs-realism-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/oclc/650842164|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lɛbiginsim ===
Bɛ kpaŋmaŋa shɛli n-nyɛ di bi gaŋ zuliya shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Claude Lévi-Strauss and UNESCO|first=Wiktor|last=Stoczkowski|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000162769|access-date=2024-07-26|journal=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France|date=2008|number=5|issn=1993-8616}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yuuni 1955, Republic of South Africa daa yiya ka che UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1967|title=Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000002428|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa lahi labi kpe din ni yuuni 1994 Nelson Mandela toon-tali ni saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Thompson, Leonard Monteath|title=A history of South Africa|date=January 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12806-2|edition=Third|location=New Haven|oclc=560542020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Nygren|first=Thomas|title=UNESCO Teaches History: Implementing International Understanding in Sweden|date=2016|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|work=A History of UNESCO|pages=201–230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082907/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|isbn=978-1-349-84528-6|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa pilila bɛ tuma shikuru yaɣili Marbial Valley, Haiti, ka bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1947. Lala dini ŋɔ nyaaŋa, daa pahi yuuni 1949 &quot;mission to Afghanistan&quot; ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/unesco-at-74-an-overview-of-its-laudable-progress-1573916648|access-date=2024-07-26|website=The Financial Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO daa yɛliya yuuni 1948 ni niŋmi bihi shikuru chandi yoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; World Conference on Education for All, din  be Jomtien, Thailand, daa pili dunia laɣinsi yuuni 1990 ni bɛ bhe ka bihi, ninsarinsi ni bikura chaŋ shikuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2000, World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal,daa yijna ti kpaŋsi bihi shiikuru yuuni 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

World Declaration on Higher Education nyɛla UNESCO's World Conference niya zaŋ chaŋ &quot;Higher Education&quot; Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1998-10-09|title=World Declaration On Higher Education For The Twenty-First Century: Vision And Action|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000141952|access-date=2012-11-12|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

UNESCO's tuuli tuma zaŋ chaŋ kaya ni taɣada polo n-nyɛ International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia,ka di daa pili yuuni 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nagaoka|first=Masanori|title=Cultural landscape management at Borobudur, Indonesia|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-42046-2|oclc=957437019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World Heritage Convention|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1976, World Heritage Committee daa kpaya ka bɛ daa kali li pahi World Heritage List ni yuuni 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 August 2017|title=41st Session of the World Heritage Committee|url=https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/see_also___/211447,339,komunikat,41st_session_of_the_world_heritage_committee_.html|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=The City of Krakow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-and-promotion-diversity-cultural-expressions|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa ʒini tiŋ'duya laɣingu Paris Anashaara goli December yuuni 1951 ka daa kpa European Council for Nuclear Research, ka di zuɣu daa tahi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About CERN|url=https://home.cern/about|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=[[CERN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kpabu na, yuuni 1954.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=25 November 2020|title=UNESCO must reform to stay relevant – and reconnect people through science|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03311-3|journal=Nature|volume=587|issue=7835|pages=521–522|bibcode=2020Natur.587..521.|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03311-3|pmid=33239811|s2cid=227176079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Arid Zone programming,&quot; 1948–1966, lahi nyɛls UNESCO tuuli tumanima puuni yini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2019|title=UNESCO in the Making|url=https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making|access-date=16 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yuuni 1968, UNESCO gɔmnantinima daa ʒini laɣingu zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim polo.Yuuni 1968 laɣingu ʒinibu niya daa nyɛla UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=1970|title=Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, Paris, 4–13 September 1968|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Natural Resources Research|volume=X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012|access-date=8 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Finnemore|first=Martha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|title=National Interests in International Society|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8323-3|pages=4|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|archive-date=1 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣili,  &quot;lahabaya wuligibu ni bachinima mini anfooni nima&quot; nyɛla din be UNESCO Zalisi ni, &quot;Second World War&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War|url=https://irpj.euclid.int/articles/united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-seeds-of-peace-weeds-of-war/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Wouters|first1=Jan|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000156697|title=Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO|last2=Vidal|first2=Maarten|date=29 June 1905|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-104067-2|series=Standard-Setting in UNESCO|volume=1|pages=147–169|chapter=UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity|access-date=2024-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; UNESCO daa kplala International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), bali-bɔbigu yɛlibu laɣingu tingbana sunsuuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication – About|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication/about|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1993, UNESCO's General Conference daa saɣiti Windhoek Declaration pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi ni, ka di zuɣu daa che ka UN General Assembly daa zali dabisi shɛli bɛ ni yɛn pili li, Anashaara goli 3 May, World Press Freedom Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Press Freedom Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tum yuuni 1997, UNESCO tiri la UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize Anashaara goli 3 May kam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/world/2024/05/03/unesco-guillermo-cano-world-press-freedom-prize.html|access-date=2024-07-26|website=www.manoramayearbook.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 21st century ===
UNESCOdaa deei Palestine pahi bɛ ni yuuni 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2011|title=General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date=14 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Blomfield|first=Adrian|date=31 October 2011|title=US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|archive-date=1 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zalisi din daa zali United States sahashɛli Palestine ni daa bɔri ni bɛ kpe UNESCO mini [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Anashaara goli April yuuni 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172201/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|archive-date=24 December 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413024831/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng|date=13 April 2020}}, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details, see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1989|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819213216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|page=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws.|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091928/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=31 October 2011|title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162636/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|archive-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=Sayare|first2=Scott|date=31 October 2011|title=Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|archive-date=31 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=4 November 2011|title=After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date=7 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=3 December 2011|title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds|publisher=CNN|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|archive-date=6 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 November 2013|title=U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|archive-date=9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2019, Israel daa yi UNESCO di ni daa kpe din ni yuun pisopɔin yini ka nyaaŋa, Israel &quot;ambassador&quot; tali zaŋ ti UN Danny Danon sabbu: &quot;UNESCO nyɛla din ;labiri sabiri taarihi, ka lahi nyahiri Jewish biɛhigu ni Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US&quot; – The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230161001/https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|archive-date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-not-elected-to-unesco-executive-board-for-the-first-time/}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States daa yɛli bɛ niya zaŋ chaŋ UNESCO labi-kpe ni yuuni 2023, bɛ ni daa yi din ni yuma anu nyaaŋa, ka yɛn yo di &quot;$600 million&quot; farigu  labisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Charlton|first=Angela|date=2023-06-12|title=US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence|url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States nyɛla UNESCO General Conference ni daa saɣiti shɛli Anashaara goli July.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Matthew|date=2024-09-26|title=U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw|website=[[PBS]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2023-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuma ==
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_Brasília_Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]
UNESCO tumdil bɛ tuma yaɣa dibaa anu: shikuru, &quot;natural sciences&quot;, &quot;social and human sciences&quot;, kaya ni taɣada, ni lahabaya wuligibu ,mini alizama dibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Expertise|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/newdelhi/expertise|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO tabirimi sɔŋdi vihibu-vihibu din nyɛ &quot;comparative education.&quot;

UNESCO Chairs, 644 UNESCO kpamba shaawara gbaabu, ka yaɣa din be din  ni nyɛ  kɔbisiyopɔin ni pisopɔin din yina tingbana kɔbiga ni pihiyɔbu ni anahi ni

* Environmental Conservation Organization
* Convention against Discrimination in Education bɛ ni daa piigi shɛli yuuni1960
* Organization of the International Conference din jendi Adult Education (CONFINTEA) yuun pinaayi sunsuuni
* Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
* Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document
* UNESCO ASPNet, tingbana shikuruti din gari 12,000  ka be tingbana kɔbiga ni pihinii ni ayi sunsuuni. &lt;ref&gt;Because [[Diploma mill|diploma mills]] have falsely claimed UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf|date=13 May 2015}}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

* UNESCO lahi lɛti salo baŋsim:
** Seville Statement on Violence:
** Global Geoparks Network
** Biosphere reserves, zaŋ gbaai Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), tum yuuni 1971
** City of Literature; yuuni 2007, Ŋun daa deei kpamli tuuli n daa nyɛ Edinburgh, Scotland's tuuli &quot;circulating library&quot; biɛhigu shee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Varga, Susan|title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland)|publisher=The History Press Ltd|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, daa lee City of Literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Schmidt|first1=Mitchell|date=12 October 2017|title=Iowa City, nation's only 'UNESCO City of Literature' disappointed over withdrawal|url=https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082906/https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|archive-date=9 February 2022|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Gazette|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Phipps|first=Kinsey|date=9 December 2018|title=Iowa City grows after 10 years as City of Literature|url=https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133329/https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|archive-date=11 December 2018|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Daily Iowan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bala din bɔri kpihimbu mini bali-bɔbigu tumanima (''UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'')

** Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
** Memory of the World International Register, tum yuuni 1997
** Water resources management, zaŋ chaŋ International Hydrological Programme (IHP), tum yuuni 1965
** [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]
** World Digital Library
* Lahabaya wuligi ni anfooninima mini bachinima kpaŋsibu:
* Sokam yɛltɔɣa wumti kpaŋsibu, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;ni International Programme for the Development of Communication&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lahabali wuligiriba gu ka taɣi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Safety of Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Plan of Action|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lahabali gu ka taɣi zali,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=18 June 2013|title=Building Knowledge Societies|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni Memory of the World Programme&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Memory of the World|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini Information for All Programme&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kaya ni taɣada saɣiti pɔhim zuɣu

Salo sunsuuni biɛhisi saɣiti (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) Accessible to all, ni (iv)  Multi-stakeholder participation (ka bɛ ŋmaai li jia R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internet Universality|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

** Baŋsim deebu kundunima ni kamani &quot;''World Trends in Freedom of Expression&quot; mini &quot;Media Development'',&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;UNESCO Series&quot; din jendi Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini Media Development Indicators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binyɛra kpaŋsibu kamani:
** International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World: 2001–2010,UN yuuni 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/decades/international-decade-culture-peace-and-non-violence-children}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** World Press Freedom Day, 3 May yuuni kam, ni di kpaŋsi &quot;freedom of expression&quot; mini &quot;freedom of the press.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=World Press Freedom Day - EN|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2025-04-13|website=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Criança Esperança,'' Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Criança Esperança Programme|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/crianca-esperanca-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[International Literacy Day]], 8 September yuuni ka
** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]], 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|access-date=18 August 2017|website=unesco.org|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]] 21 May yuuni kam
* Tuma tumbu kamani:
** [[Migration Museums]] Initiative:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Migration Institutions – Home|url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|archive-date=5 March 2007|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=Migrationmuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[UNESCO-CEPES]], European Centre for Higher Education: din daa kpa yuuni 1972, Bucharest, Romania
** [[Free Software Directory]]: tum yuuni 1998 UNESCO mini [[Free Software Foundation]] nyɛla ban laɣim kpa [[free software]].
** [[FRESH, UNESCO|FRESH]], Focusing Resources on [[School health services|Effective School Health]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION –|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=6 October 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[OANA]], Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies
** [[International Council of Science]]
** [[UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador|UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors]]
** [[ASOMPS]]
** [[Botany 2000]]
** [[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]], sabbunima bali-bɔbigu ni lɛbigibu yuuni 1948 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2005
** [[GoUNESCO]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 March 2014|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019|website=GoUNESCO – Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[UNESCO-CHIC BIRUP]], UNESCO-CHIC Group (China) Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP)&quot;&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_chic_biosphere_integrated_rural_urbanization_project_birup/], UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Transparency Portal|url=https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510034410/https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=1 March 2021|website=opendata.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Niya beni ni bɛ yina ni UNESCO yuya dibaa ayi. tuuli dini maa yɛn kalila kaya ni taɣada. Din yɛn be din ni shɛŋa ni tooi nyɛ [[Jōmon Venus]] of Japan, ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom mini  [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. Yuya din pahi buyi maa yɛn nyɛla binnɛma&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=20 April 2017|title=Archives|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1998|title=Science and Technology Education|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Official UNESCO NGOs ==
UNESCO malila biɛhigu ni 322 [[International non-governmental organization|international non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quoted on UNESCO official site|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di pam n-nyɛ UNESCO ni booni shɛli &quot;operational&quot;; di bela &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;  UNESCO din galisi pam n-nyɛ &quot;formal associate&quot;, ni 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni (ASC) biɛhigu ni UNESCO n-nyɛ:
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Abbr
!Organization
|-
|IB
|[[International Baccalaureate]]
|-
|CCIVS
|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service
|-
|CIPSH
|[[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] (''Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines''; publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]])
|-
|CIOFF
|[[International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts]] (''Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels'')
|-
|EI
|[[Education International]]
|-
|IAU
|[[International Association of Universities]]
|-
|IFTC
|[[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]
|-
|ICOM
|[[International Council of Museums]]
|-
|ICSSPE
|[[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]
|-
|ICA
|[[International Council on Archives]]
|-
|ICOMOS
|[[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]
|-
|IFJ
|[[International Federation of Journalists]]
|-
|IFLA
|[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]
|-
|IFPA
|International Federation of Poetry Associations
|-
|IMC
|[[International Music Council]]
|-
|IPA
|[[International Police Association]]
|-
|INSULA
|International Scientific Council for Island Development
|-
|ISC
|[[International Science Council]] (formerly [[International Council for Science|ICSU]] and [[International Social Science Council|ISSC]])
|-
|ITI
|[[International Theatre Institute]]
|-
|IUCN
|[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]
|-
|IUTAO
|International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations
|-
|UIA
|[[Union of International Associations]]
|-
|WAN
|[[World Association of Newspapers]]
|-
|WFEO
|[[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]
|-
|WFUCA
|World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations
|}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]

== Institutes and centres ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Abbr
!Name
!Location
|-
|IBE
|[[International Bureau of Education]]
|[[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Bureau of Education|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UIL
|[[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]
|[[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 2015|title=About the Institute|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UIL – UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IIEP
|[[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]
|Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IIEP UNESCO|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IITE
|UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education
|Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO IITE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IICBA
|UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa
|[[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IICBA|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IESALC
|UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean
|[[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IESALC|publisher=UNESCO|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|MGIEP
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]
|New Delhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|access-date=3 February 2020|website=UNESCO MGIEP|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UNESCO-UNEVOC
|[[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]
|[[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ICWRGC
|International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change
|[[Koblenz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC)|url=https://www.waterandchange.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120200655/https://www.waterandchange.org/en/|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|website=ICWRGC – International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IHE
|[[UNESCO-IHE|IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education]]
|[[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ICTP
|[[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]
|[[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mission &amp; History|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=ICTP – International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UIS
|[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]
|[[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 November 2016|title=Contact Us|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Prizes ==
UNESCO tirila pina pishi ni ayɔbu&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf|date=2 February 2011}}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; shikuru baŋsi ni, &quot;natural sciences, social and human sciences,&quot; kaya ni taɣada, lahabaya wuligibu ni suhudoo polo:


=== Shikuru baŋsim ===

* [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]
* [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]
* UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development
* UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education
* UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
* [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education

=== Natural Sciences ===

* [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards|L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]&lt;ref&gt;Peccia, Tiziano, Rasha Kelej, Ahmed Hamdy, and Ahmed Fahmi. &quot;A reflection on Public-Private Partnerships’ contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.&quot;, Scienza e Pace - Università di Pisa, 8.1 (2017): Research Papers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hamdy, Ahmed, Mohammed Kyari, Marie Johnson, Ahmed Fahmi, and Tiziano Peccia. &quot;Towards Women participation in Scientific Research in Africa.&quot; Published by African Union Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU-STRC).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kalinga Prize|UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science]]
* [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences]]
* [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]
* [[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation|UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]
* UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences
* UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM
* Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management

=== Social and Human Sciences ===

* UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
* UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean
* UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
* UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
* [[International José Martí Prize|UNESCO/International José Martí Prize]]
* UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts

=== Culture ===

* Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)

=== Communication and Information ===

* [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]
* UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
* UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World]] Prize

=== Peace ===

* [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]

=== Inactive prizes ===

* [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)
* [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]
* UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)
* UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

== International Days observed at UNESCO ==
International Days din niŋdi UNESCOn doli ŋɔ na:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/|date=10 November 2012}}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Date
!Name
|-
|14 January
|[[World Logic Day]]
|-
|24 January
|World Day for African and [[African diaspora|Afrodescendant]] [[Culture of Africa|Culture]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/world-day|access-date=16 March 2023|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|24 January
|[[International Day of Education]]
|-
|25 January
|[[International Day of Women in Multilateralism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Day of Women in Multilateralism|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-multilateralism|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|27 January
|[[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]
|-
|11 February
|[[International Day of Women and Girls in Science]]
|-
|13 February
|[[World Radio Day]]
|-
|21 February
|[[International Mother Language Day]]
|-
|4 March
|[[UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development]]
|-
|8 March
|[[International Women's Day]]
|-
|14 March
|[[International Day of Mathematics]]
|-
|20 March
|[[International Francophonie Day]]
|-
|21 March
|International Day of [[Nowruz]]
|-
|21 March
|[[World Poetry Day]]
|-
|21 March
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]
|-
|22 March
|[[World Water Day]]
|-
|5 April
|[[International Day of Conscience]]
|-
|6 April
|[[International Day of Sport for Development and Peace]]
|-
|15 April
|[[World Art Day]]
|-
|23 April
|[[World Book and Copyright Day]]
|-
|30 April
|[[International Jazz Day]]
|-
|3 May
|[[World Press Freedom Day]]
|-
|5 May
|[[African World Heritage Day]]
|-
|5 May
|[[World Portuguese Language Day]]
|-
|16 May
|[[International Day of Light]]
|-
|21 May
|[[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]
|-
|22 May
|[[International Day for Biological Diversity]]
|-
|5 June
|[[World Environment Day]]
|-
|8 June
|[[World Oceans Day]]
|-
|17 June
|[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]
|-
|7 July
|[[UN Swahili Language Day|Kiswahili Language Day]]
|-
|18 July
|[[Mandela Day|Nelson Mandela International Day]]
|-
|26 July
|[[International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem]]
|-
|9 August
|[[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]
|-
|12 August
|[[International Youth Day]]
|-
|23 August
|[[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]
|-
|8 September
|[[International Literacy Day]]
|-
|9 September
|[[International Day to Protect Education from Attack]]
|-
|15 September
|[[International Day of Democracy]]
|-
|20 September
|[[International Day of University Sport|International Day for University Sport]]
|-
|21 September
|[[International Day of Peace]]
|-
|28 September
|[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]
|-
|5 October
|[[World Teachers' Day]]
|-
|6 October
|International Geodiversity Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.geodiversityday.org/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Geodiversity Day|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|11 October
|[[International Day of the Girl Child]]
|-
|13 October
|[[International Day for Disaster Reduction]]
|-
|17 October
|[[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]
|-
|24 October
|[[United Nations Day]]
|-
|27 October
|[[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]
|-
|2 November
|[[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3 November
|International Day for Biosphere Reserves&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day for Biosphere Reserves|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/biosphere-reserves?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000da82692511cafaf52f6dc60629ec28f02c5d16a29ee92a049979ffb2615f863908148ab7051430007100a07811529af602e22ee9de55e3b31523e0322c4f6fece108d426e21efdeb40145b3201dea7291bb4b36bf1200928|access-date=20 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|First Thursday of November
|[[International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-school-violence-and-bullying?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000215100c9b55f50f01ef1e64051f85d005ed160afdcf1a51bcf3583574677710208e8af9298143000018e9fdf83784eb3679536c40b01a90b0f25955889d57dd8600be4d679c6274bfbe91309740e894263ea1c504e76b6e1|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5 November
|[[World Day of Romani Language]]
|-
|5 November
|[[World Tsunami Awareness Day]]
|-
|10 November
|World Science Day for Peace and Development
|-
|14 November
|International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-illicit-trafficking?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000821549653dba7a376b0a5b441f23d8634a07fe1a0b8047f8ed7274eefcb8bf83086389fffe143000c64e4284c7d7279202386844466d3c243ced0a6346867120dacca3b36c89c6166e3a5033c235a8e5bac9a20c2a095b25|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Third Thursday of November
|[[World Philosophy Day]]
|-
|16 November
|[[International Day for Tolerance]]
|-
|18 November
|International International Day of Islamic Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day of Islamic Art|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-day-islamic-art?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20007f0fb6123af772d877095c654e99dffd11b638c1dbcfcbe0ded4d7755fbb64e908fe0b245d143000d659354dbf4355519b3d6ff69fa0fe3d4dd01e13569dc94bfb468157404a5baea6571b52e128f194aedd3ef1a92e404c|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 November
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]
|-
|26 November
|World Olive Tree Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Day of the Olive Tree|url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Olive Council|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|29 November
|[[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]
|-
|1 December
|[[World AIDS Day]]
|-
|2 December
|World Futures Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Futures Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-futures?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20005a8944393e54498a6a76c337f206b93f3df96e7230f9cb8d5bfbd1f7d90c5ceb087a862064143000d48518290f2d33eede6cfbd08f9ea8d7ca374e7b1f573d2a3e2d1f9ce27cc48a4f9e190123c7bd6714dba119bd6b04b0|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3 December
|[[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities|International Day of Persons with Disabilities]]
|-
|10 December
|[[Human Rights Day]]
|-
|18 December
|[[International Migrants Day]]
|-
|18 December
|[[UN Arabic Language Day|World Arabic Language Day]]
|}


== Tingbana din be din ni ==
{{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_member_states.png|right|thumb|334x334px|{{legend|#008000|UNESCO member states}}{{legend|#0000FF|UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC}}{{legend|#00FF00|UNESCO associates}}{{legend|#FFFF00|UNESCO observers}}]]
Zaŋ kana Anshaara goli July yuuni 2003, UNESCO daa malila tingbana kɔbigu ni piwɔi ni anahi nin ban pahi pinaayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries|archive-date=2 November 2011|access-date=3 November 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shɛba bi ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ka shɛba mi lahi be National Organizing Committees din be tingbana ban ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=28 July 2009|publisher=WADA|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO ni naai noya ni shɛba n-nyɛ [[United Nations member states]] (gbaa yihi Israel&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini [[Liechtenstein]]), ni [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] mini [[Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=State Parties|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|archive-date=31 October 2011|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Member States of the United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States mini Israel yila UNESCO Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lazaroff|first=Tovah|date=31 December 2018|title=Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875|url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082910/https://www.jpost.com/international/israel-us-slated-to-leave-unesco-today-to-protest-anti-israel-bias-575875|archive-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;amaa United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uspbs&quot; /&gt;

== Governing bodies ==

=== Director-General ===
Zaŋ kana Anashaara goli June yuuni 2023 11 Directors-General n zani ti UNESCO tum di ni kpa{{snd}}dobba awɔi ni paɣaba ayi. 11 Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO yila yaɣa ayɔbu na: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), ni East Europe (1).

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, bɛ bi piigi Director-General yaɣa pia din pahi be UNESCO maa ni: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central ni North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, ni South America.

Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO tum di kpabu ni yuuni 1946 n doli ŋɔ na:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/|date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Directors-General of UNESCO
| scope=&quot;col&quot; |Order
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Image
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Name
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Term
|-
|1st
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Julian_Huxley_1-2.jpg|75x75px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Julian Huxley]]
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|1946–1948
|-
|2nd
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:JAIME_TORRES_BODET_1902,_ESCRITOR,_POETA_Y_POLITICO_MEXICANO_(13451293993).jpg|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Jaime Torres Bodet]]
|{{flagcountry|MEX|1934}}
|1948–1952
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e6e6aa&quot;
|–
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Captura_de_Pantalla_2022-06-03_a_las_23.24.45.png|79x79px]]
|[[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#e6e6aa&quot; |[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1952–1953
|-
|3rd
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Luther_Harris_Evans,_Diretor-geral_da_United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization_(UNESCO).tif|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Luther Evans]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
|1953–1958
|-
|4th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Contemporary_history,_Italy_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002707_0001.tiff|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Vittorino Veronese]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|1958–1961
|-
|5th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:René_Maheu_(France),_UNESCO_Director_General_(1961-1974).JPG|76x76px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[René Maheu]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1961; 1961–1974
|-
|6th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco_history,_M'Bow_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002701_0001.tiff|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]]
|{{flagcountry|SEN}}
|1974–1987
|-
|7th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza_et_Alain_Husson-Dumoutier_(cropped).jpg|78x78px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]]
|{{flagcountry|ESP}}
|1987–1999
|-
|8th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Matsuura_Koichiro_1-2.jpg|75x75px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Koïchiro Matsuura]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|1999–2009
|-
|9th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Irina_Bokova_crop.jpg|83x83px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Irina Bokova]]
|{{flagcountry|BUL}}
|2009–2017
|-
|10th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Didier_Plowy_-_Audrey_Azoulay_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Audrey Azoulay]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|2017–''Incumbent''
|}

=== General Conference ===
UNESCO General Conference din ʒini tum yuuni 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/|date=25 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Session
!Location
!Year
!Chaired by
!from
|-
|1st
|Paris
|1946
|[[Léon Blum]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|-
|2nd
|[[Mexico City]]
|1947
|[[Manuel Gual Vidal]]
|{{flagcountry|MEX}}
|-
|3rd
|[[Beirut]]
|1948
|Hamid Bey Frangie
|{{flagcountry|LBN}}
|-
|1st extraordinary
|Paris
|1948
|
|
|-
|4th
|Paris
|1949
|[[Edward Ronald Walker]]
|{{flagcountry|AUS}}
|-
|5th
|[[Florence]]
|1950
|[[Stefano Jacini (1886-1952)|Stefano Jacini]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|-
|6th
|Paris
|1951
|[[Howland H. Sargeant]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|-
|7th
|Paris
|1952
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|-
|2nd extraordinary
|Paris
|1953
|
|
|-
|8th
|[[Montevideo]]
|1954
|Justino Zavala Muniz
|{{flagcountry|URY}}
|-
|9th
|New Delhi
|1956
|[[Abul Kalam Azad]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|-
|10th
|Paris
|1958
|[[Jean Berthoin]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|-
|11th
|Paris
|1960
|Akale-Work Abte-Wold
|{{flagcountry|ETH}}
|-
|12th
|Paris
|1962
|Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro
|{{flagcountry|BRA}}
|-
|13th
|Paris
|1964
|[[Norair Sisakian]]
|{{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}
|-
|14th
|Paris
|1966
|Bedrettin Tuncel
|{{flagcountry|TUR}}
|-
|15th
|Paris
|1968
|[[William Eteki Mboumoua]]
|{{flagcountry|CMR}}
|-
|16th
|Paris
|1970
|Atilio Dell'Oro Maini
|{{flagcountry|ARG}}
|-
|17th
|Paris
|1972
|Toru Haguiwara
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|-
|3rd extraordinary
|Paris
|1973
|
|
|-
|18th
|Paris
|1974
|Magda Jóború
|{{flagcountry|HUN}}
|-
|19th
|[[Nairobi]]
|1976
|Taaita Toweett
|{{flagcountry|KEN}}
|-
|20th
|Paris
|1978
|Napoléon LeBlanc
|{{flagcountry|CAN}}
|-
|21st
|[[Belgrade]]
|1980
|Ivo Margan
|{{flagcountry|YUG}}
|-
|4th extraordinary
|Paris
|1982
|
|
|-
|22nd
|Paris
|1983
|Saïd Tell
|{{flagcountry|JOR}}
|-
|23rd
|[[Sofia]]
|1985
|[[Nikolai Todorov]]
|{{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}
|-
|24th
|Paris
|1987
|Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez
|{{flagcountry|GTM}}
|-
|25th
|Paris
|1989
|[[Anwar Ibrahim]]
|{{flagcountry|MYS}}
|-
|26th
|Paris
|1991
|[[Bethwell Allan Ogot]]
|{{flagcountry|KEN}}
|-
|27th
|Paris
|1993
|Ahmed Saleh Sayyad
|{{flagcountry|YEM}}
|-
|28th
|Paris
|1995
|Torben Krogh
|{{flagcountry|DNK}}
|-
|29th
|Paris
|1997
|[[Eduardo Portella]]
|{{flagcountry|BRA}}
|-
|30th
|Paris
|1999
|[[Jaroslava Moserová]]
|{{flagcountry|CZE}}
|-
|31st
|Paris
|2001
|[[Ahmad Jalali]]
|{{flagcountry|IRN}}
|-
|32nd
|Paris
|2003
|[[Michael Omolewa]]
|{{flagcountry|NGA}}
|-
|33rd
|Paris
|2005
|[[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]]
|{{flagcountry|OMN}}
|-
|34th
|Paris
|2007
|[[Georgios Anastassopoulos]]
|{{flagcountry|GRC}}
|-
|35th
|Paris
|2009
|Davidson Hepburn
|{{flagcountry|BHS}}
|-
|36th
|Paris
|2011
|[[Katalin Bogyay]]
|{{flagcountry|HUN}}
|-
|37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=General Conference 37th|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date=3 October 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2013
|[[Hao Ping]]
|{{flagcountry|CHN}}
|-
|38th
|Paris
|2015
|Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president|archive-date=16 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Namibia}}
|-
|39th
|Paris
|2017
|Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=5 October 2017|title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|archive-date=13 November 2017|access-date=12 November 2017|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
|40th
|Paris
|2019
|[[Ahmet Altay Cengizer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 October 201|title=UNESCO: President of the 40th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/presiden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018154954/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/president|archive-date=18 October 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|-
|41st&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 June 2021|title=41st Session of the General Conference – 9–24 November 2021|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006085222/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=6 October 2021|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2021
|Santiago Irazabal Mourão
|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|-
|42nd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 November 2023|title=Address by Ms Simona Mirela Miculescu|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387533?posInSet=16&amp;queryId=ffd33a3a-41f1-4a8b-9543-7f10c0f2dd6a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2023
|[[Simona Miculescu]]
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
|}

=== Executive Board ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Term
!Group I 
(9 seats)
!Group II 
(7 seats)
!Group III 
(10 seats)
!Group IV 
(12 seats)
!Group V(a) 
(13 seats)
!Group V(b) 
(7 seats)
|- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|2017–
2021
|{{flagcountry|Finland}} 

{{flagcountry|Portugal}} 

{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|{{flagcountry|Albania}} 

{{flagcountry|Belarus}} 

{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
|{{flagcountry|Cuba}} 

{{flagcountry|Grenada}} 

{{flagcountry|Jamaica}} 

{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}} 

{{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} 

{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|
{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Philippines}}
|{{flagcountry|Burundi}} 

{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} 

{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} 

{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}

{{flagcountry|Zambia}}

{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|{{flagcountry|Egypt}} 

{{flagcountry|Jordan}}

{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
|2019–2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|France}}

{{flagcountry|Germany}}

{{flagcountry|Italy}}

{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}

{{flagcountry|Spain}}

{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|{{Flag|Hungary}}

{{Flag|Poland}}

{{Flag|Russia}}

{{Flag|Serbia}}
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}

{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Republic of Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|{{Flag|Benin}}

{{Flag|Congo}}

{{Flag|Guinea}}

{{Flag|Ghana}}

{{flagcountry|Kenya}}

{{Flag|Namibia}}

{{flagcountry|Senegal}}

{{Flag|Togo}}
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}

{{Flag|UAE}}

{{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
|- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|'''2021–2025'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/41/elections?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000296c62ecf70783aa2deb49bab9972b32e78e12a141101e730f19afd71077a454085e4dbe2414300050c3569c0132c2e6ed5d6c59cee0616cbf7eb737bcd75d6d5fbcda198e9ca730a3a536e274d2f7e2f102624759a6d48c}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}

{{flagcountry|Iceland}}

{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|{{Flag|Armenia}}

{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}

{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|{{flagcountry|Chile}}

{{flagcountry|Grenada}}

{{Flag|Haiti}}

{{flagcountry|Mexico}}

{{flagcountry|Paraguay}}

{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
|
{{Flag|China}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Cook Islands}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Japan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Viet Nam}}
|{{Flag|Angola}}

{{Flag|Botswana}}

{{Flag|Congo}}

{{Flag|Djibouti}}

{{flagcountry|South Africa}}

{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|{{Flag|Egypt}}

{{Flag|Jordan}}

{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efe;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|'''2023–2027'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/42/elections}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|France}}

{{flagcountry|Germany}}

{{flagcountry|Italy}}

{{flagcountry|Spain}}

{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}

{{Flag|United States}}
|{{Flag|Albania}}

{{Flag|Czech Republic}}

{{Flag|Serbia}}

{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

{{Flag|Cuba}}

{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Flag|Australia}}

{{Flag|Bangladesh}}

{{Flag|Indonesia}}

{{Flag|Pakistan}}

{{Flag|Republic of Korea}}

{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}}

{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}

{{Flag|Gabon}}

{{Flag|Liberia}}

{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}

{{Flag|Mozambique}}

{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
|{{Flag|Iraq}}

{{Flag|Oman}}

{{Flag|Qatar}}

{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|}

== Offices and headquarters ==
{{main|World Heritage Centre}}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:April_2010,_UNESCO_Headquarters_in_Paris_-_The_Garden_of_Peace_(or_Japanese_Garden)_in_Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters]]
UNESCO tiuma du'zuɣu bela [[Place de Fontenoy]] din be Paris, France. Tanmɛriba pam n daa laɣim mɛ li, ban nima n-nyɛ[[Bernard Zehrfuss]], [[Marcel Breuer]] ni Luigi Nervi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO House – visit us {{!}} UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/house|access-date=29 March 2023|website=unesco.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Di shɛli n-nyɛ ''Garden of Peace'' din nyɛ [[Government of Japan]] ni daa ti shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO garden|url=https://architectuul.com/architecture/unesco-garden|access-date=31 May 2022|website=Architectuul}}&lt;/ref&gt; American-Japanese yaɣ'mɛra [[Isamu Noguchi]] n daa dizaani li yuuni 1958 ka Japan nira, Toemon Sano daa bahi naai li. Yuuma 1994–1995,  UNESCO yuun pihinu chuɣu puhibu ni, [[Tadao Ando]] daa mɛ du'shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Furuyama|first=Masao|title=Ando (Basic Art Series)|url=https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324030457/https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|archive-date=24 March 2021|access-date=30 January 2021|website=taschen.com|pages=71–72|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Field offices by region ===
UNESCO Field Offices din doli ŋɔ na zaa nyɛla UNESCO ni bo shɛŋa zali tingbana yaɣa ka UNESCO lahi boi niriba ka bɛ tumdi di yini kam ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date=8 September 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Africa ====

* [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]
* [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]
* [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]
* [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]
* [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]
* [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]
* [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]
* [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]
* [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]
* [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]
* [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]
* [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]
* [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]
* [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]

==== Arab States ====

* [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]
* [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[Palestine]]
* [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]
* [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]
* [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], Jordan)
* [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]
* [[Manama]] – [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]
* [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]
* [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories

==== Asia and Pacific ====
{{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}

* [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], New Zealand, [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)
* [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]
* Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]
* [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]
* [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]
* [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]
* [[Manila]] – National Office to the [[Philippines]]
* [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]
* New Delhi – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], India, [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]
* [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]

==== Europe and North America ====

* [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]
* [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]
* New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]
* [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe

==== Latin America and the Caribbean ====
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Carondolete_en_el_cambio_de_guardia.jpg|thumb|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|archive-date=7 May 2009|access-date=30 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; This centre was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]

* [[Brasília]] – National Office to Brazil&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]
* [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]
* [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]
* [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]
* [[Mexico City]] – National Office to Mexico
* [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], Brazil, Chile, [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]
* [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]
* [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], Mexico, [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]
* [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile

=== Partner organizations ===

* [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC)
* [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)
* [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)
* [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] (ICOMOS)
* [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)

== Yɛl'gɔla ==

=== New World Information and Communication Order ===
UNESCO nyɛla yɛl'gɔla ni paai shɛba saha din gari, di bahi bahindi bɛ biɛhigu ni United States, United Kingdom, Singapore ni [[Soviet Union]]. 1970s mini 1980s saha, UNESCO's sɔŋsim zaŋti &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; mini di [[MacBride report]] daa ti bɔri ni di mɔŋla &quot;[[freedom of the press]]&quot; zaŋm chaŋ lahabaya wuligibu polo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Grahm|first=S. E.|date=April 2006|title=The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=30|issue=2|pages=231–51|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x|hdl-access=free|hdl=1885/20736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1984, United States daa che bɛ tɔhibu laɣingu maa ni ka daa yi din ni, ka United Kingdom daa doli yuuni 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position'|date=January 1986|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640|journal=[[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082856/https://login.microsoftonline.com/741bf7de-e2e5-46df-8d67-82607df9deaa/saml2|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore gba daa yiya yuuni 1985 naabu ni, ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛla farigu ni pahi zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO|date=28 December 1984|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bɛ ni daa taɣi gɔmnanti yuuni 1997 UK daa labi kpe. United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2003, ka Singapore daa doli Anashaara goli 8 October yuuni 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=UNESCO|date=14 February 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== China ===
UNESCO nyɛla bɛ ni gali shɛba ka di nyɛla ni People's Republic of China zaŋ ba mi ka bɛ zaani tiri [[Chinese Communist Party]] tɔhibu ni &quot;[[ethnic minorities in China]]&quot; kamani [[Uyghurs]] mini [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 September 2023|title=How China uses UNESCO to rewrite history|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/21/how-china-uses-unesco-to-rewrite-history|url-access=subscription|access-date=22 September 2023|issn=0013-0613|quote=To bolster the idea of a Han-centric identity, the party seeks to dilute the contributions of minority groups in UNESCO claims. For example, documents filed with the organisation state that Tibet's Potala Palace, the winter home of Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, exhibits the skills of many ethnic groups, not just Tibetans. The government uses &quot;radical selectivity&quot; in choosing which places, people and practices to emphasise, says Rachel Harris of the School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kashgarian|first=Asim|date=16 February 2023|title=UNESCO Accused of Complicity in China's Treatment of Uyghur Heritage|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unesco-accused-of-complicity-in-china-s-treatment-of-uyghur-heritage-/6966959.html|access-date=22 September 2023|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kachmar|first=Oleh|date=24 September 2020|title=Uyghur Heritage and the Charge of Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang|url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/rules-based-international-order/genocide/uyghur-heritage-and-the-charge-of-cultural-genocide-in-xinjiang/|access-date=22 September 2023|website=New Lines Institute|publisher=[[Fairfax University of America]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isr ael ===
Israel nyɛla UNESCO ni daa deei shɛba yuuni 1949, din nambu yuun yini nyaaŋa. Israel kuli nyɛla ban be din ni tum din saha. Yuuni 2010, Israel daa dizaani [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] din be [[Hebron]] mini [[Rachel's Tomb]] din be [[Bethlehem]] –din zaa be [[West Bank]] – ka nyɛ [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 February 2010|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aanshaara goli October yuuni 2010, UNESCO's daa vooti ya ni bɛ moli &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; mini &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; ka daa yɛli ni bɛ pahila &quot; [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 October 2010|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO buɣisili mi ka di zani ti &quot;Muslinima, Dolodolo ni Jewish nima kaya ni taɣada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Two Palestinian sites of Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron and the Bilal Bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Hillel Fendel|date=1 November 2010|title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|archive-date=4 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] yɛliya ni Rachel's tomb pa bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli leei Muslinima syaɣili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Maayana Miskin|date=29 October 2010|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 November 2010|title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|archive-date=3 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|work=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Shalom|first=Rabbi|date=5 November 2010|title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|archive-date=5 January 2012|access-date=8 August 2011|work=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, din be [[Jordan]]'s insistence, daa labi mɛ [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge din be Jerusalem. Israel daa yɛliya ni Jordan gbaala shaawara ni  Israel ka di nyɛla bɛ wurim di kodoriko ka gu ka taɣi sarati; Jordan daa bɛ saɣiti li. Israel gba daa bi tooi mali NESCO committee ni zaɣisibu shɛli [[Egypt]] gba ni daa zaŋ na.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=20 June 1995|title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli January yuuni 2014, pɔi ka bɛ daa zali di yoobu dabisa, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;daa tirisi li tooni din ka dali&quot; ka daa nyahi ibushee din daa nyɛ [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]] ni daa niŋ shɛli ka di sabi &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|date=17 January 2014|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=21 January 2014|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli 1 January yuuni 2019, Israel daa yiya ka che UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=1 January 2019|title=69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Occupied Palestine Resolution ====
{{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}
Anashaara goli 13 October yuuni 2016, UNESCO daa zali zaligu ti East Jerusalem dinm galindi Israel ni &quot;girigiri&quot; niŋbu Israeli pirinsi ni linjimanima sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO adopts anti&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO adopts anti&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commission report|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli soiyaasanima pam ni daa galim ba naai nyaaŋa, n-ti tabili [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] mini [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel daa kahi bɛ ŋmangura ka che laɣingu maa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=13 October 2016|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|newspaper=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Czech jintɔri duu gba daa zaɣisili ka yɛli ni gbaabu maa nyɛla &quot;hateful [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot; /&gt; Anashaara goli 26 October, UNESCO daa labi teei bɛ gbaabu maa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|date=26 October 2016|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 October 2016|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli October yuuni 2017, United States mini Israel daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni yi laɣingu maa ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|archive-date=8 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Palestine ===

==== Palestinian youth magazine controversy ====
Anashaara goli February yuuni 2011, lahabali daa yina &quot;Palestinian youth magazine&quot; ni ka bipuɣinbili daa buɣisi o ni lihiri ni o sa be ka so soha-biɛɣu ni, [[Adolf Hitler]]. Anashaara goli December yuuni 2011, UNESCO, ban daa tabiri sɔŋdi lala lahabali wuligibu yaɣili ŋɔ daa galim lalal lahabali maa ka daa yihi bɛ nuu bɛ sɔŋbu ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=23 December 2011|title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|archive-date=9 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Islamic University of Gaza controversy ====
Yuuni 2012, UNESCO daa gkpuɣi niya ni bɛ pii daanbalo [[Islamic University of Gaza]] ka o zani ti &quot;[[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]],&quot; ni &quot;[[Space science|space sciences]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine).|url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|archive-date=27 November 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka di daa tahi galimbi ni yɛl'gola na.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;pg=PA211 The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false|date=13 October 2017}} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University|publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs|date=12 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|archive-date=15 July 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di kpɛma, [[Kamalain Shaath]], daa pahi UNESCO zuɣu, ka yari  ni &quot;the Islamic University nyɛla shikuru din nyɛ baŋsim yɛligibu ni lɛbiginsim dini&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Higgins, Michael|date=12 July 2012|title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs|work=National Post|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130030307/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|archive-date=30 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shaked|first1=Ronny|date=6 February 2007|title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Yedioth Ahronot|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|archive-date=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Cambanis, Thanassis|date=28 February 2010|title=Hamas University|work=The Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|archive-date=26 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli &quot;ambassador&quot; zaŋti UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ sabi washiika ti Hamas zaŋ chaŋ shikuru ŋɔ yɛltɔƔa polo, di bahi bahindi bɛ suhuri ni yiɣisi ka di nyɛla dini n-nyɛ Palestinian university tuuli ka UNESCO pii ni bɛ laɣim tum.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Ravid, Barak|date=12 July 2012|title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|archive-date=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jewish laɣingu [[B'nai B'rith]] gba daa galim  li.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Yaakov, Yifa|date=14 July 2012|title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University|work=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|archive-date=17 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Listing Nanjing Massacre documents ===
Yuuni 2015, Japan da ti varisigu ni UNESCO ni daa mali niya ni bɛ pahi 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] bɛ ni yɛn ti kali binshɛŋa pahi &quot;Memory of the World&quot; ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents – Asia – DW.COM – 19.10.2015|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=29 December 2015|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|url-status=live|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== US withdrawals ===
United States yila UNESCO yuuni 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=20 November 2003|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawal&quot; /&gt;

Anashaara goli 12 October yuuni 2017, United States daa ti UNESCO lahabali ni bɛ ni labi yi laɣingu maa ni, Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018; Israel gba daa kpuɣi lala napɔŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=1 January 2019|title=U.S. and Israel officially withdraw from UNESCO|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-and-israel-officially-withdraw-from-unesco|accessdate=28 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot; /&gt;

United States bɛ yo kamani $600&amp;nbsp;million farigu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|last2=Morello|first2=Carol|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the UN's cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|archive-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; tum di ni che di $80&amp;nbsp;million yɔbu yuuni-yuuni UNESCO farigu di ni daa niŋ ka Palestine daa kpe din ni zaa yuuni 2011. Israel mini United States daa pahila ninvuɣ'pinaanahi ban daa zaɣisirili ni tingnana kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;bias&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=13 October 2017|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; di ni daa niŋ ka United States daa moli ni bɛ ni lahi labi kpe yuuni 2023, ka bɛ daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni yo farigu din doli ba zaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kurdish–Turkish conflict ===
Anashaara goli 25 May yuuni 2016, Turkish yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi niŋda [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] daa wuɣi nuu ka [[Turkey]] UNESCO &quot;goodwill ambassador&quot; tali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA|date=9 May 2018}}&quot;. Reuters. 26 May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Campaigns against illicit art trading ===
Yuuni 2020 UNESCO daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni kuri ariziki shɛli niŋdi kaya ni taɣada ni paai 10&amp;nbsp;billion dollars yuuni zuɣu ni.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent Noice, &quot;Unesco, stop citing 'bogus' $10bn figure, art trade pleads&quot;, The Art Newspaper, 12 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115080112/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure|date=15 November 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nancy Kenney, &quot;Unesco under fire for using Met objects in anti-trafficking campaign&quot;, The Art Newspaper, 13 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145243/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking|date=17 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Products and services ==

* UNESDOC Database&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; – di mali UNESCO gban gari 146,000 ka bɛ yihili polotum yuuni 1945 n-ti pahi &quot;metadata&quot; din yina UNESCO Library mini luɣa din pahi pahi.

=== Information processing tools ===
UNESCO daa yina ni binshɛŋa din yɛn tabiri sɔŋdi &quot;database management&quot; (CDS/ISIS (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Information Processing Tools|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=8 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* OpenIDAMS &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OpenIDAMS|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=13 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IDIS 

== Lihi pahi ==

* [[Academic mobility network]]
* [[League of Nations archives]]
* [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]
* ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]
* [[UniRef]]
* [[National Commissions for UNESCO]]
* [[International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Finnemore, Martha. 1993. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706939?seq=1 International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural]{{sic|nolink=y}}&lt;span&gt; Organization and Science Policy.&lt;/span&gt;&quot; ''International Organization'' Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp.&amp;nbsp;565–597

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}

* {{Official website|https://www.unesco.org/}}

{{United Nations}} {{ECOSOC}} {{UN Charter}} {{Supranationalism/World government topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Humanitarian partners of the European Commission}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox organization|logo_size=200px|image=Flag of UNESCO.svg|name=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|caption=[[Flag of UNESCO]]|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|staff=2,341|staff_year=2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://unsceb.org/hr-organization | title=PERSONNEL BY ORGANIZATION &amp;#124; United Nations - CEB }}&lt;/ref&gt;|type=[[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]]|abbreviation=UNESCO|leader_title=Director-General|leader_name=[[Audrey Azoulay]]|leader_title2=Deputy Director-General|leader_name2=[[Xing Qu]]|status=Active|formation={{start date and age|1945|11|16|df=yes}}|logo=Logo UNESCO 2021.svg|headquarters=[[Paris]], France|website=[https://www.unesco.org/ unesco.org]|parent_organization=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]|subsidiaries=|footnotes={{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}}}

'''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''' ('''UNESCO''' {{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|k|oʊ}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO|url=https://en.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date=25 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|Organisation des Nations unites pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}}} nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu be [[United Nations]] (UN) ka di niya nyɛla di kpaŋsi dunia suhudoo ni gbubu ka di nyɛla di yɛn naala noli ni tiŋ'duya baŋsim lɛbu polo, baŋsim, tabiibi ni kaya ni taɣada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Introducing UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO history|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|archive-date=9 April 2010|access-date=23 April 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di mali di mini tingbana din laɣindi tumda din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ka naan yi che tingbana pinaayi ban gba pahi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815012241/https://en.unesco.org/countries/|archive-date=15 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;ka naan yi che bɛ mini ʒingama zuɣunima ban laɣindi tumda, gɔmnanti ni timdi shɛba nuu mini ban kuli ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 June 2013|title=Partnerships|url=https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220827/https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|archive-date=23 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuma du'zuɣu be la [[Paris]], France, UNESCO ka mali di kpari bɔɣiri yaɣa pihinu ni ata&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Field offices|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817141658/https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/|archive-date=17 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ni &quot;national commissions&quot; kɔbishii yini ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=National Commissions|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822204031/https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=1 August 2019|title=About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/apia/about|access-date=24 July 2023|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa kpala yuuni1945 ka nyɛ din daa di &quot;[[League of Nations]]' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation&quot; fali.&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres|date=2018|publisher=Université de Lausanne|location=Lausanne|trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=live}} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/|date=22 March 2019}}).&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO's kpabu niya, din daa nyɛ World War II ni daa tahi shɛli na, di bɔrila suhudoo kpaŋsibu, lɛbiginsim din za din yaa tooi yuui ni daadama fukumsi ka di nyɛla tingbana n yɛn gbaari shaawara taba sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesdoc.unesco.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892]|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073606/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di kpuɣirila lala sochibisi ŋɔ yaɣa dibaa anu polo: shikuru, &quot;natural sciences, social/human sciences&quot;, kaya ni taɣada mini lahabaya wuligibu. UNESCO tabiri mi sɔŋdi binshɛŋa din kpaɣisiri shikuru karimbu, tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma baŋsim lɛbu mini shikuru baŋsim lɛbu, tabiibi baŋsim din ti tooni, ka gu pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi mini &quot;press freedom&quot;, ka gu ka taɣi  kaya ni taɣada taarihi, ka kpaŋsi kaya ni taɣada balibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/coop/unesco/program/list.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=mofa.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsors|url=https://www.climats-bourgogne.com/en/sponsors_30.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=climats-bourgogne.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsors and Contributors|url=https://www.wcrp-climate.org/sponsors|access-date=30 June 2022|website=wcrp-climate.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla din tabiri sɔŋdi &quot;[[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]&quot; din zani ti kaya ni taɣada mini Naawuni nam din pahi pahi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO nyɛla &quot;General Conference&quot; din nyɛ din tingbana mini tingbani shɛŋa din tabiri sɔŋdi li, ka di ʒiini laɣingu yuma ayi kam n-gbaari shaawara zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini di laɣ'dibo polo. di lahi piiri di kpamaba, din tabiri sɔŋdi UNESCO tuma, ka piiri &quot;Director-General&quot; yuma anahi kam, ka o nyɛ UNESCO tuma yaɣa zaa kpɛma.
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== Taarihi ==

=== Origins ===
UNESCO yiko mini di noli naabu ni yingbana din pahi nyɛla din pili [[League of Nations]] saha Anashaara goli 21 September yuuni 1921, ni di pii kpamba ka lahi baŋ di ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kaya ni taɣada ka yɛlimuɣisira, shikuru mini tabiibi nasara dibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Plenary Meetings|date=5 September – 5 October 1921|series=Records of the Second Assembly|place=Geneva|publisher=League of Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987|date=December 1987|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|series=UNESDOC database|place=Paris|id=LAD.85/WS/4 Rev|quote=The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications.|ref={{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}}|access-date=13 December 2010|archive-date=2 February 2011|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lala yaɣ'palli ŋɔ, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), daa kpala yuuni 1922&lt;ref name=&quot;intellectualcooperation&quot; /&gt; ka kali ninvuɣ'kara kamani [[Henri Bergson]], [[Albert Einstein]], Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, ni Gonzague de Reynold m pahi bɛ niriba ni (dini n daa nyɛ din pɔri League of Nations din be Western Europe ni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|date=2020|title=A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939)|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|url-status=live|journal=Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America|pages=65–89|doi=10.4324/9780429299407-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191605/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|archive-date=17 January 2021|access-date=13 August 2020|doi-access=free|s2cid=243387712}}&lt;/ref&gt;). &quot;International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC)&quot; daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli Paris din saha Anashaara goli September yuuni 1924, ni di tabiri sɔŋdi ICIC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation|date=1930|url=https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819035239/https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|publisher=United Nations library resources|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaa, World War II piligu saha daa nyɛla din dam ba daa pili li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Hamen|first1=Susan E|title=The Great Depression and World War II : 1929–1945|last2=Wilson|first2=Theodore A|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62403-178-6|oclc=870724668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tɛha din nyɛ ʒingamazuɣu dini ŋuna, International Bureau of Education (IBE) daa pilimi ni ʒingama laɣingu din tumdi tiri &quot;international educational development&quot; tum Anashaara goli December yuuni 1925{{Sfn|UNESCO|1987}} ka daa pahi UNESCO ni yuuni 1969, di ji daa niŋ ka bɛ mini ba laɣi ni tɛhi yini yuuni 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IBE — Digital Collections — IBE History, 1925-1969|url=https://digitalcollections.ibe-unesco.org/about/ibe-history/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IBE — Digital Collections|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nambu ===
Bɛ ni daa dihi gbana ni ti Atlantic Charter mini Declaration of the United Nations naai, Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) daa pili laɣingu ʒinibu London ka di daa tuɣi Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1942 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 5 December yuuni 1945. Anashaara goli 30 October  yuuni 1943, tingbana nangban yini laɣinsi daa niŋ talahi &quot;Moscow Declaration&quot; ni, ka China, United Kingdom, United States ni USSR daa saɣiti li. Din daa doli di nyaaŋa na n daa nyɛ Dumbarton Oaks Conference niya Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1944. Di ni daa niŋ ka CAME tɛha mini United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) wuhibu kana, din daa niŋ San Francisco bɛ ni din gbaai Anashaara goli  April zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli June yuuni 1945, United Nations Conference ni di kpa (ECO/CONF) din daa daa niŋ London fbini din gbaai Anashaara goli 1 zaŋ chaŋ 16 November  yuuni 1945 ka gɔmnanti pihinahi ji anahi daa be din ni. UNESCO tɛha daa nyɛla Rab Butler, Minister of Education zaŋti United Kingdom ni daa yɛligi shɛli, di n mali sɔŋsi pam zaŋti lɛbiginsim.&lt;ref&gt;[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco|date=19 October 2017}}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ECO/CONF ni, UNESCO zalisi daa nyɛla bɛ ni yina ni shɛli, ka di zalisi malizali laɣingu kpabu daa pili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1–16 November 1945|title=United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2012|access-date=8 June 2012|series=UNESDOC database|id=ECO/Conf./29|ref={{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}}|place=The Institute of Civil Engineers, London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di daa niŋla bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1945, mini Anashaara goli 4 November yuuni 1946 — dabisi shɛli UNESCO's zalisi ni daa zani talahi.{{Sfn|Unesco|1945}}

Tuuli &quot;General Conference&quot; daa niŋla Anashaara goli 19 November zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 10 December yuuni 1946, ka da piigi Julian Huxley ka o niŋ Director-General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|year=1947|title=General Conference, First Session|place=UNESCO House, Paris|at=Item 14, p. 73|series=UNESDOC database|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;United States Army colonel&quot;, university zuɣulana mini ŋun zabiri ninsalisili zuɣu, Blake R. Van Leer gba daa nyɛla ŋun kpe li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_KlLQISQMC&amp;dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&amp;pg=PA35|title=Summary Minutes of Meetings 1956|publisher=United States National Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.|year=1956|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082914/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Summary_Minutes_of_Meeting/3N_KlLQISQMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&amp;pg=PA35&amp;printsec=frontcover|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa labi teei di zalikpana maa Anashaara goli November yuuni 1954 di ni daa niŋ ka &quot;General Conference&quot; yɛli ni ban be din ni yɛn zanimi ti bɛ tiŋgbana ka leei bɛ tumdi bɛ suhuyurilim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2011|access-date=13 December 2010|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala zalisi ŋɔ daa be di ko ka che UNESCO di tuuli ha, ICIC, ni di tingbana ni yɛn tumdi shɛm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Peacekeeping in the Cold War/Post-Cold War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|work=United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era|pages=23–45|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003333/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/united-nations-peacekeeping-post-cold-war-era-john-terence-neill-nick-rees/10.4324/9780203307434|place=Abingdon, UK|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|doi=10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|isbn=978-0-203-30743-4|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schmidt, Christopher.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/650842164|title=Into the heart of darkness : cosmopolitanism vs. realism and the Democratic Republic of Congo|date=2010|oclc=650842164|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003433/https://www.worldcat.org/title/into-the-heart-of-darkness-cosmopolitanism-vs-realism-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/oclc/650842164|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lɛbiginsim ===
Bɛ kpaŋmaŋa shɛli n-nyɛ di bi gaŋ zuliya shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Claude Lévi-Strauss and UNESCO|first=Wiktor|last=Stoczkowski|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000162769|access-date=2024-07-26|journal=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France|date=2008|number=5|issn=1993-8616}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yuuni 1955, Republic of South Africa daa yiya ka che UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1967|title=Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000002428|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa lahi labi kpe din ni yuuni 1994 Nelson Mandela toon-tali ni saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Thompson, Leonard Monteath|title=A history of South Africa|date=January 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12806-2|edition=Third|location=New Haven|oclc=560542020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Nygren|first=Thomas|title=UNESCO Teaches History: Implementing International Understanding in Sweden|date=2016|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|work=A History of UNESCO|pages=201–230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082907/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|isbn=978-1-349-84528-6|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa pilila bɛ tuma shikuru yaɣili Marbial Valley, Haiti, ka bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1947. Lala dini ŋɔ nyaaŋa, daa pahi yuuni 1949 &quot;mission to Afghanistan&quot; ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/unesco-at-74-an-overview-of-its-laudable-progress-1573916648|access-date=2024-07-26|website=The Financial Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO daa yɛliya yuuni 1948 ni niŋmi bihi shikuru chandi yoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; World Conference on Education for All, din  be Jomtien, Thailand, daa pili dunia laɣinsi yuuni 1990 ni bɛ bhe ka bihi, ninsarinsi ni bikura chaŋ shikuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2000, World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal,daa yijna ti kpaŋsi bihi shiikuru yuuni 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

World Declaration on Higher Education nyɛla UNESCO's World Conference niya zaŋ chaŋ &quot;Higher Education&quot; Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1998-10-09|title=World Declaration On Higher Education For The Twenty-First Century: Vision And Action|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000141952|access-date=2012-11-12|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

UNESCO's tuuli tuma zaŋ chaŋ kaya ni taɣada polo n-nyɛ International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia,ka di daa pili yuuni 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nagaoka|first=Masanori|title=Cultural landscape management at Borobudur, Indonesia|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-42046-2|oclc=957437019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World Heritage Convention|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1976, World Heritage Committee daa kpaya ka bɛ daa kali li pahi World Heritage List ni yuuni 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 August 2017|title=41st Session of the World Heritage Committee|url=https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/see_also___/211447,339,komunikat,41st_session_of_the_world_heritage_committee_.html|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=The City of Krakow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-and-promotion-diversity-cultural-expressions|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO daa ʒini tiŋ'duya laɣingu Paris Anashaara goli December yuuni 1951 ka daa kpa European Council for Nuclear Research, ka di zuɣu daa tahi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About CERN|url=https://home.cern/about|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=[[CERN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kpabu na, yuuni 1954.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=25 November 2020|title=UNESCO must reform to stay relevant – and reconnect people through science|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03311-3|journal=Nature|volume=587|issue=7835|pages=521–522|bibcode=2020Natur.587..521.|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03311-3|pmid=33239811|s2cid=227176079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Arid Zone programming,&quot; 1948–1966, lahi nyɛls UNESCO tuuli tumanima puuni yini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2019|title=UNESCO in the Making|url=https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making|access-date=16 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yuuni 1968, UNESCO gɔmnantinima daa ʒini laɣingu zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim polo.Yuuni 1968 laɣingu ʒinibu niya daa nyɛla UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=1970|title=Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, Paris, 4–13 September 1968|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Natural Resources Research|volume=X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012|access-date=8 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Finnemore|first=Martha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|title=National Interests in International Society|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8323-3|pages=4|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|archive-date=1 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣili,  &quot;lahabaya wuligibu ni bachinima mini anfooni nima&quot; nyɛla din be UNESCO Zalisi ni, &quot;Second World War&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War|url=https://irpj.euclid.int/articles/united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-seeds-of-peace-weeds-of-war/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Wouters|first1=Jan|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000156697|title=Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO|last2=Vidal|first2=Maarten|date=29 June 1905|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-104067-2|series=Standard-Setting in UNESCO|volume=1|pages=147–169|chapter=UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity|access-date=2024-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; UNESCO daa kplala International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), bali-bɔbigu yɛlibu laɣingu tingbana sunsuuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication – About|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication/about|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1993, UNESCO's General Conference daa saɣiti Windhoek Declaration pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi ni, ka di zuɣu daa che ka UN General Assembly daa zali dabisi shɛli bɛ ni yɛn pili li, Anashaara goli 3 May, World Press Freedom Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Press Freedom Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tum yuuni 1997, UNESCO tiri la UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize Anashaara goli 3 May kam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/world/2024/05/03/unesco-guillermo-cano-world-press-freedom-prize.html|access-date=2024-07-26|website=www.manoramayearbook.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 21st century ===
UNESCOdaa deei Palestine pahi bɛ ni yuuni 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 October 2011|title=General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date=14 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Blomfield|first=Adrian|date=31 October 2011|title=US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|archive-date=1 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zalisi din daa zali United States sahashɛli Palestine ni daa bɔri ni bɛ kpe UNESCO mini [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Anashaara goli April yuuni 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sakran2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172201/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT64|archive-date=24 December 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413024831/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng|date=13 April 2020}}, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details, see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1989|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819213216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|page=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the &quot;offending&quot; UN body under these laws.|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091928/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT287|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=31 October 2011|title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162636/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|archive-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=Sayare|first2=Scott|date=31 October 2011|title=Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|archive-date=31 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=4 November 2011|title=After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date=7 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=3 December 2011|title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds|publisher=CNN|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|archive-date=6 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 November 2013|title=U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|archive-date=9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2019, Israel daa yi UNESCO di ni daa kpe din ni yuun pisopɔin yini ka nyaaŋa, Israel &quot;ambassador&quot; tali zaŋ ti UN Danny Danon sabbu: &quot;UNESCO nyɛla din ;labiri sabiri taarihi, ka lahi nyahiri Jewish biɛhigu ni Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US&quot; – The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230161001/https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|archive-date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-not-elected-to-unesco-executive-board-for-the-first-time/}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States daa yɛli bɛ niya zaŋ chaŋ UNESCO labi-kpe ni yuuni 2023, bɛ ni daa yi din ni yuma anu nyaaŋa, ka yɛn yo di &quot;$600 million&quot; farigu  labisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Charlton|first=Angela|date=2023-06-12|title=US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence|url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States nyɛla UNESCO General Conference ni daa saɣiti shɛli Anashaara goli July.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Matthew|date=2024-09-26|title=U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw|website=[[PBS]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2023-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuma ==
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_Brasília_Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]
UNESCO tumdil bɛ tuma yaɣa dibaa anu: shikuru, &quot;natural sciences&quot;, &quot;social and human sciences&quot;, kaya ni taɣada, ni lahabaya wuligibu ,mini alizama dibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Expertise|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/newdelhi/expertise|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNESCO tabirimi sɔŋdi vihibu-vihibu din nyɛ &quot;comparative education.&quot;

UNESCO Chairs, 644 UNESCO kpamba shaawara gbaabu, ka yaɣa din be din  ni nyɛ  kɔbisiyopɔin ni pisopɔin din yina tingbana kɔbiga ni pihiyɔbu ni anahi ni

* Environmental Conservation Organization
* Convention against Discrimination in Education bɛ ni daa piigi shɛli yuuni1960
* Organization of the International Conference din jendi Adult Education (CONFINTEA) yuun pinaayi sunsuuni
* Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
* Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document
* UNESCO ASPNet, tingbana shikuruti din gari 12,000  ka be tingbana kɔbiga ni pihinii ni ayi sunsuuni. &lt;ref&gt;Because [[Diploma mill|diploma mills]] have falsely claimed UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf|date=13 May 2015}}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO &quot;Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

* UNESCO lahi lɛti salo baŋsim:
** Seville Statement on Violence:
** Global Geoparks Network
** Biosphere reserves, zaŋ gbaai Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), tum yuuni 1971
** City of Literature; yuuni 2007, Ŋun daa deei kpamli tuuli n daa nyɛ Edinburgh, Scotland's tuuli &quot;circulating library&quot; biɛhigu shee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Varga, Susan|title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland)|publisher=The History Press Ltd|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, daa lee City of Literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Schmidt|first1=Mitchell|date=12 October 2017|title=Iowa City, nation's only 'UNESCO City of Literature' disappointed over withdrawal|url=https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082906/https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|archive-date=9 February 2022|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Gazette|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Phipps|first=Kinsey|date=9 December 2018|title=Iowa City grows after 10 years as City of Literature|url=https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133329/https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|archive-date=11 December 2018|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Daily Iowan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bala din bɔri kpihimbu mini bali-bɔbigu tumanima (''UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'')

** Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
** Memory of the World International Register, tum yuuni 1997
** Water resources management, zaŋ chaŋ International Hydrological Programme (IHP), tum yuuni 1965
** [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]
** World Digital Library
* Lahabaya wuligi ni anfooninima mini bachinima kpaŋsibu:
* Sokam yɛltɔɣa wumti kpaŋsibu, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;ni International Programme for the Development of Communication&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lahabali wuligiriba gu ka taɣi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Safety of Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Plan of Action|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lahabali gu ka taɣi zali,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=18 June 2013|title=Building Knowledge Societies|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni Memory of the World Programme&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Memory of the World|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini Information for All Programme&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kaya ni taɣada saɣiti pɔhim zuɣu

Salo sunsuuni biɛhisi saɣiti (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) Accessible to all, ni (iv)  Multi-stakeholder participation (ka bɛ ŋmaai li jia R.O.A.M.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Internet Universality|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

** Baŋsim deebu kundunima ni kamani &quot;''World Trends in Freedom of Expression&quot; mini &quot;Media Development'',&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;UNESCO Series&quot; din jendi Internet Freedom,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini Media Development Indicators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binyɛra kpaŋsibu kamani:
** International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World: 2001–2010,UN yuuni 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/decades/international-decade-culture-peace-and-non-violence-children}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** World Press Freedom Day, 3 May yuuni kam, ni di kpaŋsi &quot;freedom of expression&quot; mini &quot;freedom of the press.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=World Press Freedom Day - EN|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2025-04-13|website=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Criança Esperança,'' Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Criança Esperança Programme|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/crianca-esperanca-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[International Literacy Day]], 8 September yuuni ka
** International Year for the Culture of Peace, 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|access-date=18 August 2017|website=unesco.org|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 21 May yuuni kam
* Tuma tumbu kamani:
** Migration Museums Initiative:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Migration Institutions – Home|url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|archive-date=5 March 2007|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=Migrationmuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** UNESCO-CEPES, European Centre for Higher Education: din daa kpa yuuni 1972, Bucharest, Romania
** Free Software Directory: tum yuuni 1998 UNESCO mini Free Software Foundation nyɛla ban laɣim kpa free software.
** FRESH, Focusing Resources on Effective School Health&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Education &amp;#124; EDUCATION –|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=6 October 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** OANA, Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies
** International Council of Science
** UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
** ASOMPS
** Botany 2000
** UNESCO Collection of Representative Works, sabbunima bali-bɔbigu ni lɛbigibu yuuni 1948 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2005
** [[GoUNESCO]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 March 2014|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019|website=GoUNESCO – Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[UNESCO-CHIC BIRUP]], UNESCO-CHIC Group (China) Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP)&quot;&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_chic_biosphere_integrated_rural_urbanization_project_birup/], UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Transparency Portal|url=https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510034410/https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=1 March 2021|website=opendata.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Niya beni ni bɛ yina ni UNESCO yuya dibaa ayi. tuuli dini maa yɛn kalila kaya ni taɣada. Din yɛn be din ni shɛŋa ni tooi nyɛ [[Jōmon Venus]] of Japan, ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' of France, [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]] of [[Egypt]], ''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' of Russia, [[Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük]] of Turkey, [[David (Michelangelo)|''David'' (Michelangelo)]] of Italy, [[Mathura Herakles]] of India, [[Manunggul Jar]] of the Philippines, [[Crown of Baekje]] of South Korea, ''[[The Hay Wain]]'' of the United Kingdom mini  [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. Yuya din pahi buyi maa yɛn nyɛla binnɛma&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=20 April 2017|title=Archives|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1998|title=Science and Technology Education|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Official UNESCO NGOs ==
UNESCO malila biɛhigu ni 322 [[International non-governmental organization|international non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quoted on UNESCO official site|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di pam n-nyɛ UNESCO ni booni shɛli &quot;operational&quot;; di bela &quot;formal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;  UNESCO din galisi pam n-nyɛ &quot;formal associate&quot;, ni 22 NGOs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni (ASC) biɛhigu ni UNESCO n-nyɛ:
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Abbr
!Organization
|-
|IB
|[[International Baccalaureate]]
|-
|CCIVS
|Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service
|-
|CIPSH
|[[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] (''Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines''; publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]])
|-
|CIOFF
|[[International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts]] (''Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels'')
|-
|EI
|[[Education International]]
|-
|IAU
|[[International Association of Universities]]
|-
|IFTC
|[[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]]
|-
|ICOM
|[[International Council of Museums]]
|-
|ICSSPE
|[[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]]
|-
|ICA
|[[International Council on Archives]]
|-
|ICOMOS
|[[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]
|-
|IFJ
|[[International Federation of Journalists]]
|-
|IFLA
|[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]
|-
|IFPA
|International Federation of Poetry Associations
|-
|IMC
|[[International Music Council]]
|-
|IPA
|[[International Police Association]]
|-
|INSULA
|International Scientific Council for Island Development
|-
|ISC
|[[International Science Council]] (formerly [[International Council for Science|ICSU]] and [[International Social Science Council|ISSC]])
|-
|ITI
|[[International Theatre Institute]]
|-
|IUCN
|[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]
|-
|IUTAO
|International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations
|-
|UIA
|[[Union of International Associations]]
|-
|WAN
|[[World Association of Newspapers]]
|-
|WFEO
|[[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]]
|-
|WFUCA
|World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations
|}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]]

== Institutes and centres ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Abbr
!Name
!Location
|-
|IBE
|[[International Bureau of Education]]
|[[Geneva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Bureau of Education|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UIL
|[[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]]
|[[Hamburg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 2015|title=About the Institute|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UIL – UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IIEP
|[[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]]
|Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IIEP UNESCO|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IITE
|UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education
|Moscow&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO IITE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IICBA
|UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa
|[[Addis Ababa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IICBA|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IESALC
|UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean
|[[Caracas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2030&amp;Itemid=1411&amp;lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IESALC|publisher=UNESCO|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|MGIEP
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]]
|New Delhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|access-date=3 February 2020|website=UNESCO MGIEP|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UNESCO-UNEVOC
|[[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]]
|[[Bonn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ICWRGC
|International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change
|[[Koblenz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC)|url=https://www.waterandchange.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120200655/https://www.waterandchange.org/en/|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|website=ICWRGC – International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|IHE
|[[UNESCO-IHE|IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education]]
|[[Delft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|ICTP
|[[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]
|[[Trieste]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mission &amp; History|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=ICTP – International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|UIS
|[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]]
|[[Montreal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 November 2016|title=Contact Us|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Prizes ==
UNESCO tirila pina pishi ni ayɔbu&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf|date=2 February 2011}}, Paris, 10 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; shikuru baŋsi ni, &quot;natural sciences, social and human sciences,&quot; kaya ni taɣada, lahabaya wuligibu ni suhudoo polo:


=== Shikuru baŋsim ===

* [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize|UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize]]
* [[UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy|UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy]]
* UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development
* UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education
* UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
* [[UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize]] for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education

=== Natural Sciences ===

* [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards|L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]&lt;ref&gt;Peccia, Tiziano, Rasha Kelej, Ahmed Hamdy, and Ahmed Fahmi. &quot;A reflection on Public-Private Partnerships’ contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.&quot;, Scienza e Pace - Università di Pisa, 8.1 (2017): Research Papers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hamdy, Ahmed, Mohammed Kyari, Marie Johnson, Ahmed Fahmi, and Tiziano Peccia. &quot;Towards Women participation in Scientific Research in Africa.&quot; Published by African Union Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU-STRC).&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kalinga Prize|UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science]]
* [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences]]
* [[Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology]]
* [[Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation|UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation]]
* UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences
* UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM
* Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management

=== Social and Human Sciences ===

* UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
* UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean
* UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
* UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
* [[International José Martí Prize|UNESCO/International José Martí Prize]]
* UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts

=== Culture ===

* Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)

=== Communication and Information ===

* [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]]
* UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
* UNESCO/Jikji [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World]] Prize

=== Peace ===

* [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]]

=== Inactive prizes ===

* [[International Simón Bolívar Prize]] (inactive since 2004)
* [[UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education]]
* UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)
* UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

== International Days observed at UNESCO ==
International Days din niŋdi UNESCOn doli ŋɔ na:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/|date=10 November 2012}}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Date
!Name
|-
|14 January
|[[World Logic Day]]
|-
|24 January
|World Day for African and [[African diaspora|Afrodescendant]] [[Culture of Africa|Culture]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/world-day|access-date=16 March 2023|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|24 January
|[[International Day of Education]]
|-
|25 January
|[[International Day of Women in Multilateralism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Day of Women in Multilateralism|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-multilateralism|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|27 January
|[[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]]
|-
|11 February
|[[International Day of Women and Girls in Science]]
|-
|13 February
|[[World Radio Day]]
|-
|21 February
|[[International Mother Language Day]]
|-
|4 March
|[[UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development]]
|-
|8 March
|[[International Women's Day]]
|-
|14 March
|[[International Day of Mathematics]]
|-
|20 March
|[[International Francophonie Day]]
|-
|21 March
|International Day of [[Nowruz]]
|-
|21 March
|[[World Poetry Day]]
|-
|21 March
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]]
|-
|22 March
|[[World Water Day]]
|-
|5 April
|[[International Day of Conscience]]
|-
|6 April
|[[International Day of Sport for Development and Peace]]
|-
|15 April
|[[World Art Day]]
|-
|23 April
|[[World Book and Copyright Day]]
|-
|30 April
|[[International Jazz Day]]
|-
|3 May
|[[World Press Freedom Day]]
|-
|5 May
|[[African World Heritage Day]]
|-
|5 May
|[[World Portuguese Language Day]]
|-
|16 May
|[[International Day of Light]]
|-
|21 May
|[[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]]
|-
|22 May
|[[International Day for Biological Diversity]]
|-
|5 June
|[[World Environment Day]]
|-
|8 June
|[[World Oceans Day]]
|-
|17 June
|[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]
|-
|7 July
|[[UN Swahili Language Day|Kiswahili Language Day]]
|-
|18 July
|[[Mandela Day|Nelson Mandela International Day]]
|-
|26 July
|[[International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem]]
|-
|9 August
|[[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]]
|-
|12 August
|[[International Youth Day]]
|-
|23 August
|[[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]]
|-
|8 September
|[[International Literacy Day]]
|-
|9 September
|[[International Day to Protect Education from Attack]]
|-
|15 September
|[[International Day of Democracy]]
|-
|20 September
|[[International Day of University Sport|International Day for University Sport]]
|-
|21 September
|[[International Day of Peace]]
|-
|28 September
|[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]]
|-
|5 October
|[[World Teachers' Day]]
|-
|6 October
|International Geodiversity Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.geodiversityday.org/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Geodiversity Day|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|11 October
|[[International Day of the Girl Child]]
|-
|13 October
|[[International Day for Disaster Reduction]]
|-
|17 October
|[[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]]
|-
|24 October
|[[United Nations Day]]
|-
|27 October
|[[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]]
|-
|2 November
|[[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3 November
|International Day for Biosphere Reserves&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day for Biosphere Reserves|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/biosphere-reserves?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000da82692511cafaf52f6dc60629ec28f02c5d16a29ee92a049979ffb2615f863908148ab7051430007100a07811529af602e22ee9de55e3b31523e0322c4f6fece108d426e21efdeb40145b3201dea7291bb4b36bf1200928|access-date=20 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|First Thursday of November
|[[International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-school-violence-and-bullying?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000215100c9b55f50f01ef1e64051f85d005ed160afdcf1a51bcf3583574677710208e8af9298143000018e9fdf83784eb3679536c40b01a90b0f25955889d57dd8600be4d679c6274bfbe91309740e894263ea1c504e76b6e1|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5 November
|[[World Day of Romani Language]]
|-
|5 November
|[[World Tsunami Awareness Day]]
|-
|10 November
|World Science Day for Peace and Development
|-
|14 November
|International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-illicit-trafficking?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000821549653dba7a376b0a5b441f23d8634a07fe1a0b8047f8ed7274eefcb8bf83086389fffe143000c64e4284c7d7279202386844466d3c243ced0a6346867120dacca3b36c89c6166e3a5033c235a8e5bac9a20c2a095b25|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Third Thursday of November
|[[World Philosophy Day]]
|-
|16 November
|[[International Day for Tolerance]]
|-
|18 November
|International International Day of Islamic Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Day of Islamic Art|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-day-islamic-art?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20007f0fb6123af772d877095c654e99dffd11b638c1dbcfcbe0ded4d7755fbb64e908fe0b245d143000d659354dbf4355519b3d6ff69fa0fe3d4dd01e13569dc94bfb468157404a5baea6571b52e128f194aedd3ef1a92e404c|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 November
|[[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]]
|-
|26 November
|World Olive Tree Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Day of the Olive Tree|url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Olive Council|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|29 November
|[[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]
|-
|1 December
|[[World AIDS Day]]
|-
|2 December
|World Futures Day&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Futures Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-futures?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20005a8944393e54498a6a76c337f206b93f3df96e7230f9cb8d5bfbd1f7d90c5ceb087a862064143000d48518290f2d33eede6cfbd08f9ea8d7ca374e7b1f573d2a3e2d1f9ce27cc48a4f9e190123c7bd6714dba119bd6b04b0|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3 December
|[[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities|International Day of Persons with Disabilities]]
|-
|10 December
|[[Human Rights Day]]
|-
|18 December
|[[International Migrants Day]]
|-
|18 December
|[[UN Arabic Language Day|World Arabic Language Day]]
|}


== Tingbana din be din ni ==
{{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_member_states.png|right|thumb|334x334px|{{legend|#008000|UNESCO member states}}{{legend|#0000FF|UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC}}{{legend|#00FF00|UNESCO associates}}{{legend|#FFFF00|UNESCO observers}}]]
Zaŋ kana Anshaara goli July yuuni 2003, UNESCO daa malila tingbana kɔbigu ni piwɔi ni anahi nin ban pahi pinaayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries|archive-date=2 November 2011|access-date=3 November 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shɛba bi ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ka shɛba mi lahi be National Organizing Committees din be tingbana ban ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=28 July 2009|publisher=WADA|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO ni naai noya ni shɛba n-nyɛ [[United Nations member states]] (gbaa yihi Israel&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini [[Liechtenstein]]), ni [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] mini [[Palestine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=State Parties|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|archive-date=31 October 2011|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Member States of the United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States mini Israel yila UNESCO Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lazaroff|first=Tovah|date=31 December 2018|title=Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875|url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082910/https://www.jpost.com/international/israel-us-slated-to-leave-unesco-today-to-protest-anti-israel-bias-575875|archive-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;amaa United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uspbs&quot; /&gt;

== Governing bodies ==

=== Director-General ===
Zaŋ kana Anashaara goli June yuuni 2023 11 Directors-General n zani ti UNESCO tum di ni kpa{{snd}}dobba awɔi ni paɣaba ayi. 11 Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO yila yaɣa ayɔbu na: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), ni East Europe (1).

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, bɛ bi piigi Director-General yaɣa pia din pahi be UNESCO maa ni: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central ni North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, ni South America.

Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO tum di kpabu ni yuuni 1946 n doli ŋɔ na:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/|date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Directors-General of UNESCO
| scope=&quot;col&quot; |Order
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Image
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Name
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Country
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Term
|-
|1st
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Julian_Huxley_1-2.jpg|75x75px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Julian Huxley]]
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|1946–1948
|-
|2nd
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:JAIME_TORRES_BODET_1902,_ESCRITOR,_POETA_Y_POLITICO_MEXICANO_(13451293993).jpg|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Jaime Torres Bodet]]
|{{flagcountry|MEX|1934}}
|1948–1952
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e6e6aa&quot;
|–
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Captura_de_Pantalla_2022-06-03_a_las_23.24.45.png|79x79px]]
|[[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#e6e6aa&quot; |[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1952–1953
|-
|3rd
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Luther_Harris_Evans,_Diretor-geral_da_United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization_(UNESCO).tif|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Luther Evans]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
|1953–1958
|-
|4th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Contemporary_history,_Italy_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002707_0001.tiff|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Vittorino Veronese]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|1958–1961
|-
|5th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:René_Maheu_(France),_UNESCO_Director_General_(1961-1974).JPG|76x76px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[René Maheu]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1961; 1961–1974
|-
|6th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco_history,_M'Bow_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002701_0001.tiff|79x79px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]]
|{{flagcountry|SEN}}
|1974–1987
|-
|7th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza_et_Alain_Husson-Dumoutier_(cropped).jpg|78x78px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]]
|{{flagcountry|ESP}}
|1987–1999
|-
|8th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Matsuura_Koichiro_1-2.jpg|75x75px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Koïchiro Matsuura]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|1999–2009
|-
|9th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Irina_Bokova_crop.jpg|83x83px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Irina Bokova]]
|{{flagcountry|BUL}}
|2009–2017
|-
|10th
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Didier_Plowy_-_Audrey_Azoulay_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Audrey Azoulay]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|2017–''Incumbent''
|}

=== General Conference ===
UNESCO General Conference din ʒini tum yuuni 1946:&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/|date=25 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
!Session
!Location
!Year
!Chaired by
!from
|-
|1st
|Paris
|1946
|[[Léon Blum]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|-
|2nd
|[[Mexico City]]
|1947
|[[Manuel Gual Vidal]]
|{{flagcountry|MEX}}
|-
|3rd
|[[Beirut]]
|1948
|Hamid Bey Frangie
|{{flagcountry|LBN}}
|-
|1st extraordinary
|Paris
|1948
|
|
|-
|4th
|Paris
|1949
|[[Edward Ronald Walker]]
|{{flagcountry|AUS}}
|-
|5th
|[[Florence]]
|1950
|[[Stefano Jacini (1886-1952)|Stefano Jacini]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|-
|6th
|Paris
|1951
|[[Howland H. Sargeant]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|-
|7th
|Paris
|1952
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|-
|2nd extraordinary
|Paris
|1953
|
|
|-
|8th
|[[Montevideo]]
|1954
|Justino Zavala Muniz
|{{flagcountry|URY}}
|-
|9th
|New Delhi
|1956
|[[Abul Kalam Azad]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|-
|10th
|Paris
|1958
|[[Jean Berthoin]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|-
|11th
|Paris
|1960
|Akale-Work Abte-Wold
|{{flagcountry|ETH}}
|-
|12th
|Paris
|1962
|Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro
|{{flagcountry|BRA}}
|-
|13th
|Paris
|1964
|[[Norair Sisakian]]
|{{flagcountry|USSR|1955}}
|-
|14th
|Paris
|1966
|Bedrettin Tuncel
|{{flagcountry|TUR}}
|-
|15th
|Paris
|1968
|[[William Eteki Mboumoua]]
|{{flagcountry|CMR}}
|-
|16th
|Paris
|1970
|Atilio Dell'Oro Maini
|{{flagcountry|ARG}}
|-
|17th
|Paris
|1972
|Toru Haguiwara
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|-
|3rd extraordinary
|Paris
|1973
|
|
|-
|18th
|Paris
|1974
|Magda Jóború
|{{flagcountry|HUN}}
|-
|19th
|[[Nairobi]]
|1976
|Taaita Toweett
|{{flagcountry|KEN}}
|-
|20th
|Paris
|1978
|Napoléon LeBlanc
|{{flagcountry|CAN}}
|-
|21st
|[[Belgrade]]
|1980
|Ivo Margan
|{{flagcountry|YUG}}
|-
|4th extraordinary
|Paris
|1982
|
|
|-
|22nd
|Paris
|1983
|Saïd Tell
|{{flagcountry|JOR}}
|-
|23rd
|[[Sofia]]
|1985
|[[Nikolai Todorov]]
|{{flagcountry|BGR|1967}}
|-
|24th
|Paris
|1987
|Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez
|{{flagcountry|GTM}}
|-
|25th
|Paris
|1989
|[[Anwar Ibrahim]]
|{{flagcountry|MYS}}
|-
|26th
|Paris
|1991
|[[Bethwell Allan Ogot]]
|{{flagcountry|KEN}}
|-
|27th
|Paris
|1993
|Ahmed Saleh Sayyad
|{{flagcountry|YEM}}
|-
|28th
|Paris
|1995
|Torben Krogh
|{{flagcountry|DNK}}
|-
|29th
|Paris
|1997
|[[Eduardo Portella]]
|{{flagcountry|BRA}}
|-
|30th
|Paris
|1999
|[[Jaroslava Moserová]]
|{{flagcountry|CZE}}
|-
|31st
|Paris
|2001
|[[Ahmad Jalali]]
|{{flagcountry|IRN}}
|-
|32nd
|Paris
|2003
|[[Michael Omolewa]]
|{{flagcountry|NGA}}
|-
|33rd
|Paris
|2005
|[[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]]
|{{flagcountry|OMN}}
|-
|34th
|Paris
|2007
|[[Georgios Anastassopoulos]]
|{{flagcountry|GRC}}
|-
|35th
|Paris
|2009
|Davidson Hepburn
|{{flagcountry|BHS}}
|-
|36th
|Paris
|2011
|[[Katalin Bogyay]]
|{{flagcountry|HUN}}
|-
|37th&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=General Conference 37th|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date=3 October 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2013
|[[Hao Ping]]
|{{flagcountry|CHN}}
|-
|38th
|Paris
|2015
|Stanley Mutumba Simataa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president|archive-date=16 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Namibia}}
|-
|39th
|Paris
|2017
|Zohour Alaoui&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=5 October 2017|title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|archive-date=13 November 2017|access-date=12 November 2017|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
|40th
|Paris
|2019
|[[Ahmet Altay Cengizer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 October 201|title=UNESCO: President of the 40th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/presiden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018154954/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/president|archive-date=18 October 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|-
|41st&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 June 2021|title=41st Session of the General Conference – 9–24 November 2021|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006085222/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=6 October 2021|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2021
|Santiago Irazabal Mourão
|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|-
|42nd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 November 2023|title=Address by Ms Simona Mirela Miculescu|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387533?posInSet=16&amp;queryId=ffd33a3a-41f1-4a8b-9543-7f10c0f2dd6a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Paris
|2023
|[[Simona Miculescu]]
|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
|}

=== Executive Board ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Term
!Group I 
(9 seats)
!Group II 
(7 seats)
!Group III 
(10 seats)
!Group IV 
(12 seats)
!Group V(a) 
(13 seats)
!Group V(b) 
(7 seats)
|- style=&quot;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|2017–
2021
|{{flagcountry|Finland}} 

{{flagcountry|Portugal}} 

{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|{{flagcountry|Albania}} 

{{flagcountry|Belarus}} 

{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
|{{flagcountry|Cuba}} 

{{flagcountry|Grenada}} 

{{flagcountry|Jamaica}} 

{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}} 

{{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} 

{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|
{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|China}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|India}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Japan}} &lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Philippines}}
|{{flagcountry|Burundi}} 

{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} 

{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} 

{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}

{{flagcountry|Zambia}}

{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|{{flagcountry|Egypt}} 

{{flagcountry|Jordan}}

{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
|2019–2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|France}}

{{flagcountry|Germany}}

{{flagcountry|Italy}}

{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}

{{flagcountry|Spain}}

{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|{{Flag|Hungary}}

{{Flag|Poland}}

{{Flag|Russia}}

{{Flag|Serbia}}
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}

{{Flag|Uruguay}}
|
{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Republic of Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|{{Flag|Benin}}

{{Flag|Congo}}

{{Flag|Guinea}}

{{Flag|Ghana}}

{{flagcountry|Kenya}}

{{Flag|Namibia}}

{{flagcountry|Senegal}}

{{Flag|Togo}}
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}

{{Flag|UAE}}

{{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
|- style=&quot;background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|'''2021–2025'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/41/elections?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000296c62ecf70783aa2deb49bab9972b32e78e12a141101e730f19afd71077a454085e4dbe2414300050c3569c0132c2e6ed5d6c59cee0616cbf7eb737bcd75d6d5fbcda198e9ca730a3a536e274d2f7e2f102624759a6d48c}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}

{{flagcountry|Iceland}}

{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|{{Flag|Armenia}}

{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}

{{Flag|Lithuania}}
|{{flagcountry|Chile}}

{{flagcountry|Grenada}}

{{Flag|Haiti}}

{{flagcountry|Mexico}}

{{flagcountry|Paraguay}}

{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}
|
{{Flag|China}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Cook Islands}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Japan}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Flag|Philippines}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{flagcountry|Viet Nam}}
|{{Flag|Angola}}

{{Flag|Botswana}}

{{Flag|Congo}}

{{Flag|Djibouti}}

{{flagcountry|South Africa}}

{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|{{Flag|Egypt}}

{{Flag|Jordan}}

{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efe;border-top: 2px solid;&quot;
|'''2023–2027'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/42/elections}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flagcountry|France}}

{{flagcountry|Germany}}

{{flagcountry|Italy}}

{{flagcountry|Spain}}

{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}

{{Flag|United States}}
|{{Flag|Albania}}

{{Flag|Czech Republic}}

{{Flag|Serbia}}

{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}

{{flagcountry|Brazil}}

{{Flag|Cuba}}

{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Flag|Australia}}

{{Flag|Bangladesh}}

{{Flag|Indonesia}}

{{Flag|Pakistan}}

{{Flag|Republic of Korea}}

{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}}

{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}

{{Flag|Gabon}}

{{Flag|Liberia}}

{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}

{{Flag|Mozambique}}

{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
|{{Flag|Iraq}}

{{Flag|Oman}}

{{Flag|Qatar}}

{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|}

== Offices and headquarters ==
{{main|World Heritage Centre}}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:April_2010,_UNESCO_Headquarters_in_Paris_-_The_Garden_of_Peace_(or_Japanese_Garden)_in_Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters]]
UNESCO tiuma du'zuɣu bela [[Place de Fontenoy]] din be Paris, France. Tanmɛriba pam n daa laɣim mɛ li, ban nima n-nyɛ[[Bernard Zehrfuss]], [[Marcel Breuer]] ni Luigi Nervi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO House – visit us {{!}} UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/house|access-date=29 March 2023|website=unesco.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Di shɛli n-nyɛ ''Garden of Peace'' din nyɛ [[Government of Japan]] ni daa ti shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UNESCO garden|url=https://architectuul.com/architecture/unesco-garden|access-date=31 May 2022|website=Architectuul}}&lt;/ref&gt; American-Japanese yaɣ'mɛra [[Isamu Noguchi]] n daa dizaani li yuuni 1958 ka Japan nira, Toemon Sano daa bahi naai li. Yuuma 1994–1995,  UNESCO yuun pihinu chuɣu puhibu ni, [[Tadao Ando]] daa mɛ du'shɛli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Furuyama|first=Masao|title=Ando (Basic Art Series)|url=https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324030457/https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|archive-date=24 March 2021|access-date=30 January 2021|website=taschen.com|pages=71–72|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Field offices by region ===
UNESCO Field Offices din doli ŋɔ na zaa nyɛla UNESCO ni bo shɛŋa zali tingbana yaɣa ka UNESCO lahi boi niriba ka bɛ tumdi di yini kam ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date=8 September 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Africa ====

* [[Abidjan]] – National Office to [[Côte-d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]
* [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]]
* [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Togo]]
* [[Addis Ababa]] – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the [[Economic Commission for Africa]]
* [[Bamako]] – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]
* [[Brazzaville]] – National Office to the [[Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Bujumbura]] – National Office to [[Burundi]]
* [[Dakar]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]]
* [[Dar es Salaam]] – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]]
* [[Harare]] – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]]
* [[Juba]] – National Office to [[South Sudan]]
* [[Kinshasa]] – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Libreville]] – Cluster Office for the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Maputo]] – National Office to [[Mozambique]]
* [[Nairobi]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]]
* [[Windhoek]] – National Office to [[Namibia]]
* [[Yaoundé]] – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]]

==== Arab States ====

* [[Amman]] – National Office to [[Jordan]]
* [[Beirut]] – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and [[Palestine]]
* [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]
* [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]
* [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]], Jordan)
* [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]
* [[Manama]] – [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]
* [[Rabat]] – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]
* [[Ramallah]] – National Office to the Palestinian Territories

==== Asia and Pacific ====
{{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}}

* [[Almaty]] – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Apia]] – Cluster Office to Australia, [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], New Zealand, [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and [[Tokelau]] (Associate Member)
* [[Bangkok]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]]
* Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]]
* [[Dhaka]] – National Office to [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Hanoi]] – National Office to [[Vietnam]]
* [[Islamabad]] – National Office to [[Pakistan]]
* [[Jakarta]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]]
* [[Manila]] – National Office to the [[Philippines]]
* [[Kabul]] – National Office to [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Kathmandu]] – National Office to [[Nepal]]
* New Delhi – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], India, [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Phnom Penh]] – National Office to [[Cambodia]]
* [[Tashkent]] – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Tehran]] – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]

==== Europe and North America ====

* [[Brussels]] – Liaison Office to the [[European Union]] and its [[Brussels and the European Union|subsidiary bodies in Brussels]]
* [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations in Geneva]]
* New York City – Liaison Office to the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations in New York]]
* [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe

==== Latin America and the Caribbean ====
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Carondolete_en_el_cambio_de_guardia.jpg|thumb|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|archive-date=7 May 2009|access-date=30 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; This centre was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]]

* [[Brasília]] – National Office to Brazil&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Guatemala City]] – National Office to [[Guatemala]]
* [[Havana]] – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and [[Aruba]]
* [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]
* [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]]
* [[Mexico City]] – National Office to Mexico
* [[Montevideo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], Brazil, Chile, [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]
* [[Port-au-Prince]] – National Office to [[Haiti]]
* [[Quito]] – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], Mexico, [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]]
* [[Santiago de Chile]] – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile

=== Partner organizations ===

* [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC)
* [[Blue Shield International]] (BSI)
* [[International Council of Museums]] (ICOM)
* [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] (ICOMOS)
* [[International Institute of Humanitarian Law]] (IIHL)

== Yɛl'gɔla ==

=== New World Information and Communication Order ===
UNESCO nyɛla yɛl'gɔla ni paai shɛba saha din gari, di bahi bahindi bɛ biɛhigu ni United States, United Kingdom, Singapore ni [[Soviet Union]]. 1970s mini 1980s saha, UNESCO's sɔŋsim zaŋti &quot;[[New World Information and Communication Order]]&quot; mini di [[MacBride report]] daa ti bɔri ni di mɔŋla &quot;[[freedom of the press]]&quot; zaŋm chaŋ lahabaya wuligibu polo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Grahm|first=S. E.|date=April 2006|title=The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=30|issue=2|pages=231–51|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x|hdl-access=free|hdl=1885/20736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1984, United States daa che bɛ tɔhibu laɣingu maa ni ka daa yi din ni, ka United Kingdom daa doli yuuni 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position'|date=January 1986|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&amp;sid=AONE&amp;xid=ef6d5640|journal=[[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082856/https://login.microsoftonline.com/741bf7de-e2e5-46df-8d67-82607df9deaa/saml2|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singapore gba daa yiya yuuni 1985 naabu ni, ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛla farigu ni pahi zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO|date=28 December 1984|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&amp;dat=19841228&amp;id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5684,5359479|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bɛ ni daa taɣi gɔmnanti yuuni 1997 UK daa labi kpe. United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2003, ka Singapore daa doli Anashaara goli 8 October yuuni 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=UNESCO|date=14 February 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== China ===
UNESCO nyɛla bɛ ni gali shɛba ka di nyɛla ni People's Republic of China zaŋ ba mi ka bɛ zaani tiri [[Chinese Communist Party]] tɔhibu ni &quot;[[ethnic minorities in China]]&quot; kamani [[Uyghurs]] mini [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 September 2023|title=How China uses UNESCO to rewrite history|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/21/how-china-uses-unesco-to-rewrite-history|url-access=subscription|access-date=22 September 2023|issn=0013-0613|quote=To bolster the idea of a Han-centric identity, the party seeks to dilute the contributions of minority groups in UNESCO claims. For example, documents filed with the organisation state that Tibet's Potala Palace, the winter home of Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, exhibits the skills of many ethnic groups, not just Tibetans. The government uses &quot;radical selectivity&quot; in choosing which places, people and practices to emphasise, says Rachel Harris of the School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kashgarian|first=Asim|date=16 February 2023|title=UNESCO Accused of Complicity in China's Treatment of Uyghur Heritage|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unesco-accused-of-complicity-in-china-s-treatment-of-uyghur-heritage-/6966959.html|access-date=22 September 2023|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kachmar|first=Oleh|date=24 September 2020|title=Uyghur Heritage and the Charge of Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang|url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/rules-based-international-order/genocide/uyghur-heritage-and-the-charge-of-cultural-genocide-in-xinjiang/|access-date=22 September 2023|website=New Lines Institute|publisher=[[Fairfax University of America]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isr ael ===
Israel nyɛla UNESCO ni daa deei shɛba yuuni 1949, din nambu yuun yini nyaaŋa. Israel kuli nyɛla ban be din ni tum din saha. Yuuni 2010, Israel daa dizaani [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] din be [[Hebron]] mini [[Rachel's Tomb]] din be [[Bethlehem]] –din zaa be [[West Bank]] – ka nyɛ [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|National Heritage Sites]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 February 2010|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aanshaara goli October yuuni 2010, UNESCO's daa vooti ya ni bɛ moli &quot;al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs&quot; mini &quot;Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb&quot; ka daa yɛli ni bɛ pahila &quot; [[occupied Palestinian Territories]]&quot; ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 October 2010|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO buɣisili mi ka di zani ti &quot;Muslinima, Dolodolo ni Jewish nima kaya ni taɣada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Two Palestinian sites of Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron and the Bilal Bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Hillel Fendel|date=1 November 2010|title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|archive-date=4 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shmuel Rabinovitch|Rabbi of the Western Wall]] yɛliya ni Rachel's tomb pa bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli leei Muslinima syaɣili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Maayana Miskin|date=29 October 2010|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 November 2010|title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|archive-date=3 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|work=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Shalom|first=Rabbi|date=5 November 2010|title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|archive-date=5 January 2012|access-date=8 August 2011|work=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, din be [[Jordan]]'s insistence, daa labi mɛ [[Mughrabi-Bridge|Mughrabi Gate]] Bridge din be Jerusalem. Israel daa yɛliya ni Jordan gbaala shaawara ni  Israel ka di nyɛla bɛ wurim di kodoriko ka gu ka taɣi sarati; Jordan daa bɛ saɣiti li. Israel gba daa bi tooi mali NESCO committee ni zaɣisibu shɛli [[Egypt]] gba ni daa zaŋ na.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=20 June 1995|title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli January yuuni 2014, pɔi ka bɛ daa zali di yoobu dabisa, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], &quot;daa tirisi li tooni din ka dali&quot; ka daa nyahi ibushee din daa nyɛ [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]] ni daa niŋ shɛli ka di sabi &quot;The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|date=17 January 2014|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=21 January 2014|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli 1 January yuuni 2019, Israel daa yiya ka che UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=1 January 2019|title=69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Occupied Palestine Resolution ====
{{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}
Anashaara goli 13 October yuuni 2016, UNESCO daa zali zaligu ti East Jerusalem dinm galindi Israel ni &quot;girigiri&quot; niŋbu Israeli pirinsi ni linjimanima sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO adopts anti&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO adopts anti&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commission report|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli soiyaasanima pam ni daa galim ba naai nyaaŋa, n-ti tabili [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] mini [[Ayelet Shaked]], Israel daa kahi bɛ ŋmangura ka che laɣingu maa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=13 October 2016|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|newspaper=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Czech jintɔri duu gba daa zaɣisili ka yɛli ni gbaabu maa nyɛla &quot;hateful [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|anti-Israel]] sentiment&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael.com&quot; /&gt; Anashaara goli 26 October, UNESCO daa labi teei bɛ gbaabu maa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|date=26 October 2016|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 October 2016|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anashaara goli October yuuni 2017, United States mini Israel daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni yi laɣingu maa ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|archive-date=8 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Palestine ===

==== Palestinian youth magazine controversy ====
Anashaara goli February yuuni 2011, lahabali daa yina &quot;Palestinian youth magazine&quot; ni ka bipuɣinbili daa buɣisi o ni lihiri ni o sa be ka so soha-biɛɣu ni, [[Adolf Hitler]]. Anashaara goli December yuuni 2011, UNESCO, ban daa tabiri sɔŋdi lala lahabali wuligibu yaɣili ŋɔ daa galim lalal lahabali maa ka daa yihi bɛ nuu bɛ sɔŋbu ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=23 December 2011|title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|archive-date=9 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Islamic University of Gaza controversy ====
Yuuni 2012, UNESCO daa gkpuɣi niya ni bɛ pii daanbalo [[Islamic University of Gaza]] ka o zani ti &quot;[[astronomy]], [[astrophysics]],&quot; ni &quot;[[Space science|space sciences]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCOIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine).|url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|archive-date=27 November 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka di daa tahi galimbi ni yɛl'gola na.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;pg=PA211 The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&amp;f=false|date=13 October 2017}} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University|publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs|date=12 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|archive-date=15 July 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di kpɛma, [[Kamalain Shaath]], daa pahi UNESCO zuɣu, ka yari  ni &quot;the Islamic University nyɛla shikuru din nyɛ baŋsim yɛligibu ni lɛbiginsim dini&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NationalPostUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Higgins, Michael|date=12 July 2012|title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs|work=National Post|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130030307/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|archive-date=30 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shaked|first1=Ronny|date=6 February 2007|title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Yedioth Ahronot|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|archive-date=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BostonIUGProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Cambanis, Thanassis|date=28 February 2010|title=Hamas University|work=The Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|archive-date=26 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli &quot;ambassador&quot; zaŋti UNESCO [[Nimrod Barkan]] daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ sabi washiika ti Hamas zaŋ chaŋ shikuru ŋɔ yɛltɔƔa polo, di bahi bahindi bɛ suhuri ni yiɣisi ka di nyɛla dini n-nyɛ Palestinian university tuuli ka UNESCO pii ni bɛ laɣim tum.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaaretzUNESCOGaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Ravid, Barak|date=12 July 2012|title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|archive-date=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jewish laɣingu [[B'nai B'rith]] gba daa galim  li.&lt;ref name=&quot;BnaiBrithUNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Yaakov, Yifa|date=14 July 2012|title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University|work=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|archive-date=17 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Listing Nanjing Massacre documents ===
Yuuni 2015, Japan da ti varisigu ni UNESCO ni daa mali niya ni bɛ pahi 1937 [[Nanjing massacre]] bɛ ni yɛn ti kali binshɛŋa pahi &quot;Memory of the World&quot; ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents – Asia – DW.COM – 19.10.2015|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=29 December 2015|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|url-status=live|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== US withdrawals ===
United States yila UNESCO yuuni 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=20 November 2003|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;withdrawal&quot; /&gt;

Anashaara goli 12 October yuuni 2017, United States daa ti UNESCO lahabali ni bɛ ni labi yi laɣingu maa ni, Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018; Israel gba daa kpuɣi lala napɔŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=1 January 2019|title=U.S. and Israel officially withdraw from UNESCO|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-and-israel-officially-withdraw-from-unesco|accessdate=28 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot; /&gt;

United States bɛ yo kamani $600&amp;nbsp;million farigu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|last2=Morello|first2=Carol|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the UN's cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|archive-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; tum di ni che di $80&amp;nbsp;million yɔbu yuuni-yuuni UNESCO farigu di ni daa niŋ ka Palestine daa kpe din ni zaa yuuni 2011. Israel mini United States daa pahila ninvuɣ'pinaanahi ban daa zaɣisirili ni tingnana kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;bias&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=13 October 2017|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; di ni daa niŋ ka United States daa moli ni bɛ ni lahi labi kpe yuuni 2023, ka bɛ daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni yo farigu din doli ba zaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kurdish–Turkish conflict ===
Anashaara goli 25 May yuuni 2016, Turkish yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi niŋda [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] daa wuɣi nuu ka [[Turkey]] UNESCO &quot;goodwill ambassador&quot; tali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA|date=9 May 2018}}&quot;. Reuters. 26 May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Campaigns against illicit art trading ===
Yuuni 2020 UNESCO daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni kuri ariziki shɛli niŋdi kaya ni taɣada ni paai 10&amp;nbsp;billion dollars yuuni zuɣu ni.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent Noice, &quot;Unesco, stop citing 'bogus' $10bn figure, art trade pleads&quot;, The Art Newspaper, 12 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115080112/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure|date=15 November 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nancy Kenney, &quot;Unesco under fire for using Met objects in anti-trafficking campaign&quot;, The Art Newspaper, 13 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145243/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking|date=17 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Products and services ==

* UNESDOC Database&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; – di mali UNESCO gban gari 146,000 ka bɛ yihili polotum yuuni 1945 n-ti pahi &quot;metadata&quot; din yina UNESCO Library mini luɣa din pahi pahi.

=== Information processing tools ===
UNESCO daa yina ni binshɛŋa din yɛn tabiri sɔŋdi &quot;database management&quot; (CDS/ISIS (IDAMS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Information Processing Tools|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=8 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* OpenIDAMS &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OpenIDAMS|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=13 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IDIS 

== Lihi pahi ==

* [[Academic mobility network]]
* [[League of Nations archives]]
* [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]
* ''[[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58]]'', sculpture by [[Henry Moore]]
* [[UniRef]]
* [[National Commissions for UNESCO]]
* [[International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Finnemore, Martha. 1993. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706939?seq=1 International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural]{{sic|nolink=y}}&lt;span&gt; Organization and Science Policy.&lt;/span&gt;&quot; ''International Organization'' Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp.&amp;nbsp;565–597

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}

* {{Official website|https://www.unesco.org/}}

{{United Nations}} {{ECOSOC}} {{UN Charter}} {{Supranationalism/World government topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Humanitarian partners of the European Commission}}
{{Authority control}}

[[pUBU:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Reparations for slavery</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
        <id>4550</id>
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      <comment>Updated content</comment>
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      <text bytes="7847" sha1="sgd6dwa4blvefpp2envj1w7gnxmuoz8" xml:space="preserve">== United Nation Suɣulo din pun gbaai ==
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/147 Di nyɛla tuma ni zaŋ chaŋ ninsalinima yiko polo, n-ti pahi liɣiri din yɛn  yo ka lahi mali liɣiri din yɛn yo n-ti ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;e910&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2020|title=Reparations|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/transitional-justice/reparations|access-date=31 May 2025|website=OHCHR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Balibu ==
Saɣingu ŋɔ maa tooi zooya ka di gbubi balibu pam, ka di shɛŋa nyɛ tuma niŋgbuna din yan niŋ anfaani kamani liɣiri din yɛn yo ninsala kam; Alikaali din mali n-tam, bɔhimbu paɣibu(scholarships) mini bɔhimbu tuma yaɣa, n-ti pahi tuma din yan kpɛhi toontali ni n-leei yihi biɛrim din be niya ni; bɛi  Tiŋgbani yaɣili din yan yo n-ti pahi maŋsulinsi, ban mali alaafeei paɣibu, kpɛrigu niŋbu(apology) n-ti pahi baŋsim din nyɛla biɛrim maa be niya ni;&lt;ref name=&quot;UMass Reparations Article&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Allen|date=May 11, 2020|title=An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations|url=https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations|access-date=July 12, 2020|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monumenti din yan yihi ka yuli booni so' chibisi(enslavers) maa yihi, n-ti pahi soli din mali yuli din nyɛ so' chibisi maa yuli niŋgbuna soli maa ni, ka lahi yuli boli shɛli n-ti so' chibisi(abolitionist) bee ninsala so ŋun daŋ di nasara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Black Asheville Demands&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 26, 2020|title=Reparations Section|url=https://www.blackavldemands.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/|archive-date=15 June 2020|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=Black Asheville Demands (BAD)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kepley-Steward|first=Kristy|last2=Santostasi|first2=Stephanie|date=July 10, 2020|title=Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered|url=https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=wlos.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Development aid ku tooi kali di niŋbu ni saɣingu .&lt;ref name=&quot;u881&quot; /&gt;
Shɛba nyɛla ban mali niya kadama liɣiri din yɛn yo n-ti saɣingu ku saɣi, ka bɔra ni saɣingu zaŋ chaŋ paɣibu polorepatriate Tiŋgbani shɛli polo ŋun yi kana pɔi ka so'chibisi tiŋgbani ŋɔ naai, ka lahi chɛgi siyaasa ni tuma ni liɣiri biɛhigu ŋɔ .&lt;ref name=&quot;u881&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andrews|first=Kehinde|year=2024|title=The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns|journal=Development and Change|publisher=Wiley|volume=55|issue=4|pages=628–650|doi=10.1111/dech.12848|issn=0012-155X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Di Niŋbu Yaɣili ==
Yuuni 2022 silimin goli December, Netherlands tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa Mark Rutte, tim sandaani n-ti Dutch Government di niŋ tuma ni so'chibisi tali polo laɣingu din be National Archivestiŋgbani The Haguepuuni, Ŋun daa mali  laɣingu maa ni daanbolo ban nya tuma duri pam ka lahi niŋ di alikauli ni bɛ yɛn ti liɣiri din yiɣsi 200 million n-ti pahi baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ so'chibisi tali maa ni naai shɛm zuŋɔ, silimin july dabaa ayi dali,yuuni 2023 ka di mini Dutch Caribbean tiŋgbani, Suriname, ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 December 2022|title=Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery|url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/12/19/government-apologises-for-the-netherlands-role-in-the-history-of-slavery|access-date=12 May 2023|website=Government of the Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mission Statement|url=https://www.heirsofslavery.org/mission-statement|access-date=12 May 2023|website=Heirs of Slavery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|title=The centuries-long fight for reparations|first=Ana Lucia|last=Araujo|author-link=Ana Lucia Araujo|date=April 28, 2019
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/04/28/centuries-long-fight-reparations/}}
&lt;!--* Araujo, Ana Lucia. 2017. &quot;Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History&quot;?'','' New York: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 276.--&gt;
* Araujo, Ana Lucia. 2017. ''Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History'', New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic. {{ISBN|135001060X}}
* Barragan, Yesenia. 2021. ''Freedom's Captives: Slavery and Gradual Emancipation on the Colombian Black Pacific (Afro-Latin America)'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{doi|10.1017/9781108935890}}
* [[Hilary Beckles|Beckles, Hilary]]. ''Britain's Black Debt: Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide'', Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-9766402686}}
* Buser, Andreas. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050647 &quot;Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide&quot;], ''Heidelberg Journal of International Law'' (2017), pp.&amp;nbsp;409–446.
* [[Ta-Nehisi Coates|Coates, Ta-Nehisi]]. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ &quot;The Case for Reparations&quot;], ''The Atlantic'', June 2014.
* du Plessis, Max. 2003. &quot;Historical Injustice and International Law: An Exploratory Discussion of Reparation for Slavery&quot; Human Rights Quarterly, 25(3), 624–659.
* Manjapra, Kris. June 17, 2022. &quot;D.C.'s Enslavers Got Reparations. Freed People Got Nothing&quot;, ''Politico''.
* Manjapra, Kris. 2019. &quot;The Scandal of the British Slavery Abolition Act Loan&quot;, ''Social and Economic Studies'', 68(3/4), 165–184. {{JSTOR|45299245}}
* {{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |title=Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law |date=16 December 2005 |id=A/RES/60/147 |url=http://undocs.org/A/RES/60/147 |access-date=10 July 2017 }} ([http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx HTML version]) with a definition and the components of full and effective reparation, as laid out in principles 19 to 23.
* America, Richard F. ''Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices''. Praeger Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0313257531}}
* Burlette, Carterm W.. [http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1030/ &quot;True Reparations&quot;], ''The George Washington Law Review'', Vol. 68, No. 1021, 2000.
* America, Richard F. &quot;Racial Inequality, Economic Dysfunction, and Reparations'', ''Challenge,'' Vol. 38, No. 6, 1995, pp.&amp;nbsp;40–45. {{JSTOR|40721651}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* ''[https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf Reparations Now Toolkit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015100013/https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf |date=15 October 2019 }}'', Movement for Black Lives, 2019.
* ''[http://www.c-span.org/person/?richardamerica The Case for Black Reparations]'', Richard F. America, C-SPAN video of the TransAfrica Forum, 11 January 2000.
* ''[https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010827.reparations.html Making Amends: Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery]'', National Public Radio, August 27, 2001.
*[http://www.zinnedproject.org/news/reparations-and-climate-justice/ Reparations and Climate Justice] (w/ Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò), part of the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series.
* [https://caricomreparations.org/ Caribbean Reparations Commission]

[[Category:Reparations for slavery| ]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>115096</id>
      <parentid>115095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T21:37:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
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      <text bytes="7849" sha1="ijfw25a02taurevdwmqpo8xnt3m71mk" xml:space="preserve">== United Nation Suɣulo din pun gbaai ==
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/147 Di nyɛla tuma ni zaŋ chaŋ ninsalinima yiko polo, n-ti pahi liɣiri din yɛn  yo ka lahi mali liɣiri din yɛn yo n-ti ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;e910&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2020|title=Reparations|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/transitional-justice/reparations|access-date=31 May 2025|website=OHCHR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Balibu ==
Saɣingu ŋɔ maa tooi zooya ka di gbubi balibu pam, ka di shɛŋa nyɛ tuma niŋgbuna din yan niŋ anfaani kamani liɣiri din yɛn yo ninsala kam; Alikaali din mali n-tam, bɔhimbu paɣibu(scholarships) mini bɔhimbu tuma yaɣa, n-ti pahi tuma din yan kpɛhi toontali ni n-leei yihi biɛrim din be niya ni; bɛi  Tiŋgbani yaɣili din yan yo n-ti pahi maŋsulinsi, ban mali alaafeei paɣibu, kpɛrigu niŋbu(apology) n-ti pahi baŋsim din nyɛla biɛrim maa be niya ni;&lt;ref name=&quot;UMass Reparations Article&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Allen|date=May 11, 2020|title=An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations|url=https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations|access-date=July 12, 2020|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monumenti din yan yihi ka yuli booni so' chibisi(enslavers) maa yihi, n-ti pahi soli din mali yuli din nyɛ so' chibisi maa yuli niŋgbuna soli maa ni, ka lahi yuli boli shɛli n-ti so' chibisi(abolitionist) bee ninsala so ŋun daŋ di nasara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Black Asheville Demands&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 26, 2020|title=Reparations Section|url=https://www.blackavldemands.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/|archive-date=15 June 2020|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=Black Asheville Demands (BAD)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kepley-Steward|first=Kristy|last2=Santostasi|first2=Stephanie|date=July 10, 2020|title=Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered|url=https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=wlos.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Development aid ku tooi kali di niŋbu ni saɣingu .&lt;ref name=&quot;u881&quot; /&gt;
Shɛba nyɛla ban mali niya kadama liɣiri din yɛn yo n-ti saɣingu ku saɣi, ka bɔra ni saɣingu zaŋ chaŋ paɣibu polorepatriate Tiŋgbani shɛli polo ŋun yi kana pɔi ka so'chibisi tiŋgbani ŋɔ naai, ka lahi chɛgi siyaasa ni tuma ni liɣiri biɛhigu ŋɔ .&lt;ref name=&quot;u881&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andrews|first=Kehinde|year=2024|title=The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns|journal=Development and Change|publisher=Wiley|volume=55|issue=4|pages=628–650|doi=10.1111/dech.12848|issn=0012-155X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Di Niŋbu Yaɣili ==
Yuuni 2022 silimin goli December, Netherlands tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa Mark Rutte, tim sandaani n-ti Dutch Government di niŋ tuma ni so'chibisi tali polo laɣingu din be National Archivestiŋgbani The Haguepuuni, Ŋun daa mali  laɣingu maa ni daanbolo ban nya tuma duri pam ka lahi niŋ di alikauli ni bɛ yɛn ti liɣiri din yiɣsi 200 million n-ti pahi baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ so'chibisi tali maa ni naai shɛm zuŋɔ, silimin july dabaa ayi dali,yuuni 2023 ka di mini Dutch Caribbean tiŋgbani, Suriname, ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 December 2022|title=Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery|url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/12/19/government-apologises-for-the-netherlands-role-in-the-history-of-slavery|access-date=12 May 2023|website=Government of the Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mission Statement|url=https://www.heirsofslavery.org/mission-statement|access-date=12 May 2023|website=Heirs of Slavery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Karimbu nim yaha ==
* {{cite news|title=The centuries-long fight for reparations|first=Ana Lucia|last=Araujo|author-link=Ana Lucia Araujo|date=April 28, 2019
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/04/28/centuries-long-fight-reparations/}}
&lt;!--* Araujo, Ana Lucia. 2017. &quot;Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History&quot;?'','' New York: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 276.--&gt;
* Araujo, Ana Lucia. 2017. ''Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History'', New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic. {{ISBN|135001060X}}
* Barragan, Yesenia. 2021. ''Freedom's Captives: Slavery and Gradual Emancipation on the Colombian Black Pacific (Afro-Latin America)'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{doi|10.1017/9781108935890}}
* [[Hilary Beckles|Beckles, Hilary]]. ''Britain's Black Debt: Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide'', Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-9766402686}}
* Buser, Andreas. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050647 &quot;Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide&quot;], ''Heidelberg Journal of International Law'' (2017), pp.&amp;nbsp;409–446.
* [[Ta-Nehisi Coates|Coates, Ta-Nehisi]]. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ &quot;The Case for Reparations&quot;], ''The Atlantic'', June 2014.
* du Plessis, Max. 2003. &quot;Historical Injustice and International Law: An Exploratory Discussion of Reparation for Slavery&quot; Human Rights Quarterly, 25(3), 624–659.
* Manjapra, Kris. June 17, 2022. &quot;D.C.'s Enslavers Got Reparations. Freed People Got Nothing&quot;, ''Politico''.
* Manjapra, Kris. 2019. &quot;The Scandal of the British Slavery Abolition Act Loan&quot;, ''Social and Economic Studies'', 68(3/4), 165–184. {{JSTOR|45299245}}
* {{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |title=Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law |date=16 December 2005 |id=A/RES/60/147 |url=http://undocs.org/A/RES/60/147 |access-date=10 July 2017 }} ([http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx HTML version]) with a definition and the components of full and effective reparation, as laid out in principles 19 to 23.
* America, Richard F. ''Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices''. Praeger Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0313257531}}
* Burlette, Carterm W.. [http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1030/ &quot;True Reparations&quot;], ''The George Washington Law Review'', Vol. 68, No. 1021, 2000.
* America, Richard F. &quot;Racial Inequality, Economic Dysfunction, and Reparations'', ''Challenge,'' Vol. 38, No. 6, 1995, pp.&amp;nbsp;40–45. {{JSTOR|40721651}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* ''[https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf Reparations Now Toolkit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015100013/https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf |date=15 October 2019 }}'', Movement for Black Lives, 2019.
* ''[http://www.c-span.org/person/?richardamerica The Case for Black Reparations]'', Richard F. America, C-SPAN video of the TransAfrica Forum, 11 January 2000.
* ''[https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010827.reparations.html Making Amends: Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery]'', National Public Radio, August 27, 2001.
*[http://www.zinnedproject.org/news/reparations-and-climate-justice/ Reparations and Climate Justice] (w/ Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò), part of the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series.
* [https://caricomreparations.org/ Caribbean Reparations Commission]

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    <title>Scramble for Africa</title>
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        <username>SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)</username>
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      <text bytes="40169" sha1="i5olzyrmaafb8wdsf89aidq9pdfp81b" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1870s–1914 colonisation of Africa by Europeans}}
{{About||information on the colonisation of Africa prior to the 1880s|Colonisation of Africa|the book by [[Thomas Pakenham (historian)|Thomas Pakenham]]|The Scramble for Africa (book)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Multiple image
 |total_width=350px
 |image1=African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg
 |caption1= Major [[List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history|pre-colonial states in Africa]] (excluding East African states such as [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran]], [[Adal Sultanate|Adal]], [[Kingdom of Buganda|Buganda]], [[Kingdom of Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]], and [[Merina Kingdom|Imerina]], and southern African ones: [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]], [[Rozvi Empire|Rozvi]], [[Maravi]], [[Uukwanyama]], and [[Mthwakazi]])
 |image2=Africa map 1914.svg
 |caption2=Areas of Africa controlled by [[history of colonialism|Western European colonial powers]] in 1913: [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] (orange), [[British Empire#Cape to Cairo|British]] (pink), [[French colonial empire|French]] (purple), [[German colonial empire|German]] (blue), [[Italian Empire|Italian]] (lime green), [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] (dark green), and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (yellow) empires
}}
[[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Areas of Africa controlled by [[Western European]] colonial empires in 1913, with current national boundaries superimposed
{{Legend|#f7fab2|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgium]]}}
{{Legend|#b6e3fc|[[French colonial empire|France]]}}
{{Legend|#bbfdd9|[[German colonial empire|Germany]]}}
{{Legend|#d2f89b|[[Italian Empire|Italy]]}}
{{Legend|#c0a6f2|[[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]}}
{{Legend|#eaaff7|[[Spanish Empire|Spain]]}}
{{Legend|#fbc5c0|[[British Empire|United Kingdom]]}}
{{Legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}}]]

'''Scramble for Africa'''{{Efn|Also known as the '''Partition of Africa''', the '''Conquest of Africa''', or the '''Rape of Africa'''}} daa nyɛla lirigu, ŋme n-fa, ni [[Africa]] nima shɛba gbahibu din nyɛ [[Western European]] ya' shɛli bɛ ni daa wuhi [[Second Industrial Revolution]] saha din gbaai 19th century mini 20th century piligu zaŋ chaŋ &quot;[[New Imperialism]]&quot;: [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgium]], [[French colonial empire|France]], [[German colonial empire|Germany]], [[British Empire|United Kingdom]], [[Italian Empire|Italy]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] ni [[Spanish Empire|Spain]].

Yuuni 1870, vaabu 10% n daa be European sulinsi ni lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, lala kalinli ŋɔ daa du zuɣiusaa ni vaabu 90%; tiŋgbana di da na kuli ba maŋsulinsi ni n-nyɛ [[Liberia]], [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]], [[Egba United Government|Egba]],{{Efn|The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognised by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914.&lt;ref name=daly&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Samuel Fury Childs |title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=4 May 2019 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=474–489 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 |s2cid=159124664 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 |issn=0308-6534}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Sultanate of Aussa|Aussa]], [[Senusiyya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hadaway |first=Stuart |title=Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914–1916) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFGpBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=senussi+campaign&amp;pg=PA15 |year=2014|publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-5808-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda]],&lt;ref name=cheke&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUgwAQAAIAAJ|title=The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples|last=Association|first=Cheke Cultural Writers|date=1994|publisher=The Association|isbn=9789982030069|language=en|chapter=Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Dervish State]], [[Darfur Sultanate]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bassil |first=Noah R. |date=2006-12-01 |title=The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629380601036098 |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=347–364 |doi=10.1080/13629380601036098 |issn=1362-9387}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Ovambo people#History|Ovambo kingdoms]],&lt;ref name=frieda&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Frieda-Nela |url=https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |title=Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 |publisher=National Archives of Namibia |year=1991 |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fokkens |first=Andries |title=The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume |journal=Small Wars &amp; Insurgencies |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2023 |pages=382–421 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468}}&lt;/ref&gt; di shɛŋa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti lahi ŋme n deei shɛŋa.

Yuuni 1884 [[Berlin Conference]] daa milisi ?[[European colonisation]]&quot; ka niŋ daabiligu Africa, ka bɛ nyɛ ka dini n daa tahi &quot;scramble&quot; na.{{Sfn|Brantlinger|1985|pages=166–203}}  19th century bahigu, siyaasa nyintahili daa be [[Colonial empire|European empires]].{{Sfn|Robinson|Gallagher|Denny|1961|p=175}}  19th century yuma din daa doli na daa ʒi taɣibu na ni &quot;[[informal imperialism]]&quot;.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=301}}

&quot;European colonial empires&quot; ni daa ti labiri nyaaŋa dunia tɔbiri dibaa ayi din daa ŋme yiɣisibu ni,  African tinsi pam daa deei maŋsulinsi [[Cold War]] ni, ka daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ niŋ ningbuna ni &quot;[[Organisation of African Unity]]&quot; laɣingu ni yuuni 1964 ka di nyɛla bɛ daa zorila dabiɛm ni tiŋ'bihili rtɔbu ŋmebu, ka zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ [[pan-Africanism]] ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Touval |first=Saadia |title=The Organization of African Unity and African Borders |journal=International Organization |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=102–127 |date=1967 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300013151 |jstor=2705705}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pilli==
{{Campaignbox Exploration of Africa}}
{{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}}
{{New Imperialism}}

Zaŋ kana yuuni 1841, daabihi ban daa yina Europe daa kpala luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni niŋdi daabiligu Africa yaɣa, amaa &quot;seldom&quot; daa kpe inland, ka mali niya ni bɛ biɛhigu shee kuli miri kuliga. Tuuli bɛ daa niŋdila daabiligu ni tiŋ'bihi. Doriti kamani kpaɣ'ʒiɛɣu doro nyɛla din daa che ka biɛhigu nima ni niŋ tɔm toi European nim ŋɔ.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|loc=ch 1}} 

Kamani zaŋ chaŋ 1870s bahigu, Europeans daa sula kamani 10% African tingbana ni, ka bɛ biɛhisi shee zaa miri kulisi.  Bɛ ni daa su yaɣ'shɛŋa pam n-nyɛ [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] ni [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], ban daa gbubi li n-nyɛ [[Portugal]]; [[Cape Colony]], ni [[United Kingdom]]; ni [[French Algeria|Algeria]], ka [[France]] gbubi li. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, [[Ethiopia]] mini [[Liberia]] daa nyɛla ban daa na kuli ka European sulinsi ni, &lt;ref&gt;Compare: {{cite book |last=Killingray |first=David |year=1998 |chapter=7: The War in Africa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbYoAwAAQBAJ |quote=In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia. |editor-last=Strachan |editor-first=Hew |editor-link=Hew Strachan |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |edition=2nd |publication-date=2014 |page=101 |access-date=2017-02-21 |isbn=978-0-19-164040-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma daa sɔŋsi European ka bɛ duri kulisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine|title=Quinine|website=broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2020-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216122141/http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Din daa tahili na ==

===Africa and global markets===
[[Sub-Saharan Africa]], Dunia luɣ'shɛli &quot;informal imperialism&quot; ni daa bi paai, daa nyɛla daabihi ni yu shɛli.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=301}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |first1=Ewout |last1=Frankema |author-link2=Jeffrey G. Williamson |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Williamson |first3=Pieter |last3=Woltjer |author-link3=Pieter Woltjer |title=An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=78 |issue=1 |date=2018 |pages=231–267|doi=10.1017/S0022050718000128 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/55912025/Scramble_for_Africa.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aʒianima din daa guui pam nyɛla din daa kpalim mɔɣ'duya, luɣ'shɛli binyɛra ni be alaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Lynn |author-link=Lynn Hunt |last=Hunt |title=The Making of the West |volume=C |location=Bedford |publisher=St. Martin |date=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luɣ'shɛli din daa ti leei [[Union of South Africa]] yuuni 1910, European daa dii bi zaŋ bɛ aʒianima pam niŋ Africa ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hobson |first=John Atkinson |title=Imperialism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |date=2011 |page=77 |isbn=978-0-511-79207-6 |oclc=889962491}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Easterly|first=William|title=The Imperial Origins of State-Led Development|url=http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/|date=September 17, 2009|publisher=New York University Blogs|access-date=2009-09-23|archive-date=2016-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205113614/http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Strategic rivalry===
[[File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|thumb|Contemporary French propaganda poster hailing Major [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand|Marchand]]'s [[Fashoda Incident|trek across Africa toward Fashoda]] in 1898]]

Di ni niŋ ka Africa daa dii pa bɛ ni kuri liɣiri niŋdi shɛli maa, mɔg'duya luɣ'shɛna ka bɛ daa dirili niŋda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Langer|first1=William A|title=The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902|last2=Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College|publisher=Alfred A Knopf|year=1935|volume=1|location=New York and London}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Robinson|Gallagher|Denny|1961|p=175}}&lt;ref&gt;Darwin, John. &quot;Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion.&quot; ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114114902/http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html |date=2012-01-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Gjersø |first=Jonas Fossli |title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95 |journal= Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=831–860 |date=2015 |s2cid=143514840 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- What do they say in contrast? --&gt;

'Scramble for African' gba daa lahi nyɛla din tabi linjima tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1982&quot;&gt;H.R. Cowie, ''Imperialism and Race Relations''. Revised edition, Nelson Publishing, Vol. 5, 1982.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sal'nim zaŋ bɛ mansi ti tiŋgbanma saha di daa niŋ talahi ni tiŋ ka pii di &quot;status symbol&quot;; tɛhi kara tɛha &quot;greatness&quot; daa nyɛla din zaŋ gɔhi &quot;[[The White Man's Burden|White Man's Burden]]&quot;, bee tuma tumbu, ka nyɛ tiŋgbana pam sochibisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1982&quot; /&gt;

1880s piligu, [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] daa gorimi gindi [[Congo River]] zaŋti France, lala saha maa zuɣu ni [[Henry Morton Stanley]] daa zani [[Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo]] zaani n-gɔri ginda, ka [[Leopold II of Belgium]] tabiri sɔŋdi o, ŋun daa yɛn suli o maŋmaŋ ka din yɛ [[Congo Free State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa.|last=Hochschild|first=Adam|date=1999|publisher=Mariner Books|isbn=0-358-21250-2|location=New York|pages=281|oclc=1105149367}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International Relations|last=Khanna|first=V. N.|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=2013|isbn=9789325968363|edition=5th|location=India|pages=55}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1884, Germany daa yɛliya ni [[Togoland]],  Cameroons ni [[South West Africa]] nyɛla din be bɛ ni guri yaɣ'shɛŋa ni;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h50imp.htm|title=Africa and Empire in the 1880s and '90s|last=Smitha|first=Frank E.|website=www.fsmitha.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka France daa deeiGuinea. [[French West Africa]] nyɛla din daa pili yuuni 1895 ka [[French Equatorial Africa]] pili yuuni 1910.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991}}&lt;ref&gt;Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion'' (1996).&lt;/ref&gt; [[French Somaliland]],  [[Russian Empire|Russian]] nima ban daa be &quot;[[Khedivate of Egypt|Egyptian]] fort&quot; sahabiɛla zaŋ chaŋ [[Sagallo]] daa nyɛla [[Terek Cossacks]] ni deei shɛli sahabiɛla yuni 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Borrero|first=Mauricio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC|title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7475-4|pages=69–70|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|left|[[David Livingstone]], early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the [[African slave trade|slave trade]]]]

====Germany's ''Weltpolitik''====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA6364, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Polizeiaskaris.jpg|thumb|The [[Askari]] colonial troops in [[German East Africa]], c. 1906]]

Germany, daa nyɛla din piri din piri tiŋmgbani. Yuuni 1862, [[Otto von Bismarck]] daa leei Minister-President zaŋti [[Kingdom of Prussia]], ni tɔbiri din daa ŋme [[Austro-Prussian War|Austria in 1866]] mini [[Franco-Prussian War|France in 1870]]. &lt;ref&gt;George Shepperson, &quot;The centennial of the West African conference of Berlin, 1884–1885.&quot; Phylon 46.1 (1985): 37–48 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/274944 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021013746/https://www.jstor.org/stable/274944 |date=2019-10-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The origins of totalitarianism|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=1973|isbn=9780156701532|edition=New|location=New York|pages=222|oclc=614421}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaŋ gbaai 1880s, ''Deutscher Kolonialverein'' daa nam ya, ka  ''Kolonialzeitung daa yi polo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kitson |first=Alison |title=Germany, 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2001 |pages=64 |isbn=0-19-913417-0 |oclc=47209403}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Colonial Rule |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0020.xml |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=obo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Italy's expansion====
[[File:Zaptié, Arabien.jpg|thumb|An Italian [[Carabiniere]] and a Libyan colonial [[Zaptié]] patrolling in Tripoli, [[Italian Tripolitania]], 1914]]

Tɔbu din daa tuhi ni France nyaaŋa [[Crimean War]] (1853–1856) ni, [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] daa nyɛla din mali niya ni di laɣim Italian peninsula, ni French sɔŋsim.  

Taba laɣimbu nyaaŋa, Italy daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ yɛligi bɛ kpari bɔɣiri  ka nya yaa,ka deein[[Eritrea]] yaɣ'shɛŋa yuuni 1870&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ullendorff |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Ullendorff |title=The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People |url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansintrod0000ulle/page/90/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |edition=2nd|year=1965 |pages=90 |isbn=0-19-285061-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Eritrea|volume=9|page=747}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni yuuni 1882.Yuuni 1889–90, din daa deei Horn of Africa, ka pili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni booni [[Italian Somaliland]].{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|p=281}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Micheal |last=Clodfelter |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures |edition= 4th |publisher=McFarland |year=2017|page=202}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

====Herero Wars and the Maji Maji Rebellion====
{{Main|Herero Wars|Maji Maji Rebellion}}
{{See also|Herero and Namaqua genocide}}
[[File:Herero Nama Shark Island Death Camp Lieutenant von Durling 05.jpg|thumb|upright|Lieutenant von Durling with prisoners at [[Shark Island concentration camp|Shark Island]], one of the German concentration camps used during the [[Herero and Namaqua genocide]]]]

Bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1908, Germany &quot;colonies&quot; din be [[German South West Africa]] mini [[German East Africa]] daa nyɛ tuhibu ni nbɛ zalisi. Tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa varisigu zaŋti &quot;German rule&quot; nyɛla Germany ni daa tuhi nyaŋ shɛli, ka di [[Herero people|Herero]] daa bɔhi bɛri German South West Africa ka daa bi di nasara [[Battle of Waterberg]] ni mini Maji-Maji daa bɔhi bɛri German East Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prein |first=Philipp |date=1994 |title=Guns and Top Hats: African Resistance in German South West Africa, 1907–1915 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637122 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=99–121 |doi=10.1080/03057079408708389 |jstor=2637122 |bibcode=1994JSAfS..20...99P |issn=0305-7070}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1bRcJ885fAC|title=The Revolt of the Hereros|last=Bridgman|first=Jon|date=1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04113-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

German kpaŋmaŋa ni German South West Africa tiŋ'bihi mɔri ni yihibu ni salo maa polo. Di zaa kalilnli, kamani tuhi pihiyɔbiu ni kɔbisinu (65,000 Herero) (vaabu 80% Herero daadam biɛligyu maa puuni), ni vaabu tuhi pia (10,000 Namaqua) (vaabu 50% Namaqua daadam biɛligu puuni) daa nyɛla ban be kum ni, n-kpi ni ko'nyuri, bee ka bɛ tum kpi &quot;[[Shark Island concentration camp]]&quot; ni bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 mini yuuni 1908. Bini din gbaai 24,000 mini 100,000 Hereros sunsuuni, 10,000 [[Nama people|Nama]], ni [[San people|San]] kalinli din bi mi nyɛla ban daa kpi &quot;genocide&quot; maa ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walter Nuhn 1904&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author = Nuhn, Walter | year = 1989 | title = Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 | language = de | location = Koblenz, DEU | publisher = Bernard &amp; Graefe-Verlag | isbn = 978-3-7637-5852-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | last = Schaller | first = Dominik J. | editor-last = Moses | editor-first = A. Dirk | title = From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. | trans-title = Empire, Colony Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History | edition = first | year = 2008 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4 | page = 296 | quote = see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sarkin&gt;Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) ''Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908'', p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. {{ISBN|978-0-31336-256-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=moses&gt;{{cite book |author = Moses, A. Dirk | year = 2008 | title = Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History | location = New York | publisher = Berghahn Books | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4 }}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author = Schaller, Dominik J. | year = 2008 | title = From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa | location = New York | publisher = Berghahn Books | page= 296 | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1 = Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L. |author2=Lennox, Sara |author3=Zantop, Susanne M. | year = 1998 | title = The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy | location = Ann Arbor, MI | publisher = University of Michigan Press | page= 87 | isbn = 978-0-472-09682-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor = Baronian, Marie-Aude |editor2=Besser, Stephan |editor3=Jansen, Yolande | year = 2007 | title = Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics | series = Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13 | location = Leiden, NDL | publisher = Brill/Rodopi | page= 33 | issn = 1381-1312 | isbn = 978-9042021297 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Genocide&quot; nahingbana daa  nyɛla kum kubu, ko'nyuri, ni pooʒini zaŋ ku niriba, ka bɛ daa gbahiba niŋ [[Namib|Namib Desert]].&lt;ref&gt;Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) ''Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945'', p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart {{ISBN|978-3-515-08423-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=totten&gt;Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004)  [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&amp;dq=Herero+Poisoned+wells&amp;pg=PA51 ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts''], Routledge, NY {{ISBN|978-0-203-89043-1}} p. 22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kroll&gt;Dan Kroll (2006) ''Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource'', p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press {{ISBN|978-1-59370-069-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===African colonies listed by colonising power===

====Belgium====
[[File:Leopold II Statue at Place du Trône - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Equestrian statue of [[Leopold II of Belgium]], the Sovereign of the [[Congo Free State]] from 1885 to 1908, Regent Place in [[Brussels]], Belgium]]
* [[Belgian Congo]] (1908–1960, din pa nyɛ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]])
[[Ruanda-Urundi]] (1922–1962, din pa nyɛ [[Rwanda]] mini [[Burundi]])

====France====
{{Further|French Africa}}
[[File:Mission Foureau-Lamy.jpg|thumb|The [[Amédée-François Lamy|Foureau-Lamy]] military expedition sent out from [[Algiers]] in 1898 to conquer the [[Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa.]]
[[File:Desembarco en Cotonou de tropas senegalesas. Le Petit Journal, 21may1892.jpg|thumb|The [[Senegalese Tirailleurs]], led by Colonel [[Alfred-Amédée Dodds]], conquered Dahomey (present-day Benin) in 1892]]

{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[French West Africa]]:
** [[Mauritania]]
** [[Senegal]]
** [[Albreda]] (1681–1857, now part of [[Gambia]])
** [[French Sudan]] (now [[Mali]], 1880 – 1958)
** [[Liberia]] Territorial losses of Liberia
** [[French Guinea]] (now [[Guinea]])
** [[Ivory Coast]]
** [[Colony of Niger|Niger]]
** [[French Upper Volta]] (now [[Burkina Faso]])
** [[French Dahomey]] (now [[Benin]])
** [[French Togoland]] (1916–60, now [[Togo]])
** [[Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo]] (in modern [[Nigeria]])
* [[French Equatorial Africa]]:
** [[Gabon]]
** [[French Cameroun]] (1922–60)
** [[French Congo]] (now [[Republic of the Congo]])
** [[Ubangi-Shari|Oubangui-Chari]] (now [[Central African Republic]])
** [[Colonial Chad|Chad]]
* [[French North Africa]]:
** [[French Algeria]] (1830–1962; was administered as an integral part of France itself from 1848)
** [[French Protectorate of Tunisia]]
** [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Protectorate of Morocco]]
** [[Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)|Fezzan-Ghadames]] (1943–1951) (administration given by the UNO after its conquest by [[Charles de Gaulle]])
** [[Egypt]] (ownership (1798–1801))  ([[Condominium (international law)|Condominium]] of [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] (1876–1882))&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |title=Centenaire de l'Entente cordiale: les accords franco-britanniques de 1904 |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004005739/http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[French East Africa]]:
** [[French Madagascar]]
** [[Comoros]]
** [[Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean]]
** [[French Somaliland]] (now [[Djibouti]])
** [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (1715–1810) (now [[Mauritius]])
|}

====Germany====
* [[German Kamerun]] (din pa nyɛ [[Cameroon]] mini [[Nigeria]] yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1916)
* [[German East Africa]] (din pa nyɛ [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] ni [[Tanzania]] yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1885–1919)
* [[German South-West Africa]] (din pa nyɛ [[Namibia]], 1884–1915)
* [[German Togoland]] (din pa nyɛ [[Togo]] ni [[Ghana]] east yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1914)

====Italy====
[[File:CH-NB - Italienisch-Ostafrika, Massana (Massawa, Massaua)- Hafen - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|thumb|Italian settlers in [[Massawa]]]]
* [[Italian Eritrea]] (1882–1936)
* [[Italian Somalia]] (1889–1936)
* [[Italian Ethiopia]] (1936–1941)
** ''[[Oltre Giuba]]'' {{small|(annexed into Italian Somalia in 1925)}}
* [[Italian colonization of Libya|Libya]]
** [[Italian Tripolitania]] (1911–1934)
** [[Italian Cyrenaica]] (1911–1934)
** [[Italian Libya]] {{small|(from the unification of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in 1934)}} (1934–1943; coastal regions administered as [[Fourth Shore|an integral part of Italy itself]] from 1939–1943)

====Portugal====
[[File:Combat de marracuene.jpg|thumb|[[Marracuene]] in [[Portuguese Mozambique]] was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and [[Gaza Empire|Gaza]] king [[Gungunhana]] in 1895]]

{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Portuguese Angola]] (now [[Angola]]) (1575–1975)
** Mainland [[Angola]]
** [[Portuguese Congo]]&lt;br /&gt;(now [[Cabinda Province]] of [[Angola]])
* [[Portuguese Mozambique]]&lt;br /&gt;(now [[Mozambique]]) (1505–1975)
* [[Portuguese Guinea]]&lt;br /&gt;(now [[Guinea-Bissau]]) (1588–1974)
* [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] (now part of [[Ghana]]) (1482–1642)
* [[Portuguese Cape Verde]] (1462–1975)
* [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe]] (1485–1975)
** [[São Tomé Island]]
** [[Príncipe Island]]
** [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]]&lt;br /&gt;(now [[Ouidah]], in [[Benin]])
|}

On 11 June 1951, Portugal would begin to administer its colonies, including its ones in Africa, as [[Overseas province]]s.

====Spain====
{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Northern [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Morocco]]
** Chefchaouen (''Chauen'')
*** Jebala (''Yebala'')
*** Kert
*** Loukkos (''Lucus'')
*** Rif
* [[Spanish West Africa]] (1946–1958)
** [[Ifni]] (1934–1969)
** Southern Spanish Morocco ([[Cape Juby]])
** [[Spanish Sahara]] (now [[Western Sahara]]) (1884—1958 as a colony of Spain; 1958–1976 as a [[Provinces of Spain|Province of Spain]])
*** [[Saguia el-Hamra]]
*** [[Río de Oro]]
* [[Spanish Guinea]]&lt;br /&gt;(now [[Equatorial Guinea]]) (1858–1968)
** [[Bioko|Fernando Pó]]
** [[Río Muni]]
** [[Annobón]]
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
|}

{{anchor|United Kingdom}}&lt;!-- linked --&gt;

====United Kingdom====
{{Further|Historiography of the British Empire}}
[[File:1899railroad salisbury.jpg|thumb|Opening of the railway in [[Southern Rhodesia|Rhodesia]], 1899]]
[[File:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|thumb|Following the [[Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War]] in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the [[Ashanti Kingdom]].]]

The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to [[India]], which led to initial interest in [[Egypt]] and [[South Africa]]. Once these two areas were secure, it was the intent of British colonialists such as [[Cecil Rhodes]] to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. Control of the [[Nile]] was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage. Overall, by 1921, the British had control approximately 33.23% of Africa, or 3,897,920&amp;nbsp;mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (10,09,55,66&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=British Africa |url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1922-23/192202180178_p.%20178.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=British Africa |url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1922-23/192202190179_p.%20179.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[British Egypt|Egypt]]
* [[British Military Administration (Libya)|British Cyrenaica]] (1943–1951, now part of [[Libya]])
* [[British Military Administration (Libya)|British Tripolitania]] (1943–1951, now part of [[Libya]])
* [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (1899–1956)
* [[British Somaliland]] (now part of [[Somalia]])
* [[British East Africa]]:
** [[Kenya Colony]]
** [[Uganda Protectorate]]
** [[Tanzania]]:
*** [[Tanganyika Territory]] (1919–61)
*** [[Zanzibar]]
* [[British Mauritius]]
* [[Bechuanaland]] (now [[Botswana]])
* [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]])
* [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]])
* [[History of Seychelles#British rule|British Seychelles]]
* [[Union of South Africa|British South Africa]]
** [[South Africa]]:
*** [[Transvaal Colony]]
*** [[Cape Colony]]
*** [[Colony of Natal]]
*** [[Orange River Colony]]
** [[South-West Africa]] (from 1915, now [[Namibia]])
* [[British West Africa]]
** [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate]]
** [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|British Sierra Leone]]
** [[Colonial Nigeria]]
** [[British Togoland]] (1916–56, today part of [[Ghana]])
** [[Cameroons]] (1922–61, now part of [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]])
** [[Gold Coast (British colony)]] (now [[Ghana]])
* [[Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]])
* [[Basutoland]] (now [[Lesotho]])
* [[Swaziland Protectorate|Swaziland]] (now [[Eswatini]])
* [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
|}

==Lihi pahi==

===Kalinli===
* [[Chronology of Western colonialism]]
* [[List of European colonies in Africa]]
* [[List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of French possessions and colonies]]

===Din pahi pahi===
* [[Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization]]
* [[Durand Line]]
* [[Economic history of Africa]]
* [[French colonial empire]]
* [[Historiography of the British Empire]]
* [[International relations (1814–1919)]]
* [[Scramble for China]]
* [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]
* [[White Africans of European ancestry]]

==Noosi==
{{notelist}}

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brantlinger |first=Patrick |title=Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent |journal=Critical Inquiry |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=1985 |pages=166–203 |jstor=1343467 |s2cid=161311164 |doi=10.1086/448326 |url=http://www.uwf.edu/dearle/imperialadventure/imperial%20adventure/documents/brantlinger%20victorians%20and%20africans.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Hochschild |title=[[King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa]] |publisher=Pan Books |location=London |year=2006 |orig-year=1998 |isbn=978-0-330-44198-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pakenham |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian) |title= The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 |title-link=The Scramble for Africa (book) |location=London |publisher=Abacus |date=1991 |ol=9863165M |isbn=978-0-349-10449-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Ronald |first2=John |last2=Gallagher |last3=Denny |first3=Alice |title=Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism |publisher=Macmillan |date=1961 |ol=17989466M |edition=2 |isbn=9780333310069}}
* {{cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |title=History of Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Southall |first1=Roger |last2=Melber |first2=Henning |author-link=Henning Melber |title=A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal Press |date=2009}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996)
* Atkinson, David. &quot;Constructing Italian Africa: Geography and Geopolitics&quot;. ''Italian colonialism'' (2005): 15–26.
* Axelson, Eric. ''Portugal and the Scramble for Africa: 1875–1891'' (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand UP, 1967)
* Betts, Raymond F., ed. ''The scramble for Africa: causes and dimensions of empire'' (Heath, 1972), short excerpts from historians. [https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric0000bett online]
* Boddy-Evans, Alistair. &quot;What Caused the Scramble for Africa?&quot; ''African History'' (2012). [https://www.seal-pa.org/hs/staff/teachers/wswitala/courses/wahg2/SiteAssets/SitePages/colonial/What%20Caused%20the%20Scramble%20for%20Africa%20KINDLE.pdf online]
* Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. ''The scramble for Africa'' (4th ed. Routledge, 2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Scramble-Africa-Seminar-Studies/dp/1408220148/ excerpt and text search]; also [https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up complete text of 2nd edition 1999]
* Curtin, Philip D. ''Disease and empire: The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa'' ([[Cambridge University Press]], 1998)
* Darwin, John. &quot;Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion.&quot; ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp.&amp;nbsp;614–42.
* Finaldi, Giuseppe. ''Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-building, 1870–1900'' (Peter Lang, 2009)
* Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. ''Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1988) [https://archive.org/details/bismarckeuropeandafricatheberlinafricaconference18841885andtheonsetofpartitionst online]
* Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule'' (1971)
* Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (1967) [https://archive.org/details/britaingermanyin0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up online].
* {{cite journal |last=Gjersø |first=Jonas Fossli |title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=831–860 |date=2015 |s2cid=143514840 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131 |doi-access=free}}
* Hammond, Richard James. ''Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910: a study in uneconomic imperialism'' ([[Stanford University Press]], 1966) [https://archive.org/details/portugalafrica180000hamm online]
* Henderson, W.O. ''The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919'' (London: Frank Cass, 1993)
* Hinsley, F.H. ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98'' (1962) [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2010_334.pdf contents] pp.&amp;nbsp;593–40.
* Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
* Koponen, Juhani, ''The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage?'' Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2, no. 1 (1993): 134.
* Lewis, David Levering. ''The race to Fashoda: European colonialism and African resistance in the scramble for Africa'' (1988) [https://archive.org/details/racetofashodaeur0000lewi_u0m1 online]
* Lovejoy, Paul E. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
* Lloyd, Trevor Owen. ''Empire: the history of the British Empire'' (2001).
* Mackenzie J.M. ''The Partition of Africa, 1880–1900, and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century'' (London 1983) [https://archive.org/details/partitionofafric0000mack online]
* Middleton, Lamar. ''The Rape Of Africa'' (London, 1936) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77361/page/n207/mode/2up online]
* Minawi, Mustafa. ''The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz'' (2016) [https://archive.org/details/kaoikaprophe007_gmail_20180922 online]
* Oliver, Roland, ''Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa'' (1959) [https://archive.org/details/sirharryjohnston0000oliv online]
* Penrose, E.F., ed. ''European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa'' (London, 1975).
* Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. ''German colonialism and national identity'' (London: Taylor &amp; Francis, 2010).
* Porter, Andrew, ed. ''The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3'' (1999)  [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol3_829_k online], pp. 624–650.
* Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. &quot;The partition of Africa&quot;, in ''The New Cambridge Modern History'' vol XI, pp.&amp;nbsp;593–640 (Cambridge, 1962).
* Rotberg, Robert I. ''The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power'' (1988) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Founder-Cecil-Rhodes-Pursuit/dp/0195066685/ excerpt and text search];
* Sarr, Felwine, and Savoy, Bénédicte, ''The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, Toward a New Relational Ethics'' (2018) http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204535/http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf |date=2021-03-26 }}
* Sanderson, G.N., &quot;The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture?&quot; ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' (1974) 3#1 pp.&amp;nbsp;1–54.
* Stoecker, Helmut. ''German imperialism in Africa: From the beginnings until the Second World War'' (Hurst &amp; Co., 1986.)
* Thomas, Antony. ''Rhodes: The Race for Africa'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Rhodes-Race-Africa-Antony-Thomas/dp/0312169825/  excerpt and text search]
* Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford University Press, 1958)
* Vandervort, Bruce. ''Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914'' ([[Indiana University Press]], 2009).
* Wesseling, H.L. and [[Arnold J. Pomerans]]. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.)
{{Refend}}

===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Brooke-Smith, Robin. '' Documents And Debate: The Scramble For Africa'' (Macmillan Education, 1987) [https://archive.org/details/DocumentsAndDebatesRobinBrookeSmithB.A.M.Sc.auth.TheScrambleForAfricaMacmillanEducationUK1987 online]
* Chamberlain. M.E. ''The Scramble for Africa'' (2nd ed. 1999) pp. 94–125 [https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up online]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/13/humanities.artsandhumanities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 July 2002|title=Belgium exhumes its colonial demons|last1=Osborn|first1=Andrew}}
* {{cite thesis|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=42990|last=Gülstorff|first=Torben|year=2016|place=Berlin|title=Trade follows Hallstein? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble.|doi=10.18452/17628}}
* {{cite news|last=Fischer|first=Hilke|date=25 February 2015|title=130 years ago: carving up Africa in Berlin|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/130-years-ago-carving-up-africa-in-berlin/a-18278894|access-date=6 June 2021}}

{{Africa topics}}

{{Great Power diplomacy}}

{{World War I}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scramble For Africa}}
[[Category:19th century in Africa]]
[[Category:19th century in international relations]]
[[Category:20th century in international relations]]
[[Category:European colonisation of Africa]]
[[Category:Geopolitical rivalry]]
[[Category:Partition (politics)]]
[[Category:Political geography]]
[[Category:History of Africa]]
[[Category:History of international relations]]
[[Category:New Imperialism]]
[[Category:David Livingstone]]
[[Category:20th century in Africa]]
[[Category:Western culture]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maroons</title>
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        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
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      <comment>Clean up</comment>
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      <text bytes="24808" sha1="ntv8299chjlp8ipanzsxxt3w1tviabk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Body of Maroon child brought before medicine man, 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Ndyuka people|Ndyuka]] man bringing the body of a child before a [[shaman]]. Suriname, 1955]]
'''Maroons''' nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Africanima ban be  Americanima mini Island nima ban be India nima &quot;Ocean&quot; ka daa daa zo n-tiligi ka che dab'tali, ka di nyɛla bɛ tuhi mi bee &quot;[[manumission]]&quot; ka bɛ niŋ, ka me bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu sheei. Bɛ mini &quot;[[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]]&quot; tooi gabirila taba, ka bɛ kaya ni taɣa leei waligira&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane A.|publisher=NYU|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8147-2449-1|location=New York|pages=81, 171–177, 215, 309|oclc=864551110}}&lt;/ref&gt;kamani [[Garifuna]] mini [[Mascogos]].

[[File:Wikibruz23.jpg|thumb|upright|''Maroons surprised by dogs'' (1893) (Brussels) by [[Louis Samain]].]]

== Pilli ==

''Maroon'', bɛ ni tooi che shɛli labi ka di nyɛla di ka la aʒianima pam, daa kpela Silimi'tiŋa kamani yuma din gbaai 1590s, French bachibuɣisirili puuni &quot;{{Lang|fr|marron}}&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maroon definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maroon |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=16 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; din nyɛ 'feral' bee 'fugitive'. Din mini di bachinima ŋmebu nyɛ yim maa yoli, 'reddish brown' zaŋti ''maroon'' gbunni bi yi polo zaŋ na hali ni yuma din gbaai 1700s, amaa dini tooi nyɛ di daa yila &quot;maroon&quot; niriba sani na.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite OED|maroon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Neil |title=Freedom as Marronage |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-20118-4 |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=4–5 |oclc=899240409}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American Spanish bachi &quot;{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}&quot; gba tooi nyɛla din zani ti Siliminsili bachi &quot;''maroon&quot; ni yina shɛli'', ka di buɣisiri daba ban daa zo Florida biɛhisi sheei, &quot;[[Great Dismal Swamp maroons|Great Dismal Swamp]]&quot; din daa be Virginia mini North Carolina tarisi, Caribbean daba gbahibu tingbana,ni [[New World]] yaɣ'shɛŋa. Linguist [[Lyle Campbell]] yɛliya ni  Spanish bachi din nyɛ &quot;''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''&quot; gbunni nyɛla 'yɔɣu, gamazuɣu' bee 'dabili ŋun zo'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=Lyle Campbell|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3g8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA400|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514050-7|page=400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuma 1570s piligu, Sir [[Francis Drake]]'s daa goya gili Spanish din be Panama ka &quot;''Symerons'',&quot; daa sɔŋ o, din ni tooi nyɛ &quot;''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''&quot; ka bɛ sabi chirim.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;/&gt; Bala baŋda [[Leo Spitzer]], yɛliya balli lahabali sabbu puuni,, &quot;ningbuna niŋbu yi beni ni Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''{{Lang|fr|marron}}'', ni Sp. ''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}'', Spain (bee Spanish America) di nyɛla din ni tooi zani dede n-ti England (bee English America).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spitzer1938&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=Leo Spitzer|last=Spitzer|first=Leo|title=Spanish cimarrón|journal=Language|date=1938|volume=14|issue=2|pages=145–147|doi=10.2307/408879|jstor=408879|publisher=Linguistic Society of America&quot;|quote=The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. ''cimarrón'', wild, untamed'. But Eng. ''maroon'' is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. ''marron'' 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''marron'', and Sp. ''cimarrón'', Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lala n lahi nyɛli, Cuban &quot;[[Philology|philologist]] [[José Juan Arrom]]&quot; nyɛla ŋun bo &quot;''maroon&quot; ni yi shɛli na'' n-ti tooni gari Spanish ''cimarrón'', din daa zaŋ tum tuma tuuli [[Hispaniola]] ni di zani ti &quot;[[feral]]&quot; niɣi, n naan yi zaŋ paai India daba ban zo n kuli zoya ni, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 1530s piligu din chaŋ ti kpe Africa daba ban gba niŋ lala kpee. O buɣisi ni American Spanish bachi yimina Arawakan bachi din nyɛ &quot;{{Lang|awd|simarabo}}&quot; puuni, ka bɛ leei li 'fugitive', [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] balli ni, [[Taíno]] ni tɔɣisiri shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom1983&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last=Arrom|first=José Juan|title=Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen|language=es|trans-title=Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin|journal=Revista Española de Antropología Americana|date=1983|volume=XII|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/REAA/article/viewFile/REAA8383110047A/25067|publisher=Universidad Complutense|location=Madrid|quote={{langx|es|Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.»|link=no}} English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón &quot;means, in the language of this island, fugitives&quot;, it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArromArévalo1986&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last1=Arrom|first1=José Juan|first2=Manuel Antonio |last2=García Arévalo|title=Cimarrón|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij5IAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22cimarr%C3%B3n%20es%20un%20indigenismo%22|year=1986|publisher=Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo|page=30|quote={{langx|es|En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli.|link=no}} English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that ''cimarrón'' is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Price1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Price|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5496-5|pages=xi–xii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|first=José Juan|last=Arrom|title=Estudios de lexicología antillana|language=es|trans-title=Antillean Lexicology Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr4uAAAAYAAJ|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico|isbn=978-0-8477-0374-6|page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tardieu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique|language=fr|trans-title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note |journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire |date=2006 |volume=93 |issue=350 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.3406/outre.2006.4201 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2006_num_93_350_4201}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- ===Usage and other terms===
The name Maroon is the [[English language|British]] and [[French language|French]] [[Corruption (grammar)|corruption]] of the Spanish ''cimarrónes'', meaning 'wild' or 'untamed'. While the word ''maroon'' was used extensively for the escaped blacks in Jamaica, it was in use throughout the Caribbean. The French used the word ''marron'' for any fugitive slave. In the Guianas, escaped Blacks were commonly known as &quot;bush negroes&quot; or &quot;refugee blacks&quot;. In Spanish-speaking areas, the villages were sometimes called ''[[Palenque (village)|palenques]]'' or ''[[quilombo]]s'', and the self-liberated Blacks were called ''palenqueros''. --&gt;

== Taarihi ==

=== Colonial era ===
[[File:The Maroons In Ambush On The Dromilly Estate In The Parish Of Trelawney, Jamaica in 1795.jpg|thumb|1801 [[aquatint]] of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.]]
[[New World]] ni, kamani di yi daa kuli daŋ, yuuni 1512, Africa daba daa zo Spanish n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu bee ka bɛ daa bo bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu shee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/34.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 21|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuuli daba tuhibu daa niŋla [[Dominican Republic]] lache buu din daa nyɛ Admiral [[Diego Columbus]] ni su shɛli, Anashaara goli 26 December yuuni 1522, ka Admiral daa dahim li ka di bi viɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=José|last=Franco|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|35}} Tuuli maroon tinsi din nyɛ Americanima dini daa kpala lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyaaŋa, dini daa niŋ ka lala daba ŋɔ shɛba daa tooi zo n-tili. Di daa lahi nyɛla daliri din yɛn ti [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]] yaa maroons ban daa chaŋ ti su maroon tuma Americanima sani. [[Sebastián Lemba]], bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Africa, daa tooi tuhi Spaniards di nasra yuuni 1532, ka daa naai noli ni Africanima shɛba o yuun poinaanu zaŋ tuhi Spanish dab gbahiriba ŋɔ. Din tooi niŋ ka Lemba daa nya maroons shɛba pahi o ma`n zuɣu kamani Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo ni [[Diego del Ocampo]] o dabili tuhibu saha. Dini daa niŋ ka maroons tuhi Spanish daabili, Spanish kpamba daa pilila maroon zobu ni bɛ ti fa island maa. Zaŋ kana 1540s, maroons daa tooi deei island maa puuni zaa, amaa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa be east, north, ni western yaɣa din daa be island gba daa na nyɛla din yɛn kpe maroon sulinsi ni. Maroon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schwaller|first1=Robert C. |title=Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620|language=en |journal=The Americas |date=2018 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=609-638 |doi=10.1017/tam.2018.3|hdl=1808/29355 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dominican maroons nyɛla ban yɛn be island maa ni hali ni 17th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=López de Cerrato |first=Alonso |chapter=Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola |date=2014 |title=The Dominican Republic Reader |pages=66–67 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1215/9780822376521-015 |isbn=978-0-8223-5688-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Deive, Carlos Esteban |title=Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo |date=1997 |publisher=Fundación Cultural Dominicana |oclc=44735015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sir [[Francis Drake]] daa kali ''cimarrones'' pam o go n gili Spanish ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/35.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 101|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamani yuuni 1655, Africanima daa kpala tinsi inland [[Jamaica]], ka zaŋ chaŋ 18th century, [[Nanny Town]] mini Jamaican maroon tinkpan shɛŋa daa pili maŋsulinsi zuɣu zabbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Mavis Christine|date=1988|title=The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration &amp; Betrayal|location=Granby, Massachusetts|publisher=Bergin &amp; Garvey|isbn=0-89789-148-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni daa niŋ ka Amerindians mini daba ban daa zo n tiligi daa laɣim taba bɛ daa booni ba la &quot;maroons&quot;. [[Caribbean islands]] ni, bɛ daa kpala laɣisni islands, armed camps. Maroon daa niŋ wahala pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=American Vistas: 1607–1877|editor1-last=Dinnerstein|editor1-first=Leonard|editor2-first=Kenneth T.|editor2-last=Jackson|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnAKAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; bindirigu nya n-di,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ohadike2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Don C. |last=Ohadike|title=Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_u_6ZA8BYUC  |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University |isbn=978-1-58684-175-1 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛ dɔɣi ka yɛligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first= Jan|last= Rogozinski|year= 1999|title= A Brief History of the Caribbean|edition= revised|publisher= Facts on File Inc.|location= New York|pages= 155–168|isbn= 0-8160-3811-2|url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/155|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuuli maroon tinsi daa kuli bela yerayera. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1700, maroon daa zoya ka che islands. Biɛhigu daa niŋla tom pam zaŋti ba, di daa kuli ʒimi ni bɛ tiuhima ka lahi bɔri bindirigu.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;/&gt;Maroons so ŋun daa tooi mali yiko n daa nyɛ [[François Mackandal]], ŋun daa nyɛ &quot;[[houngan]]&quot; bee &quot;[[Haitian Vodou|voodoo]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm  |title=The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution |publisher=The City of Miami |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826170155/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm |archive-date=2007-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cuba]] tingbani ni, maroon tinsi daa be di zolona ni, luɣ'shɛli Africa daba ni daa zo n-tiligi chaŋ ti pahi [[Taíno people|Taíno]]s ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aimes&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Aimes|first=Hubert H. S.|date=1967|title=A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868|location=New York|publisher=Octagon Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pɔi ka pala daa naan yi ti mali chaŋ [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Franklin W.|last=Knight|title=Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, ''Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870''|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=66|issue=2|date=May 1986|pages=381–382|jstor=2515149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maroon tinsi pam daa kpaya Caribbean ([[Saint Vincent (island)|St&amp;nbsp;Vincent]] mini [[Dominica]]), amaa di shɛli da pa arisigu zaŋ ti British kamani [[Jamaican Maroons]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Bryan|date=1801|title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo|location=London|publisher=J. Stockdale}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17th century piligu, Jamaican Maroons daa kuli tuhirila British daba-gbahiriba sahakam, ka di daa ti tahi &quot;[[First Maroon War]]&quot; na (1728–1740). Yuuni 1739 mini yuuni 1740,British gɔmnanti zaŋti [[Colony of Jamaica]], [[Edward Trelawny (colonial administrator)|Edward Trelawny]], daa dihi gbana ni ka lo ba alikaule ni {{convert|2500|acres|0|abbr=on}} luɣa buyi ni, [[Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)]] din be western Jamaica mini [[Crawford's Town]] din be eastern Jamaica, din yɛn che ka bɛ che taba tuhibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colonies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=2001|title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva2018&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |location=Southampton, England |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|31–46}} 

=== Modern era ===
Maroon tinkura din daa be Spanish Caribbean daa na kuli beni zaŋ kana yuuni 2006, kamani [[Viñales]], Cuba,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Sartorio |first=Blanchie |date=2004-03-13 |title=El Templo de los Cimarrónes |trans-title=The Temple of the Maroons |url=http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508202938/http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-date=2008-05-08 |website=Guerrillero: Pinar del Río |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Adjuntas, Puerto Rico|Adjuntas]], Puerto Rico.

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, Jamaican Maroon nyɛla ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ka waligi ka che Jamaica tinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bryan |title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo |date=1801 |publisher=J. Stockdale |location=London |pages=303–360 |chapter=Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants |orig-date=1796}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndyuka na kuli nyɛla din niŋ talahi ti Ndyuka mini saha ŋɔ Surinamese gɔmnanti, ka di daliri nyɛla dii buɣisila Maroons fukumsi din be &quot;[[gold]]-rich inlands&quot; zaŋit Suriname.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=van Stipriaan |first=Alex |title=Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863 |date=1995 |publisher=KITLV Uitgeverij |isbn=90-6718-052-1 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Buddingh' |first=Hans |url=https://www.onlinebibliotheek.nl/catalogus/376317221/de-geschiedenis-van-suriname-hans-buddingh- |title=Geschiedenis van Suriname |date=2012 |publisher=Nieuw Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-468-1172-6 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=The History of Suriname}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname |date=2009 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=978-94-6022-040-1 |editor1-last=van Stipriaan |editor1-first=Alex |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname |editor2-last=Polimé |editor2-first=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{see also|Afro-American religion}}
[[File:Maroon flag outside St John’s Church, Freetown.jpg|thumb|Maroon flag in [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone]]
[[File:Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955.jpg|thumb|Maroon village, [[Suriname River]], 1955]]

== Lihi pahi ==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Slave catcher]]
* [[Slave rebellion]]
* [[Afro-Latin American]]: [[Latin Americans]] of significant or mainly African ancestry.
* [[Black Seminoles]]: Indians associated with the [[Seminole]] people in Florida and Oklahoma.
* [[Bushinengue]]s: in [[French Guiana]], meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest.
* [[Gaspar Yanga]]: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain.
* [[Saramaka]]: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana.
* [[Jamaican Maroons]]: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist.
* ''[[Quilombo (film)|Quilombo]]'' a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil.
* [[Jean Dugain]]
{{div col end|2}}

{{Clear}}

== Kundivihira ==

{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

=== Literature ===

*[https://archive.org/details/historyofmaroons02dalliala/page/n8?q=%22halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia%22 History of the Maroons]
* [[Russell Banks]] (1980), ''The Book of Jamaica''.
* Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), ''The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration &amp; betrayal'', Granby, Mass.: Bergin &amp; Garvey. {{ISBN|0-89789-148-1}}
* Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), ''Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression'' (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2803-3}}
* [[Robert Charles Dallas|Dallas, R. C.]] ''The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone''. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
* De Granada, Germán (1970), ''Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas &quot;Criollas&quot; en Hispanoamérica'' Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/37821053 OCLC 37821053] (in Spanish)
* Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), ''Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons'', New York: NYU Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-2437-8}}
* Honychurch, Lennox (1995), ''The Dominica Story'', London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-62776-8}} (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)
* Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), ''The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname'', Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09303-6}}
* Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), ''Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas'' Garland Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8153-1543-0}}
* Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), ''Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas'', Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. {{ISBN|0-385-06508-6}}
*Schwaller, Robert, ed. ''African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.'' University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
* Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), ''Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas'' University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, {{ISBN|976-640-180-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Alvin O. |title=Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814 |date=1976 |publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJm4AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%222,000%20Maroons%22%20%22French%20official%22}}
* van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), ''In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society'', Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. {{ISBN|1-57766-323-3}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Maroons}}
* {{cite web|author=Chaglar, Alkan |website=toplumpostasi.net |url=http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |title=The World of Surinam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061031/http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |archive-date=September 28, 2007}} (The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.)
* {{cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |title=Society-BUSH-NEGROES: Culture summary |author=Lagace, Robert O. |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212555/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |archive-date=2014-03-12 }} A good short history of the &quot;Bush Negroes&quot; of Suriname.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kingbotho.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421170257/http://kingbotho.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 21, 2004 |website=Kingbotho|author=Mosis, André |title= Articles on Suriname Maroons and their culture in Dutch and English}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Maroon+culture+of+endurance.-a08929661 |title=The Maroon Culture of Endurance |author=Reidell, Helen Reidell|work=Américas |volume= 42|date= January–February 1990|pages=46–49}} (A history of Jamaican Maroons.)
* {{cite web|website=Smithsonian|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm|title=Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas|author=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, with the support of the Special Exhibition Fund of the Smithsonian Institution|date=March 1999}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/music-from-aluku-maroon-sounds-of-struggle-solace-and-survival/world/album/smithsonian |title=Music from Aluku: Maroon Sounds of Struggle, Solace, and Survival|website=Smithsonian Folkways|author=Various artists}}
*[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/portchester-castle/history-and-stories/black-prisoners-at-portchester/ ''Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle'']
*[https://amazonteam.org/maps/lands-of-freedom ''Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname'']
{{Maroons}}{{African diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maroons (people)| ]]&lt;!--leave the empty space as standard--&gt;
[[Category:16th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:People of African descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]] 
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Suriname]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Domingue]]
[[Category:People from the Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history]]
[[Category:Fugitive American slaves]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24138" sha1="3x5j2j7wlcfnp437zsqyulzhd073bu3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Body of Maroon child brought before medicine man, 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Ndyuka people|Ndyuka]] man bringing the body of a child before a [[shaman]]. Suriname, 1955]]
'''Maroons''' nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Africanima ban be  Americanima mini Island nima ban be India nima &quot;Ocean&quot; ka daa daa zo n-tiligi ka che dab'tali, ka di nyɛla bɛ tuhi mi bee &quot;[[manumission]]&quot; ka bɛ niŋ, ka me bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu sheei. Bɛ mini &quot;[[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]]&quot; tooi gabirila taba, ka bɛ kaya ni taɣa leei waligira&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane A.|publisher=NYU|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8147-2449-1|location=New York|pages=81, 171–177, 215, 309|oclc=864551110}}&lt;/ref&gt;kamani [[Garifuna]] mini [[Mascogos]].

[[File:Wikibruz23.jpg|thumb|upright|''Maroons surprised by dogs'' (1893) (Brussels) by [[Louis Samain]].]]

== Pilli ==

''Maroon'', bɛ ni tooi che shɛli labi ka di nyɛla di ka la aʒianima pam, daa kpela Silimi'tiŋa kamani yuma din gbaai 1590s, French bachibuɣisirili puuni &quot;{{Lang|fr|marron}}&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maroon definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maroon |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=16 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; din nyɛ 'feral' bee 'fugitive'. Din mini di bachinima ŋmebu nyɛ yim maa yoli, 'reddish brown' zaŋti ''maroon'' gbunni bi yi polo zaŋ na hali ni yuma din gbaai 1700s, amaa dini tooi nyɛ di daa yila &quot;maroon&quot; niriba sani na.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite OED|maroon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Neil |title=Freedom as Marronage |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-20118-4 |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=4–5 |oclc=899240409}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American Spanish bachi &quot;{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}&quot; gba tooi nyɛla din zani ti Siliminsili bachi &quot;''maroon&quot; ni yina shɛli'', ka di buɣisiri daba ban daa zo Florida biɛhisi sheei, &quot;[[Great Dismal Swamp maroons|Great Dismal Swamp]]&quot; din daa be Virginia mini North Carolina tarisi, Caribbean daba gbahibu tingbana,ni [[New World]] yaɣ'shɛŋa. Linguist [[Lyle Campbell]] yɛliya ni  Spanish bachi din nyɛ &quot;''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''&quot; gbunni nyɛla 'yɔɣu, gamazuɣu' bee 'dabili ŋun zo'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=Lyle Campbell|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3g8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA400|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514050-7|page=400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuma 1570s piligu, Sir [[Francis Drake]]'s daa goya gili Spanish din be Panama ka &quot;''Symerons'',&quot; daa sɔŋ o, din ni tooi nyɛ &quot;''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''&quot; ka bɛ sabi chirim.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;/&gt; Bala baŋda [[Leo Spitzer]], yɛliya balli lahabali sabbu puuni,, &quot;ningbuna niŋbu yi beni ni Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''{{Lang|fr|marron}}'', ni Sp. ''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}'', Spain (bee Spanish America) di nyɛla din ni tooi zani dede n-ti England (bee English America).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spitzer1938&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=Leo Spitzer|last=Spitzer|first=Leo|title=Spanish cimarrón|journal=Language|date=1938|volume=14|issue=2|pages=145–147|doi=10.2307/408879|jstor=408879|publisher=Linguistic Society of America&quot;|quote=The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. ''cimarrón'', wild, untamed'. But Eng. ''maroon'' is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. ''marron'' 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''marron'', and Sp. ''cimarrón'', Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lala n lahi nyɛli, Cuban &quot;[[Philology|philologist]] [[José Juan Arrom]]&quot; nyɛla ŋun bo &quot;''maroon&quot; ni yi shɛli na'' n-ti tooni gari Spanish ''cimarrón'', din daa zaŋ tum tuma tuuli [[Hispaniola]] ni di zani ti &quot;[[feral]]&quot; niɣi, n naan yi zaŋ paai India daba ban zo n kuli zoya ni, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 1530s piligu din chaŋ ti kpe Africa daba ban gba niŋ lala kpee. O buɣisi ni American Spanish bachi yimina Arawakan bachi din nyɛ &quot;{{Lang|awd|simarabo}}&quot; puuni, ka bɛ leei li 'fugitive', [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] balli ni, [[Taíno]] ni tɔɣisiri shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom1983&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last=Arrom|first=José Juan|title=Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen|language=es|trans-title=Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin|journal=Revista Española de Antropología Americana|date=1983|volume=XII|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/REAA/article/viewFile/REAA8383110047A/25067|publisher=Universidad Complutense|location=Madrid|quote={{langx|es|Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.»|link=no}} English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón &quot;means, in the language of this island, fugitives&quot;, it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArromArévalo1986&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last1=Arrom|first1=José Juan|first2=Manuel Antonio |last2=García Arévalo|title=Cimarrón|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij5IAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22cimarr%C3%B3n%20es%20un%20indigenismo%22|year=1986|publisher=Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo|page=30|quote={{langx|es|En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli.|link=no}} English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that ''cimarrón'' is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Price1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Price|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5496-5|pages=xi–xii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|first=José Juan|last=Arrom|title=Estudios de lexicología antillana|language=es|trans-title=Antillean Lexicology Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr4uAAAAYAAJ|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico|isbn=978-0-8477-0374-6|page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tardieu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique|language=fr|trans-title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note |journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire |date=2006 |volume=93 |issue=350 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.3406/outre.2006.4201 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2006_num_93_350_4201}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Taarihi ==

=== Colonial era ===
[[File:The Maroons In Ambush On The Dromilly Estate In The Parish Of Trelawney, Jamaica in 1795.jpg|thumb|1801 [[aquatint]] of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.]]
[[New World]] ni, kamani di yi daa kuli daŋ, yuuni 1512, Africa daba daa zo Spanish n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu bee ka bɛ daa bo bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu shee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/34.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 21|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuuli daba tuhibu daa niŋla [[Dominican Republic]] lache buu din daa nyɛ Admiral [[Diego Columbus]] ni su shɛli, Anashaara goli 26 December yuuni 1522, ka Admiral daa dahim li ka di bi viɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=José|last=Franco|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|35}} Tuuli maroon tinsi din nyɛ Americanima dini daa kpala lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyaaŋa, dini daa niŋ ka lala daba ŋɔ shɛba daa tooi zo n-tili. Di daa lahi nyɛla daliri din yɛn ti [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]] yaa maroons ban daa chaŋ ti su maroon tuma Americanima sani. [[Sebastián Lemba]], bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Africa, daa tooi tuhi Spaniards di nasra yuuni 1532, ka daa naai noli ni Africanima shɛba o yuun poinaanu zaŋ tuhi Spanish dab gbahiriba ŋɔ. Din tooi niŋ ka Lemba daa nya maroons shɛba pahi o ma`n zuɣu kamani Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo ni [[Diego del Ocampo]] o dabili tuhibu saha. Dini daa niŋ ka maroons tuhi Spanish daabili, Spanish kpamba daa pilila maroon zobu ni bɛ ti fa island maa. Zaŋ kana 1540s, maroons daa tooi deei island maa puuni zaa, amaa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa be east, north, ni western yaɣa din daa be island gba daa na nyɛla din yɛn kpe maroon sulinsi ni. Maroon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schwaller|first1=Robert C. |title=Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620|language=en |journal=The Americas |date=2018 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=609-638 |doi=10.1017/tam.2018.3|hdl=1808/29355 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dominican maroons nyɛla ban yɛn be island maa ni hali ni 17th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=López de Cerrato |first=Alonso |chapter=Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola |date=2014 |title=The Dominican Republic Reader |pages=66–67 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1215/9780822376521-015 |isbn=978-0-8223-5688-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Deive, Carlos Esteban |title=Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo |date=1997 |publisher=Fundación Cultural Dominicana |oclc=44735015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sir [[Francis Drake]] daa kali ''cimarrones'' pam o go n gili Spanish ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/35.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 101|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamani yuuni 1655, Africanima daa kpala tinsi inland [[Jamaica]], ka zaŋ chaŋ 18th century, [[Nanny Town]] mini Jamaican maroon tinkpan shɛŋa daa pili maŋsulinsi zuɣu zabbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Mavis Christine|date=1988|title=The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration &amp; Betrayal|location=Granby, Massachusetts|publisher=Bergin &amp; Garvey|isbn=0-89789-148-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni daa niŋ ka Amerindians mini daba ban daa zo n tiligi daa laɣim taba bɛ daa booni ba la &quot;maroons&quot;. [[Caribbean islands]] ni, bɛ daa kpala laɣisni islands, armed camps. Maroon daa niŋ wahala pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=American Vistas: 1607–1877|editor1-last=Dinnerstein|editor1-first=Leonard|editor2-first=Kenneth T.|editor2-last=Jackson|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnAKAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; bindirigu nya n-di,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ohadike2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Don C. |last=Ohadike|title=Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_u_6ZA8BYUC  |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University |isbn=978-1-58684-175-1 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛ dɔɣi ka yɛligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first= Jan|last= Rogozinski|year= 1999|title= A Brief History of the Caribbean|edition= revised|publisher= Facts on File Inc.|location= New York|pages= 155–168|isbn= 0-8160-3811-2|url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/155|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuuli maroon tinsi daa kuli bela yerayera. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1700, maroon daa zoya ka che islands. Biɛhigu daa niŋla tom pam zaŋti ba, di daa kuli ʒimi ni bɛ tiuhima ka lahi bɔri bindirigu.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;/&gt;Maroons so ŋun daa tooi mali yiko n daa nyɛ [[François Mackandal]], ŋun daa nyɛ &quot;[[houngan]]&quot; bee &quot;[[Haitian Vodou|voodoo]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm  |title=The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution |publisher=The City of Miami |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826170155/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm |archive-date=2007-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cuba]] tingbani ni, maroon tinsi daa be di zolona ni, luɣ'shɛli Africa daba ni daa zo n-tiligi chaŋ ti pahi [[Taíno people|Taíno]]s ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aimes&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Aimes|first=Hubert H. S.|date=1967|title=A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868|location=New York|publisher=Octagon Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pɔi ka pala daa naan yi ti mali chaŋ [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Franklin W.|last=Knight|title=Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, ''Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870''|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=66|issue=2|date=May 1986|pages=381–382|jstor=2515149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maroon tinsi pam daa kpaya Caribbean ([[Saint Vincent (island)|St&amp;nbsp;Vincent]] mini [[Dominica]]), amaa di shɛli da pa arisigu zaŋ ti British kamani [[Jamaican Maroons]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Bryan|date=1801|title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo|location=London|publisher=J. Stockdale}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17th century piligu, Jamaican Maroons daa kuli tuhirila British daba-gbahiriba sahakam, ka di daa ti tahi &quot;[[First Maroon War]]&quot; na (1728–1740). Yuuni 1739 mini yuuni 1740,British gɔmnanti zaŋti [[Colony of Jamaica]], [[Edward Trelawny (colonial administrator)|Edward Trelawny]], daa dihi gbana ni ka lo ba alikaule ni {{convert|2500|acres|0|abbr=on}} luɣa buyi ni, [[Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)]] din be western Jamaica mini [[Crawford's Town]] din be eastern Jamaica, din yɛn che ka bɛ che taba tuhibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colonies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=2001|title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva2018&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |location=Southampton, England |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|31–46}} 

=== Modern era ===
Maroon tinkura din daa be Spanish Caribbean daa na kuli beni zaŋ kana yuuni 2006, kamani [[Viñales]], Cuba,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Sartorio |first=Blanchie |date=2004-03-13 |title=El Templo de los Cimarrónes |trans-title=The Temple of the Maroons |url=http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508202938/http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-date=2008-05-08 |website=Guerrillero: Pinar del Río |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Adjuntas, Puerto Rico|Adjuntas]], Puerto Rico.

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, Jamaican Maroon nyɛla ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ka waligi ka che Jamaica tinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bryan |title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo |date=1801 |publisher=J. Stockdale |location=London |pages=303–360 |chapter=Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants |orig-date=1796}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndyuka na kuli nyɛla din niŋ talahi ti Ndyuka mini saha ŋɔ Surinamese gɔmnanti, ka di daliri nyɛla dii buɣisila Maroons fukumsi din be &quot;[[gold]]-rich inlands&quot; zaŋit Suriname.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=van Stipriaan |first=Alex |title=Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863 |date=1995 |publisher=KITLV Uitgeverij |isbn=90-6718-052-1 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Buddingh' |first=Hans |url=https://www.onlinebibliotheek.nl/catalogus/376317221/de-geschiedenis-van-suriname-hans-buddingh- |title=Geschiedenis van Suriname |date=2012 |publisher=Nieuw Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-468-1172-6 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=The History of Suriname}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname |date=2009 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=978-94-6022-040-1 |editor1-last=van Stipriaan |editor1-first=Alex |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname |editor2-last=Polimé |editor2-first=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{see also|Afro-American religion}}
[[File:Maroon flag outside St John’s Church, Freetown.jpg|thumb|Maroon flag in [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone]]
[[File:Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955.jpg|thumb|Maroon village, [[Suriname River]], 1955]]

== Lihi pahi ==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Slave catcher]]
* [[Slave rebellion]]
* [[Afro-Latin American]]: [[Latin Americans]] of significant or mainly African ancestry.
* [[Black Seminoles]]: Indians associated with the [[Seminole]] people in Florida and Oklahoma.
* [[Bushinengue]]s: in [[French Guiana]], meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest.
* [[Gaspar Yanga]]: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain.
* [[Saramaka]]: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana.
* [[Jamaican Maroons]]: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist.
* ''[[Quilombo (film)|Quilombo]]'' a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil.
* [[Jean Dugain]]
{{div col end|2}}

{{Clear}}

== Kundivihira ==

{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

=== Literature ===

*[https://archive.org/details/historyofmaroons02dalliala/page/n8?q=%22halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia%22 History of the Maroons]
* [[Russell Banks]] (1980), ''The Book of Jamaica''.
* Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), ''The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration &amp; betrayal'', Granby, Mass.: Bergin &amp; Garvey. {{ISBN|0-89789-148-1}}
* Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), ''Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression'' (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2803-3}}
* [[Robert Charles Dallas|Dallas, R. C.]] ''The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone''. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
* De Granada, Germán (1970), ''Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas &quot;Criollas&quot; en Hispanoamérica'' Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/37821053 OCLC 37821053] (in Spanish)
* Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), ''Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons'', New York: NYU Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-2437-8}}
* Honychurch, Lennox (1995), ''The Dominica Story'', London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-62776-8}} (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)
* Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), ''The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname'', Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09303-6}}
* Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), ''Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas'' Garland Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8153-1543-0}}
* Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), ''Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas'', Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. {{ISBN|0-385-06508-6}}
*Schwaller, Robert, ed. ''African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.'' University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
* Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), ''Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas'' University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, {{ISBN|976-640-180-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Alvin O. |title=Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814 |date=1976 |publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJm4AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%222,000%20Maroons%22%20%22French%20official%22}}
* van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), ''In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society'', Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. {{ISBN|1-57766-323-3}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Maroons}}
* {{cite web|author=Chaglar, Alkan |website=toplumpostasi.net |url=http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |title=The World of Surinam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061031/http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |archive-date=September 28, 2007}} (The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.)
* {{cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |title=Society-BUSH-NEGROES: Culture summary |author=Lagace, Robert O. |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212555/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |archive-date=2014-03-12 }} A good short history of the &quot;Bush Negroes&quot; of Suriname.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kingbotho.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421170257/http://kingbotho.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 21, 2004 |website=Kingbotho|author=Mosis, André |title= Articles on Suriname Maroons and their culture in Dutch and English}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Maroon+culture+of+endurance.-a08929661 |title=The Maroon Culture of Endurance |author=Reidell, Helen Reidell|work=Américas |volume= 42|date= January–February 1990|pages=46–49}} (A history of Jamaican Maroons.)
* {{cite web|website=Smithsonian|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm|title=Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas|author=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, with the support of the Special Exhibition Fund of the Smithsonian Institution|date=March 1999}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/music-from-aluku-maroon-sounds-of-struggle-solace-and-survival/world/album/smithsonian |title=Music from Aluku: Maroon Sounds of Struggle, Solace, and Survival|website=Smithsonian Folkways|author=Various artists}}
*[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/portchester-castle/history-and-stories/black-prisoners-at-portchester/ ''Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle'']
*[https://amazonteam.org/maps/lands-of-freedom ''Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname'']
{{Maroons}}{{African diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maroons (people)| ]]&lt;!--leave the empty space as standard--&gt;
[[Category:16th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:People of African descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]] 
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Suriname]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Domingue]]
[[Category:People from the Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history]]
[[Category:Fugitive American slaves]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24100" sha1="m002tnf25to7p7uwqd349jd2h3cz4y7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Body of Maroon child brought before medicine man, 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Ndyuka people|Ndyuka]] man bringing the body of a child before a [[shaman]]. Suriname, 1955]]
'''Maroons''' nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Africanima ban be  Americanima mini Island nima ban be India nima &quot;Ocean&quot; ka daa daa zo n-tiligi ka che dab'tali, ka di nyɛla bɛ tuhi mi bee &quot;[[manumission]]&quot; ka bɛ niŋ, ka me bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu sheei. Bɛ mini &quot;[[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]]&quot; tooi gabirila taba, ka bɛ kaya ni taɣa leei waligira&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane A.|publisher=NYU|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8147-2449-1|location=New York|pages=81, 171–177, 215, 309|oclc=864551110}}&lt;/ref&gt;kamani [[Garifuna]] mini [[Mascogos]].

[[File:Wikibruz23.jpg|thumb|upright|''Maroons surprised by dogs'' (1893) (Brussels) by [[Louis Samain]].]]

== Pilli ==

''Maroon'', bɛ ni tooi che shɛli labi ka di nyɛla di ka la aʒianima pam, daa kpela Silimi'tiŋa kamani yuma din gbaai 1590s, French bachibuɣisirili puuni &quot;{{Lang|fr|marron}}&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maroon definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maroon |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=16 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; din nyɛ 'feral' bee 'fugitive'. Din mini di bachinima ŋmebu nyɛ yim maa yoli, 'reddish brown' zaŋti ''maroon'' gbunni bi yi polo zaŋ na hali ni yuma din gbaai 1700s, amaa dini tooi nyɛ di daa yila &quot;maroon&quot; niriba sani na.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite OED|maroon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Neil |title=Freedom as Marronage |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-20118-4 |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=4–5 |oclc=899240409}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American Spanish bachi &quot;{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}&quot; gba tooi nyɛla din zani ti Siliminsili bachi &quot;''maroon&quot; ni yina shɛli'', ka di buɣisiri daba ban daa zo Florida biɛhisi sheei, &quot;[[Great Dismal Swamp maroons|Great Dismal Swamp]]&quot; din daa be Virginia mini North Carolina tarisi, Caribbean daba gbahibu tingbana,ni [[New World]] yaɣ'shɛŋa. Linguist [[Lyle Campbell]] yɛliya ni  Spanish bachi din nyɛ &quot;''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''&quot; gbunni nyɛla 'yɔɣu, gamazuɣu' bee 'dabili ŋun zo'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=Lyle Campbell|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3g8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA400|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514050-7|page=400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuma 1570s piligu, Sir [[Francis Drake]]'s daa goya gili Spanish din be Panama ka &quot;''Symerons'',&quot; daa sɔŋ o, din ni tooi nyɛ &quot;''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''&quot; ka bɛ sabi chirim.&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;/&gt; Bala baŋda [[Leo Spitzer]], yɛliya balli lahabali sabbu puuni,, &quot;ningbuna niŋbu yi beni ni Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''{{Lang|fr|marron}}'', ni Sp. ''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}'', Spain (bee Spanish America) di nyɛla din ni tooi zani dede n-ti England (bee English America).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spitzer1938&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=Leo Spitzer|last=Spitzer|first=Leo|title=Spanish cimarrón|journal=Language|date=1938|volume=14|issue=2|pages=145–147|doi=10.2307/408879|jstor=408879|publisher=Linguistic Society of America&quot;|quote=The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. ''cimarrón'', wild, untamed'. But Eng. ''maroon'' is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. ''marron'' 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''marron'', and Sp. ''cimarrón'', Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lala n lahi nyɛli, Cuban &quot;[[Philology|philologist]] [[José Juan Arrom]]&quot; nyɛla ŋun bo &quot;''maroon&quot; ni yi shɛli na'' n-ti tooni gari Spanish ''cimarrón'', din daa zaŋ tum tuma tuuli [[Hispaniola]] ni di zani ti &quot;[[feral]]&quot; niɣi, n naan yi zaŋ paai India daba ban zo n kuli zoya ni, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 1530s piligu din chaŋ ti kpe Africa daba ban gba niŋ lala kpee. O buɣisi ni American Spanish bachi yimina Arawakan bachi din nyɛ &quot;{{Lang|awd|simarabo}}&quot; puuni, ka bɛ leei li 'fugitive', [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] balli ni, [[Taíno]] ni tɔɣisiri shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom1983&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last=Arrom|first=José Juan|title=Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen|language=es|trans-title=Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin|journal=Revista Española de Antropología Americana|date=1983|volume=XII|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/REAA/article/viewFile/REAA8383110047A/25067|publisher=Universidad Complutense|location=Madrid|quote={{langx|es|Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.»|link=no}} English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón &quot;means, in the language of this island, fugitives&quot;, it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArromArévalo1986&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last1=Arrom|first1=José Juan|first2=Manuel Antonio |last2=García Arévalo|title=Cimarrón|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij5IAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22cimarr%C3%B3n%20es%20un%20indigenismo%22|year=1986|publisher=Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo|page=30|quote={{langx|es|En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli.|link=no}} English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that ''cimarrón'' is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Price1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Price|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5496-5|pages=xi–xii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|first=José Juan|last=Arrom|title=Estudios de lexicología antillana|language=es|trans-title=Antillean Lexicology Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr4uAAAAYAAJ|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico|isbn=978-0-8477-0374-6|page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tardieu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique|language=fr|trans-title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note |journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire |date=2006 |volume=93 |issue=350 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.3406/outre.2006.4201 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2006_num_93_350_4201}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Taarihi ==

=== Colonial era ===
[[File:The Maroons In Ambush On The Dromilly Estate In The Parish Of Trelawney, Jamaica in 1795.jpg|thumb|1801 [[aquatint]] of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.]]
[[New World]] ni, kamani di yi daa kuli daŋ, yuuni 1512, Africa daba daa zo Spanish n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu bee ka bɛ daa bo bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu shee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/34.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 21|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuuli daba tuhibu daa niŋla [[Dominican Republic]] lache buu din daa nyɛ Admiral [[Diego Columbus]] ni su shɛli, Anashaara goli 26 December yuuni 1522, ka Admiral daa dahim li ka di bi viɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=José|last=Franco|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|35}} Tuuli maroon tinsi din nyɛ Americanima dini daa kpala lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyaaŋa, dini daa niŋ ka lala daba ŋɔ shɛba daa tooi zo n-tili. Di daa lahi nyɛla daliri din yɛn ti [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]] yaa maroons ban daa chaŋ ti su maroon tuma Americanima sani. [[Sebastián Lemba]], bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Africa, daa tooi tuhi Spaniards di nasra yuuni 1532, ka daa naai noli ni Africanima shɛba o yuun poinaanu zaŋ tuhi Spanish dab gbahiriba ŋɔ. Din tooi niŋ ka Lemba daa nya maroons shɛba pahi o ma`n zuɣu kamani Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo ni [[Diego del Ocampo]] o dabili tuhibu saha. Dini daa niŋ ka maroons tuhi Spanish daabili, Spanish kpamba daa pilila maroon zobu ni bɛ ti fa island maa. Zaŋ kana 1540s, maroons daa tooi deei island maa puuni zaa, amaa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa be east, north, ni western yaɣa din daa be island gba daa na nyɛla din yɛn kpe maroon sulinsi ni. Maroon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schwaller|first1=Robert C. |title=Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620|language=en |journal=The Americas |date=2018 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=609-638 |doi=10.1017/tam.2018.3|hdl=1808/29355 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dominican maroons nyɛla ban yɛn be island maa ni hali ni 17th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=López de Cerrato |first=Alonso |chapter=Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola |date=2014 |title=The Dominican Republic Reader |pages=66–67 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1215/9780822376521-015 |isbn=978-0-8223-5688-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Deive, Carlos Esteban |title=Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo |date=1997 |publisher=Fundación Cultural Dominicana |oclc=44735015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sir [[Francis Drake]] daa kali ''cimarrones'' pam o go n gili Spanish ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/35.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 101|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamani yuuni 1655, Africanima daa kpala tinsi inland [[Jamaica]], ka zaŋ chaŋ 18th century, [[Nanny Town]] mini Jamaican maroon tinkpan shɛŋa daa pili maŋsulinsi zuɣu zabbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Mavis Christine|date=1988|title=The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration &amp; Betrayal|location=Granby, Massachusetts|publisher=Bergin &amp; Garvey|isbn=0-89789-148-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni daa niŋ ka Amerindians mini daba ban daa zo n tiligi daa laɣim taba bɛ daa booni ba la &quot;maroons&quot;. [[Caribbean islands]] ni, bɛ daa kpala laɣisni islands, armed camps. Maroon daa niŋ wahala pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=American Vistas: 1607–1877|editor1-last=Dinnerstein|editor1-first=Leonard|editor2-first=Kenneth T.|editor2-last=Jackson|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnAKAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; bindirigu nya n-di,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ohadike2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Don C. |last=Ohadike|title=Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_u_6ZA8BYUC  |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University |isbn=978-1-58684-175-1 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛ dɔɣi ka yɛligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first= Jan|last= Rogozinski|year= 1999|title= A Brief History of the Caribbean|edition= revised|publisher= Facts on File Inc.|location= New York|pages= 155–168|isbn= 0-8160-3811-2|url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/155|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuuli maroon tinsi daa kuli bela yerayera. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1700, maroon daa zoya ka che islands. Biɛhigu daa niŋla tom pam zaŋti ba, di daa kuli ʒimi ni bɛ tiuhima ka lahi bɔri bindirigu.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;/&gt;Maroons so ŋun daa tooi mali yiko n daa nyɛ [[François Mackandal]], ŋun daa nyɛ &quot;[[houngan]]&quot; bee &quot;[[Haitian Vodou|voodoo]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm  |title=The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution |publisher=The City of Miami |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826170155/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm |archive-date=2007-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Cuba]] tingbani ni, maroon tinsi daa be di zolona ni, luɣ'shɛli Africa daba ni daa zo n-tiligi chaŋ ti pahi [[Taíno people|Taíno]]s ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aimes&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Aimes|first=Hubert H. S.|date=1967|title=A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868|location=New York|publisher=Octagon Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pɔi ka pala daa naan yi ti mali chaŋ [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Franklin W.|last=Knight|title=Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, ''Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870''|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=66|issue=2|date=May 1986|pages=381–382|jstor=2515149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maroon tinsi pam daa kpaya Caribbean ([[Saint Vincent (island)|St&amp;nbsp;Vincent]] mini [[Dominica]]), amaa di shɛli da pa arisigu zaŋ ti British kamani [[Jamaican Maroons]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Bryan|date=1801|title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo|location=London|publisher=J. Stockdale}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17th century piligu, Jamaican Maroons daa kuli tuhirila British daba-gbahiriba sahakam, ka di daa ti tahi &quot;[[First Maroon War]]&quot; na (1728–1740). Yuuni 1739 mini yuuni 1740,British gɔmnanti zaŋti [[Colony of Jamaica]], [[Edward Trelawny (colonial administrator)|Edward Trelawny]], daa dihi gbana ni ka lo ba alikaule ni {{convert|2500|acres|0|abbr=on}} luɣa buyi ni, [[Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)]] din be western Jamaica mini [[Crawford's Town]] din be eastern Jamaica, din yɛn che ka bɛ che taba tuhibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colonies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=2001|title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva2018&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |location=Southampton, England |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|31–46}} 

=== Modern era ===
Maroon tinkura din daa be Spanish Caribbean daa na kuli beni zaŋ kana yuuni 2006, kamani [[Viñales]], Cuba,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Sartorio |first=Blanchie |date=2004-03-13 |title=El Templo de los Cimarrónes |trans-title=The Temple of the Maroons |url=http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508202938/http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-date=2008-05-08 |website=Guerrillero: Pinar del Río |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[Adjuntas, Puerto Rico|Adjuntas]], Puerto Rico.

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, Jamaican Maroon nyɛla ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ka waligi ka che Jamaica tinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bryan |title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo |date=1801 |publisher=J. Stockdale |location=London |pages=303–360 |chapter=Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants |orig-date=1796}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndyuka na kuli nyɛla din niŋ talahi ti Ndyuka mini saha ŋɔ Surinamese gɔmnanti, ka di daliri nyɛla dii buɣisila Maroons fukumsi din be &quot;[[gold]]-rich inlands&quot; zaŋit Suriname.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=van Stipriaan |first=Alex |title=Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863 |date=1995 |publisher=KITLV Uitgeverij |isbn=90-6718-052-1 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Buddingh' |first=Hans |url=https://www.onlinebibliotheek.nl/catalogus/376317221/de-geschiedenis-van-suriname-hans-buddingh- |title=Geschiedenis van Suriname |date=2012 |publisher=Nieuw Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-468-1172-6 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=The History of Suriname}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname |date=2009 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=978-94-6022-040-1 |editor1-last=van Stipriaan |editor1-first=Alex |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname |editor2-last=Polimé |editor2-first=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Maroon flag outside St John’s Church, Freetown.jpg|thumb|Maroon flag in [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone]]
[[File:Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955.jpg|thumb|Maroon village, [[Suriname River]], 1955]]

== Lihi pahi ==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Slave catcher]]
* [[Slave rebellion]]
* [[Afro-Latin American]]: [[Latin Americans]] of significant or mainly African ancestry.
* [[Black Seminoles]]: Indians associated with the [[Seminole]] people in Florida and Oklahoma.
* [[Bushinengue]]s: in [[French Guiana]], meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest.
* [[Gaspar Yanga]]: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain.
* [[Saramaka]]: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana.
* [[Jamaican Maroons]]: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist.
* ''[[Quilombo (film)|Quilombo]]'' a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil.
* [[Jean Dugain]]
{{div col end|2}}

{{Clear}}

== Kundivihira ==

{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

=== Literature ===

*[https://archive.org/details/historyofmaroons02dalliala/page/n8?q=%22halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia%22 History of the Maroons]
* [[Russell Banks]] (1980), ''The Book of Jamaica''.
* Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), ''The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration &amp; betrayal'', Granby, Mass.: Bergin &amp; Garvey. {{ISBN|0-89789-148-1}}
* Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), ''Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression'' (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2803-3}}
* [[Robert Charles Dallas|Dallas, R. C.]] ''The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone''. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
* De Granada, Germán (1970), ''Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas &quot;Criollas&quot; en Hispanoamérica'' Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/37821053 OCLC 37821053] (in Spanish)
* Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), ''Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons'', New York: NYU Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-2437-8}}
* Honychurch, Lennox (1995), ''The Dominica Story'', London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-62776-8}} (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)
* Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), ''The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname'', Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09303-6}}
* Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), ''Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas'' Garland Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8153-1543-0}}
* Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), ''Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas'', Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. {{ISBN|0-385-06508-6}}
*Schwaller, Robert, ed. ''African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.'' University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
* Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), ''Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas'' University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, {{ISBN|976-640-180-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Alvin O. |title=Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814 |date=1976 |publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJm4AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%222,000%20Maroons%22%20%22French%20official%22}}
* van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), ''In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society'', Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. {{ISBN|1-57766-323-3}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Maroons}}
* {{cite web|author=Chaglar, Alkan |website=toplumpostasi.net |url=http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |title=The World of Surinam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061031/http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |archive-date=September 28, 2007}} (The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.)
* {{cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |title=Society-BUSH-NEGROES: Culture summary |author=Lagace, Robert O. |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212555/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |archive-date=2014-03-12 }} A good short history of the &quot;Bush Negroes&quot; of Suriname.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kingbotho.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421170257/http://kingbotho.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 21, 2004 |website=Kingbotho|author=Mosis, André |title= Articles on Suriname Maroons and their culture in Dutch and English}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Maroon+culture+of+endurance.-a08929661 |title=The Maroon Culture of Endurance |author=Reidell, Helen Reidell|work=Américas |volume= 42|date= January–February 1990|pages=46–49}} (A history of Jamaican Maroons.)
* {{cite web|website=Smithsonian|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm|title=Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas|author=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, with the support of the Special Exhibition Fund of the Smithsonian Institution|date=March 1999}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/music-from-aluku-maroon-sounds-of-struggle-solace-and-survival/world/album/smithsonian |title=Music from Aluku: Maroon Sounds of Struggle, Solace, and Survival|website=Smithsonian Folkways|author=Various artists}}
*[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/portchester-castle/history-and-stories/black-prisoners-at-portchester/ ''Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle'']
*[https://amazonteam.org/maps/lands-of-freedom ''Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname'']
{{Maroons}}{{African diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maroons (people)| ]]&lt;!--leave the empty space as standard--&gt;
[[Category:16th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:People of African descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]] 
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Suriname]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Domingue]]
[[Category:People from the Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history]]
[[Category:Fugitive American slaves]]</text>
      <sha1>m002tnf25to7p7uwqd349jd2h3cz4y7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>List of castles in Ghana</title>
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{{Short description|Fortified colonial trading posts in Ghana}}
[[Ghana]] ni daa na bi deei di maŋsulinsi, sahashɛli bɛ ni daa booni [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] saha, kamani di yi kuli yɛn buɣisi 15th zaŋ chaŋ19th centuries polo, European kasitili ni ŋmaya nyɛla bɛ ni daa mɛ shɛŋa, di pam daa nyɛla [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] ni [[British people|British]] ni mɛ shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHS34&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention|access-date=9 Oct 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di daa nyɛla din gɔhi so' shɛŋa Portuguese ni daa mali niŋdi salima mini daba daabiligu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHS34&quot; /&gt; 

Pirimla di ni mali shɛhira ni Afro-European daabiligu, ni [[Atlantic slave trade]] maa, ni di taarihi ni West Africa yaɣili, di shɛŋa daa nyɛla [[World Heritage Site]] ni daa zaŋ shɛŋa pahi [[UNESCO]] ni yuuni 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHS34&quot; /&gt;

[[Kumasi Fort]] din be [[Ashanti Region]] nyɛla [[Ashanti Empire|Asante king]] ni daa mɛ shɛli ka di nyɛla gbanpiɛla ŋɔ dini ka o daa tɔɣisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumasi&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php Kumasi Fort and Military Museum]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at {{url|www.ghanamuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Coastal regions==
[[File:FortsGoldküste.JPG|300px|thumb|upright=1.8|A map of the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] circa 1700]]
===World Heritage listed forts===
'''Forts mini Castles, [[Volta Region|Volta]], [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]], Central mini Western Regions''' nyɛla din zani ti [[UNESCO]] European sitaya dina (di bahi bahindi Portuguese, Dutch ni British) zaŋ doli Gold Coast (din pa nyɛ [[Ghana]]. TDi pam pa bela  [[World Heritage Site]] ni zaŋti UNESCO yuuni 1979, n-ti tabili:&lt;ref name=&quot;WHS34&quot;/&gt;

* Three castles:
** [[Cape Coast Castle|Cape Coast]] at [[Cape Coast]]
** [[Elmina Castle|St. George's d’Elmina]] at [[Elmina]]
** [[Osu Castle|Christiansborg]] at [[Accra|Osu, Accra]]
* Fifteen forts:
**[[Fort Goede Hoop (Ghana)|Good Hope]] at [[Senya Beraku]]
** [[Fort Lijdzaamheid|Patience]] at [[Apam]]
** [[Fort Amsterdam (Ghana)|Amsterdam]] at [[Abandze]]
** [[Fort Coenraadsburg|St. Jago]] at [[Elmina]]
** [[Fort San Sebastian|San Sebastian]] at [[Shama, Ghana|Shama]]
** [[Fort Metal Cross|Metal Cross]] at [[Dixcove]]
** [[Fort Saint Anthony|St. Anthony]] at [[Axim]]
** [[Fort Orange, Ghana|Orange]] at [[Sekondi]]
** {{ill|Fort Groß Friedrichsburg|de}} at [[Prince's Town]]
** [[Cape Coast Castle Light|William (Lighthouse)]] at [[Cape Coast]]
** [[Fort William (Ghana)|William]] at [[Anomabu]]
**[[Fort Victoria, Cape Coast|Victoria]] at [[Cape Coast]]
** [[Ussher Fort|Ussher]] at [[Accra|Usshertown, Accra]]
** [[Fort James (Ghana)|James]] at [[Accra|Jamestown, Accra]]
** [[Fort Apollonia|Apollonia]] at [[Beyin]]
* Four forts partially in ruins:
** [[Fort Amsterdam (Ghana)|Amsterdam]] at [[Abandze]] (Note, this fort is listed both as ''fort'' and as ''fort partially in ruins'' by UNESCO)
** [[Fort Komenda|English Fort]] at British Komenda
** [[Fort Batenstein|Batenstein]] at [[Butre]]; 
** [[Fort Prinzenstein|Prinzensten]] at [[Keta]]
* Ruins with visible structures:
** [[Fort Nassau, Ghana|Nassau]] at [[Moree, Ghana|Mouri]]
** [[Fort Fredensborg|Fredensborg]] at [[Old Ningo]]
** [[Fort Vredenburgh|Vredenburg]] at Dutch Komenda
** [[Fort Vernon|Vernon]] at [[Prampram]]
** [[Fort Dorothea|Dorothea]] at [[Akwidaa]]
* Two sites with traces of former fortifications:
** [[Fort Frederiksborg|Frederiksborg]] at [[Amanful]], [[Cape Coast]]
** [[Fort Augustaborg]] at [[Teshie]]

* [[List of castles in Africa]]

==== Gallery ====
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lahabali_kɔligu:Fort_St._Sebastian_(Shama,_Ghana_2013).jpg|alt=|[[Fort São Sebastião de Xama]].
Lahabali_kɔligu:Fort_Williams_Ghana_(9_of_9).jpg|alt=|[[Fort William (Ghana)|Fort William]].
Lahabali_kɔligu:Fort_Amsterdam_(Ghana)_2012-09-29_08-31-04.jpg|alt=|[[Fort Amsterdam (Ghana)]]
Lahabali_kɔligu:Fort_St_Batenstein_at_Butre.jpg|alt=|[[Fort Batenstein]]
Lahabali_kɔligu:Osu_Castle_3.jpg|alt=|[[Fort Christiansborg]]
Lahabali_kɔligu:Fort_Victoria,_Cape_Coast_B004.jpg|alt=|[[Fort Victoria, Cape Coast]]
Lahabali_kɔligu:Fort_Metal_Cross.jpg|[[Fort Metal Cross]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Other coastal forts ===
Other coastal forts included in [[Ghana's material cultural heritage]] list of the [[Ghana Museums and Monuments Board]]:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/forts-castles.php Forts and Castles]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Ghana Museums and Monuments Board]] website&lt;/ref&gt;

* Fort Fredericksburg at Amanful (distinguished from [[Fort Frederiksborg]]/Fort Royal near [[Cape Coast Castle]])
* Fort McCarthy at Cape Coast
* The Little Fort at Anomabu
* [[Fort Tantumquery]] at [[Otuam]]

Not listed as heritage (mostly largely destroyed or otherwise lost):

* [[Fort Winneba]] at [[Winneba]]
* [[Fort Sekondi]] at [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi]]
* [[Fort Kongenstein]] at [[Ada Foah|Ada]]
* [[Fort Elize Carthago]] near [[Axim]]
* [[Fort Ruychaver]] on the banks of the [[Ankobra River]]
* [[Fort Witsen]] near [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi]]

[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Clickable_Regions_of_Ghana.svg|right|thumb|Regions of Ghana]]
By [[Regions of Ghana|region]] (from East to West):

* [[Volta Region]]:
** [[Fort Prinzenstein]], [[Keta]] ({{coord|5|55|18|N|0|59|37|E|type:landmark|format=dms}})
* [[Greater Accra Region]]:
** [[Fort Fredensborg]], [[Old Ningo]] ({{coord|5.751|0.1835|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Vernon]], [[Prampram]] ({{coord|5.7253|0.1168|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Augustaborg]], [[Teshie]] ({{coord|5.583333|-0.100000|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Osu Castle]] (Christiansborg), [[Accra]] ({{Coord|5|32|49|N|0|10|57|W|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Ussher Fort]], [[Accra]] ({{coord|5.5385|-0.2082|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort James (Ghana)|Fort James]], [[Accra]] ({{coord|5.5337|-0.2111|type:landmark|format=dms}})
* [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]]:
** Fort Good Hope ([[Fort Goede Hoop (Ghana)|Fort Goede Hoop]]), [[Senya Beraku]] ({{coord|5.3874|-0.4898|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Lijdzaamheid]] ('Patience'), [[Apam]] ({{coord|5.286|-0.7281|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Amsterdam (Ghana)|Fort Amsterdam]], [[Abanze|Abandze]] ({{coord|5.192222|-1.093056|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort William (Ghana)|Fort William]], [[Anomabu]] ({{coord|5.17419|-1.1189|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Nassau, Ghana|Fort Nassau]], [[Moree, Ghana|Moree]] ({{coord|5.133333|-1.2|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Cape Coast Castle]], [[Cape Coast]] ({{Coord|5|06|12|N|1|14|33|W|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Cape Coast Castle Light|Fort William (Lighthouse)]], [[Cape Coast]] ({{Coord|5.10797|-1.24428|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Victoria (Ghana)|Fort Victoria]], [[Cape Coast]] ({{Coord|5.1068|-1.2491|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Elmina Castle]], [[Elmina]] ({{coord|5.082600|-1.348100|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Coenraadsburg]], [[Elmina]] ({{coord|5.08444|-1.35083|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Vredenburgh]], [[Komenda, Ghana|Komenda]] ({{coord|5.051745|-1.483541|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Komenda|English Fort]], [[Komenda, Ghana|Komenda]] ({{coord|5.050000|-1.489444|type:landmark|format=dms}})
* [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]]:
** [[Fort San Sebastian]], [[Shema, Ghana|Shama]] ({{coord|5.010825|-1.629199|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Orange, Ghana|Fort Orange]], [[Sekondi]] ({{coord|4.9357|-1.7073|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Batenstein]], [[Butri]] ({{coord|4.826944|-1.921389|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Metal Cross]], [[Dixcove]] ({{coord|4.79335|-1.9451|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** {{ill|Fort Groß Friedrichsburg|de}}, [[Prince's Town]] ({{coord|4.791083|-2.133889|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Santo Antonio]], [[Axim]] ({{coord|4.8680|-2.2444|type:landmark|format=dms}})
** [[Fort Apollonia]], [[Beyin]] ({{coord|4.9874|-2.5902|type:landmark|format=dms}})

== Yaɣa din pahi ==

* [[Kumasi]] Fort in the [[Ashanti Region]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumasi2&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php Kumasi Fort and Military Museum]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at {{url|www.ghanamuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lihi pahi ==

* [[List of castles in Africa]]

==Kundivihira==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026230210/http://ghana-net.com/forts.aspx Ghana-Net: Forts and Castles of Ghana] (with pictures)
* [https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/slideshow/forts Ghana Place Names: Forts &amp; Castles] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121208161737/https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/slideshow/forts |date=2012-12-08 }} (meanings and origins of names)

{{Africa in topic|List of castles in|show=yes}}
{{Gold Coast}}

[[Category:Ghana history-related lists|Castles]]
[[Category:Castles in Ghana| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Ghana|Castles]]
[[Category:Lists of castles in Africa|Ghana]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Ghana|Castles]]
[[Category:Lists of castles by country|Ghana]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Ghana|Castles]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ghana]]
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>List of castles and fortifications in South Africa</title>
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{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Cape Town Castle courtyard view 3.JPG|thumb|[[Castle of Good Hope]], the first permanent building in South Africa.]]
Din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla kasitilinima mini &quot;fort&quot; kura ni zaɣ'pala din be '''[[South Africa]]''' ka mali &quot;fortifications&quot; taarihi, linjimanima yɛltɔɣa, ansarisi kasitilinima mini &quot;Manor Houses&quot;, bɛ ni yɛn lahi tooi boli shɛŋa&quot;castles&quot;. 

&quot;[[Fort]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of fort {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fort |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyɛla bɛ ni mɛ binshɛɣu ka di tuma kuli nyɛla di gu ka taɣi niriba, amaa kasitili din tuma zooya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of castle {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/castle |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; T.

==Eastern Cape==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!style=&quot;width:10em;&quot;|Castle or Fortification
!style=&quot;width:15em;&quot;|Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Fort Armstrong, Eastern Cape|Fort Armstrong]]
|[[Kat River]]
|1836
|
|-
|[[Fort Beaufort]]
|[[Fort Beaufort]]
|1839
|[[File:9 2 028 0012-Martello Tower Fort-Beaufort-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Cock's Castle
|[[Port Alfred]]
|About 1840
|[[File:000000Richmond House Cock's Castle Wesley Hill Port Alfred-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Fort Cox, Eastern Cape|Fort Cox]]
|[[Middledrift]]
|1835
|
|-
|[[Fort Frederick, Eastern Cape|Fort Frederick]]
|[[Gqeberha]]
|1799
|[[File:Fort Frederick Port Elizabeth-002.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Fort Glamorgan
|[[East London, South Africa|East London]]
|1848
|
|-
|[[Fort Hare]]
|[[Alice, South Africa|Alice]]
|1835
|
|-
|Fort Murray
|[[King Williams Town]]
|1835
|
|-
|Fort Peddie
|[[Peddie, South Africa|Peddie]]
|1835
|[[File:Fort Peddie , outside Peddie.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Fort Selwyn
|[[Makhanda, South Africa|Grahamstown]]
|1836
|[[File:Grahamstown Fort.JPG|150px]]
|-
|Soffiantini's Castle
|[[East London, South Africa|East London]]
|1951
|[[File:Soffiantini's Castle, Bonnie Doon, East London (9261415486).jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Fort White, Eastern Cape|Fort White]]
|[[King Williams Town]]
|1835
|
|}


==Free State==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Queen's Fort Military Museum|Fort Bloemfontein]]
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|1848
|[[File:Military Museum Bloemfontein.jpeg|150px]]
|-
|Camelot Castle
|[[Clarens, South Africa|Clarens]]
|
|
|-
|Clarens Castle
|[[Clarens, South Africa|Clarens]]
|
|
|-
|Destiny Castle
|[[Fouriesburg]]
|
|
|-
|Deneysville Castle
|[[Deneysville]]
|
|
|-
|Fort Drury
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|1846
|
|-
|Harrismith Blockhouse
|[[Harrismith]]
|
|
|-
|Jacobsdal Blockhouse
|[[Jacobsdal, North West|Jacobsdal]]
|
|
|-
|Naval Hill
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|
|
|-
|Riverford Blockhouse
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|
|
|-
|[[Old Presidency]]
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|1860
|[[File:Old Presidency.JPG|150px]]
|-
|[[Oliewenhuis|Oliewen House]]
|[[Bloemfontein]]
|1941
|
|-
|[[List of reportedly haunted locations in South Africa|Castle of Philippolis]]
|[[Philippolis]]
|1800s
|
|}


==Gauteng==
{{Multiple image
| image1            = 
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|Arkleton House
|[[Pretoria]]
|
|[[File:Arkleton, 852 Schoeman Street Arcadia Pretoria 002.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Barton Keep
|[[Pretoria]]
|1886
|[[File:Postcard of Barton Keep 1906 - Published by WE Burmester.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Bronberg Castle
|[[Pretoria]]
|
|
|-
|Brooks House
|[[Brooklyn, Pretoria|Brooklyn]]
|1925
|[[File:Brooks House, Pretoria.JPG|150px]]
|-
|Castle da Angelo
|[[Pretoria West|Western Pretoria]]
|
|
|-
|Castle Inn Resort
|[[Cullinan, South Africa|Cullinan]]
|
|
|-
|[[Erasmus Castle]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1892
|[[File:The Erasmus House.JPG|150px]]
|-
|Foxwood House
|[[Johannesburg]]
|
|
|-
|Gothic Castle
|[[Pretoria|Pretoria East]]
|
|
|-
|[[Government House, Pretoria|Government House]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1906
|
|-
|[[Johannesburg Fort]]
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1899
|[[File:Old Fort Entrance (from the inside).jpg|150px]]
|-
|Kensington Castle
|[[Kensington, Gauteng|Kensington]]
|1911
|
|-
|[[Pretoria Forts#Fort Klapperkop|Fort Klapperkop]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1898
|[[File:Fort Klapperkop Main.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Castle Kyalami]]
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1992
|[[File:Castle Kyalami.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Mahlamba Ndlopfu]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1940
|[[File:Libertas, since 1994 known as Mahlamba Ndlopfu, in 1934 by Gerard Moerdijk designed as official residence in Pretoria for the state of the Union of South Africa. - panoramio.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Melrose House]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1886
|[[File:Melrose House Museum.JPG|150px]]
|-
|The Moors Castle
|[[Krugersdorp]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ou Raadsaal]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1891
|[[File:Old Raadsaal, Church Square Pretoria 004.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Palace of Justice, Pretoria|Palace of Justice]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1897
|[[File:Pretoria, Church Square .- le Palais de justice seigneuriale.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Parktown mansions|Parktown Manions]]
|[[Johannesburg]]
|After 1894
|[[File:Northwards002.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Parkview Castle
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1907
|
|-
|Royal Jontica
|[[Pretoria]]
|
|
|-
|[[Pretoria Forts#Fort Schanskop|Fort Schanskop]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1897
|[[File:Fort Schanskop wide.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Big House, Irene|Smuts House]]
|[[Irene, Gauteng|Irene]]
|1909
|[[File:Jan Smuts House.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Sorex Estate
|[[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
|
|
|-
|Stone Castle
|[[Johannesburg]]
|
|
|-
|The Cullinan
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1910
|[[File:The Cullinan, 3 Ash Street, Houghton Estate, Johannesburg 2012-09-19 18-09-43.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Three Castles Building
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1899
|[[File:00000-Castle Cigarette Factory-Johannesburg-s.jpg|00000-Castle_Cigarette_Factory-Johannesburg-s|150px]]
|-
|Villa D'Este
|[[Saxonwold]]
|
|
|-
|[[Pretoria Forts#The French Fort|Westfort]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1898
|[[File:Westfort pta.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Witkop Blockhouse
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1900
|[[File:Witkop Blockhouse.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Pretoria Forts#Fort Wonderboompoort|Fort Wonderboompoort]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1897
|[[File:Fort Wonderboompoort.JPG|Fort_Wonderboompoort|150px]]
|-
|Yadah Castle
|[[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
|
|
|-
|Yukon House
|[[Johannesburg]]
|1911
|[[File:Yukon through the trees.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Sammy Marks#Museum|Zwartkoppies Hall]]
|[[Pretoria]]
|1886
|[[File:Sammy Marks Museum in 2014.jpg|150px]]
|}


==Kwazulu-Natal==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Fort Amiel Museum|Fort Amiel]]
|[[Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal|Newcastle]]
|1896
|[[File:Fort Amiel Museum - 2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Coedmore Castle
|[[Durban]]
|1875
|
|-
|Castle Hotel
|[[Howick, South Africa|Howick]]
|Before 1900
|[[File:Photograph album of Boer War 1899-1900. Wellcome L0026834.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Botha House
|[[Pennington, South Africa|Pennington]]
|
|
|-
|Fort Durnford
|[[Estcourt]]
|1875
|[[File:9 2 409 0004-Fort Durnford-Estcourt-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[King's House (Durban)|King's House]]
|[[Durban]]
|1904
|
|-
|Fort Mistake
|[[Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal|Dundee]]
|
|
|-
|[[Fort Nongqayi]]
|[[Eshowe]]
|1883
|[[File:Fort Nonquai Eshowe.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Fort Nottingham
|[[Nottingham Road|Nottingham]]
|1856
|
|-
|Stratford Castle
|[[Durban]]
|
|
|-
|Stonehaven Castle
|[[Hillcrest, KwaZulu-Natal|Hillcrest]]
|before 1923
|
|}


==Limpopo==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Hanglip|Fort Botha]]
|[[Louis Trichardt]]
|19th Century
|
|-
|Fort Edward
|[[Makhado Local Municipality|Makhado]]
|19th Century
|
|-
|Castle de Wildt
|[[Modimolle]]
|
|[[File:Castle de Wildt, buite Nylstroom, a.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Fort Hendrina
|[[Louis Trichardt]]
|Made in 1888
|
|-
|Fort Louis Campbell
|[[Polokwane]]
|19th Century
|
|-
|[[Kingdom of Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]]
|[[Musina]]
|10th Century
|[[File:Mapungubwe, Limpopo, South Africa (20356165510).jpg|Mapungubwe,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(20356165510)|150px]]
|-
|Schoemansdal Fort
|[[Schoemansdal, Limpopo|Schoemandal]]
|
|
|}


==Mpumalanga==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Burgersfort|Fort Burger]]
|[[Burgersfort]]
|1876
|
|-
|Flycatcher Castle
|[[Graskop]]
|
|
|-
|[[Fort Merensky]]
|[[Middelburg, Mpumalanga|Middelburg]]
|1865
|[[File:9 2 242 0002-Fort Merensky-Middelburg-Mpumalanga-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Voortrekker Fort, Ohrigstad|Voortrekker Fort]]
|[[Ohrigstad]]
|1847
|
|-
|Fort Weeber
|[[Sekhukhune District Municipality|Sekhukhune]]
|
|
|}


==North West==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Boekenhoutfontein]]
|[[Rustenburg]]
|1860s
|[[File:9 2 263 0007-Boekenhoutfontein-Rustenburg-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Camelotte Castle
|[[Hartbeespoort|Hartebeestpoort]]
|
|
|-
|Excalibur Castle
|[[Rustenburg]]
|
|
|-
|Fountain Villa
|[[Klerksdorp]]
|
|[[File:Fountain Villa Klerksdorp-002.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Potchefstroom Fort
|[[Potchefstroom]]
|
|
|-
|Rectors Residence
|[[Potchefstroom]]
|19th century
|[[File:9 2 256 0008-Old Fort and Cemetery-Potchefstroom-s.jpg|9_2_256_0008-Old_Fort_and_Cemetery-Potchefstroom-s|150px]]
|-
|[[Voortrekker Fort, Elandsfontein|Voortrekker Fort]]
|[[Potchefstroom]]
|
|
|-
|Cannon Kopje Fort
|[[Mafikeng]]
|
|
|}


==Northern Cape==
{{Main|Blockhouses of the Second Anglo-Boer War}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|Carnarvon Blockhouse
|[[Carnarvon, South Africa|Carnarvon]]
|
|
|-
|Daniëlskuil Blockhouse
|[[Daniëlskuil]]
|
|[[File:Blockhouse, Danielskuil.JPG|150px]]
|-
|Die Kasteel
|[[Hartswater]]
|
|
|-
|Hospital Hill Blockhouse
|[[Noupoort]]
|
|[[File:Anglo-Boer War Blockhouse Noupoort -001.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Leeu-Gamka Blockhouse
|[[Leeu-Gamka]]
|
|
|-
|[[Letterklip]]
|[[Namaqualand]]
|1901
|[[File:Letterklip, Garies02.JPG|150px]]
|-
|McGregor House
|[[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]
|
|[[File:McGregor Museum, Kimberley (4527868638).jpg|150px]]
|-
|Prieska Kopje Blockhouse
|[[Prieska]]
|
|[[File:Blockhouse, Prieska.JPG|150px]]
|}

==Western Cape==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Castle or Fortification
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|Bygracealone Manor
|[[George, South Africa|George]]
|
|
|-
|[[Cape Town City Hall]]
|[[Cape Town]]
|1905
|[[File:CT City Hall Before the Sun.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Casa Labia
|[[Muizenberg]]
|1930
|[[File:Casa Labia.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Castle of Good Hope|Castle of Good Hoope]]
|[[Cape Town]]
|1670s
|[[File:Castle of Good Hope Entrance (1682).jpg|150px]]
|-
|Castle on the Cliff
|[[Plettenberg Bay]]
|
|
|-
|Castle on the Hill
|[[Bainskloof Pass]]
|About 1941
|
|-
|[https://www.property24.com/for-sale/firlands/gordons-bay/western-cape/7834/113354328 Celtic Castle]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|[[Gordon's Bay]]
|
|
|-
|[https://colonacastle.co.za/ Colona Castle] 
|[[Muizenberg]]
|
|
|-
|Devon Castle
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|
|
|-
|Dunn's Castle
|[[Piketberg]]
|1890s
|
|-
|East Fort
|[[Hout Bay]]
|1782
|[[File:East Fort Hout Bay RSA.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Elsenburg House
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|1754
|[[File:Manor House, Elsenburg 04.JPG|150px]]
|-
|English Fort
|[[Montagu, South Africa|Montagu]]
|1875-1877
|[[File:Cogmanskloof Pass with old English Fort. Montagu, Western Cape. Pass built 1875-1877. 04.JPG|150px]]
|-
|[[Fort de Goede Hoop]]
|[[Cape Town]]
|1652
|[[File:Castle of Good Hope - model.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Redoubt Duijnhoop]]
|[[Cape Town]]
|1654
|
|-
|[[George Museum|George Victorian Hotel]]
|[[George, South Africa|George]]
|1815
|[[File:George - Western Cape 06 - Museum.jpg|George_-_Western_Cape_06_-_Museum|150px]]
|-
|Greylands Ostrich Palace
|[[Oudtshoorn]]
|
|
|-
|Gottland Palace
|[[Oudtshoorn]]
|
|
|-
|[[Stellenbosch Museum#Grosvenor House|Grosvenor House]]
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|1803
|[[File:9 2 084 0051-Grosvenor House-Stellenbosch-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Hawthorndon House]]
|[[Wynberg, Cape Town|Wynberg]]
|1683
|[[File:9 2 111 0107-Hawthornden-Herschell Walk-Wynberg-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Herstein Castle
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|1980s
|
|-
|Het Vlock Kasteel
|[[Riebeek-Kasteel]]
|
|
|-
|Lanserac House
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|1830
|[[File:Lanzerac.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Le Roux Townhouse
|[[Oudtshoorn]]
|1909
|[[File:Le Roux Town House.JPG|150px]]
|-
|[[Lichtenstein Castle (South Africa)|Lichtenstein Castle]]
|[[Hout Bay]]
|1986-1998
|[[File:HoutBayLichtenstein2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Lord Milner Hotel
|[[Matjiesfontein]]
|1884
|[[File:The Lord Milner hotel in South Africa.png|150px]]
|-
|Noetzie Castles
|[[Knysna]]
|After 1930
|[[File:Noetzie castle.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Pinehurst Mansion
|[[Oudtshoorn]]
|1911
|
|-
|Robben Island Forts
|[[Robben Island]]
|1940s
|[[File:World War II Guard Pillbox, Robben Island.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Rus in Urbe Mansion
|[[Oudtshoorn]]
|1902
|[[File:Rus-in-Urbe behind trees.JPG|150px]]
|-
|Sandenburg&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Wêreldspektrum |publisher=Ensiklopedie Afrikana |year=1984 |edition=10th |pages=64 |language=Afrikaans}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Cape Town]]
|1640s
|
|-
|Fort Simon
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|1997
|
|-
|[[Somerset Hospital (Cape Town)|Somerset Hospital]]
|[[Cape Town]]
|1864
|[[File:Somerset Hospital Cape Town.jpg|Somerset_Hospital_Cape_Town|150px]]
|-
|Stone Castle
|[[Saldanha, South Africa|Saldanha]]
|
|
|-
|[[Knysna Fort]]
|[[Knysna]]
|1899
|[[File:The Old Fort, Knysna.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Veretti Castle
|[[Mossel Bay]]
|2004
|
|-
|[[Vergelegen|Vergelegen Estate]]
|[[Somerset West]]
|1700
|[[File:Vergelegen (rear).JPG|150px]]
|-
|Villa Anna Katarina
|[[Riebeek-Kasteel]]
|
|
|-
|Welgeluk Ostrich Palace
|[[Oudtshoorn]]
|1910
|[[File:ZA-WC-Oudtshoorn-str-farm.jpg|150px]]
|-
|West Fort
|[[Hout Bay]]
|
|
|}


===Townhouses in Cape Town===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Building
!Location
!Date
!Image
|-
|[[Bertram House]]
|[[Gardens, Cape Town|Gardens]]
|1854
|[[File:9 2 018 0190-Bertram House-Cape Town-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Genadendal Residence]]
|[[Rondebosch]]
|18th Century
| 
|-
|[[Groot Constantia]]
|[[Constantia, Cape Town|Constantia]]
|17th Century
|[[File:Groot Constantia - 2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Groote Schuur]]
|[[Rondebosch]]
|18th Century
|[[File:9 2 111 0072 001-Groote Schuur01-Wynberg-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|Jan de Waal House
|[[City Bowl]]
|
|[[File:Bree St 93 Jan de Waal House.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Koopmans-de Wet House]]
|[[City Bowl]]
|1701
|[[File:Koopmans-de Wet House 2015.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Leeuwenhof]]
|[[Gardens, Cape Town|Gardens]]
|1788
|[[File:9 2 018 0127 001-Leeuwenhof-The Cape-s.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Leinster Hall
|[[Gardens, Cape Town|Gardens]]
|
|
|-
|[[Martin Melck House]]
|[[City Bowl]]
|1781
|[[File:Martin Melck House, Strand Street.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Ravenswood House
|[[City Bowl]]
|
|[[File:Ravenswood, Hatfield Street, Cape Town.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Rust en Vreugd]]
|[[City Bowl]]
|18th Century
|[[File:Rust en Vreugd.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[:af:Saasveld,_Kaapstad|Saasveld House]]
|[[Gardens, Cape Town|Gardens]]
|
|[[File:Franschhoek Huguenot Museum.jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[Tuynhuys]]
|[[City Bowl]]
|1682
|[[File:Tuynhuys (detail).jpg|150px]]
|-
|[[:af:Welgemeend|Welgemeend]]
|[[Gardens, Cape Town|Gardens]]
|
|[[File:9 2 018 0032-Welgemeend Stoep-Cape Town-s.jpg|150px]]
|}

==Blockhouses of the Second Anglo-Boer War==
{{main|Blockhouses of the Second Anglo-Boer War}}
{{Campaignbox Second Boer War}}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol106rt.html|title=South African Military History Society - Journal- BRITAin's LAST CASTLES Masonry Blockhouses of the South African War, 1899-1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Multiple image
| image1            = Table Mountain-Kings Blockhouse-001.jpg
| caption1          = King's Blockhouse in Cape Town
}}
* Aliwal North Blockhouses (2)
* Broederstroom Blockhouse
* Burgersdorp Blockhouse
* Dewetsville Blockhouse
* Fort Harlech, Krugersdorp
* Hekpoort Blockhouse
* Hopetown Blockhouse
* Kaalfontein/Zuurfontein Blockhouse
* Modder River Blockhouse
* Noupoort Blockhouse
* Orange River Station
* Pampoennek Blockhouse
* Prieska Blockhouse
* Riversford Blockhouse
* The Reservoir Blockhouse
* The Stormberg Junction South Blockhouse
* Timeball Hill Blockhouse
* The Warrenton Railway Bridge Blockhouse
* Warmbaths Blockhouse
* Witkop Blockhouse

==Lihi pahi==
{{Portal|South Africa}}
* [[South African Heritage Resources Agency]]
* [[South African National Museum of Military History]]
* [[Provincial heritage site (South Africa)]]
* [[Military history of South Africa]]
* [[Fortifications of the Cape Peninsula]]
* [[List of castles in Africa]]
* [[History of South Africa]]
* [[List of castles]]
* [[List of forts]]

==Kundivihira==
{{Reflist}}

{{Africa in topic|List of castles in}}
{{World topic|title=Lists of castles worldwide|prefix=List of castles in|state=plain|noredlinks=true}}{{Castles and fortifications in South Africa}}

[[Category:Castles in South Africa| ]]
[[Category:Fortifications in South Africa]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in South Africa|Castles]]
[[Category:Lists of castles in Africa|South Africa]]
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>rwjhtrij06vpsc4yuswvji0k8vkstrh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wilna Adriaanse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115074</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T14:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)</username>
        <id>544</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created an article</comment>
      <origin>115074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2291" sha1="t2ne7tmgo48ehdydvh7w8czg7jzfrir" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)</username>
        <id>544</id>
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      <text bytes="2299" sha1="g83c00g54frztrb09b7ww1jehhbqzj4" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>g83c00g54frztrb09b7ww1jehhbqzj4</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)</username>
        <id>544</id>
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      <comment>Added a category</comment>
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      <text bytes="2321" sha1="h6776tp0w8hvoxpf53xaed83plz9df8" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>h6776tp0w8hvoxpf53xaed83plz9df8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>115097</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
        <id>4550</id>
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      <text bytes="2351" sha1="39jojh6wsotu38vffm71a166b2dfufo" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>39jojh6wsotu38vffm71a166b2dfufo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>115098</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-10T21:38:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
        <id>4550</id>
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      <text bytes="2381" sha1="ob5lskomid2q2rqhmw8natrnnm7i91i" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, yuuni 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>ob5lskomid2q2rqhmw8natrnnm7i91i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>115099</id>
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        <id>4550</id>
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{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, yuuni 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>06gx9bl4u2fdh8ekde7be3vzijsff0a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>115100</id>
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{{Short description|South African novelist}}
'''Wilna Adriaanse''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) ka o daa nyɛla South African Afrikaans salin-sabira. O tuuli buku, ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', daa yimina yuuni 2000 ni yuli din nyɛ Wilmine Burger. O buku,  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'n Heildronk op liefde'', daa di la yuuni 2003 Lapa Publishers’ Prize pini zaŋti Romance ka yuuni 2009 o daa di ATKV-Woordveertjie prize zaŋti o kpɛrigu, ''Die boek van Ester''.&lt;ref name=&quot;HAT Taal-en-feitegids&quot;&gt;HAT Taal-en-feitegids, Pearson, December 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-77578-243-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adriaanse nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 19 March 1958, [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]], kaa o zooi [[Worcester, Western Cape|Worcester]]. O daa pili shikuru chandi yuuni 1976, Worcester High School. O daa deei shɛhira gbana din nyɛ BA mini BA din jendi &quot;development administration&quot; shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[University of Stellenbosch]]. Yuuni 2011, o daa naai la &quot;master's degree&quot; din nyɛ &quot;Creative Writing&quot; [[University of Cape Town]]. O &quot;thesis&quot; taachi daa nyɛla, '''n Klein Lewe, din daa yina'' Tafelberg sani.&lt;ref name=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wilna Adriaanse|url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2025|publisher=NB Publishers|accessdate=17 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 1981, O daa kuli doo yuli booni Deon Adriaanse ka bɛ ʒini Giyani. Yuuni 1985 bɛ daa kuli Western Cape n daa ti be Durbanville zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2011.

== Tumanima ==
O ni daa nyɛ Wilna Adriaanse:

* ''’n Ongewone belegging'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2001
* ''Alleenvlug'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2002
* ''Die reuk van verlange'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2003
* ''Serenade vir ’n nagtegaal'', Jasmyn, yuuni 2004
* ''Rebecca'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2004
* ''Hande wat heel'', Hartklop, yuuni 2005
* ''Met ander woorde'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2006
* ''Die boek van Ester'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2008
* ''Vier seisoene kind'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2010
* '''n Klein lewe'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2012
* ''Dubbelspel'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2014
* ''Eindspel'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2017
* ''Blindside'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2019 (Translation of Dubbelspel)
* ''Endgame'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2020 (Translation of Eindspel)
* ''Vlug'', Tafelberg, yuuni 2021

O ni daa nyɛ Wilmine Burger:

* ''Die wingerd sal weer bot'', Lapa, yuuni 2000
* ''’n Heildronk op die liefde'', Lapa, yuuni 2002
* ''Liefde is ’n kleur'', Lapa, yuuni 2002
* ''Brug van woorde'', Lapa, yuuni 2004

== Kundivihira ==
{{reflist}}{{authority control}}
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>j88un0g2ux7sfyuwvtajy4co7epxztv</sha1>
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    <title>Pilar Adón</title>
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      <text bytes="7249" sha1="91srjvpvcw9iwt1qgv42e9645lwqvsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Spanish writer and translator}}
'''Pilar Adón''' ([[Madrid]], 12 October 1971) nyɛla Spanish sasabira mini ŋun lɛbigiri lahabaya. Ŋuni n-sabi salinshɛli din nyɛ ''De bestias y aves'', ''Las efímeras'', mini ''Las hijas de Sara''; lahabali ŋmahi din la`gim taba ''La vida sumergida'', ''El mes más cruel'', ni ''Viajes inocentes''; lahabali ŋmaa din  nyɛ ''Eterno amor''; ni yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba ''Da dolor'', ''Las órdenes'', ''Mente animal'', ni ''La hija del cazador''. O ni di pini shɛŋa shɛli n-nyɛ [[Critical Eye Awards|Critical Eye Award]] (2005), Madrid Bookstores Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book of Poems&quot; (2018), Cálamo Award (2023), Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year&quot; (2023), Spanish Critics' Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book, Spanish (2023), n-ti pahi[[National Literature Prize for Narrative]] (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;1eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pilar Adón, Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, National Narrative Award 2023 |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/actualidad/2023/10/231023-pn-narrativa.html |website=cultura.gob.es |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=23 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuuli biɛhigu mini Shikuru==
Pilar Adón nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Madrid 12 October 1971. O daa naai la &quot;law&quot; [[Complutense University of Madrid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;escritoresorg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Adón, Pilar |url=https://www.escritores.org/biografias/1591-adon-pilar |website=www.escritores.org |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es-es |date=20 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuma==
Yuuni 2022, o daa yihi lahabali yuli booni ''De bestias y pájaros'' (Galaxia Gutenberg) na,&lt;ref name=&quot;2eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title='De bestias y aves', mujer, apertura, animal |trans-title='Of Beasts and Birds', woman, opening, animal |url=https://elpais.com/babelia/2022-09-03/de-bestias-y-aves-mujer-apertura-animal.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=3 September 2022 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O daa di pina din nyɛ 2023 National Literature Prize zaŋti &quot;Narrative&quot;, 2022 Spanish Critics' Award, Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year 2022,&quot; ni 2022 Cálamo Otra Mirada Award,&lt;ref name=&quot;3eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Inma |title=Pilar Adón, galardonada con el Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the 2023 National Narrative Award |url=https://archive.today/20240809233031/https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-10-23/pilar-adon-galardonada-con-el-premio-nacional-de-narrativa-2023.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=elpais.com |via=archive.ph |date=9 August 2024 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka lahi nyɛ ŋun paai 5th Mario Vargas Llosa Biennial Novel Prize kpalinkpaa. Lahabaya sabbu ni, ŋuna n lahi nyɛ ŋun sabi ''Las efímeras'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2015),&lt;ref name=&quot;4eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title=La utopía y lo salvaje |trans-title=Utopia and the wild |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/12/18/babelia/1450453860_708637.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=21 December 2015 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka bɛ daa piili pahi salima pia din viɛli ni, ni ''Las hijas de Sara'' ([[Alianza Editorial]], 2003 / Puzzle (pocket), 2007). Yuuni 2021, o daa yihi lahabali ŋmaa na, ''Eterno amor'' (Páginas de Espuma).&lt;ref name=&quot;5eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Agencia EFE |title='Eterno amor', la inmersión poética en el amor no físico de Pilar Adón |trans-title='Eternal Love', Pilar Adón's poetic immersion in non-physical love |url=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/cultura/noticias/eterno-amor-inmersion-poetica-amor-fisico-pilar-adon-20210522_1303555 |website=COPE |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=22 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŋuna n-nyɛ `nun sabi buku ŋmahi din nyɛ ''La vida sumergida'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2017), ''El mes más cruel'' (Impedimenta, 2010), di zuɣu ka bɛ daa piigi o New [[Fnac]] Talent, n-ti pahi ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma), ka o daa di 2005 Ojo Crítico Narrative Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;6eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pilar Adón, premio Ojo Crítico |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Critical Eye Award |url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/cultura/2005/10/20/pilar-adon-premio-ojo-critico-48149283.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El Periódico de Aragón |date=20 October 2005 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O lahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ so pahi salim ŋmahi ni kamani, ''Cuento español actual'' (Cátedra, 2014); ''Mar de pirañas'' (Menoscuarto, 2012); ''Siglo XXI'' (Menoscuarto, 2010)  n-ti pahi ''Pequeñas Resistencias 5'' (Páginas de Espuma, 2010).

Yuuni 2011, o daa yihi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba na ka boli li ''La hija del cazador''; yuuni 2014, ''Mente animal;''; yuuni 2018, ''Las órdenes'', ka o daa zaŋli di pini din nyɛ &quot;Book of the Year Award,&quot; Madrid Booksellers' Guild ka o daa di li,&lt;ref name=&quot;7eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Premios 2018 del Gremio de Librerías de Madrid |trans-title=2018 Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards |url=https://www.laslibreriasrecomiendan.com/premios-2018-del-gremio-de-librerias-de-madrid/ |website=Las Librerías Recomiendan |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=17 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ''Da dolor'' yuuni 2020. Di zaa nyɛla La Bella Varsovia ni daa yihi shɛli na.

==Pina==
(2005). [[Critical Eye Awards]], &quot;Narrative&quot; pubu yaɣili, zaŋti ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma).

(2018). Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards, yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi pubu, zaŋti ''Las órdenes'' (La Bella Varsovia).
* (2022). Francisco Umbral Prize for Book of the Year&lt;!--Q29747071--&gt;, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves''.&lt;ref name=&quot;10eswp&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/pilar-adon-premio-francisco-umbral-libro-ano-bestias-aves_1_9891767.html|title=Pilar Adón, Premio Francisco Umbral al Libro del Año por 'De bestias y aves' |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Francisco Umbral Book of the Year Award for 'Of Beasts and Birds'|date=2 January 2023|website=elDiario.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;11eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Premio Umbral: 'Decidí no ser complaciente porque la literatura debe hacernos pensar' |trans-title=Umbral Prize: 'I decided not to be complacent because literature should make us think'|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/literatura/2023/04/18/643efa00e4d4d84e0c8b4592.html|last=Alemany|first=Luis|date=18 April 2023|website=El Mundo|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Galaxia Gutenberg)
* (2022). Cálamo Award&lt;!--Q12398165--&gt;, &quot;Another View&quot; pubu, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (2022). [[Premio de la Crítica Española]], zaŋtir Best Narrative Book din niŋdi Spanish, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (2023). [[National Literature Prize for Narrative]], zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adon, Pilar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Madrid]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:Spanish short story writers]]
[[Category:Spanish translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:Spanish women novelists]]
[[Category:Spanish women poets]]
[[Category:Spanish women short story writers]]</text>
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{{Short description|Spanish writer and translator}}
'''Pilar Adón''' ([[Madrid]], 12 October 1971) nyɛla Spanish sasabira mini ŋun lɛbigiri lahabaya. Ŋuni n-sabi salinshɛli din nyɛ ''De bestias y aves'', ''Las efímeras'', mini ''Las hijas de Sara''; lahabali ŋmahi din la`gim taba ''La vida sumergida'', ''El mes más cruel'', ni ''Viajes inocentes''; lahabali ŋmaa din  nyɛ ''Eterno amor''; ni yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba ''Da dolor'', ''Las órdenes'', ''Mente animal'', ni ''La hija del cazador''. O ni di pini shɛŋa shɛli n-nyɛ [[Critical Eye Awards|Critical Eye Award]] (2005), Madrid Bookstores Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book of Poems&quot; (2018), Cálamo Award (2023), Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year&quot; (2023), Spanish Critics' Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book, Spanish (2023), n-ti pahi[[National Literature Prize for Narrative]] (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;1eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pilar Adón, Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, National Narrative Award 2023 |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/actualidad/2023/10/231023-pn-narrativa.html |website=cultura.gob.es |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=23 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuuli biɛhigu mini Shikuru==
Pilar Adón nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Madrid 12 October 1971. O daa naai la &quot;law&quot; [[Complutense University of Madrid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;escritoresorg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Adón, Pilar |url=https://www.escritores.org/biografias/1591-adon-pilar |website=www.escritores.org |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es-es |date=20 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuma==
Yuuni 2022, o daa yihi lahabali yuli booni ''De bestias y pájaros'' (Galaxia Gutenberg) na,&lt;ref name=&quot;2eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title='De bestias y aves', mujer, apertura, animal |trans-title='Of Beasts and Birds', woman, opening, animal |url=https://elpais.com/babelia/2022-09-03/de-bestias-y-aves-mujer-apertura-animal.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=3 September 2022 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O daa di pina din nyɛ 2023 National Literature Prize zaŋti &quot;Narrative&quot;, 2022 Spanish Critics' Award, Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year 2022,&quot; ni 2022 Cálamo Otra Mirada Award,&lt;ref name=&quot;3eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Inma |title=Pilar Adón, galardonada con el Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the 2023 National Narrative Award |url=https://archive.today/20240809233031/https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-10-23/pilar-adon-galardonada-con-el-premio-nacional-de-narrativa-2023.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=elpais.com |via=archive.ph |date=9 August 2024 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka lahi nyɛ ŋun paai 5th Mario Vargas Llosa Biennial Novel Prize kpalinkpaa. Lahabaya sabbu ni, ŋuna n lahi nyɛ ŋun sabi ''Las efímeras'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2015),&lt;ref name=&quot;4eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title=La utopía y lo salvaje |trans-title=Utopia and the wild |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/12/18/babelia/1450453860_708637.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=21 December 2015 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka bɛ daa piili pahi salima pia din viɛli ni, ni ''Las hijas de Sara'' ([[Alianza Editorial]], 2003 / Puzzle (pocket), 2007). Yuuni 2021, o daa yihi lahabali ŋmaa na, ''Eterno amor'' (Páginas de Espuma).&lt;ref name=&quot;5eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Agencia EFE |title='Eterno amor', la inmersión poética en el amor no físico de Pilar Adón |trans-title='Eternal Love', Pilar Adón's poetic immersion in non-physical love |url=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/cultura/noticias/eterno-amor-inmersion-poetica-amor-fisico-pilar-adon-20210522_1303555 |website=COPE |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=22 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŋuna n-nyɛ `nun sabi buku ŋmahi din nyɛ ''La vida sumergida'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2017), ''El mes más cruel'' (Impedimenta, 2010), di zuɣu ka bɛ daa piigi o New [[Fnac]] Talent, n-ti pahi ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma), ka o daa di 2005 Ojo Crítico Narrative Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;6eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pilar Adón, premio Ojo Crítico |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Critical Eye Award |url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/cultura/2005/10/20/pilar-adon-premio-ojo-critico-48149283.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El Periódico de Aragón |date=20 October 2005 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O lahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ so pahi salim ŋmahi ni kamani, ''Cuento español actual'' (Cátedra, 2014); ''Mar de pirañas'' (Menoscuarto, 2012); ''Siglo XXI'' (Menoscuarto, 2010)  n-ti pahi ''Pequeñas Resistencias 5'' (Páginas de Espuma, 2010).

Yuuni 2011, o daa yihi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba na ka boli li ''La hija del cazador''; yuuni 2014, ''Mente animal;''; yuuni 2018, ''Las órdenes'', ka o daa zaŋli di pini din nyɛ &quot;Book of the Year Award,&quot; Madrid Booksellers' Guild ka o daa di li,&lt;ref name=&quot;7eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Premios 2018 del Gremio de Librerías de Madrid |trans-title=2018 Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards |url=https://www.laslibreriasrecomiendan.com/premios-2018-del-gremio-de-librerias-de-madrid/ |website=Las Librerías Recomiendan |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=17 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ''Da dolor'' yuuni 2020. Di zaa nyɛla La Bella Varsovia ni daa yihi shɛli na.

==Pina==
(2005). [[Critical Eye Awards]], &quot;Narrative&quot; pubu yaɣili, zaŋti ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma).

(2018). Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards, yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi pubu, zaŋti ''Las órdenes'' (La Bella Varsovia).
* (2022). Francisco Umbral Prize for Book of the Year&lt;!--Q29747071--&gt;, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves''.&lt;ref name=&quot;10eswp&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/pilar-adon-premio-francisco-umbral-libro-ano-bestias-aves_1_9891767.html|title=Pilar Adón, Premio Francisco Umbral al Libro del Año por 'De bestias y aves' |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Francisco Umbral Book of the Year Award for 'Of Beasts and Birds'|date=2 January 2023|website=elDiario.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;11eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Premio Umbral: 'Decidí no ser complaciente porque la literatura debe hacernos pensar' |trans-title=Umbral Prize: 'I decided not to be complacent because literature should make us think'|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/literatura/2023/04/18/643efa00e4d4d84e0c8b4592.html|last=Alemany|first=Luis|date=18 April 2023|website=El Mundo|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Galaxia Gutenberg)
* (2022). Cálamo Award&lt;!--Q12398165--&gt;, &quot;Another View&quot; pubu, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (2022). [[Premio de la Crítica Española]], zaŋtir Best Narrative Book din niŋdi Spanish, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (2023). [[National Literature Prize for Narrative]], zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adon, Pilar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Madrid]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:Spanish short story writers]]
[[Category:Spanish translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:Spanish women novelists]]
[[Category:Spanish women poets]]
[[Category:Spanish women short story writers]]</text>
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        <id>544</id>
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      <comment>Added a category</comment>
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{{Short description|Spanish writer and translator}}
'''Pilar Adón''' ([[Madrid]], 12 October 1971) nyɛla Spanish sasabira mini ŋun lɛbigiri lahabaya. Ŋuni n-sabi salinshɛli din nyɛ ''De bestias y aves'', ''Las efímeras'', mini ''Las hijas de Sara''; lahabali ŋmahi din la`gim taba ''La vida sumergida'', ''El mes más cruel'', ni ''Viajes inocentes''; lahabali ŋmaa din  nyɛ ''Eterno amor''; ni yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba ''Da dolor'', ''Las órdenes'', ''Mente animal'', ni ''La hija del cazador''. O ni di pini shɛŋa shɛli n-nyɛ [[Critical Eye Awards|Critical Eye Award]] (2005), Madrid Bookstores Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book of Poems&quot; (2018), Cálamo Award (2023), Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year&quot; (2023), Spanish Critics' Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book, Spanish (2023), n-ti pahi[[National Literature Prize for Narrative]] (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;1eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pilar Adón, Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, National Narrative Award 2023 |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/actualidad/2023/10/231023-pn-narrativa.html |website=cultura.gob.es |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=23 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuuli biɛhigu mini Shikuru==
Pilar Adón nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Madrid 12 October 1971. O daa naai la &quot;law&quot; [[Complutense University of Madrid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;escritoresorg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Adón, Pilar |url=https://www.escritores.org/biografias/1591-adon-pilar |website=www.escritores.org |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es-es |date=20 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuma==
Yuuni 2022, o daa yihi lahabali yuli booni ''De bestias y pájaros'' (Galaxia Gutenberg) na,&lt;ref name=&quot;2eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title='De bestias y aves', mujer, apertura, animal |trans-title='Of Beasts and Birds', woman, opening, animal |url=https://elpais.com/babelia/2022-09-03/de-bestias-y-aves-mujer-apertura-animal.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=3 September 2022 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O daa di pina din nyɛ 2023 National Literature Prize zaŋti &quot;Narrative&quot;, 2022 Spanish Critics' Award, Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year 2022,&quot; ni 2022 Cálamo Otra Mirada Award,&lt;ref name=&quot;3eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Inma |title=Pilar Adón, galardonada con el Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the 2023 National Narrative Award |url=https://archive.today/20240809233031/https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-10-23/pilar-adon-galardonada-con-el-premio-nacional-de-narrativa-2023.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=elpais.com |via=archive.ph |date=9 August 2024 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka lahi nyɛ ŋun paai 5th Mario Vargas Llosa Biennial Novel Prize kpalinkpaa. Lahabaya sabbu ni, ŋuna n lahi nyɛ ŋun sabi ''Las efímeras'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2015),&lt;ref name=&quot;4eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title=La utopía y lo salvaje |trans-title=Utopia and the wild |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/12/18/babelia/1450453860_708637.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=21 December 2015 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka bɛ daa piili pahi salima pia din viɛli ni, ni ''Las hijas de Sara'' ([[Alianza Editorial]], 2003 / Puzzle (pocket), 2007). Yuuni 2021, o daa yihi lahabali ŋmaa na, ''Eterno amor'' (Páginas de Espuma).&lt;ref name=&quot;5eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Agencia EFE |title='Eterno amor', la inmersión poética en el amor no físico de Pilar Adón |trans-title='Eternal Love', Pilar Adón's poetic immersion in non-physical love |url=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/cultura/noticias/eterno-amor-inmersion-poetica-amor-fisico-pilar-adon-20210522_1303555 |website=COPE |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=22 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŋuna n-nyɛ `nun sabi buku ŋmahi din nyɛ ''La vida sumergida'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2017), ''El mes más cruel'' (Impedimenta, 2010), di zuɣu ka bɛ daa piigi o New [[Fnac]] Talent, n-ti pahi ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma), ka o daa di 2005 Ojo Crítico Narrative Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;6eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pilar Adón, premio Ojo Crítico |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Critical Eye Award |url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/cultura/2005/10/20/pilar-adon-premio-ojo-critico-48149283.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El Periódico de Aragón |date=20 October 2005 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O lahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ so pahi salim ŋmahi ni kamani, ''Cuento español actual'' (Cátedra, 2014); ''Mar de pirañas'' (Menoscuarto, 2012); ''Siglo XXI'' (Menoscuarto, 2010)  n-ti pahi ''Pequeñas Resistencias 5'' (Páginas de Espuma, 2010).

Yuuni 2011, o daa yihi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba na ka boli li ''La hija del cazador''; yuuni 2014, ''Mente animal;''; yuuni 2018, ''Las órdenes'', ka o daa zaŋli di pini din nyɛ &quot;Book of the Year Award,&quot; Madrid Booksellers' Guild ka o daa di li,&lt;ref name=&quot;7eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Premios 2018 del Gremio de Librerías de Madrid |trans-title=2018 Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards |url=https://www.laslibreriasrecomiendan.com/premios-2018-del-gremio-de-librerias-de-madrid/ |website=Las Librerías Recomiendan |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=17 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ''Da dolor'' yuuni 2020. Di zaa nyɛla La Bella Varsovia ni daa yihi shɛli na.

==Pina==
(2005). [[Critical Eye Awards]], &quot;Narrative&quot; pubu yaɣili, zaŋti ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma).

(2018). Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards, yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi pubu, zaŋti ''Las órdenes'' (La Bella Varsovia).
* (2022). Francisco Umbral Prize for Book of the Year&lt;!--Q29747071--&gt;, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves''.&lt;ref name=&quot;10eswp&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/pilar-adon-premio-francisco-umbral-libro-ano-bestias-aves_1_9891767.html|title=Pilar Adón, Premio Francisco Umbral al Libro del Año por 'De bestias y aves' |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Francisco Umbral Book of the Year Award for 'Of Beasts and Birds'|date=2 January 2023|website=elDiario.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;11eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Premio Umbral: 'Decidí no ser complaciente porque la literatura debe hacernos pensar' |trans-title=Umbral Prize: 'I decided not to be complacent because literature should make us think'|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/literatura/2023/04/18/643efa00e4d4d84e0c8b4592.html|last=Alemany|first=Luis|date=18 April 2023|website=El Mundo|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Galaxia Gutenberg)
* (2022). Cálamo Award&lt;!--Q12398165--&gt;, &quot;Another View&quot; pubu, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (2022). [[Premio de la Crítica Española]], zaŋtir Best Narrative Book din niŋdi Spanish, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (2023). [[National Literature Prize for Narrative]], zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adon, Pilar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Madrid]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:Spanish short story writers]]
[[Category:Spanish translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:Spanish women novelists]]
[[Category:Spanish women poets]]
[[Category:Spanish women short story writers]]
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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      <id>115101</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-10T21:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
        <id>4550</id>
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      <comment>Updated content</comment>
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      <text bytes="7315" sha1="9kdhs8mjv6m6wj9r42lryidatzx8wjw" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
{{Short description|Spanish writer and translator}}
'''Pilar Adón''' ([[Madrid]], 12 October 1971) nyɛla Spanish sasabira mini ŋun lɛbigiri lahabaya. Ŋuni n-sabi salinshɛli din nyɛ ''De bestias y aves'', ''Las efímeras'', mini ''Las hijas de Sara''; lahabali ŋmahi din la`gim taba ''La vida sumergida'', ''El mes más cruel'', ni ''Viajes inocentes''; lahabali ŋmaa din  nyɛ ''Eterno amor''; ni yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba ''Da dolor'', ''Las órdenes'', ''Mente animal'', ni ''La hija del cazador''. O ni di pini shɛŋa shɛli n-nyɛ [[Critical Eye Awards|Critical Eye Award]] (2005), Madrid Bookstores Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book of Poems&quot; (2018), Cálamo Award (2023), Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year&quot; (2023), Spanish Critics' Award zaŋti &quot;Best Book, Spanish (2023), n-ti pahi[[National Literature Prize for Narrative]] (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;1eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pilar Adón, Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, National Narrative Award 2023 |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/actualidad/2023/10/231023-pn-narrativa.html |website=cultura.gob.es |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=23 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuuli biɛhigu mini Shikuru==
Pilar Adón nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Madrid 12 October 1971. O daa naai la &quot;law&quot; [[Complutense University of Madrid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;escritoresorg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Adón, Pilar |url=https://www.escritores.org/biografias/1591-adon-pilar |website=www.escritores.org |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es-es |date=20 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tuma==
Yuuni 2022, o daa yihi lahabali yuli booni ''De bestias y pájaros'' (Galaxia Gutenberg) na,&lt;ref name=&quot;2eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title='De bestias y aves', mujer, apertura, animal |trans-title='Of Beasts and Birds', woman, opening, animal |url=https://elpais.com/babelia/2022-09-03/de-bestias-y-aves-mujer-apertura-animal.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=3 September 2022 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O daa di pina din nyɛ 2023 National Literature Prize zaŋti &quot;Narrative&quot;, 2022 Spanish Critics' Award, Francisco Umbral Award zaŋti &quot;Book of the Year 2022,&quot; ni 2022 Cálamo Otra Mirada Award,&lt;ref name=&quot;3eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Inma |title=Pilar Adón, galardonada con el Premio Nacional de Narrativa 2023 |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the 2023 National Narrative Award |url=https://archive.today/20240809233031/https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-10-23/pilar-adon-galardonada-con-el-premio-nacional-de-narrativa-2023.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=elpais.com |via=archive.ph |date=9 August 2024 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka lahi nyɛ ŋun paai 5th Mario Vargas Llosa Biennial Novel Prize kpalinkpaa. Lahabaya sabbu ni, ŋuna n lahi nyɛ ŋun sabi ''Las efímeras'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2015),&lt;ref name=&quot;4eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pardo |first1=Carlos |title=La utopía y lo salvaje |trans-title=Utopia and the wild |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/12/18/babelia/1450453860_708637.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El País |date=21 December 2015 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka bɛ daa piili pahi salima pia din viɛli ni, ni ''Las hijas de Sara'' ([[Alianza Editorial]], 2003 / Puzzle (pocket), 2007). Yuuni 2021, o daa yihi lahabali ŋmaa na, ''Eterno amor'' (Páginas de Espuma).&lt;ref name=&quot;5eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Agencia EFE |title='Eterno amor', la inmersión poética en el amor no físico de Pilar Adón |trans-title='Eternal Love', Pilar Adón's poetic immersion in non-physical love |url=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/cultura/noticias/eterno-amor-inmersion-poetica-amor-fisico-pilar-adon-20210522_1303555 |website=COPE |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=22 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŋuna n-nyɛ `nun sabi buku ŋmahi din nyɛ ''La vida sumergida'' (Galaxia Gutenberg, 2017), ''El mes más cruel'' (Impedimenta, 2010), di zuɣu ka bɛ daa piigi o New [[Fnac]] Talent, n-ti pahi ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma), ka o daa di 2005 Ojo Crítico Narrative Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;6eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pilar Adón, premio Ojo Crítico |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Critical Eye Award |url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/cultura/2005/10/20/pilar-adon-premio-ojo-critico-48149283.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=El Periódico de Aragón |date=20 October 2005 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; O lahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ so pahi salim ŋmahi ni kamani, ''Cuento español actual'' (Cátedra, 2014); ''Mar de pirañas'' (Menoscuarto, 2012); ''Siglo XXI'' (Menoscuarto, 2010)  n-ti pahi ''Pequeñas Resistencias 5'' (Páginas de Espuma, 2010).

Yuuni 2011, o daa yihi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi din laɣim taba na ka boli li ''La hija del cazador''; yuuni 2014, ''Mente animal;''; yuuni 2018, ''Las órdenes'', ka o daa zaŋli di pini din nyɛ &quot;Book of the Year Award,&quot; Madrid Booksellers' Guild ka o daa di li,&lt;ref name=&quot;7eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Premios 2018 del Gremio de Librerías de Madrid |trans-title=2018 Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards |url=https://www.laslibreriasrecomiendan.com/premios-2018-del-gremio-de-librerias-de-madrid/ |website=Las Librerías Recomiendan |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=es |date=17 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ''Da dolor'' yuuni 2020. Di zaa nyɛla La Bella Varsovia ni daa yihi shɛli na.

==Pina==
(Yuuni 2005). [[Critical Eye Awards]], &quot;Narrative&quot; pubu yaɣili, zaŋti ''Viajes inocentes'' (Páginas de Espuma).

(Yuuni 2018). Madrid Booksellers Guild Awards, yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi pubu, zaŋti ''Las órdenes'' (La Bella Varsovia).
* Yuuni (2022). Francisco Umbral Prize for Book of the Year&lt;!--Q29747071--&gt;, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves''.&lt;ref name=&quot;10eswp&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/pilar-adon-premio-francisco-umbral-libro-ano-bestias-aves_1_9891767.html|title=Pilar Adón, Premio Francisco Umbral al Libro del Año por 'De bestias y aves' |trans-title=Pilar Adón, winner of the Francisco Umbral Book of the Year Award for 'Of Beasts and Birds'|date=2 January 2023|website=elDiario.es|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;11eswp&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Premio Umbral: 'Decidí no ser complaciente porque la literatura debe hacernos pensar' |trans-title=Umbral Prize: 'I decided not to be complacent because literature should make us think'|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/literatura/2023/04/18/643efa00e4d4d84e0c8b4592.html|last=Alemany|first=Luis|date=18 April 2023|website=El Mundo|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Galaxia Gutenberg)
* (Yuuni 2022). Cálamo Award&lt;!--Q12398165--&gt;, &quot;Another View&quot; pubu, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (Yuuni 2022). [[Premio de la Crítica Española]], zaŋtir Best Narrative Book din niŋdi Spanish, zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).
* (Yuuni 2023). [[National Literature Prize for Narrative]], zaŋti ''De bestias y aves'' (Galaxia Gutenberg).

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adon, Pilar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Madrid]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:Spanish short story writers]]
[[Category:Spanish translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:Spanish women novelists]]
[[Category:Spanish women poets]]
[[Category:Spanish women short story writers]]
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jim Crow laws</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>115080</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T14:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tunteeya1</username>
        <id>5942</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started an article</comment>
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      <text bytes="27701" sha1="3whtmh9qt86n98ysw9ql4s3ja4zk7r6" xml:space="preserve">'''Jim Crow daansi''' nyɛla [[U.S. state|tiŋgbani]] mini tiŋkpansi daansi din pili [[Southern United States]] ni 19th century bahigu mini 20th century piligu ka daa kpaŋsi [[Racial segregation in the United States|zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu]], &quot;[[Jim Crow (character)|Jim Crow]]&quot; nyɛla yɛltɔɣa din be [[African American]] nima ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;fremon&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=(link unavailable) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim Crow daansi bahigu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|yuuni 1965]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmermund2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=(link unavailable)|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daansi daa be United States tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, hali ni di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pa South daa ŋmaai zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daansi din nyɛ din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti.&lt;ref&gt;Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [(link unavailable) &quot;The Jim Crow North&quot;], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. &amp; Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).&lt;/ref&gt; Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures ([[Redeemers]]) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the [[Reconstruction era]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bartlett2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Bartlett|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|url=(link unavailable)|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daa lahi nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Lily-white movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=(link unavailable) |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Jim Crow daansi daa kpaŋsi zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu zaa ni public facilities din be former [[Confederate States of America]] ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa, ka di daa pili 1870s. Jim Crow daansi daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi ti shɛli yuuni 1896 ni ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' yɛltɔɣa, ka [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] daa yɛli ni &quot;[[separate but equal]]&quot; daansi nyɛla din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti.&lt;ref name=&quot;tperd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=(link unavailable) |website=C-SPAN |access-date=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jimlu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=(link unavailable)|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |access-date=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=2010|isbn=9780807833681 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[State school|Public education]] daa nyɛla din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di ni daa niŋ ka di daa pili [[American Civil War|Civil War]] ni yuuni 1861–1865. Daansi din daa pahi daa nyɛla din daa yɛn taɣi African Americans nima vooti soli South ni ka daa yihi ba representative government. Hali ni di ni daa niŋ ka &quot;equal&quot; daansi daa nyɛla din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti, African Americans nima daansi daa nyɛla din daa bi ŋmani shɛli [[white Americans]] nima daansi; din daa niŋ ka di daa ka facilities zaŋ ti black niriba ka bɛ tooi mali shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;tperd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jimlu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jewolf&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–202 |url=(link unavailable) |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=(link unavailable) |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |doi=10.2307/20068694 |jstor=20068694 |hdl=1903/22633 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) daa nyɛla ban daa pili kpɛɣu niŋbu ŋɔ ni bɛ ni daa yɛn niŋ shɛm zaŋ chaŋ Jim Crow daansi polo, n-ti pahi &quot;separate but equal&quot; daansi. Yuuni 1954, [[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka]] yɛltɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni public schools (state-sponsored) kpɛɣu niŋbu nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Brown v. Board of Education|website=Landmark Supreme Court Cases|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice|date=2017-10-11|website=National Museum of National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, di daa nyɛla din daa bi yɛn niŋ ka bɛ tooi zaŋ li niŋ niriba ni yuuni shɛli ni, ka [[Warren Court]] daa lahi yɛli ni Jim Crow daansi nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa ni kamani ''[[Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States]]'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim Crow daansi zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] mini [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]. Southern state [[anti-miscegenation laws]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli yuuni 1967 ni ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' yɛltɔɣa.
== Di zani niŋbu daa naai ==

[[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|thumb|President [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson]] ŋmɛ gbana niŋ [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa naai la dabisili shɛli Congress ni daa ŋmaai [[Southern filibuster]] ni [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] mini [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]. Yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa laɣim taba ka che ka ŋɔ maa niŋ. [[Supreme Court]] daa nyɛla ban daa pili li ni ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954), ka daa yɛli ni public schools kpɛɣu niŋbu nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi. Di daa nyɛla din daa niŋ katariŋ Northern mini border states, amaa ka daa bi niŋ Southern ni [[Massive Resistance]] nima ni daa kpaŋsi shɛm. Southern liberals, ban daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn niŋ shɛm ka di bi saɣim, daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmɛri shɛba zuɣu ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ daa bi tooi mali anfaani shɛli polo. Civil rights movement daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam, [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (SCLC) n-daa nyɛ ban daa kpaŋsi li ka [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] nyɛ ŋun daa nyɛ di kpɛma. Di daa nyɛla din daa yina ti zani [[NAACP]] zaani ka di daa nyɛ ban daa kpaŋsi li pam. King daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba pam yina ti toɣisi ba ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka di daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam television ni. SCLC, niriba ban daa be shikuru ni ban daa kpaŋsi li mini tiŋkpansi nima ban daa kpaŋsi li daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi ka niriba pam yina ti toɣisi ba Southern zaa. National attention daa nyɛla din daa kuli be [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], Alabama, ka niriba maa daa toɣisi ba Commissioner of Public Safety [[Bull Connor]]. Connor daa nyɛla ŋun daa gbaai niriba 900 dabisili yini. Dabaa ayi nyaaŋa, Connor daa nyɛla ŋun daa yihi billy clubs, police dogs, ni high-pressure water hoses ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka di daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam niriba maa zaa shee. Di daa nyɛla din daa bi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ federal troops ni bɛ ku tooi laɣim niriba maa zaa Birmingham. Di daa nyɛla din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa daa laɣim taba ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi kpɛɣu niŋbu library, golf courses, ni city facilities din be niriba maa zaa shee. Yuuni 1963, niriba 800 daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi ka bɛ yina ti toɣisi ba southern cities mini towns, ka niriba 100,000 daa yina ti toɣisi ba, ka niriba 15,000 daa nyɛ ban daa gbaai. [[Alabama]] yuuni 1963, Governor [[George Wallace]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba maa zaa yina ti toɣisi ba ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ niriba ayi ŋɔ n-niŋ [[University of Alabama]]. Kennedy daa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ civil rights bill n-ti Congress, ka daa yɛli Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]] ni o yɛn zaŋ federal lawsuits n-ti shikuru shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi federal funds n-ti shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni. Martin Luther King daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba 200,000 yina ti toɣisi ba [[Lincoln Memorial]], ka di daa nyɛla niriba ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Kennedy administration daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi civil rights movement, amaa ka southern congressmen daa nyɛ ban daa kuli ʒiri li. Kennedy daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpibu, ka President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn ŋmaai Kennedy's civil rights legislation ka di nyɛla din yɛn gbubi Kennedy. Johnson daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba maa zaa laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmaai Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil Rights Act of 1964 daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ yɛn tooi chaŋ luɣ'shɛŋa kamani restaurants mini places of amusement, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn tooi zaŋ federal funds n-ti shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni. Di daa lahi yɛli ni racial, religious mini gender discrimination nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi zaŋ chaŋ businesses din mali niriba 25 mini apartment houses. South daa nyɛla din daa bi saɣi ti, amaa ka di daa niŋ ka President Johnson daa ŋmɛ gbana niŋ Civil Rights Act of 1964, di daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti niriba maa zaa shee.
Yuuni 1965, [[Selma to Montgomery marches#First Selma-to-Montgomery March|unprovoked attack]] daa nyɛla din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa daa yina ti toɣisi ba Alabama marchers ka bɛ daa chaŋ [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] ni bɛ yɛn chaŋ [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], ka di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi President mini Congress ka bɛ ŋmaai Voting Rights Act. [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni state barriers to voting nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi zaŋ chaŋ federal, state mini local elections. Di daa lahi yɛli ni federal oversight mini monitoring nyɛla din yɛn niŋ zaŋ chaŋ counties din mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa pun be ni.
Martin Luther King daa nyɛla ŋun daa pili [[Poor People's Campaign]]. O daa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni Economic Bills of Rights nyɛla din yɛn niŋ ka niriba maa zaa nyaɣisi. Yuuni 2013, [[Roberts Court]], daa nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni [[Shelby County v. Holder]], ni Southern states ku lahi mali federal approval zaŋ chaŋ voting policies polo. Tiŋgbani shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi voting access daansi.

==Kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di nyaaŋa==
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
[[File:Negro drinking at &quot;Colored&quot; water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg |thumb|An African American man drinking at a &quot;colored&quot; drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, 1939]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] yuuni 20th century piligu ha. Di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba pam ka bɛ yina ti ʒini tiŋ'shɛŋa din be North, Midwest, mini West polo ni bɛ nya bɛ nyɛvuli ni nyɛ shɛm. Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ sports polo, ka daa nyɛ ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba. Boxers [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] mini [[Joe Louis]] (ka niriba ayi ŋɔ daa nyɛ [[World heavyweight boxing championship|world heavyweight boxing champions]]) mini track and field athlete [[Jesse Owens]] (Ŋun daa di kpɛɣu dibaa anahi [[1936 Summer Olympics]] Berlin) daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri pam ni bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛm. Baseball puuni, [[Baseball color line|color line]] din daa kpa yuuni 1880s daa nyɛla din daa kuli yɛli ni niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America ku tooi ŋmɛ [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]], ka daa kpaŋsi [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]] din daa mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa nyɛri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛli din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa yina ti nya shɛli daa nyɛla yuuni 1947, [[Jackie Robinson]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun daa tuui ŋmɛ Major League Baseball; o daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli. Baseball teams daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmɛri shɛli, ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America daa ŋmɛ Major Leagues yuuni 1960s.
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
{{main|Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States}} {{see also|Interracial marriage in the United States}}
Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ kpɛɣu niŋbu polo. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa bi nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], amaa ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (the [[Warren Court]]) daa yɛli ni di nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1

==Kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di nyaaŋa==
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
[[File:Negro drinking at &quot;Colored&quot; water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg |thumb|An African American man drinking at a &quot;colored&quot; drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, 1939]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] yuuni 20th century piligu ha. Di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba pam ka bɛ yina ti ʒini tiŋ'shɛŋa din be North, Midwest, mini West polo ni bɛ nya bɛ nyɛvuli ni nyɛ shɛm. Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ sports polo, ka daa nyɛ ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba. Boxers [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] mini [[Joe Louis]] (ka niriba ayi ŋɔ daa nyɛ [[World heavyweight boxing championship|world heavyweight boxing champions]]) mini track and field athlete [[Jesse Owens]] (Ŋun daa di kpɛɣu dibaa anahi [[1936 Summer Olympics]] Berlin) daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri pam ni bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛm. Baseball puuni, [[Baseball color line|color line]] din daa kpa yuuni 1880s daa nyɛla din daa kuli yɛli ni niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America ku tooi ŋmɛ [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]], ka daa kpaŋsi [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]] din daa mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa nyɛri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛli din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa yina ti nya shɛli daa nyɛla yuuni 1947, [[Jackie Robinson]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun daa tuui ŋmɛ Major League Baseball; o daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli. Baseball teams daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmɛri shɛli, ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America daa ŋmɛ Major Leagues yuuni 1960s.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
{{main|Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States}} {{see also|Interracial marriage in the United States}}
Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ kpɛɣu niŋbu polo. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa bi nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], amaa ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (the [[Warren Court]]) daa yɛli ni di nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''
==Di Yɛlimaŋli Nyɛbu==

Di ni yɛlimaŋli ni &quot;Jim Crow law&quot; yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ pili shɛm nyɛla yuuni 1884, lahabali yɛltɔɣa din daa yina ti wuhi niriba ban be Congress ni bɛ ni daa niŋdi shɛm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= (link unavailable) |title=Congressional|work=Sioux City Journal |date=December 18, 1884 |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ daa lahi yina yuuni 1892 ''[[New York Times]]'' lahabali yɛltɔɣa puuni, din daa yɛli ni Louisiana daa zaŋ la &quot;Jim Crow law&quot; n-ti railroad cars din daa nyɛ din mali balibu.&lt;ref name=scjc7/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= (link unavailable) |page=1|title=Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid|quote=New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black people.|work=The New York Times |date=December 21, 1892 |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ni pili shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli &quot;[[Jump Jim Crow]]&quot;, yɛltɔɣa din daa nyɛ din yɛri niriba ban be America ka bɛ daa nyɛ ban mali bukaata. Ŋun daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ nyɛla [[Thomas D. Rice]] yuuni 1828. Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba daa ti yɛli ni &quot;Jim Crow&quot; nyɛla yɛltɔɣa shɛli din yɛri niriba ban be America. Di ni daa niŋ ka niriba ban be southern polo daa kpa kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ niriba ban be America polo, kpɛɣu shɛŋa maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli Jim Crow laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;scjc7&quot;&gt;[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]], and McFeely, William S. (2001), ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Di Piligu==

{{Main|Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era}}

Yuuni 1865, kpɛɣu shɛli din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti ni bɛ chɛ [[slavery]] America daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli Congress ni daa ti saɣi ti shɛli [[Thirteenth Amendment]] yuuni 1865.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaynes2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Gerald D. |last=Jaynes|title=Encyclopedia of African American Society|url=(link unavailable)|date=2005|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2764-8|pages=864–}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Jimcrow.jpg|thumb|Cover of an early edition of &quot;[[Jump Jim Crow]]&quot; sheet music ({{circa|1832}})]] [[File:FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg|thumb|Freedmen voting in [[New Orleans]], 1867]]

Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1866]] mini [[Reconstruction Era]], ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba ban daa nyɛla ban mali bukaata daa nya bɛ maŋsi. Yuŋ ka dabba ni daa pili shɛli la, Southern Democrats n-daa deei nam kuɣisi niŋ Southern yaɣa jintɔriba ni&lt;ref name=&quot;Milewski2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Melissa |last=Milewski|title=Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights|url=(link unavailable)|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-024919-9|pages=47–}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka dabba ban nyɛ zuliya pam niŋ gutulunsi zuɣu, kamani Ku Klux Klan, White League, n-ti pahi Red Shirts (Southern United States) daa nyɛla ban kpaŋ bɛ maŋa ka che ka Republican party kpamba nyɛ ban yina ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka bɛ daa lan nyɛ ban ku niriba pam ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harriot |first=Michael |title=Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019 |title-link=Four Hundred Souls |publisher=One World |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-13404-7 |editor-last=Kendi |editor-first=Ibram X. |editor-link=Ibram X. Kendi |location=New York |pages=234–238 |chapter=Reconstruction |editor-last2=Blain |editor-first2=Keisha N. |editor-link2=Keisha N. Blain}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Di daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Yɛli muɣisira yini daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Perman2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Perman |author-link=Michael Perman |url=(link unavailable) |title=Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3324-7 |pages=138–}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 1877 yuŋ ka niriba daa ti yina n-ti ŋme n-ti che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Dabba ban nyɛ zuliya pam daa deei nam kuɣisi niŋ Southern yaɣa jintɔriba ni&lt;ref name=&quot;scjc6&quot;&gt;[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]], and McFeely, William S. ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. 2001, p.&amp;nbsp;6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Jim Crow dalirin daa nyɛla din yina n-ti sɔɣi niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher Sebastian|last2=Towler|first2=Christopher C.|date=2019-05-11|title=Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=503–519|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael Perman 2001&quot;&gt;[[Michael Perman|Perman, Michael]]. ''Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Kousser, J. Morgan,''The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yuuni 1890 mini 1910 sunsuuni, di daa ti niŋ ka Confederate states pia ni yini daa ti yina n-ti ŋme n-ti che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael Perman 2001&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Pildes&quot;&gt;Richard H. Pildes, [(link unavailable) &quot;Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon&quot;, 2000, pp.&amp;nbsp;12, 27]. Retrieved March 10, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Glenn Feldman 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;135–136&quot;&gt;Glenn Feldman, ''The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama'', Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;135–36.&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba ban daa bi tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu daa lan nyɛla ban ku tooi lahi be nam ni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=(link unavailable)|title=History, Education, and the Schools|last=Reese|first=W.|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0230104822|pages=145|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Battles, D. M. 2009&quot;&gt;Battles, D. M. (2009). ''The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, or, Leaving Behind the Plow.'' Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref name=&quot;fultz2006&quot;&gt;Fultz, M. (2006). &quot;Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation&quot;. ''Libraries &amp; The Cultural Record'', 41(3), 338.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Holt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas C. Holt|title=Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1979|location=Urbana}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Dittmer1980&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=John Dittmer|first=John|last=Dittmer|title=Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920|url=(link unavailable)|year=1980|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-00813-9|pages=108–}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Woodrow Wilson daa nyɛla Democrat party jintɔri ŋun daa yina New Jersey, amaa ka o nyɛla ŋun daa yina Southern yaɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;wilson&quot;&gt;{{interlanguage link|Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt|lt=Schulte Nordholt, J. W.|nl}}, and [[Herbert H. Rowen|Rowen, Herbert H.]], ''[(link unavailable) Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace]''. 1991, pp.&amp;nbsp;99–100.&lt;/ref&gt;. O daa lan nyɛla ŋun daa piigi niriba pam ban nyɛ zuliya pam n-ti pahi o Cabinet ni&lt;ref name=&quot;BerkinMiller2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Carol |last=Berkin|author1-link=Carol Berkin|author2=Christopher Miller|author3=Robert Cherny|author4=James Gormly|title=Making America: A History of the United States|url=(link unavailable)|date=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90979-8|pages=578–}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

O daa lan nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;blight&quot;&gt;[[David W. Blight|Blight, David W.]] (2001), ''[[Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory]]'', pp. 9–11.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Di daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=Heersink&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=2020-01-06 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=(link unavailable) |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="27076" sha1="2h58i89tid3vl3foxywjm5o6sk8sa1g" xml:space="preserve">'''Jim Crow daansi''' nyɛla [[tiŋgbani]] mini tiŋkpansi daansi din pili Southern United States ni 19th century bahigu mini 20th century piligu ka daa kpaŋsi zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu, &quot;Jim Crow&quot; nyɛla yɛltɔɣa din be African American nima ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;fremon&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=(link unavailable) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim Crow daansi bahigu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli yuuni 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmermund2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=(link unavailable)|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daansi daa be United States tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, hali ni di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pa South daa ŋmaai zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daansi din nyɛ din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti.&lt;ref&gt;Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [(link unavailable) &quot;The Jim Crow North&quot;], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. &amp; Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).&lt;/ref&gt; Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures (Redeemers) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bartlett2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Bartlett|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|url=(link unavailable)|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daa lahi nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi Lily-white movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=(link unavailable) |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Jim Crow daansi daa kpaŋsi zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu zaa ni public facilities din be former Confederate States of America ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa, ka di daa pili 1870s. Jim Crow daansi daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi ti shɛli yuuni 1896 ni ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' yɛltɔɣa, ka Supreme Court daa yɛli ni &quot;separate but equal&quot; daansi nyɛla din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti.&lt;ref name=&quot;tperd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=(link unavailable) |website=C-SPAN |access-date=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jimlu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=(link unavailable)|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |access-date=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=2010|isbn=9780807833681 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[State school|Public education]] daa nyɛla din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di ni daa niŋ ka di daa pili Civil War ni yuuni 1861–1865. Daansi din daa pahi daa nyɛla din daa yɛn taɣi African Americans nima vooti soli South ni ka daa yihi ba representative government. Hali ni di ni daa niŋ ka &quot;equal&quot; daansi daa nyɛla din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti, African Americans nima daansi daa nyɛla din daa bi ŋmani shɛli white Americans nima daansi; din daa niŋ ka di daa ka facilities zaŋ ti black niriba ka bɛ tooi mali shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;tperd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jimlu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jewolf&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–202 |url=(link unavailable) |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=(link unavailable) |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |doi=10.2307/20068694 |jstor=20068694 |hdl=1903/22633 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) daa nyɛla ban daa pili kpɛɣu niŋbu ŋɔ ni bɛ ni daa yɛn niŋ shɛm zaŋ chaŋ Jim Crow daansi polo, n-ti pahi &quot;separate but equal&quot; daansi. Yuuni 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka yɛltɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni public schools (state-sponsored) kpɛɣu niŋbu nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Brown v. Board of Education|website=Landmark Supreme Court Cases|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice|date=2017-10-11|website=National Museum of National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, di daa nyɛla din daa bi yɛn niŋ ka bɛ tooi zaŋ li niŋ niriba ni yuuni shɛli ni, ka Warren Court daa lahi yɛli ni Jim Crow daansi nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa ni kamani ''Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim Crow daansi zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli Civil Rights Act of 1964 mini Voting Rights Act of 1965. Southern state anti-miscegenation laws daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli yuuni 1967 ni ''Loving v. Virginia'' yɛltɔɣa.
== Di zani niŋbu daa naai ==

[[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|thumb|President [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson]] ŋmɛ gbana niŋ [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa naai la dabisili shɛli Congress ni daa ŋmaai Southern filibuster ni Civil Rights Act of 1964 mini Voting Rights Act of 1965. Yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa laɣim taba ka che ka ŋɔ maa niŋ. Supreme Court daa nyɛla ban daa pili li ni ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), ka daa yɛli ni public schools kpɛɣu niŋbu nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi. Di daa nyɛla din daa niŋ katariŋ Northern mini border states, amaa ka daa bi niŋ Southern ni Massive Resistance nima ni daa kpaŋsi shɛm. Southern liberals, ban daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn niŋ shɛm ka di bi saɣim, daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmɛri shɛba zuɣu ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ daa bi tooi mali anfaani shɛli polo. Civil rights movement daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) n-daa nyɛ ban daa kpaŋsi li ka Martin Luther King Jr. nyɛ ŋun daa nyɛ di kpɛma. Di daa nyɛla din daa yina ti zani NAACP zaani ka di daa nyɛ ban daa kpaŋsi li pam. King daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba pam yina ti toɣisi ba ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka di daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam television ni. SCLC, niriba ban daa be shikuru ni ban daa kpaŋsi li mini tiŋkpansi nima ban daa kpaŋsi li daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi ka niriba pam yina ti toɣisi ba Southern zaa. National attention daa nyɛla din daa kuli be Birmingham, Alabama, ka niriba maa daa toɣisi ba Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor. Connor daa nyɛla ŋun daa gbaai niriba 900 dabisili yini. Dabaa ayi nyaaŋa, Connor daa nyɛla ŋun daa yihi billy clubs, police dogs, ni high-pressure water hoses ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka di daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam niriba maa zaa shee. Di daa nyɛla din daa bi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ federal troops ni bɛ ku tooi laɣim niriba maa zaa Birmingham. Di daa nyɛla din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa daa laɣim taba ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi kpɛɣu niŋbu library, golf courses, ni city facilities din be niriba maa zaa shee. Yuuni 1963, niriba 800 daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi ka bɛ yina ti toɣisi ba southern cities mini towns, ka niriba 100,000 daa yina ti toɣisi ba, ka niriba 15,000 daa nyɛ ban daa gbaai. [[Alabama]] yuuni 1963, Governor George Wallace daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba maa zaa yina ti toɣisi ba ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ niriba ayi ŋɔ n-niŋ University of Alabama. Kennedy daa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ civil rights bill n-ti Congress, ka daa yɛli Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ni o yɛn zaŋ federal lawsuits n-ti shikuru shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi federal funds n-ti shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni. Martin Luther King daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba 200,000 yina ti toɣisi ba Lincoln Memorial, ka di daa nyɛla niriba ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Kennedy administration daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi civil rights movement, amaa ka southern congressmen daa nyɛ ban daa kuli ʒiri li. Kennedy daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpibu, ka President Lyndon B. Johnson daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn ŋmaai Kennedy's civil rights legislation ka di nyɛla din yɛn gbubi Kennedy. Johnson daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba maa zaa laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmaai Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil Rights Act of 1964 daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ yɛn tooi chaŋ luɣ'shɛŋa kamani restaurants mini places of amusement, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn tooi zaŋ federal funds n-ti shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni. Di daa lahi yɛli ni racial, religious mini gender discrimination nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi zaŋ chaŋ businesses din mali niriba 25 mini apartment houses. South daa nyɛla din daa bi saɣi ti, amaa ka di daa niŋ ka President Johnson daa ŋmɛ gbana niŋ Civil Rights Act of 1964, di daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti niriba maa zaa shee.
Yuuni 1965, [[Selma to Montgomery marches#First Selma-to-Montgomery March|unprovoked attack]] daa nyɛla din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa daa yina ti toɣisi ba Alabama marchers ka bɛ daa chaŋ [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] ni bɛ yɛn chaŋ [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], ka di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi President mini Congress ka bɛ ŋmaai Voting Rights Act. [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni state barriers to voting nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi zaŋ chaŋ federal, state mini local elections. Di daa lahi yɛli ni federal oversight mini monitoring nyɛla din yɛn niŋ zaŋ chaŋ counties din mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa pun be ni.
Martin Luther King daa nyɛla ŋun daa pili [[Poor People's Campaign]]. O daa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni Economic Bills of Rights nyɛla din yɛn niŋ ka niriba maa zaa nyaɣisi. Yuuni 2013, [[Roberts Court]], daa nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni [[Shelby County v. Holder]], ni Southern states ku lahi mali federal approval zaŋ chaŋ voting policies polo. Tiŋgbani shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi voting access daansi.

==Kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di nyaaŋa==
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
[[File:Negro drinking at &quot;Colored&quot; water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg |thumb|An African American man drinking at a &quot;colored&quot; drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, 1939]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] yuuni 20th century piligu ha. Di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba pam ka bɛ yina ti ʒini tiŋ'shɛŋa din be North, Midwest, mini West polo ni bɛ nya bɛ nyɛvuli ni nyɛ shɛm. Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ sports polo, ka daa nyɛ ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba. Boxers [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] mini [[Joe Louis]] (ka niriba ayi ŋɔ daa nyɛ [[World heavyweight boxing championship|world heavyweight boxing champions]]) mini track and field athlete [[Jesse Owens]] (Ŋun daa di kpɛɣu dibaa anahi [[1936 Summer Olympics]] Berlin) daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri pam ni bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛm. Baseball puuni, [[Baseball color line|color line]] din daa kpa yuuni 1880s daa nyɛla din daa kuli yɛli ni niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America ku tooi ŋmɛ [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]], ka daa kpaŋsi [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]] din daa mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa nyɛri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛli din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa yina ti nya shɛli daa nyɛla yuuni 1947, [[Jackie Robinson]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun daa tuui ŋmɛ Major League Baseball; o daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli. Baseball teams daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmɛri shɛli, ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America daa ŋmɛ Major Leagues yuuni 1960s.
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ kpɛɣu niŋbu polo. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa bi nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], amaa ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (the [[Warren Court]]) daa yɛli ni di nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1

==Kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di nyaaŋa==
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
[[File:Negro drinking at &quot;Colored&quot; water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg |thumb|An African American man drinking at a &quot;colored&quot; drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, 1939]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] yuuni 20th century piligu ha. Di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba pam ka bɛ yina ti ʒini tiŋ'shɛŋa din be North, Midwest, mini West polo ni bɛ nya bɛ nyɛvuli ni nyɛ shɛm. Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ sports polo, ka daa nyɛ ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba. Boxers [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] mini [[Joe Louis]] (ka niriba ayi ŋɔ daa nyɛ [[World heavyweight boxing championship|world heavyweight boxing champions]]) mini track and field athlete [[Jesse Owens]] (Ŋun daa di kpɛɣu dibaa anahi [[1936 Summer Olympics]] Berlin) daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri pam ni bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛm. Baseball puuni, [[Baseball color line|color line]] din daa kpa yuuni 1880s daa nyɛla din daa kuli yɛli ni niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America ku tooi ŋmɛ [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]], ka daa kpaŋsi [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]] din daa mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa nyɛri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛli din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa yina ti nya shɛli daa nyɛla yuuni 1947, [[Jackie Robinson]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun daa tuui ŋmɛ Major League Baseball; o daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli. Baseball teams daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmɛri shɛli, ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America daa ŋmɛ Major Leagues yuuni 1960s.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ kpɛɣu niŋbu polo. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa bi nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], amaa ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (the [[Warren Court]]) daa yɛli ni di nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''
==Di Yɛlimaŋli Nyɛbu==

Di ni yɛlimaŋli ni &quot;Jim Crow law&quot; yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ pili shɛm nyɛla yuuni 1884, lahabali yɛltɔɣa din daa yina ti wuhi niriba ban be Congress ni bɛ ni daa niŋdi shɛm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= (link unavailable) |title=Congressional|work=Sioux City Journal |date=December 18, 1884 |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ daa lahi yina yuuni 1892 ''[[New York Times]]'' lahabali yɛltɔɣa puuni, din daa yɛli ni Louisiana daa zaŋ la &quot;Jim Crow law&quot; n-ti railroad cars din daa nyɛ din mali balibu.&lt;ref name=scjc7/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= (link unavailable) |page=1|title=Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid|quote=New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black people.|work=The New York Times |date=December 21, 1892 |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ni pili shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli &quot;[[Jump Jim Crow]]&quot;, yɛltɔɣa din daa nyɛ din yɛri niriba ban be America ka bɛ daa nyɛ ban mali bukaata. Ŋun daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ nyɛla [[Thomas D. Rice]] yuuni 1828. Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba daa ti yɛli ni &quot;Jim Crow&quot; nyɛla yɛltɔɣa shɛli din yɛri niriba ban be America. Di ni daa niŋ ka niriba ban be southern polo daa kpa kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ niriba ban be America polo, kpɛɣu shɛŋa maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli Jim Crow laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;scjc7&quot;&gt;[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]], and McFeely, William S. (2001), ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Di Piligu==


Yuuni 1865, kpɛɣu shɛli din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti ni bɛ chɛ [[slavery]] America daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli Congress ni daa ti saɣi ti shɛli [[Thirteenth Amendment]] yuuni 1865.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaynes2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Gerald D. |last=Jaynes|title=Encyclopedia of African American Society|url=(link unavailable)|date=2005|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2764-8|pages=864–}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Jimcrow.jpg|thumb|Cover of an early edition of &quot;[[Jump Jim Crow]]&quot; sheet music ({{circa|1832}})]] [[File:FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg|thumb|Freedmen voting in [[New Orleans]], 1867]]

Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1866]] mini [[Reconstruction Era]], ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba ban daa nyɛla ban mali bukaata daa nya bɛ maŋsi. Yuŋ ka dabba ni daa pili shɛli la, Southern Democrats n-daa deei nam kuɣisi niŋ Southern yaɣa jintɔriba ni&lt;ref name=&quot;Milewski2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Melissa |last=Milewski|title=Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights|url=(link unavailable)|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-024919-9|pages=47–}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka dabba ban nyɛ zuliya pam niŋ gutulunsi zuɣu, kamani Ku Klux Klan, White League, n-ti pahi Red Shirts (Southern United States) daa nyɛla ban kpaŋ bɛ maŋa ka che ka Republican party kpamba nyɛ ban yina ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka bɛ daa lan nyɛ ban ku niriba pam ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harriot |first=Michael |title=Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019 |title-link=Four Hundred Souls |publisher=One World |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-13404-7 |editor-last=Kendi |editor-first=Ibram X. |editor-link=Ibram X. Kendi |location=New York |pages=234–238 |chapter=Reconstruction |editor-last2=Blain |editor-first2=Keisha N. |editor-link2=Keisha N. Blain}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Di daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Yɛli muɣisira yini daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Perman2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Perman |author-link=Michael Perman |url=(link unavailable) |title=Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3324-7 |pages=138–}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 1877 yuŋ ka niriba daa ti yina n-ti ŋme n-ti che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Dabba ban nyɛ zuliya pam daa deei nam kuɣisi niŋ Southern yaɣa jintɔriba ni&lt;ref name=&quot;scjc6&quot;&gt;[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]], and McFeely, William S. ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. 2001, p.&amp;nbsp;6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Jim Crow dalirin daa nyɛla din yina n-ti sɔɣi niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher Sebastian|last2=Towler|first2=Christopher C.|date=2019-05-11|title=Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=503–519|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael Perman 2001&quot;&gt;[[Michael Perman|Perman, Michael]]. ''Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Kousser, J. Morgan,''The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yuuni 1890 mini 1910 sunsuuni, di daa ti niŋ ka Confederate states pia ni yini daa ti yina n-ti ŋme n-ti che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael Perman 2001&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Pildes&quot;&gt;Richard H. Pildes, [(link unavailable) &quot;Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon&quot;, 2000, pp.&amp;nbsp;12, 27]. Retrieved March 10, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Glenn Feldman 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;135–136&quot;&gt;Glenn Feldman, ''The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama'', Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;135–36.&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba ban daa bi tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu daa lan nyɛla ban ku tooi lahi be nam ni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=(link unavailable)|title=History, Education, and the Schools|last=Reese|first=W.|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0230104822|pages=145|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Battles, D. M. 2009&quot;&gt;Battles, D. M. (2009). ''The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, or, Leaving Behind the Plow.'' Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref name=&quot;fultz2006&quot;&gt;Fultz, M. (2006). &quot;Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation&quot;. ''Libraries &amp; The Cultural Record'', 41(3), 338.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Holt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas C. Holt|title=Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1979|location=Urbana}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Dittmer1980&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=John Dittmer|first=John|last=Dittmer|title=Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920|url=(link unavailable)|year=1980|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-00813-9|pages=108–}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Woodrow Wilson daa nyɛla Democrat party jintɔri ŋun daa yina New Jersey, amaa ka o nyɛla ŋun daa yina Southern yaɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;wilson&quot;&gt;{{interlanguage link|Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt|lt=Schulte Nordholt, J. W.|nl}}, and [[Herbert H. Rowen|Rowen, Herbert H.]], ''[(link unavailable) Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace]''. 1991, pp.&amp;nbsp;99–100.&lt;/ref&gt;. O daa lan nyɛla ŋun daa piigi niriba pam ban nyɛ zuliya pam n-ti pahi o Cabinet ni&lt;ref name=&quot;BerkinMiller2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Carol |last=Berkin|author1-link=Carol Berkin|author2=Christopher Miller|author3=Robert Cherny|author4=James Gormly|title=Making America: A History of the United States|url=(link unavailable)|date=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90979-8|pages=578–}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

O daa lan nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;blight&quot;&gt;[[David W. Blight|Blight, David W.]] (2001), ''[[Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory]]'', pp. 9–11.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Di daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=Heersink&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=2020-01-06 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=(link unavailable) |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

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'''Jim Crow daansi''' nyɛla [[tiŋgbani]] mini tiŋkpansi daansi din pili Southern United States ni 19th century bahigu mini 20th century piligu ka daa kpaŋsi zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu, &quot;Jim Crow&quot; nyɛla yɛltɔɣa din be African American nima ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;fremon&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=(link unavailable) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim Crow daansi bahigu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli yuuni 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmermund2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=(link unavailable)|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daansi daa be United States tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, hali ni di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pa South daa ŋmaai zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daansi din nyɛ din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti.&lt;ref&gt;Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [(link unavailable) &quot;The Jim Crow North&quot;], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. &amp; Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).&lt;/ref&gt; Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures (Redeemers) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bartlett2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Bartlett|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|url=(link unavailable)|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu daa lahi nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi Lily-white movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=(link unavailable) |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Jim Crow daansi daa kpaŋsi zuliya kpɛɣu niŋbu zaa ni public facilities din be former Confederate States of America ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa, ka di daa pili 1870s. Jim Crow daansi daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi ti shɛli yuuni 1896 ni ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' yɛltɔɣa, ka Supreme Court daa yɛli ni &quot;separate but equal&quot; daansi nyɛla din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti.&lt;ref name=&quot;tperd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=(link unavailable) |website=C-SPAN |access-date=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jimlu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=(link unavailable)|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |access-date=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=2010|isbn=9780807833681 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[State school|Public education]] daa nyɛla din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di ni daa niŋ ka di daa pili Civil War ni yuuni 1861–1865. Daansi din daa pahi daa nyɛla din daa yɛn taɣi African Americans nima vooti soli South ni ka daa yihi ba representative government. Hali ni di ni daa niŋ ka &quot;equal&quot; daansi daa nyɛla din yɛn dɛmdi niriba ka bɛ baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ni bɛ ku tooi vooti, African Americans nima daansi daa nyɛla din daa bi ŋmani shɛli white Americans nima daansi; din daa niŋ ka di daa ka facilities zaŋ ti black niriba ka bɛ tooi mali shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;tperd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jimlu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jewolf&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–202 |url=(link unavailable) |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=(link unavailable) |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |doi=10.2307/20068694 |jstor=20068694 |hdl=1903/22633 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) daa nyɛla ban daa pili kpɛɣu niŋbu ŋɔ ni bɛ ni daa yɛn niŋ shɛm zaŋ chaŋ Jim Crow daansi polo, n-ti pahi &quot;separate but equal&quot; daansi. Yuuni 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka yɛltɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni public schools (state-sponsored) kpɛɣu niŋbu nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Brown v. Board of Education|website=Landmark Supreme Court Cases|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice|date=2017-10-11|website=National Museum of National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, di daa nyɛla din daa bi yɛn niŋ ka bɛ tooi zaŋ li niŋ niriba ni yuuni shɛli ni, ka Warren Court daa lahi yɛli ni Jim Crow daansi nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa ni kamani ''Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=(link unavailable)|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jim Crow daansi zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli Civil Rights Act of 1964 mini Voting Rights Act of 1965. Southern state anti-miscegenation laws daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmaai shɛli yuuni 1967 ni ''Loving v. Virginia'' yɛltɔɣa.
== Di zani niŋbu daa naai ==

[[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|thumb|President [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson]] ŋmɛ gbana niŋ [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa naai la dabisili shɛli Congress ni daa ŋmaai Southern filibuster ni Civil Rights Act of 1964 mini Voting Rights Act of 1965. Yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa laɣim taba ka che ka ŋɔ maa niŋ. Supreme Court daa nyɛla ban daa pili li ni ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), ka daa yɛli ni public schools kpɛɣu niŋbu nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi. Di daa nyɛla din daa niŋ katariŋ Northern mini border states, amaa ka daa bi niŋ Southern ni Massive Resistance nima ni daa kpaŋsi shɛm. Southern liberals, ban daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn niŋ shɛm ka di bi saɣim, daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋmɛri shɛba zuɣu ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ daa bi tooi mali anfaani shɛli polo. Civil rights movement daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) n-daa nyɛ ban daa kpaŋsi li ka Martin Luther King Jr. nyɛ ŋun daa nyɛ di kpɛma. Di daa nyɛla din daa yina ti zani NAACP zaani ka di daa nyɛ ban daa kpaŋsi li pam. King daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba pam yina ti toɣisi ba ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka di daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam television ni. SCLC, niriba ban daa be shikuru ni ban daa kpaŋsi li mini tiŋkpansi nima ban daa kpaŋsi li daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi ka niriba pam yina ti toɣisi ba Southern zaa. National attention daa nyɛla din daa kuli be Birmingham, Alabama, ka niriba maa daa toɣisi ba Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor. Connor daa nyɛla ŋun daa gbaai niriba 900 dabisili yini. Dabaa ayi nyaaŋa, Connor daa nyɛla ŋun daa yihi billy clubs, police dogs, ni high-pressure water hoses ni bɛ ku tooi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka di daa nyɛla din daa mali anfaani pam niriba maa zaa shee. Di daa nyɛla din daa bi nyaɣisi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ federal troops ni bɛ ku tooi laɣim niriba maa zaa Birmingham. Di daa nyɛla din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa daa laɣim taba ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi kpɛɣu niŋbu library, golf courses, ni city facilities din be niriba maa zaa shee. Yuuni 1963, niriba 800 daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi ka bɛ yina ti toɣisi ba southern cities mini towns, ka niriba 100,000 daa yina ti toɣisi ba, ka niriba 15,000 daa nyɛ ban daa gbaai. [[Alabama]] yuuni 1963, Governor George Wallace daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba maa zaa yina ti toɣisi ba ka bɛ daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ niriba ayi ŋɔ n-niŋ University of Alabama. Kennedy daa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn zaŋ civil rights bill n-ti Congress, ka daa yɛli Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ni o yɛn zaŋ federal lawsuits n-ti shikuru shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi federal funds n-ti shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni. Martin Luther King daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba 200,000 yina ti toɣisi ba Lincoln Memorial, ka di daa nyɛla niriba ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Kennedy administration daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋsi civil rights movement, amaa ka southern congressmen daa nyɛ ban daa kuli ʒiri li. Kennedy daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpibu, ka President Lyndon B. Johnson daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn ŋmaai Kennedy's civil rights legislation ka di nyɛla din yɛn gbubi Kennedy. Johnson daa nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsi ka niriba maa zaa laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmaai Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil Rights Act of 1964 daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba maa zaa ka bɛ yɛn tooi chaŋ luɣ'shɛŋa kamani restaurants mini places of amusement, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn tooi zaŋ federal funds n-ti shɛŋa din daa kpɛɣu niŋbu ni. Di daa lahi yɛli ni racial, religious mini gender discrimination nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi zaŋ chaŋ businesses din mali niriba 25 mini apartment houses. South daa nyɛla din daa bi saɣi ti, amaa ka di daa niŋ ka President Johnson daa ŋmɛ gbana niŋ Civil Rights Act of 1964, di daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti niriba maa zaa shee.
Yuuni 1965, [[Selma to Montgomery marches#First Selma-to-Montgomery March|unprovoked attack]] daa nyɛla din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa daa yina ti toɣisi ba Alabama marchers ka bɛ daa chaŋ [[Edmund Pettus Bridge]] ni bɛ yɛn chaŋ [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], ka di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi President mini Congress ka bɛ ŋmaai Voting Rights Act. [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni state barriers to voting nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi zaŋ chaŋ federal, state mini local elections. Di daa lahi yɛli ni federal oversight mini monitoring nyɛla din yɛn niŋ zaŋ chaŋ counties din mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa pun be ni.
Martin Luther King daa nyɛla ŋun daa pili [[Poor People's Campaign]]. O daa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni Economic Bills of Rights nyɛla din yɛn niŋ ka niriba maa zaa nyaɣisi. Yuuni 2013, [[Roberts Court]], daa nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni [[Shelby County v. Holder]], ni Southern states ku lahi mali federal approval zaŋ chaŋ voting policies polo. Tiŋgbani shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa yɛli ni bɛ yɛn yihi voting access daansi.

==Kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di nyaaŋa==
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
[[File:Negro drinking at &quot;Colored&quot; water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg |thumb|An African American man drinking at a &quot;colored&quot; drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, 1939]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] yuuni 20th century piligu ha. Di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba pam ka bɛ yina ti ʒini tiŋ'shɛŋa din be North, Midwest, mini West polo ni bɛ nya bɛ nyɛvuli ni nyɛ shɛm. Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ sports polo, ka daa nyɛ ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba. Boxers [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] mini [[Joe Louis]] (ka niriba ayi ŋɔ daa nyɛ [[World heavyweight boxing championship|world heavyweight boxing champions]]) mini track and field athlete [[Jesse Owens]] (Ŋun daa di kpɛɣu dibaa anahi [[1936 Summer Olympics]] Berlin) daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri pam ni bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛm. Baseball puuni, [[Baseball color line|color line]] din daa kpa yuuni 1880s daa nyɛla din daa kuli yɛli ni niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America ku tooi ŋmɛ [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]], ka daa kpaŋsi [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]] din daa mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa nyɛri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛli din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa yina ti nya shɛli daa nyɛla yuuni 1947, [[Jackie Robinson]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun daa tuui ŋmɛ Major League Baseball; o daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli. Baseball teams daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmɛri shɛli, ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America daa ŋmɛ Major Leagues yuuni 1960s.
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ kpɛɣu niŋbu polo. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa bi nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], amaa ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (the [[Warren Court]]) daa yɛli ni di nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1

==Kpɛɣu niŋbu ni di nyaaŋa==
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
[[File:Negro drinking at &quot;Colored&quot; water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Russell Lee.jpg |thumb|An African American man drinking at a &quot;colored&quot; drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, 1939]]
Kpɛɣu niŋbu daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] yuuni 20th century piligu ha. Di daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi niriba pam ka bɛ yina ti ʒini tiŋ'shɛŋa din be North, Midwest, mini West polo ni bɛ nya bɛ nyɛvuli ni nyɛ shɛm. Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ sports polo, ka daa nyɛ ban daa kuli yina ti toɣisi ba. Boxers [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] mini [[Joe Louis]] (ka niriba ayi ŋɔ daa nyɛ [[World heavyweight boxing championship|world heavyweight boxing champions]]) mini track and field athlete [[Jesse Owens]] (Ŋun daa di kpɛɣu dibaa anahi [[1936 Summer Olympics]] Berlin) daa nyɛla ban daa kuli nyɛri pam ni bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛm. Baseball puuni, [[Baseball color line|color line]] din daa kpa yuuni 1880s daa nyɛla din daa kuli yɛli ni niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America ku tooi ŋmɛ [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]], ka daa kpaŋsi [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]] din daa mali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa nyɛri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛli din daa niŋ ka niriba maa zaa yina ti nya shɛli daa nyɛla yuuni 1947, [[Jackie Robinson]] daa nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun daa tuui ŋmɛ Major League Baseball; o daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli. Baseball teams daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti laɣim taba ka bɛ daa ŋmɛri shɛli, ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba shɛba ban nyɛla ban be America daa ŋmɛ Major Leagues yuuni 1960s.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
===Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa===
Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba mini ban nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ nyɛla ban be America niŋbuɣim tɔɣa daa nyɛla din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ kpɛɣu niŋbu polo. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam. Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa bi nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], amaa ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka [[U.S. Supreme Court]] (the [[Warren Court]]) daa yɛli ni di nyɛla din pa niŋ talahi ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''
==Di Yɛlimaŋli Nyɛbu==

Di ni yɛlimaŋli ni &quot;Jim Crow law&quot; yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ pili shɛm nyɛla yuuni 1884, lahabali yɛltɔɣa din daa yina ti wuhi niriba ban be Congress ni bɛ ni daa niŋdi shɛm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= (link unavailable) |title=Congressional|work=Sioux City Journal |date=December 18, 1884 |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ daa lahi yina yuuni 1892 ''[[New York Times]]'' lahabali yɛltɔɣa puuni, din daa yɛli ni Louisiana daa zaŋ la &quot;Jim Crow law&quot; n-ti railroad cars din daa nyɛ din mali balibu.&lt;ref name=scjc7/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= (link unavailable) |page=1|title=Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid|quote=New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black people.|work=The New York Times |date=December 21, 1892 |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ni pili shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli &quot;[[Jump Jim Crow]]&quot;, yɛltɔɣa din daa nyɛ din yɛri niriba ban be America ka bɛ daa nyɛ ban mali bukaata. Ŋun daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ nyɛla [[Thomas D. Rice]] yuuni 1828. Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba daa ti yɛli ni &quot;Jim Crow&quot; nyɛla yɛltɔɣa shɛli din yɛri niriba ban be America. Di ni daa niŋ ka niriba ban be southern polo daa kpa kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam zaŋ chaŋ niriba ban be America polo, kpɛɣu shɛŋa maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli Jim Crow laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;scjc7&quot;&gt;[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]], and McFeely, William S. (2001), ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Di Piligu==


Yuuni 1865, kpɛɣu shɛli din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti ni bɛ chɛ [[slavery]] America daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli Congress ni daa ti saɣi ti shɛli [[Thirteenth Amendment]] yuuni 1865.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaynes2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Gerald D. |last=Jaynes|title=Encyclopedia of African American Society|url=(link unavailable)|date=2005|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2764-8|pages=864–}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Jimcrow.jpg|thumb|Cover of an early edition of &quot;[[Jump Jim Crow]]&quot; sheet music ({{circa|1832}})]] [[File:FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg|thumb|Freedmen voting in [[New Orleans]], 1867]]

Kpɛɣu shɛŋa din daa kuli nyɛri ʒiri pam daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti saɣi ti [[Civil Rights Act of 1866]] mini [[Reconstruction Era]], ka daa nyɛla din daa kuli yina ti nya shɛli ka niriba ban daa nyɛla ban mali bukaata daa nya bɛ maŋsi. Yuŋ ka dabba ni daa pili shɛli la, Southern Democrats n-daa deei nam kuɣisi niŋ Southern yaɣa jintɔriba ni&lt;ref name=&quot;Milewski2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Melissa |last=Milewski|title=Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights|url=(link unavailable)|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-024919-9|pages=47–}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka dabba ban nyɛ zuliya pam niŋ gutulunsi zuɣu, kamani Ku Klux Klan, White League, n-ti pahi Red Shirts (Southern United States) daa nyɛla ban kpaŋ bɛ maŋa ka che ka Republican party kpamba nyɛ ban yina ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka bɛ daa lan nyɛ ban ku niriba pam ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harriot |first=Michael |title=Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019 |title-link=Four Hundred Souls |publisher=One World |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-13404-7 |editor-last=Kendi |editor-first=Ibram X. |editor-link=Ibram X. Kendi |location=New York |pages=234–238 |chapter=Reconstruction |editor-last2=Blain |editor-first2=Keisha N. |editor-link2=Keisha N. Blain}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Di daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Yɛli muɣisira yini daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Perman2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Perman |author-link=Michael Perman |url=(link unavailable) |title=Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3324-7 |pages=138–}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 1877 yuŋ ka niriba daa ti yina n-ti ŋme n-ti che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Dabba ban nyɛ zuliya pam daa deei nam kuɣisi niŋ Southern yaɣa jintɔriba ni&lt;ref name=&quot;scjc6&quot;&gt;[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]], and McFeely, William S. ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. 2001, p.&amp;nbsp;6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Jim Crow dalirin daa nyɛla din yina n-ti sɔɣi niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher Sebastian|last2=Towler|first2=Christopher C.|date=2019-05-11|title=Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=503–519|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael Perman 2001&quot;&gt;[[Michael Perman|Perman, Michael]]. ''Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Kousser, J. Morgan,''The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yuuni 1890 mini 1910 sunsuuni, di daa ti niŋ ka Confederate states pia ni yini daa ti yina n-ti ŋme n-ti che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael Perman 2001&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Pildes&quot;&gt;Richard H. Pildes, [(link unavailable) &quot;Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon&quot;, 2000, pp.&amp;nbsp;12, 27]. Retrieved March 10, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Glenn Feldman 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;135–136&quot;&gt;Glenn Feldman, ''The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama'', Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;135–36.&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba ban daa bi tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu daa lan nyɛla ban ku tooi lahi be nam ni&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=(link unavailable)|title=History, Education, and the Schools|last=Reese|first=W.|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0230104822|pages=145|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Battles, D. M. 2009&quot;&gt;Battles, D. M. (2009). ''The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, or, Leaving Behind the Plow.'' Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu&lt;ref name=&quot;fultz2006&quot;&gt;Fultz, M. (2006). &quot;Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation&quot;. ''Libraries &amp; The Cultural Record'', 41(3), 338.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Holt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas C. Holt|title=Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1979|location=Urbana}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu.

Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;Dittmer1980&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author-link=John Dittmer|first=John|last=Dittmer|title=Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920|url=(link unavailable)|year=1980|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-00813-9|pages=108–}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Woodrow Wilson daa nyɛla Democrat party jintɔri ŋun daa yina New Jersey, amaa ka o nyɛla ŋun daa yina Southern yaɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;wilson&quot;&gt;{{interlanguage link|Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt|lt=Schulte Nordholt, J. W.|nl}}, and [[Herbert H. Rowen|Rowen, Herbert H.]], ''[(link unavailable) Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace]''. 1991, pp.&amp;nbsp;99–100.&lt;/ref&gt;. O daa lan nyɛla ŋun daa piigi niriba pam ban nyɛ zuliya pam n-ti pahi o Cabinet ni&lt;ref name=&quot;BerkinMiller2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Carol |last=Berkin|author1-link=Carol Berkin|author2=Christopher Miller|author3=Robert Cherny|author4=James Gormly|title=Making America: A History of the United States|url=(link unavailable)|date=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90979-8|pages=578–}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

O daa lan nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Bɛ daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=&quot;blight&quot;&gt;[[David W. Blight|Blight, David W.]] (2001), ''[[Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory]]'', pp. 9–11.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Niriba pam daa lan nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa niŋ kpee n-ti sɔɣiri niriba ka che ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu. Di daa ti kpaŋsi pam ka bɛ ku tooi lahi labi n-ti kpaɣi bɛ zuɣu, ka niriba pam daa ti kɔŋ bɛ nam dibu soli&lt;ref name=Heersink&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=2020-01-06 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=(link unavailable) |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Kundivihira ==
[[Pubu: Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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    <title>Ethel Afamado</title>
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      <text bytes="4454" sha1="sqnu0gs12b3e3dz72kqdmjb9ywfwmu8" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Uruguayan composer}}
'''Ethel Afamado''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la 25 April 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNMLAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22afamado%2C+ethel%22 |title=Nuevo diccionario de la cultura uruguaya |trans-title=New Dictionary of Uruguayan Culture |last=Campodónico |first=Miguel Ángel |publisher=Linardi y Risso |isbn=9789974559318 |page=14 |language=Spanish |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=20 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ka o nyɛ [[Uruguay]]an nira ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi ka lahi sabiri yila.

==Maŋmaŋa Lahabali==
Ethel Afamado yila bɔhimbu tuma shɛŋa n-nyɛ &quot;violin, bassoon,&quot; yila yilibu, jitaaya ŋmebu, ni komposishin. O mini {{ill|Juan Carlos Carrasco|es}} ni Jorge Triador bɔhimla tiyaata baŋsim. Ka o yaa dahi &quot;[[Sephardic music]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://sanjoseahora.com.uy/2017/08/25/martin-palacio-gamboa-presenta-psikodalia/ |title=Martín Palacio presenta el libro 'Psikodalia' |trans-title=Martín Palacio Presents the Book 'Psikodalia' |work=San José Ahora |language=Spanish |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyɛla ŋun ŋma yila gari kɔbiga n-ti Uruguayan mini Hispanoamerican yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi sasabiriba, ka ŋme di pam mini jitaaya nima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://2884009706.radioactividades.com.uy/ |title=Ágape – Poemas de Jorge Arbeleche (1997), Música |publisher=Radiografías de la Música |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307014807/http://2884009706.radioactividades.com.uy/ |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afamado lahi nyɛla ŋun sabi yilanima, n-ti pahi din nyɛ [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Florencio Sánchez]], mini [[Federico García Lorca]] dina. Bini din gbaai yuuni 1987 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1997 O daa zanimi ti &quot;''Canción e imagen&quot;'' ni o tizopaɣa ŋun nyɛ [[Gladys Afamado]]. O lahi nyɛla ŋun zani n-ti ''Mujeres, sus voces, en mi voz'', ''Caminos de la palabra'', ni ''Canciones para sentir''. O daa dɛm dɛma din taachi nyɛ ''Canto y poesía'' n-ti pahi kpɛrikpɛrita ŋun yuli booni {{ill|Maruja Santullo|es}}, ni ''Mujeres sus voces nuestra voz'' n-ti pahi Lourdes Peruchena.

==Pina mini paɣibu==
* 2001 – [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]] bɔligu ni, o daa pahila [[Juana de Ibarbourou]] tuma ni [[Palacio Legislativo (Uruguay)|Legislative Palace]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/cultura/52332-homenaje-a-juana-de-ibarbourou |title=Homenaje a Juana de Ibarbourou |trans-title=Tribute to Juana de Ibarbourou |work=LaRed21 |language=Spanish |date=12 August 2001 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.uy/hemeroteca/010609/prints/esp02.html |title=Puesta teatral sobre creaciones de Juana |trans-title=Theatrical Play About Juana's Creations |work=[[Últimas Noticias (Uruguay)|Últimas Noticias]] |location=Uruguay |language=Spanish |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005840/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.uy/hemeroteca/010609/prints/esp02.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002 – Lolita Rubial Foundation National Grand Prize lahabali ŋmaa din nyɛ &quot;La volqueta&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://historico.elpais.com.uy/Suple/Cultural/03/04/25/cultural_38554.asp |title=Inventario |work=[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]] |location=Montevideo |language=Spanish |date=25 April 2003 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fundacionlolitarubial.org/cncutall.html |title=Cuentos del Taller |trans-title=Stories From the Workshop |publisher=Lolita Rubial Foundation |language=Spanish |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kundivihira==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Afamado, Ethel}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Uruguayan poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Uruguayan poets]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women guitarists]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:Uruguayan singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Uruguayan composers]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women composers]]
[[Category:Uruguayan guitarists]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:21st-century Uruguayan women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Uruguayan women writers]]</text>
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{{Short description|Uruguayan composer}}
'''Ethel Afamado''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la 25 April 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNMLAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22afamado%2C+ethel%22 |title=Nuevo diccionario de la cultura uruguaya |trans-title=New Dictionary of Uruguayan Culture |last=Campodónico |first=Miguel Ángel |publisher=Linardi y Risso |isbn=9789974559318 |page=14 |language=Spanish |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=20 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ka o nyɛ [[Uruguay]]an nira ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi ka lahi sabiri yila.

==Maŋmaŋa Lahabali==
Ethel Afamado yila bɔhimbu tuma shɛŋa n-nyɛ &quot;violin, bassoon,&quot; yila yilibu, jitaaya ŋmebu, ni komposishin. O mini {{ill|Juan Carlos Carrasco|es}} ni Jorge Triador bɔhimla tiyaata baŋsim. Ka o yaa dahi &quot;[[Sephardic music]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://sanjoseahora.com.uy/2017/08/25/martin-palacio-gamboa-presenta-psikodalia/ |title=Martín Palacio presenta el libro 'Psikodalia' |trans-title=Martín Palacio Presents the Book 'Psikodalia' |work=San José Ahora |language=Spanish |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyɛla ŋun ŋma yila gari kɔbiga n-ti Uruguayan mini Hispanoamerican yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi sasabiriba, ka ŋme di pam mini jitaaya nima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://2884009706.radioactividades.com.uy/ |title=Ágape – Poemas de Jorge Arbeleche (1997), Música |publisher=Radiografías de la Música |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307014807/http://2884009706.radioactividades.com.uy/ |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afamado lahi nyɛla ŋun sabi yilanima, n-ti pahi din nyɛ [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Florencio Sánchez]], mini [[Federico García Lorca]] dina. Bini din gbaai yuuni 1987 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1997 O daa zanimi ti &quot;''Canción e imagen&quot;'' ni o tizopaɣa ŋun nyɛ [[Gladys Afamado]]. O lahi nyɛla ŋun zani n-ti ''Mujeres, sus voces, en mi voz'', ''Caminos de la palabra'', ni ''Canciones para sentir''. O daa dɛm dɛma din taachi nyɛ ''Canto y poesía'' n-ti pahi kpɛrikpɛrita ŋun yuli booni {{ill|Maruja Santullo|es}}, ni ''Mujeres sus voces nuestra voz'' n-ti pahi Lourdes Peruchena.

==Pina mini paɣibu==
* 2001 – [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]] bɔligu ni, o daa pahila [[Juana de Ibarbourou]] tuma ni [[Palacio Legislativo (Uruguay)|Legislative Palace]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/cultura/52332-homenaje-a-juana-de-ibarbourou |title=Homenaje a Juana de Ibarbourou |trans-title=Tribute to Juana de Ibarbourou |work=LaRed21 |language=Spanish |date=12 August 2001 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.uy/hemeroteca/010609/prints/esp02.html |title=Puesta teatral sobre creaciones de Juana |trans-title=Theatrical Play About Juana's Creations |work=[[Últimas Noticias (Uruguay)|Últimas Noticias]] |location=Uruguay |language=Spanish |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005840/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.uy/hemeroteca/010609/prints/esp02.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002 – Lolita Rubial Foundation National Grand Prize lahabali ŋmaa din nyɛ &quot;La volqueta&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://historico.elpais.com.uy/Suple/Cultural/03/04/25/cultural_38554.asp |title=Inventario |work=[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]] |location=Montevideo |language=Spanish |date=25 April 2003 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fundacionlolitarubial.org/cncutall.html |title=Cuentos del Taller |trans-title=Stories From the Workshop |publisher=Lolita Rubial Foundation |language=Spanish |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kundivihira==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afamado, Ethel}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Uruguayan poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Uruguayan poets]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women guitarists]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:Uruguayan singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Uruguayan composers]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women composers]]
[[Category:Uruguayan guitarists]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:21st-century Uruguayan women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Uruguayan women writers]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4484" sha1="ffppe546zlufdf7m3mwqdx4vvunzbbt" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
{{Short description|Uruguayan composer}}
'''Ethel Afamado''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la 25 April 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNMLAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22afamado%2C+ethel%22 |title=Nuevo diccionario de la cultura uruguaya |trans-title=New Dictionary of Uruguayan Culture |last=Campodónico |first=Miguel Ángel |publisher=Linardi y Risso |isbn=9789974559318 |page=14 |language=Spanish |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=20 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ka o nyɛ [[Uruguay]]an nira ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi ka lahi sabiri yila.

==Maŋmaŋa Lahabali==
Ethel Afamado yila bɔhimbu tuma shɛŋa n-nyɛ &quot;violin, bassoon,&quot; yila yilibu, jitaaya ŋmebu, ni komposishin. O mini {{ill|Juan Carlos Carrasco|es}} ni Jorge Triador bɔhimla tiyaata baŋsim. Ka o yaa dahi &quot;[[Sephardic music]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://sanjoseahora.com.uy/2017/08/25/martin-palacio-gamboa-presenta-psikodalia/ |title=Martín Palacio presenta el libro 'Psikodalia' |trans-title=Martín Palacio Presents the Book 'Psikodalia' |work=San José Ahora |language=Spanish |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyɛla ŋun ŋma yila gari kɔbiga n-ti Uruguayan mini Hispanoamerican yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi sasabiriba, ka ŋme di pam mini jitaaya nima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://2884009706.radioactividades.com.uy/ |title=Ágape – Poemas de Jorge Arbeleche (1997), Música |publisher=Radiografías de la Música |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307014807/http://2884009706.radioactividades.com.uy/ |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afamado lahi nyɛla ŋun sabi yilanima, n-ti pahi din nyɛ [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Florencio Sánchez]], mini [[Federico García Lorca]] dina. Bini din gbaai yuuni 1987 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1997 O daa zanimi ti &quot;''Canción e imagen&quot;'' ni o tizopaɣa ŋun nyɛ [[Gladys Afamado]]. O lahi nyɛla ŋun zani n-ti ''Mujeres, sus voces, en mi voz'', ''Caminos de la palabra'', ni ''Canciones para sentir''. O daa dɛm dɛma din taachi nyɛ ''Canto y poesía'' n-ti pahi kpɛrikpɛrita ŋun yuli booni {{ill|Maruja Santullo|es}}, ni ''Mujeres sus voces nuestra voz'' n-ti pahi Lourdes Peruchena.

==Pina mini paɣibu==
* 2001 – [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]] bɔligu ni, o daa pahila [[Juana de Ibarbourou]] tuma ni [[Palacio Legislativo (Uruguay)|Legislative Palace]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/cultura/52332-homenaje-a-juana-de-ibarbourou |title=Homenaje a Juana de Ibarbourou |trans-title=Tribute to Juana de Ibarbourou |work=LaRed21 |language=Spanish |date=12 August 2001 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.uy/hemeroteca/010609/prints/esp02.html |title=Puesta teatral sobre creaciones de Juana |trans-title=Theatrical Play About Juana's Creations |work=[[Últimas Noticias (Uruguay)|Últimas Noticias]] |location=Uruguay |language=Spanish |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005840/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.uy/hemeroteca/010609/prints/esp02.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002 – Lolita Rubial Foundation National Grand Prize lahabali ŋmaa din nyɛ &quot;La volqueta&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://historico.elpais.com.uy/Suple/Cultural/03/04/25/cultural_38554.asp |title=Inventario |work=[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]] |location=Montevideo |language=Spanish |date=25 April 2003 |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fundacionlolitarubial.org/cncutall.html |title=Cuentos del Taller |trans-title=Stories From the Workshop |publisher=Lolita Rubial Foundation |language=Spanish |access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kundivihira==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afamado, Ethel}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Uruguayan poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Uruguayan poets]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women guitarists]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:Uruguayan singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Uruguayan composers]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women composers]]
[[Category:Uruguayan guitarists]]
[[Category:Uruguayan women poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:21st-century Uruguayan women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Uruguayan women writers]]
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anastasia Afanasieva</title>
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      <text bytes="3988" sha1="k0yg3optlwm41ct7aovatf108ro7u9g" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Ukrainians physician}}
'''Anastasia Valerievna Afanasieva''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1982) ka o nyɛ Ukrain dɔɣite tima baŋda mini ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russia]] balli ni, sasabira, ni ŋun lɛbigiri yɛltɔɣa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thepunchmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=In Translation: Six Russian poets |url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/author/anastasia-afanasieva-and-others |website=thepunchmagazine.com/ |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maŋmaŋa lahabali==
Anastasia Valerievna Afanasieva nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so yuuni 1982,  [[Kharkiv]]. O naai la shikuru [[Kharkiv National Medical University]], ka nyɛ ŋun tiri dɔɣite tima{{efn|According to jacketmagazine.com, Afanasieva is a [[Medical psychology|medical psychologist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot; /&gt;}} &quot;psychiatric ward&quot; ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot; /&gt;

Afanasieva's yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi nyɛla din be ʒaamani &quot;magazines&quot; ni, ni yaɣa kamani &quot;anthologies, ''Babylon ni'' ''Union of Writers&quot; ni''. Ŋuna n-nyɛ ŋun laɣim sabi yɛltɔɣ'taɣamalisi din nyɛ, ''Poor White People'' (2005), ''Voices Speak'' (2007), ''White Walls'' (2010), ''White Soldier, Black Soldier'' (2010), ''Empty Bullet'' (2012), ni ''Imprints'' (2014). O tumanima din nyɛ kukoli yaabu n-nyɛ, ''White there, white here'' (3 [[compact disc|CD]]s, 2011).

Afanasievan-nyɛ ŋun di Retz Magazine Prize (2005), Russian Prize (2006), LiteratRRentgen Prize (2007) ni din pahi pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1:&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Говорить — Журнальный зал |url=https://magazines.gorky.media/novyi_mi/2009/9/govorit-2.html |website=magazines.gorky.media |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa piigi o pahi &quot;Debut Award&quot; (2003) ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;2:&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Анастасия Афанасьева |url=http://www.netslova.ru/afanasieva/ |website=Сетевая Словесность |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ lɛbigila o yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi bala ni kamani [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], English, [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]],ni [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;academicstudiespress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anastasia Afanasieva |url=http://l.academicstudiespress.com/borderlines/author/anastasia_afanasieva_wfw/ |website=l.academicstudiespress.com |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015124446/http://l.academicstudiespress.com/borderlines/author/anastasia_afanasieva_wfw/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pina==
* Bɛ daa piigi o pahi, Debut Prize in Poetry (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jacket 36 - Late 2008 - Russian poetry: Anastasia Afanasieva: Tr. Peter Golub |url=http://jacketmagazine.com/36/rus-afanasieva-trb-golub.shtml |website=jacketmagazine.com |access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anastasia Afanasieva / Ukraine |url=https://www.meridiancz.com/en/anastasia-afanasieva-ukraine/ |website=meridiancz.com |publisher=International Literature Corporation MERIDIAN CZERNOWITZ |access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bɛ daa piigi o pahi, Debut Prize in Criticism (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot; /&gt;
* O daa di, Russian Prize in poetry (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;academicstudiespress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot; /&gt;

==O ni yihi lahabali shɛŋa na==
===Yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi laɣimbu===
* ''Poor White People'' (Moscow, 2005)
* ''Voices Speak'' (Moscow, 2007)
* ''White Walls'' (2010)
* ''White Soldier, Black Soldier'' (2010)
* ''Empty Bullet'' (2012)
* ''Imprints'' (2014)

==Noosi==
{{notelist}}

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afanasieva, Anastasia}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kharkiv]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian poets]]
[[Category:Ukrainian women poets]]
[[Category:Ukrainian writers in Russian]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian physicians]]
[[Category:Physicians from Kharkiv]]</text>
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{{Short description|Ukrainians physician}}
'''Anastasia Valerievna Afanasieva''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1982) ka o nyɛ Ukrain dɔɣite tima baŋda mini ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russia]] balli ni, sasabira, ni ŋun lɛbigiri yɛltɔɣa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thepunchmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=In Translation: Six Russian poets |url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/author/anastasia-afanasieva-and-others |website=thepunchmagazine.com/ |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maŋmaŋa lahabali==
Anastasia Valerievna Afanasieva nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so yuuni 1982,  [[Kharkiv]]. O naai la shikuru [[Kharkiv National Medical University]], ka nyɛ ŋun tiri dɔɣite tima{{efn|According to jacketmagazine.com, Afanasieva is a [[Medical psychology|medical psychologist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot; /&gt;}} &quot;psychiatric ward&quot; ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot; /&gt;

Afanasieva's yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi nyɛla din be ʒaamani &quot;magazines&quot; ni, ni yaɣa kamani &quot;anthologies, ''Babylon ni'' ''Union of Writers&quot; ni''. Ŋuna n-nyɛ ŋun laɣim sabi yɛltɔɣ'taɣamalisi din nyɛ, ''Poor White People'' (2005), ''Voices Speak'' (2007), ''White Walls'' (2010), ''White Soldier, Black Soldier'' (2010), ''Empty Bullet'' (2012), ni ''Imprints'' (2014). O tumanima din nyɛ kukoli yaabu n-nyɛ, ''White there, white here'' (3 [[compact disc|CD]]s, 2011).

Afanasievan-nyɛ ŋun di Retz Magazine Prize (2005), Russian Prize (2006), LiteratRRentgen Prize (2007) ni din pahi pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1:&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Говорить — Журнальный зал |url=https://magazines.gorky.media/novyi_mi/2009/9/govorit-2.html |website=magazines.gorky.media |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa piigi o pahi &quot;Debut Award&quot; (2003) ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;2:&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Анастасия Афанасьева |url=http://www.netslova.ru/afanasieva/ |website=Сетевая Словесность |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ lɛbigila o yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi bala ni kamani [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], English, [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]],ni [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;academicstudiespress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anastasia Afanasieva |url=http://l.academicstudiespress.com/borderlines/author/anastasia_afanasieva_wfw/ |website=l.academicstudiespress.com |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015124446/http://l.academicstudiespress.com/borderlines/author/anastasia_afanasieva_wfw/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pina==
* Bɛ daa piigi o pahi, Debut Prize in Poetry (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jacket 36 - Late 2008 - Russian poetry: Anastasia Afanasieva: Tr. Peter Golub |url=http://jacketmagazine.com/36/rus-afanasieva-trb-golub.shtml |website=jacketmagazine.com |access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anastasia Afanasieva / Ukraine |url=https://www.meridiancz.com/en/anastasia-afanasieva-ukraine/ |website=meridiancz.com |publisher=International Literature Corporation MERIDIAN CZERNOWITZ |access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bɛ daa piigi o pahi, Debut Prize in Criticism (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot; /&gt;
* O daa di, Russian Prize in poetry (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;academicstudiespress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot; /&gt;

==O ni yihi lahabali shɛŋa na==
===Yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi laɣimbu===
* ''Poor White People'' (Moscow, 2005)
* ''Voices Speak'' (Moscow, 2007)
* ''White Walls'' (2010)
* ''White Soldier, Black Soldier'' (2010)
* ''Empty Bullet'' (2012)
* ''Imprints'' (2014)

==Noosi==
{{notelist}}

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afanasieva, Anastasia}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kharkiv]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian poets]]
[[Category:Ukrainian women poets]]
[[Category:Ukrainian writers in Russian]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian physicians]]
[[Category:Physicians from Kharkiv]]</text>
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{{Short description|Ukrainians physician}}
'''Anastasia Valerievna Afanasieva''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1982) ka o nyɛ Ukrain dɔɣite tima baŋda mini ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russia]] balli ni, sasabira, ni ŋun lɛbigiri yɛltɔɣa.&lt;ref name=&quot;thepunchmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=In Translation: Six Russian poets |url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/author/anastasia-afanasieva-and-others |website=thepunchmagazine.com/ |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maŋmaŋa lahabali==
Anastasia Valerievna Afanasieva nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so yuuni 1982,  [[Kharkiv]]. O naai la shikuru [[Kharkiv National Medical University]], ka nyɛ ŋun tiri dɔɣite tima{{efn|According to jacketmagazine.com, Afanasieva is a [[Medical psychology|medical psychologist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot; /&gt;}} &quot;psychiatric ward&quot; ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot; /&gt;

Afanasieva's yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi nyɛla din be ʒaamani &quot;magazines&quot; ni, ni yaɣa kamani &quot;anthologies, ''Babylon ni'' ''Union of Writers&quot; ni''. Ŋuna n-nyɛ ŋun laɣim sabi yɛltɔɣ'taɣamalisi din nyɛ, ''Poor White People'' (2005), ''Voices Speak'' (2007), ''White Walls'' (2010), ''White Soldier, Black Soldier'' (2010), ''Empty Bullet'' (2012), ni ''Imprints'' (2014). O tumanima din nyɛ kukoli yaabu n-nyɛ, ''White there, white here'' (3 [[compact disc|CD]]s, 2011).

Afanasievan-nyɛ ŋun di Retz Magazine Prize (2005), Russian Prize (2006), LiteratRRentgen Prize (2007) ni din pahi pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;1:&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Говорить — Журнальный зал |url=https://magazines.gorky.media/novyi_mi/2009/9/govorit-2.html |website=magazines.gorky.media |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ daa piigi o pahi &quot;Debut Award&quot; (2003) ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;2:&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Анастасия Афанасьева |url=http://www.netslova.ru/afanasieva/ |website=Сетевая Словесность |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ lɛbigila o yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi bala ni kamani [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], English, [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]],ni [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;academicstudiespress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anastasia Afanasieva |url=http://l.academicstudiespress.com/borderlines/author/anastasia_afanasieva_wfw/ |website=l.academicstudiespress.com |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015124446/http://l.academicstudiespress.com/borderlines/author/anastasia_afanasieva_wfw/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pina==
* Bɛ daa piigi o pahi, Debut Prize in Poetry (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jacket 36 - Late 2008 - Russian poetry: Anastasia Afanasieva: Tr. Peter Golub |url=http://jacketmagazine.com/36/rus-afanasieva-trb-golub.shtml |website=jacketmagazine.com |access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anastasia Afanasieva / Ukraine |url=https://www.meridiancz.com/en/anastasia-afanasieva-ukraine/ |website=meridiancz.com |publisher=International Literature Corporation MERIDIAN CZERNOWITZ |access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bɛ daa piigi o pahi, Debut Prize in Criticism (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;meridiancz&quot; /&gt;
* O daa di, Russian Prize in poetry (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;academicstudiespress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jacketmagazine&quot; /&gt;

==O ni yihi lahabali shɛŋa na==
===Yɛltɔɣataɣamlisi laɣimbu===
* ''Poor White People'' (Moscow, 2005)
* ''Voices Speak'' (Moscow, 2007)
* ''White Walls'' (2010)
* ''White Soldier, Black Soldier'' (2010)
* ''Empty Bullet'' (2012)
* ''Imprints'' (2014)

==Noosi==
{{notelist}}

==Kundivihira==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afanasieva, Anastasia}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kharkiv]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian poets]]
[[Category:Ukrainian women poets]]
[[Category:Ukrainian writers in Russian]]
[[Category:21st-century Ukrainian physicians]]
[[Category:Physicians from Kharkiv]]
[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
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    <title>Peggy Cripps</title>
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      <text bytes="1433" sha1="o4isnownl4l94zm3998b0r10d9x1aoo" xml:space="preserve">Fleur Adcock CNZM OBE daa nyɛla New Zealand poet ni editor zaŋ ti English mini Northern Irish ancestry,Adcock daa ʒila England.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fleur Adcock|url=http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth161|access-date=2025-06-10|website=www.contemporarywriters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bi daa dɔɣɔ mi silimiŋ gɔli February 10 1934, Auckland, New Zealand ka daa Kani silimiŋ gɔli October 10 2024 (yuun pihiwɔyi 90), London,United Kingdom.

Ka o yidana daa nyɛ Barry Crump (m.1962-1963), Alistair Te Ariki Campbell (M.1952-1958) 

New Zealand bilchiŋ 

O daa di kpaŋ maŋ pini Kings Gold Medal ti Poetry,Cholmondeley Award.

O laambi n daa nyɛ Irene Adcock mini C.J.Adcock 

Fleur Adcock daa mali kpaŋ maŋ Pam hali ka di pina Honorary doctorate of literature Victoria University Karim zɔŋ din bɛ Wellington ka daa laha di OBE yuuni 1996 zaŋ chaŋ o kpaŋ maŋ ti New Zealand literature. 2018 bi daa piigɔ Campanion zaŋ ti New Zealand order of merit ni o kpaŋ ni literature.

O zoobu 

Adcock ŋɔn daa mali nyɛya ayi, bi daa dɔɣɔ la Papakura 10 February 1934 ka o laambi daa niŋ o suuna pi yuli Kareen Fleur Adcock tɔr amaa ka salo lɛɛ mi o Fleur ka o taɣali gbana ni Fleur Adcock yuuni 1982. O daa niŋ la yuma anii o bilim Saha (1939-1947) England. 

Adcock daa karim'la Classics Victoria University diŋ bɛ Wellington ka yini ni Bachelor of Arts yuuni 1954 ka daa niŋ Masters of Arts yuuni 1956.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>115103</id>
      <parentid>115090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T21:45:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
        <id>4550</id>
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      <comment>Updated content</comment>
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      <text bytes="1452" sha1="t69vfk2pkwvvnmbov37y5o473ja5aiw" xml:space="preserve">Fleur Adcock CNZM OBE daa nyɛla New Zealand poet ni editor zaŋ ti English mini Northern Irish ancestry,Adcock daa ʒila England.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fleur Adcock|url=http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth161|access-date=2025-06-10|website=www.contemporarywriters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bi daa dɔɣɔ mi silimiŋ gɔli February 10 1934, Auckland, New Zealand ka daa Kani silimiŋ gɔli October 10 2024 (yuun pihiwɔyi 90), London,United Kingdom.

Ka o yidana daa nyɛ Barry Crump (m.1962-1963), Alistair Te Ariki Campbell (M.1952-1958) 

New Zealand bilchiŋ 

O daa di kpaŋ maŋ pini Kings Gold Medal ti Poetry,Cholmondeley Award.

O laambi n daa nyɛ Irene Adcock mini C.J.Adcock 

Fleur Adcock daa mali kpaŋ maŋ Pam hali ka di pina Honorary doctorate of literature Victoria University Karim zɔŋ din bɛ Wellington ka daa laha di OBE yuuni 1996 zaŋ chaŋ o kpaŋ maŋ ti New Zealand literature. 2018 bi daa piigɔ Campanion zaŋ ti New Zealand order of merit ni o kpaŋ ni literature.

O zoobu 

Adcock ŋɔn daa mali nyɛya ayi, bi daa dɔɣɔ la Papakura 10 February 1934 ka o laambi daa niŋ o suuna pi yuli Kareen Fleur Adcock tɔr amaa ka salo lɛɛ mi o Fleur ka o taɣali gbana ni Fleur Adcock yuuni 1982. O daa niŋ la yuma anii o bilim Saha (1939-1947) England. 

Adcock daa karim'la Classics Victoria University diŋ bɛ Wellington ka yini ni Bachelor of Arts yuuni 1954 ka daa niŋ Masters of Arts yuuni 1956.

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Movement for Black Lives</title>
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      <id>115091</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul Rahman Abdul Kudus</username>
        <id>5829</id>
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      <comment>Di nambu maa yila &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294752213|Movement for Black Lives]]&quot; lɛbigibu ni na</comment>
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== Laɣingu ==
Yɛltɔɣa zaŋ chaŋ ʒɛɣu niŋbu zaŋ ti ʒɛɣu bihi la daa nyɛla Deva woolly,siyaayasa baŋda niŋ zaɣa ni The New School,Di ni daa niŋ ka George Floyd protests Di nyɛla laɣingu shɛli din mali yaa, n mali niya nima pam ni taba tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, ka di chɛ ka ti baŋ tɔɣa maa ni ti ni tooi laɣim li ŋɔ ni biɛhigu din be ni ni di daliri shɛŋa din tahiri li na.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|date=June 4, 2020|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Liɣiri sɔŋsim mini tuma du zuɣu sɔŋsim ===
Di saha nyaaŋa ka laɣingu maa yina ni di zalikpana yuuni 2016, laɣinsi pihinahi ni anu(50) daa kpɛri tooni n-ti wuhi ni bɛ saɣiti li.Tuma du zuɣu shɛli din daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋa nyɛla Borealis philanthropy ni daa kpa Black-Led Movement Fund(BLMF).Di daa nyɛla din niŋ ka di sɔŋ M4BL tuma, BLMF nyɛla laɣingu din mali liɣiri ka di niya nyɛla di bo liɣiri miliyɔŋ kɔbisinu ($100 million) n-ti laɣingu maa, ka lahi nyɛ tuma din yɛn sɔŋ laɣingu maa ka di mali niya nima pam .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=[[Fortune magazine]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <id>115102</id>
      <parentid>115091</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abieku Santana</username>
        <id>4550</id>
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      <comment>Updated content</comment>
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== Laɣingu ==
Yɛltɔɣa zaŋ chaŋ ʒɛɣu niŋbu zaŋ ti ʒɛɣu bihi la daa nyɛla Deva woolly,siyaayasa baŋda niŋ zaɣa ni The New School,Di ni daa niŋ ka George Floyd protests Di nyɛla laɣingu shɛli din mali yaa, n mali niya nima pam ni taba tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, ka di chɛ ka ti baŋ tɔɣa maa ni ti ni tooi laɣim li ŋɔ ni biɛhigu din be ni ni di daliri shɛŋa din tahiri li na.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|date=June 4, 2020|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Liɣiri sɔŋsim mini tuma du zuɣu sɔŋsim ===
Di saha nyaaŋa ka laɣingu maa yina ni di zalikpana yuuni 2016, laɣinsi pihinahi ni anu(50) daa kpɛri tooni n-ti wuhi ni bɛ saɣiti li.Tuma du zuɣu shɛli din daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋa nyɛla Borealis philanthropy ni daa kpa Black-Led Movement Fund(BLMF).Di daa nyɛla din niŋ ka di sɔŋ M4BL tuma, BLMF nyɛla laɣingu din mali liɣiri ka di niya nyɛla di bo liɣiri miliyɔŋ kɔbisinu ($100 million) n-ti laɣingu maa, ka lahi nyɛ tuma din yɛn sɔŋ laɣingu maa ka di mali niya nima pam .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=[[Fortune magazine]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caroline Adderson</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-11T11:02:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimatu laahi</username>
        <id>4731</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started an article</comment>
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      <text bytes="830" sha1="szcnuq2864oit4mcxrpp9kg1patgw5i" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Anderson''' nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni pseudonym n ti '''Caroline M. Woolnough''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la tiŋ yuli booni [[British Hong Kong]]) o nyɛla  British sasabira sɔ ŋun yuli du zaŋ yaɣi  80 contemporary [[Romance novel|romance novels]] n ti [[Mills &amp; Boon]] (bee [[Harlequin Enterprises Ltd]]) yuuni 1991 zaa.O daa zaniya n tuhi dɔɣtiɛ tuma  She specializes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n90-718233.html Library of Congress Name Authority File]&lt;/ref&gt; pɔi ka o daa yɛn pili sabbu,o daa pun nyɛla dɔɣtiɛ paɣa,gbaŋ sabira, karim ma,n ti pahi daa biligim. John daa niŋ o la amiliya, bɛ malila tizo paɣaba: Sarah mini Hannah, ka bɛ be tiŋ yuli booni [[Suffolk|Suffolk puuni]], [[England]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.millsandboon.co.uk/blogs/authors/caroline-anderson Caroline Anderson at Mills&amp;Boon]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <id>115109</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-11T11:04:50Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Nimatu laahi</username>
        <id>4731</id>
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      <comment>Added categories</comment>
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      <text bytes="921" sha1="eoi0egkvr94336dzw446gie6tkpxhqr" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Anderson''' nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni pseudonym n ti '''Caroline M. Woolnough''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la tiŋ yuli booni [[British Hong Kong]]) o nyɛla  British sasabira sɔ ŋun yuli du zaŋ yaɣi  80 contemporary [[Romance novel|romance novels]] n ti [[Mills &amp; Boon]] (bee [[Harlequin Enterprises Ltd]]) yuuni 1991 zaa.O daa zaniya n tuhi dɔɣtiɛ tuma  She specializes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n90-718233.html Library of Congress Name Authority File]&lt;/ref&gt; pɔi ka o daa yɛn pili sabbu,o daa pun nyɛla dɔɣtiɛ paɣa,gbaŋ sabira, karim ma,n ti pahi daa biligim. John daa niŋ o la amiliya, bɛ malila tizo paɣaba: Sarah mini Hannah, ka bɛ be tiŋ yuli booni [[Suffolk|Suffolk puuni]], [[England]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.millsandboon.co.uk/blogs/authors/caroline-anderson Caroline Anderson at Mills&amp;Boon]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}} 

[[Pubu:E-Class]]
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      <contributor>
        <username>Nimatu laahi</username>
        <id>4731</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added categories</comment>
      <origin>115110</origin>
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      <text bytes="939" sha1="9fv2plmisf57rw8w0f6ivol327okyoj" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Anderson''' nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni pseudonym n ti '''Caroline M. Woolnough''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la tiŋ yuli booni [[British Hong Kong]]) o nyɛla  British sasabira sɔ ŋun yuli du zaŋ yaɣi  80 contemporary [[Romance novel|romance novels]] n ti [[Mills &amp; Boon]] (bee [[Harlequin Enterprises Ltd]]) yuuni 1991 zaa.O daa zaniya n tuhi dɔɣtiɛ tuma  She specializes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n90-718233.html Library of Congress Name Authority File]&lt;/ref&gt; pɔi ka o daa yɛn pili sabbu,o daa pun nyɛla dɔɣtiɛ paɣa,gbaŋ sabira, karim ma,n ti pahi daa biligim. John daa niŋ o la amiliya, bɛ malila tizo paɣaba: Sarah mini Hannah, ka bɛ be tiŋ yuli booni [[Suffolk|Suffolk puuni]], [[England]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.millsandboon.co.uk/blogs/authors/caroline-anderson Caroline Anderson at Mills&amp;Boon]&lt;/ref&gt;

== O biɛhigu ==

== Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}} 

[[Pubu:E-Class]]
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        <id>4731</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>115117</origin>
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      <text bytes="934" sha1="kb2031tqqmp45e3sffptnniz7ucczze" xml:space="preserve">'''Caroline Anderson''' nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni pseudonym n ti '''Caroline M. Woolnough''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la tiŋ yuli booni [[British Hong Kong]]) o nyɛla  British sasabira sɔ ŋun yuli du zaŋ yaɣi  80 contemporary [[Romance novel|romance novels]] n ti [[Mills &amp; Boon]] (bee [[Harlequin Enterprises Ltd]]) yuuni 1991 zaa.O daa zaniya n tuhi dɔɣtiɛ tuma  She specializes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n90-718233.html Library of Congress Name Authority File]&lt;/ref&gt; pɔi ka o daa yɛn pili sabbu,o daa pun nyɛla dɔɣtiɛ paɣa,gbaŋ sabira, karim ma,n ti pahi daa biligim. John daa niŋ o la amiliya, bɛ malila tizo paɣaba: Sarah mini Hannah, ka bɛ be tiŋ yuli booni [[Suffolk|Suffolk puuni]], [[England]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.millsandboon.co.uk/blogs/authors/caroline-anderson Caroline Anderson at Mills&amp;Boon]&lt;/ref&gt; 

O biɛhigu  
==Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}} 

[[Pubu:E-Class]]
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  <page>
    <title>Elgin Marbles</title>
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        <id>5829</id>
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      <comment>Di nambu maa yila &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294281848|Elgin Marbles]]&quot; lɛbigibu ni na</comment>
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== Soli maŋa zaŋ kpa Athens yihibu ==


Yuuni 1816 February, House of Commons nim’ kpɛma yaɣili daa ʒia ninsala wuhibu ni di niŋ vihigu Elgin ni daa deei maasim ŋɔ shɛm ni di yi niŋ ka gomnanti tali daa dee li bee ka bi dee li.O ni daa ti o nangbankpeeni n-ti kpɛma yaɣili maa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles; &amp;c|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n39/mode/2up|access-date=13 January 2023|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;Elgin daa yɛliya ni o niriba ni daa tumdi tuma shɛŋa Acropolis ni, ni maasim ŋɔ ni daa yɛn yi shɛm, di daa nyɛla bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli ''firman'' (Lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla yuli shɛli din zaa niŋ tɔɣa puuni) ka bɛ mali li boli Ottoman zaligu ni yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa din nyɛ nasara nima ban chani ti ŋmɛri gbana ni yɛli shɛli ka di nyɛla Ottoman gomnanti tali ni daa ti shɛli July 1800 yuuni puuni, ka di daa niŋ ka voivode (ŋun su Athens tiŋgbani zuɣu) mini ''dizdar'' (military zuɣu lana zaŋti  Acropolis citadel). yuuni silimin goli March 1810 dali, ''firman''  shɛli daa kpami, N doli soli shɛli din nyɛ di baayi zuɣu shipment bolli bihi Britain nim sani. Elgin daa yɛli committee maa, &quot;Bin shɛŋa bi ni niŋ pollo ni dunia ni zaa... ni  tiŋkpaŋ authorities daa zaŋ zaɣa n niŋ, zaŋ gbai Turkish government&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Dyfri|date=2009|title=Lord Elgin's Firman|journal=Journal of the History of Collections|pages=1–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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== Soli maŋa zaŋ kpa Athens yihibu ==


Yuuni 1816 February, House of Commons nim’ kpɛma yaɣili daa ʒia ninsala wuhibu ni di niŋ vihigu Elgin ni daa deei maasim ŋɔ shɛm ni di yi niŋ ka gomnanti tali daa dee li bee ka bi dee li.O ni daa ti o nangbankpeeni n-ti kpɛma yaɣili maa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles; &amp;c|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n39/mode/2up|access-date=13 January 2023|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;Elgin daa yɛliya ni o niriba ni daa tumdi tuma shɛŋa Acropolis ni, ni maasim ŋɔ ni daa yɛn yi shɛm, di daa nyɛla bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli ''firman'' (Lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla yuli shɛli din zaa niŋ tɔɣa puuni) ka bɛ mali li boli Ottoman zaligu ni yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa din nyɛ nasara nima ban chani ti ŋmɛri gbana ni yɛli shɛli ka di nyɛla Ottoman gomnanti tali ni daa ti shɛli July 1800 yuuni puuni, ka di daa niŋ ka voivode (ŋun su Athens tiŋgbani zuɣu) mini ''dizdar'' (military zuɣu lana zaŋti  Acropolis citadel). yuuni silimin goli March 1810 dali, ''firman''  shɛli daa kpami, N doli soli shɛli din nyɛ di baayi zuɣu shipment bolli bihi Britain nim sani. Elgin daa yɛli committee maa, &quot;Bin shɛŋa bi ni niŋ pollo ni dunia ni zaa... ni  tiŋkpaŋ authorities daa zaŋ zaɣa n niŋ, zaŋ gbai Turkish government&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Dyfri|date=2009|title=Lord Elgin's Firman|journal=Journal of the History of Collections|pages=1–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |author-link=Mary Beard (classicist) |first=Mary |last=Beard |title=The Parthenon |publisher=[[Profile Books]] |edition=2nd |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84668-349-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Herman |title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |place=London|edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/}}
* {{Cite book |first=Tiffany |last=Jenkins |author-link=Tiffany Jenkins |title=Keeping Their Marbles: How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums{{nbsp}}... and Why They Should Stay There |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-965759-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/keepingtheirmarb0000jenk}}
* {{cite book |first=William |last=St Clair |author-link=William St Clair |title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=Oxford |edition=4th |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-288053-5}}
* {{cite book |author-link= |first=Catharine |last=Titi |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Dyfri |title=Lord Elgin's firman |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=7 January 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhn033}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |first=Marc |last=Fehlmann |url=http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |title=Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles |magazine=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]] |date=June 2007 |pages=44–51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506011222/http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |archive-date=6 May 2012}}
* {{cite book |first=Jeanette |last=Greenfield |title=The Return of Cultural Treasures |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=Cambridge |edition=3rd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-80216-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |title=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=[[Chatto &amp; Windus]] |place=London |isbn=978-0-8090-4189-3 |year=1987 |title-link=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles}} (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns) 
* {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Jenkins |title=The Parthenon Frieze |publisher=[[British Museum Press]] |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7141-2200-7}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy King |title=The Elgin Marbles |publisher=[[Hutchinson Heinemann]] |place=London |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-09-180013-0 |title-link=The Elgin Marbles (book)}}
* {{cite book |first=François |last=Queyrel |title=Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire |publisher=Éditions Bartillat |location=Paris |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84100-435-5 |url=http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281 |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Stallings |first=A. E. |author-link=A. E. Stallings |title=Frieze Frame: How Poets, Painters, and their Friends Framed the Debate Around Elgin and the Marbles of the Parthenon |publisher=Paul Dry Books|place=Philadelphia |date=2025 |isbn=9781589882003}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Elgin Marbles |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}}
&lt;!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
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==={{No more links}}=========--&gt;
*[http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/?pname=Home&amp;la=2 Acropolis Museum]
*[http://www.parthenonfrieze.gr/ The Parthenon Frieze]
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/rooms_18,_18a,_18b_parthenon.aspx The British Museum Parthenon pages]

===Pros and cons of restitution===
&lt;!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
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    |                                                                     |
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===={{No more links}}==========--&gt;
*[http://www.parthenonuk.com/ British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles' site]
*[https://parthenonproject.co.uk/#overview The Parthenon Project]
*[https://classicsforall.org.uk/reading-room/ad-familiares/case-lord-elgin &quot;The Case for Lord Elgin,&quot; Classics for All]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040814225306/http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/5E/G.Wood.html Gillen Wood, &quot;The strange case of Lord Elgin's nose&quot;]: the cultural context of the early 19th century debate over the marbles, the politics &amp; the aesthetics, imperialism and hellenism
*[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmcumeds/371/371ap20.htm Two memorandums submitted to the UK Parliamentary Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport in 2000.]
*[https://aothenmagazine.com/#torrettamarbles &quot;Keeping our share&quot;, Aothen Magazine]: Argues for the dismissal of the Greek claim, and for retaining the Marbles as part of cultural history.

{{Phidias}}
{{British Museum}}
{{Acropolis of Athens}}
{{Sculptures}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Elgin Marbles| ]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Greek sculptures]]
[[Category:Parthenon]]
[[Category:Art and cultural repatriation]]
[[Category:Greece–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the British Museum]]
[[Category:History of museums]]
[[Category:History of Athens]]
[[Category:Marble sculptures in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sculptures by Phidias]]
[[Category:Greek artifacts outside Greece]]
[[Category:19th century in Athens]]
[[Category:Horses in art]]
[[Category:Architectural sculpture]]
[[Category:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]]
[[Category:Sculptures of Dionysus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pegah Ahmadi</title>
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      <comment>Sabiri palli m-bɔŋɔ</comment>
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      <text bytes="976" sha1="ej8nizwsqrzjj8y1fct0i56gnxhephm" xml:space="preserve">PEGAH AHMADI 
O BIɛHIGU
Bɛ duɣira Pegah Tehran 1974 yuuni la.[1] O pili la O yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi sabbu O yuuma apɔin ni. O yuun pia ni apɔin ni, O daa sabi O tuuli yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi ka yihi li polo &quot; literary magazine Takāpu&quot;, Mansur Kushān daa mali niŋ. Dindali hali, ka O daa pili N tɛhiri N niŋdi &quot; literary magazines&quot;puuni, Iran. O daa bɔhim&quot;Persian&quot; Litiricha Tehran karim duu karili la puuni.[2]

Ahmadi zaŋ O yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi bukunima anahi N wuhi salo, &quot;On the Final Sol G&quot; (1999), &quot;Cadence (2001)&quot;, &quot;Writing Footnotes on the Wall of the Family Home (200?)&quot;, ni&quot; My These Days Is Throat[a] &quot;(2004). O daa lahi lɛbigi silimiinsi N niŋ Persian, ni zaɣ' yini din jɛndi &quot;anthology&quot; yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi din nyɛ &quot;Sylvia Plath&quot;dini ,&quot;The Love Song of the Insane Girl (2000)&quot;, ni O ni lahi lɛbigi&quot; Haiku&quot;buku: yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi din jɛndi yɛlkura mini pumpɔŋɔ yɛltɔɣa din nyɛ Jackie Hardy buku,&quot; Hundred and One Haikus&quot;, (2007).</text>
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