Wikipedia dtpwiki https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natad_Tagayo MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Poimbida Pibarasan Moomomoguno Pibarasan moomomoguno Wikipedia Pibarasan Wikipedia Fail Pibarasan fail MediaWiki Pibarasan MediaWiki Templat Pibarasan templat Kouhupan Pibarasan kouhupan Kategori Pibarasan kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pibarasan modul Acara Perbincangan acara Modul:Distinguish 828 781 24052 2140 2026-04-03T15:40:44Z Toffee Dude 1532 Kodolinan 24052 Scribunto text/plain local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mArguments --initialize lazily local mTableTools --initialize lazily local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local p = {} function p.distinguish(frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) local selfref = args.selfref local text = args.text args = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) return p._distinguish(args, text, selfref) end function p._distinguish(args, text, selfref) checkType("_distinguish", 1, args, 'table') if #args == 0 and not text then return '' end local text = string.format( 'Kada do nakasalu do miampai %s.', text or mHatlist.orList(args, true) ) hnOptions = {selfref = selfref} return mHatnote._hatnote(text, hnOptions) end return p ils38msumqyvqygz0g7ddli2c7sks4v Nancy Shukri 0 2526 24053 14783 2026-04-04T06:58:35Z Tum79 2290 link 24053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato' Sri]] [[Hajji|Hajah]] | name = Nancy Shukri | native_name = {{Lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|ننسي شكري}}}} | honorific-suffix = [[Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang|SSAP]] [[Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak|PNBS]] [[Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak#Panglima Gemilang Bintang Kenyalang (P.G.B.K.)|PGBK]] [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Officer|KMN]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] | image = File:Nancy Shukri 2020.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Nancy binti Shukri | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|08|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kuching]], [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Crown Colony of Sarawak]] (now [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]) | residence = | death_date = | death_place = | office = [[Minister of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia)|Minister of Women, Family and Community Development]] | monarch = [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]] <br> {{Small|(2022–2024)}} <br> [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] <br> {{Small|(since 2024)}} | constituency = [[Santubong (federal constituency)|Santubong]] | term_start = 3 Momuhau 2022 | term_end = | primeminister = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | deputy = [[Aiman Athirah Sabu|Aiman Athirah Sabu]] <br> {{Small|(2022–2023)}} <br> [[Noraini Ahmad]] <br> {{Small|(since 2023)}} | predecessor = [[Rina Harun]] | successor = | office1 = [[Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture (Malaysia)|Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture]] | monarch1 = Abdullah | primeminister1 = [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob|Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] | predecessor1 = ''Herself'' | successor1 = [[Tiong King Sing|Tiong King Sing]] | deputy1 = [[Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu|Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu]] | term_start1 = 30 Magus 2021 | term_end1 = 24 Milau 2022 | constituency1 = [[Batang Sadong (federal constituency)|Batang Sadong]] | monarch2 = Abdullah | primeminister2 = [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] | predecessor2 = [[Mohammadin Ketapi]] | successor2 = ''Herself'' | deputy2 = [[Jeffrey Kitingan]] <br> {{Small|(2020)}} <br> [[Guan Dee Koh Hoi|Guan Dee Koh Hoi]] <br> {{Small|(2021)}} | term_start2 = 10 Gomot 2020 | term_end2 = 16 Magus 2021 | constituency2 = Batang Sadong | office3 = [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|Minister in the Prime Minister's Department]] | monarch3 = [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]] <br> {{Small|(2016)}} <br> [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]] <br> {{Small|(2016–2018)}} | primeminister3 = [[Najib Razak]] | predecessor3 = [[Mah Siew Keong|Mah Siew Keong]] | successor3 = [[Yeo Bee Yin|Yeo Bee Yin]] <br> {{Small|(Minister of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change)}} | deputy3 = | term_start3 = 27 Mahas 2016 | term_end3 = 10 Mikat 2018 <br> {{Small|Malaysian Innovation Agency, Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC), Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology (MiGHT)}} | constituency3 = [[Batang Sadong (federal constituency)|Batang Sadong]] | monarch4 = Abdul Halim | primeminister4 = Najib Razak | predecessor4 = [[Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz|Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz]] | successor4 = [[Azalina Othman Said|Azalina Othman Said]] | deputy4 = [[Razali Ibrahim]] | term_start4 = 16 Mikat 2013 | term_end4 = 27 Mahas 2016 <br> {{Small|Legal Affairs}} | constituency4 = Batang Sadong | office5 = [[Minister of Primary Industries (Malaysia)|Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities]] <br> {{Small|Acting}} | monarch5 = Abdul Halim | primeminister5 = Najib Razak | predecessor5 = [[Douglas Uggah Embas|Douglas Uggah Embas]] | successor5 = [[Mah Siew Keong|Mah Siew Keong]] | term_start5 = 12 Mikat 2016 | term_end5 = 27 Mahas 2016 | constituency5 = Batang Sadong | constituency_MP6 = [[Santubong (federal constituency)|Santubong]] | parliament6 = Malaysian | term_start6 = 19 Milau 2022 | term_end6 = | majority6 = 38,681 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]) | predecessor6 = [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar|Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] <br> ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]]) | successor6 = | constituency_MP7 = [[Batang Sadong (federal constituency)|Batang Sadong]] | parliament7 = Malaysian | term_start7 = 8 Gomot 2008 | term_end7 = 19 Milau 2022 | majority7 = 5,425 ([[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]) <br> 11,260 ([[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]) <br> 12,328 ([[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]) | predecessor7 = [[Adenan Satem]] <br> (BN–PBB) | successor7 = [[Rodiyah Sapiee]] <br> ([[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]]–PBB) | party = [[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu]] (PBB) | otherparty = [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) <br> {{Small|(–2018)}} <br> [[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|Gabungan Parti Sarawak]] (GPS) <br> {{Small|(since 2018)}} | occupation = [[Politician]] | majority = | relations = | spouse = Kamil Misuari | children = 3 | alma_mater = [[University of Hull|University of Hull]] | website = {{Url|http://nancy-shukri.my/}} | footnotes = {{Facebook|hajahnancyshukri}}<br>{{Pom|3725}} }} I apantang '''Dato' Sri Nancy binti Shukri''' (nosusu di 5 Magus 1961) nopo songulun sorupu politik Malayasia mantad id Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu [[Sarawak]] om babaino kijaawatan sabaagi do Montiri Podtuongisan, Koinusan om Koubasanan.<ref name="Nancy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/03/663546/nancy-menteri-pelancongan|title=Nancy menteri pelancongan|date=2020-03-09|access-date=2020-03-10|website=www.bharian.com.my}}</ref> Isido nogi nga sabaagi do bekas montiri id jabatan luguan Montiri id Kabinet di toun 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v7/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=949998|title=Nancy Shukri Is Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|date=15 May 2013|accessdate=16 May 2013|website=www.bernama.com.my|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233426/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v7/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=949998|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=316850|title='Benazir Bhutto', 'Sofia Jane' Tags Spice Up BN Campaign in Batang Sadong|date=27 February 2008|work=[[Bernama]]|accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/DewRakyat_KedAhli_detail.php?id=194|title=Nancy binti Haji Shukri, Y.B. Puan Hajah|publisher=[[Parlimen Malaysia]]|accessdate=11 December 2009|archive-date=2009-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211224736/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/DewRakyat_KedAhli_detail.php?id=194|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Koposion Pogulu == === Paganakan === Nancy nopo nga nosusu di 5 Magus 1961 id Kuching, Sarawak kumaa di Shukri Mahidi om Bibi McPherson. Isido nopo sinakagon do Iban-Cina-Scotland-Melayu-Melanau. Nakasawo no isido om kiwa tolu tulun tanak dau. Babaino nopo nga pongion yolo id Jalan Menggeris taman Serira, Petra jaya, 93050 Kuching, Sarawak.<ref name=parents>{{Cite news|url=https://gis2017.thegfcc.org/speakers/nancy-shukri/|title=HON. NANCY SHUKRI|work=GIS 2017accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2008/4/9/lifefocus/20080408164935&sec=lifefocus|title=Putting women first|date=9 April 2008|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|publisher=Star Publications (Malaysia)|accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref> Tabangon dau, nokoidu pogun di 17 Mansak 2016 sabab nopo nga noontok do kanser tatalanan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/02/127961/nancy-shukris-brother-dies-cancer|title=Nancy Shukri's brother dies of cancer|work=[[New Straits Times|New Straits Times]]|author=Goh Pei Pei|date=17 Februari 2016|accessdate=28 Oktober 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219023149/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/02/127961/nancy-shukris-brother-dies-cancer|archive-date=28 Oktober 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1695832|title=Nancy Shukri's brother|work=[[The Sun, Malaysia|The Sun, Malaysia]]|author=|date=17 Februari 2016|accessdate=28 Oktober 2016}}</ref> === Pondidikan === Isido nopo nga mongingigit Sarjana Eksekutif Pentadbiran Perniagaan [[UiTM]] - Universiti OHIO (1998) (Beta Gamma Sigma Kehormat Anugerah); Ijazah Sarjana Muda Undang-Undang miampai Kepujian mantad [[Universiti Hull]], [[UK]] (1990); Diploma Pentadbiran Awam ITM [[Shah Alam]] (1985); Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, Hijau Jalan Sekolah Menengah Green Road (1976-1978). Nokoumbal isido nakatanud mogisuusuai kursus profesional miagal do Kursus Kepimpinan id taang antarabangsa (2004-2012); Persidangan Dunia Wanita 2004 [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]; Kepimpinan om Pengurusan montok tongoondu (1995) [[Singapura]]; Pengauditan Dalaman Sistem Pengurusan Alam Sekitar (2000); Prosedur Disiplin Dan Perhubungan Perusahaan (1997); Latihan Pemimpin Pasukan 2006 Pengambilan Minit (2001) [[Singapura]]. == Karaja == Nopili isido sabaagi Puru Parlimen Batang Sadong (2008-PRU13); Pegawai Undang-Undang, Ketua Bahagian Undang-Undang Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (1992-2003); Akaun Pemeriksa, Jabatan Pembangunan Koperasi Sabah (tahun 1985-1987); Pensyarah Bahagian-Masa; Jurulatih montok Perkhidmatan Latihan om Perundingan NS. Suai ko ii, nosiliu nogi isido do Ponorikohon Puru Lembaga Penasihat Pengurusan Penyelidikan Perhutanan ([[FRIM]]) (Madas 2010-Mahas 2011); Ponorikohon Lembaga Penasihat [[Arkib Negara Malaysia|Arkib Negara Malaysia]]; Puru Lembaga Penasihat Harta Intelek Malaysia (2008-2010, 2010-2012); Puru Jawatankuasa Khas Parlimen ;Puru Parlimen Semakan Akta dan Peraturan; Puru Jawatankuasa Inter Parliamentary Union om Naib Ponorikohon Jawatankuasa Mahkamah Jenayah Kebangsaan (Parliamentary Global Action). === Montiri Podtuongisan, Koinusan om Koubasanan === Ontok 9 Gomot 2020, linantik i Yang Berhormat Dato' Sri Nancy sabaagi Montiri Podtuongisan, Koinusan om Koubasanan.<ref name="Nancy" /> Minongigit isio jawatan dii mimpuun 10 Gomot 2020.<ref name="Nancy" /> Ontok dii, wagat kopio tonggungan di Nancy gama sektor podtuongisan i noumpadanan soira nokotoguang do kasarabakan [[Pandemik COVID-19 di Malaysia|Pandemik COVID-19 di Malaysia]]. Ontok wulan Madas 2020, aaga' no disido do koingkawas kawagu sektor podtuongisan domestik id timpu oruhai maya do kotonudan tulun ginumuan do kooturan do kopoindalanan prosedur operasi standard (SOP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/07/712128/pelancongan-domestik-dijangka-bangkit-lebih-awal-nancy|title=Pelancongan domestik dijangka bangkit lebih awal - Nancy|date=2020-07-18|access-date=2020-07-20|website=www.bharian.com.my}}</ref> == Politik == Nosiliu i Nancy do Mongunguhup Monunuat Agung [[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu Sarawak|Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu Sarawak]] ; Monunuat Pergerakan Wanita Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu Sarawak om Monunuat Pergerakan Wanita Barisan Nasional. === Pilihan raya Malaysia 2008 === Id suang [[Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia 2008|pilihan raya umum 2008]], monongkiala i Nancy momoguno tiket [[Barisan Nasional]]. Monongkiala isido id koiyonon [[Parlimen]] Batang Sadong, pogun [[Sarawak]]. Nakalantoi isido miampai nakaanu undi soginumu 8183. Calon saap nopo nga i Piee Bin Ling mantad [[PKR]] nakaanu 2,758 undi - Kalah. Piatus pengundi di nakalabus nopo nga 66.2%. Undi naraag nopo nga soginumu 170. == Aktiviti sosial == Nokohompit isido sabaagi Ponorikohon Kokus Parlimen Tondu Malaysia (2008 gisom dinondo); Ponorikohon Persekutuan Tinimungan Tondu Sarawak (2003-2005, 2009-2012); Ahli Seumur Hidup Angkatan Zaman Mansang Sarawak; Ahli Jawatankuasa MITSA (Mara Institute of Technology Sarawak Alumni); Ahli Institut Pengurusan Malaysia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130304025746/http://www.arkib.gov.my/hajah-nancy-haji-shukri Hajah Nancy Haji Shukri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304025746/http://www.arkib.gov.my/hajah-nancy-haji-shukri |date=2013-03-04 }} [[Arkib Negara Malaysia|Arkib Negara Malaysia]].</ref> == Media suai == === Televisyen === Ontok 18 Mahas 2020, nosiliu i Nancy Shukri do tutumombului poimbida id suang ababayan Money Matters i pinalabus do [[TV3]]. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Toun !Uhu !Kono !class="unsortable"|Nuut |- |2020 |''Money Matters'' |Isido sondii |Sabaagi tutumombului poimbida |- |} == Sukuon == {{Reflist}} qp8sa17kgbk5870by9lndlcu63klfva Tokud 0 2685 24054 23963 2026-04-04T08:34:02Z Toffee Dude 1532 Popoindalan link do boros 'Boros Inggilis' 24054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fail:MSI laptop with English Wikipedia screenshot 20100614.jpg|thumb|Tokud]] '''Tokud''' ([[Boros Inggilis]]: ''computer'') nopo nga' iso kakamot haro duo kawo tagayo: dontuntuu (''digital'') om donpapali (''analog''). It kawo dontuntuu ii togumu pakayon baino. Poomitanan tadaadau do tokud nopo nga' kukuzut (''mobile phone'') toi kikibit (''laptop''). Tudu tagayo do tokud nopo nga' pongintaban, tu' oinsanan it gunoon id tokud yokito ugu mirumo maya' dimpou pirumaan nopo nga' kinootusan do ponuhuan do tokud kumaa longkodizap (''central processing unit'') dau. == Tadon hogot == Mantad topod hogot ''tutok'' om ''gorud''. == Nawayaan == Id boros Inggilis, tokud nopo nga' ''computer''. Hogot diti napakai di laid pamarait do tulun tomod (tongoondu' koubasan) ii noluda' do mongintob ogumu kopio koizapan. Iyolo nopo ti nga' momoguno kakamot ponguhup miagal tundar tintuhun (''logarithmic tables''), tukuunsud (''slide rule''), om pongintob (''calculator''). Nga' soira do sumilau no kohizaan do tokud kikomilaan togonop om nokotounda' no pakayon, nokosili nodi komoon do hogot ''computer'' mantad tulun di mongingintob kumaa kakamot di mongingintob. iaundnwpr2kmisvj3mhaxifjehtwl0c Sabah 0 2702 24058 23925 2026-04-04T09:31:26Z Tum79 2290 /* Siasat (Politics) */ 24058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Sabah | official_name = Pogun Sabah<br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{Nobold|{{Native name|ms|Negeri Sabah}}}}</div> | settlement_type = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|Pogun]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Sabah.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = Flag of Sabah | image_shield = Coat of arms of Sabah.svg | shield_size = 60px | shield_alt = Coat of arms of Sabah | nickname = ''Negeri Di Bawah Bayu''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/About |title=Mengenai Sabah |trans-title=About Sabah |language=ms |publisher=[[Government of Sabah|Sabah State Government]] |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519124851/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/About |archive-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Small|Pogun Id Siriba Do Tongus}}<ref name="sbh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en/Home/About |title=About Sabah |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520105020/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en/Home/About |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | motto = ''Sabah Maju Jaya''<ref name="crest">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/pd.nbw/dcm/english/engdoc/crest.html |title=The Meaning of the Sabah State Crest |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610031143/http://www.sabah.gov.my/pd.nbw/dcm/english/engdoc/crest.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Small|Let Sabah Prosper}}<ref name="crest"/> | anthem = ''[[Sabah Tanah Airku|Sabah Tanah Airku]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/PatrioticSong |title=Lagu-Lagu Patriotik |trans-title=Patriotic Songs |language=ms |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520150035/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/PatrioticSong |archive-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Small|Sabah, My Homeland}}{{Center|[[File:Lagu Rasmi Sabah - Sabah Tanah Airku.ogg]]}} | image_map = Sabah in Malaysia.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = {{Centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Sabah''' id {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''}} | coordinates = {{Coord|5|15|N|117|0|E|display=it}} | subdivision_type = | subdivision_name = Malaysia | established_title = Established under the [[Bruneian Empire]] | established_date = 15th century | established_title1 = [[Sultanate of Sulu]] | established_date1 = 1658 | established_title2 = [[Koibutan Borneo|British North Borneo]] | established_date2 = 1882 | established_title3 = [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|Japanese occupation]] | established_date3 = 1942 | established_title4 = [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|British crown colony]] | established_date4 = 15 Madas 1946 | established_title5 = Gained self-governance | established_date5 = 31 Magus 1963<ref name="Group"/><ref name= "tna"/><ref name= "Porritt1997"/><ref name="SG"/> | established_title6 = [[Malaysia Agreement|Federated into Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf|title=Malaysia Act 1963 (Chapter 35)|work=The National Archives|publisher=[[United Kingdom legislation|United Kingdom legislation]]|access-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114081253/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established_date6 = 16 Manom 1963<ref name="Agreement relating to Malaysia">{{Cite wikisource |title=Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore |wslink=Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore |author=<nowiki>the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore</nowiki> |year=1963 |page=1}}</ref> | seat_type = [[List of capitals in Malaysia|Capital]]<br />{{Nobold|(and largest city)}} | seat = [[Kota Kinabalu]] | parts_type = [[Divisions of Malaysia|Ḇoogian]] | parts_style = list | parts = | p1 = [[Interior Division|Interior]] | p2 = [[Ḇoogian Kudat|Kudat]] | p3 = [[Ḇoogian Sandakan|Sandakan]] | p4 = [[Ḇoogian Tawau|Tawau]] | p5 = [[West Coast Division|West Coast]] | government_type = | governing_body = [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly|Sabah State Legislative Assembly]] | leader_title = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] | leader_name = [[Juhar Mahiruddin]] | leader_title1 = [[Boyoon Montiri Sabah|Boyoon Montiri]] | leader_name1 = [[Hajiji Noor]] <br /> ([[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah|GRS]]–[[Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah|GAGASAN]]) | area_footnotes = <ref name="Malaysia census 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer|title=Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|access-date=20 August 2022}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 73,904 | elevation_max_ft = 13435 | elevation_max_point = [[Nulu Kinabalu]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="Malaysia census 2020"/> | population_total = {{Increase}} 3,418,785 ([[Demographics of Malaysia#Population distribution by states and territories|3rd]]) | population_as_of = 2020 | population_density_km2 = 46 | population_demonym = Sabahan | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demographics {{Nobold|(2022)}}<ref name="Malaysia census 2020"/> | demographics1_title1 = Komposisi etnik | demographics1_info1 = {{Plainlist| * [[Kadazan-Dusun|Kadazan-Dusun]]: 19.33% * [[Tulun Bajau|Bajau]]: 15.6% * [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]]: 9.5% * [[Malaysian Chinese]]: 9.1% * [[Murut people|Murut]]: 2.5% * [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera suai]]: 17.0% * Other non-native Malaysians: 0.6% * Okon ko' tulun Malaysia: 20.5% }} | demographics_type2 = Boros | demographics2_title1 = Rasmi | demographics2_info1 = [[Boros Malayu|Malayu]] | demographics2_title2 = Boros suai | demographics2_info2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Boros Sabahan]] * [[Boros Dusunik]] * [[Boros Sina]] * [[Boros Kadazan|Kadazan]] * [[Boros Momogun|Momogun/Rungus]] * [[Boros do tinaru minoriti]]}} | timezone1 = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone-old.html |title= Time Zones in Malaysia |author= Helmer Aslaksen |publisher= Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, [[National University of Singapore]] |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521034731/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone-old.html |archive-date=21 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | utc_offset1 = +8 | postal_code_type = [[Katayadan do poskod id Malaysia|Poskod]] | postal_code = 88xxx<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |title=Postal codes in Sabah |publisher=cybo.com |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817163903/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to 91xxx<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/semporna/ |title=Postal codes in Semporna |publisher=cybo.com |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817171649/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/semporna/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_code_type = [[Numbur telefon id Malaysia|Kod pamalahawan]] | area_code = 087 <small>(Watas suang)</small> <br />088 <small>([[Watas Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu]] & [[Watas Kudat|Kudat]])</small> <br />089 <small>([[Watas Lahad Datu|Lahad Datu]], [[Watas Sandakan|Sandakan]] & [[Watas Tawau|Tawau]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |title=Area codes in Sabah |publisher= | website= cybo.com |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817200020/https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sabah/?p=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:MY|MY-12]] | registration_plate = [[Lisin Plat Numbur Malaysia|SA, SAA, SAB, SAC, SY]] <small>(West Coast)</small> <br />SB <small>([[Watas Beaufort|Beaufort]])</small> <br />SD <small>(Lahad Datu)</small> <br />SK <small>(Kudat)</small> <br />SS, SSA, SM <small>(Sandakan)</small> <br />ST, STA, SW <small>(Tawau)</small> <br />SU <small>([[Watas Keningau|Keningau]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates |author=Teh Wei Soon |publisher=Malaysian Digest |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |archive-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{Nobold|(2019)}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} 0.710<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Sabah – Malaysia] |publisher=Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Radboud University]] |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><br /><span style="color:#0c0;">high</span> · [[List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index|ko-15]] | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|(nominal)}} | blank1_info_sec1 = 2022 | blank2_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Total | blank2_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $27.758 billion<br>([[Malaysian ringgit|RM]] 122.138 billion)<ref name=":dosm">{{Cite web |last=DOSM |title=Department of Statistics Malaysia |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state- |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.dosm.gov.my}}</ref> ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP|ko-5]]) | blank3_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Per capita | blank3_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $8,186<br>([[Malaysian ringgit|RM]] 36,020)<ref name=":dosm" /> ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state|ko-11]]) | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])}} | blank4_info_sec1 = 2022 | blank5_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Total | blank5_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $77.938 billion ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP|6th]]) | blank6_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Per capita | blank6_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $22,797 ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state|ko-11]]) <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Left- and right-hand traffic|Driving side]] | blank_info_sec2 = Left | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Mains electricity by country|Electricity voltage]] | blank1_info_sec2 = 230 V, 50 Hz | blank2_name_sec2 = Currency | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Malaysian ringgit]] (RM/MYR) | short_description = State of Malaysia on the island of Borneo | website = {{Official website}} | image_map1 = {{Hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{Hidden end}} }} '''Sabah''' di ointutunan do "Pogun id Siriba' do Tongus" nopo nga' iso pogung (pogun mamung) di pinopotimpuun do Pogisompuruan [[Malaysia]], miniampai do Sarawak om tongo pogung Malaya. Poinladsong o Sabah id boogian koibutan do pulou [[Borneo]]. Dondoung longkod (tama pogun) Sabah nopo nga' i [[Kota Kinabalu]], di ointutunan di kodori do ''Dondoung'', om katalib dii pinungaranan di Boritis do ''[[Jesselton]]''. Otoina o kinoyonon do Sabah tu poingwiliu id siriba do wawayaan [[sarup monsun|sarup mingguli (''monsoon'')]] om au koumbal noontok do ribut puhod, nga haro i ribut tangawinoun (''tropical'') di kiginayo tokodo. Sabah nopo nga' pogun koduo tagayo id [[Malaysia]]. Ginayo do rinantayon do pogun Sabah nopo nga pikiikiro do 72,500 kilometer pisagi om migontob do [[Sarawak]], om nokotongkiad mantad [[Labuan|Katanaan Pisompuruan Labuan]] id Malaysia. Suai ko ii, kiharo nogi gontob sompomogunan do tindal id boogian kaabatan do pogun kohompit do [[Rahat Sulawesi]] miampai [[Indonesia]], om gontob waig id koibutan do [[Rahat Sulu|Rahat Piolit-Polipin (toi ''Sulu Sea'')]] miampai Vietnam om ninaru rulud do disan rahat nopo nga 1290-1450 km. Poingwiliu o Sabah id boogian bobos koibutan [[Borneo]] sabaagi pulau kumotolu tagayo id pomogunan. Kirilion (''climate'') o Sabah do [[talun rasam tropika|talun rasam tangawinoun]] om kiharo nuluh bobos takawas id Malaysia, [[Nulu Nabalu]] toi Gayo Ngaran, miampai kinawas do 4,101 meter om nokosiliu soboogian mantad do koiyonon [[Banjaran Crocker|Dayat Crocker]] (''Crocker Range''). Piromutan dayat (''range'') id Sabah-Crocker, [[Banjaran Trusmadi|Dayat Trusmadi]] om Witti nopo nga kigorigi id labus kakadayan om kahanggum ogumu o timpak gisom korikot do kinawas id pialatan do 1,200 gisom 1,800 meter. Id pialatan do Dayat Crocker om rahat id disan rahat do kotonobon nopo nga rinantayon disan rahat di alaab om kitulun di ogumu; rinantayon suai miagal do [[Tenom]], [[Tambunan]] om [[Keningau]], nopo nga poingwiliu id labus kakadayan id pialatan do winagat nuluhon, daamot dii rinantayon tosiribo do ponong kosilahon, soboogian nopo nga nayayak do kolopusan. Koumbal nointutunan sabaagi [[Koibutan Borneo|Pogun Koibutan Borneo]] (''The North Borneo'') maamaso timpu kopomorintaan Boritis gisom 1963 toi ko SBUB. Kiwaa nogi o susuyan laid sondii, om kopirait do susuyan Borunai-Polipin. Nawayaan pogun diti kopomorintaan do poinlangkap (''colonial'') Boritis (SBUB om Kopomorintaan Dalangkap Inggilis) om [[Koporikahanan Jepun id Borneo Boritis|Gipun]] namot Sangod Pomogunan Koduo. Baino, poinsuang id Pogun Pogisompuruan Malaysia. Pogun Sabah nopo diti nga kipomoyo do lundugayud kipangampai (''constitutional democracy'') tantad po hiza kikolunduan tinan di toun 1963. Miampai kotinanan tinukuan pogun sondii, luguan pogun nopo nga [[Yang di-Pertua Negara Sabah|Lugugayo Pogun Sabah]] (Boros Tabai: ''Yang Di-Pertua Negeri Sabah'', di gulu nopo i ''Sabah Governor''), [[Woyoon Montiri Sabah|Woyoon Montiri]] sabaagi luguan do kolunduan id Sabah, om uhupan do Sontimung Montiri. Sabah nogi nga iso mantad apat pogun (duo nopo nga pogun id Semenanjung) id Malaysia di au kisultan toi ko raja id taang pogun. Mimpohon do [[Sistem Westminster|Pomoyo Westminster]] di pinotungkus do kolunduan Boritis om iso pogun tosopung di minomoguno do pomoyo (''system'') diti. Kiwaa 5 o boogian togori (Tabai: ''pentadbiran'') do Sabah om 27 o watas. Boros poinhimag nopo nga Boros Inggilis om Tabai. Tulun Sabah toi ko' orohian roitan sabaagi do ''Sabahan'', om mantad 33 tinimungan tulun sandad (haingtana' toi ''bumiputera'' Sabah) di mituubung id lobi 50 boros om 80 kawos (''dialect'') tinaru. Kiwaa iso kawos Tabai di noguno ii nopo nga [[boros Malayu Sabah|boros Tabai Sabah]]. Tinimungan tinaru tagayo id Sabah nopo nga [[Kadazan-Dusun|Kadazandusun]] di minamahanggum lobi 30% o tulun id Sabah. [[Tadau Kaamatan]] di taandakon ontok 30 om 31 Mikat monikid toun nopo nga kapanaandakan di taandakon do tinimungan Kadazandusun di kitudu do popotogom koubasanan "bambarayon" om monongkotoluod nogi tu nakaanu totus tomoton di ogonop. Tinaru aangkal suai id Sabah nopo nga [[Bajau|Sama]], toi ko' ointutunan nogi sabaagi "''Koboi Timur''", om [[Murut]] ii no tu tulun id nulu om songgorib di gulu po, nopo nga tinimunan tinaru kumoduo om kotolu agayo id pogun Sabah. Tinaru suai id Sabah kohompit no Sama, [[Iranun]], [[Melayu Brunei|Tabung (Melayu Brunei)]], Bugis, Kadayan, Lotud, Lundayeh, Rungus, Minokok, Bonggi, om Ida'an. Suai ko ii, tinaru Sina toi ko' nopogirakatan Sina-Dusun nogi nga nosiliu sabaagi tinimungan aangkal sandad id pogun Sabah. == Koudanan == Koudanan ngaran do Sabah amu kopio otolinahas nga piipiro susuyan i kahabar do tulun toi ko kosurat id buuk pinatalang do poingkaa, ngaran do Sabah naanu mantad do punti saba' it totonomon do tulun Bajau om koubasanan do wonsoion do punti ginuring. Baino nolohou ot punti diti do punti monurun. Mamasok Dusun nga haro nogi susuyan kokomoi do Sabah it naanu mantad boros 'sawa' toi 'sava' id siba do tongus' kikomoyon do ponongsawa miagal doid Kota Kinabalu (Api-api) om kinoyonon id tisan do rahat. Pangalahawan do 'sawa' toi 'sava' maso do gunoon do tulun Dusun do mangarait kinoyonon id sawa do bawang. Pongundodoitan do 'Sabah' noguno do koinsan nogi ontok ponounan ko-1500 di dudumagang ngimbadi mantad Kalimantan om nogi kopulohon Sulu id Kabahaton Polipin. Komoyon do, pomungaran 'Sabah' noguno no pogulu do nokorikot ot Boritis. Soira do naanu do ''Timunggama Kipanaga Koibutan Bonio'' ot Sabah, alanai nodi ngaran 'Sabah' kumaa do 'Koibutan Bonio' ontok toun 1881. Hongkod pogun do Sabah di timpuun nopo nga Kudat (1881). Soira do nakaamung do Malaysia, ngaran do 'Sabah' ginuno kaagu ontok toun 1963. Sisindiron doun Jawa Nagarakotagama it sinuratan di Parapansa ontok toun 1365 minangarait do Sabah sobaagi do 'Soludang'. Id sinuratan di Marko Polo ontok minumbaya id Bornio, Sabah maso dilo nopo nga roitan do "burni" it nokopongowit do ngaran do Burunai do baino. == Susuyan ''(History)'' == {{main|Susuyan do Sabah}} === Zaman Pogulu Susuyan === {{main|Pogulu Susuyan Malaysia}} [[File:Madai Sabah Madai-Cave-01.jpg|thumb|Ruwang sumuang do [[Lian Madai]]]] Kinaantakan nokoinsan nopod mononoguang do tulun id watas diti nopo nga mantad 20,000–30,000 toun di nakatalib, tumanud do kabaalan kakamot batu om tadon taakanon di nokitukan do mononoligo id [[Lian Madai]]-Baturong somok do Bawang Tingkayu id [[Teluk Darvel]].<ref name="MacKinnon1996">{{cite book |author=Kathy MacKinnon |title=The Ecology of Kalimantan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=70iB6Tf62OkC&pg=PA55 |year= 1996 |publisher=Periplus Editions |isbn= 978-0-945971-73-3 |pages= 55–57 |quote=Since 1980, the Sabah Museum staff have carried out excavations in the Madai and Baturong limestone massifs, at caves and open sites dated back 30,000 years. Baturong is surrounded by large area of alluvial deposits, formed by the damming of the Tingkayu River by a lava flow. The Tingkayu stone industry shows a unique level of skills for its period. The remains of many mammals, snakes, and tortoises were found, all food items collected by early occupants of the rock shelters.}}</ref> Tulun di koinsan nogi nokoiyon hiti nopo nga osongkowotowot do miagal tulun [[Aboriginal Australia]], nga au noilaan nokuro tu natingkadan yolo.<ref name="sabah info">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/kaupin/guest/sabah/sabah_forever.htm |title=About Sabah |work=Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation and Sabah State Museum |publisher=Sabah Education Department |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515105207/http://www.sabah.edu.my/kaupin/guest/sabah/sabah_forever.htm |archive-date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> Id toun 2003, tinimungan arkeologi nokonitok do Lembah Mansuli id [[Watas Lahad Datu]], di kiomulok do 235,000 toun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/04/10/archaeologists-hit-gold-at-mansuli/ |title=Archaeologists hit 'gold' at Mansuli |author=Durie Rainer Fong |work=The Star |date=10 April 2012 |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030100432/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/04/10/Archaeologists-hit-gold-at-mansuli/ |archive-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> Kinoyonon arkeologi id [[Bukit Tengkorak]] (''Skull Hill'') id [[Watas Semporna]] nopo nga kinoyonon di paling tagayo do momonsoi kakamot tana (pottery) id Asia Tenggara ontok zaman [[Neolitik]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.seaa-web.org/bulletin2008/bul-essay-08-01.htm |title=Prehistoric Sites and Research in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia |author=Stephen Chia |publisher= Centre for Archaeological Research Malaysia, University of Science, Malaysia | work=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology |year=2008 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523083324/http://www.seaa-web.org/bulletin2008/bul-essay-08-01.htm |archive-date=23 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.sabah.gov.my/?q=content/bukit-tengkorak-archaeological-sites-semporna |title= Bukit Tengkorak Archaeological Sites, Semporna |publisher=Sabah Museum Department |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325001742/http://museum.sabah.gov.my/?q=content%2Fbukit-tengkorak-archaeological-sites-semporna |archive-date=25 March 2016 }}</ref> === Kohuyahan Sultanate Brunei om Sulu === Ontok abad ko-7 masihi, iso komuniti nopo di pointatap i ointutunan sabaagi Vijayapura, iso pogun id siriba puru [[Srivijaya]], nopo nga kinituhuan do haro id kabaatan kotonobon Borneo.<ref name="Hutton2000">{{cite book |author=Wendy Hutton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA31 |title=Adventure Guides: East Malaysia |date=2000 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-962-593-180-7 |pages=31–57 |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bala2005">{{cite book |author=Bilcher Bala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bQuAQAAIAAJ&q=vijayapura+p%27o-ni |title=Thalassocracy: a history of the medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam |publisher=School of Social Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah |year=2005 |isbn=978-983-2643-74-6 |page=30}}</ref> Koponulisan pononong kinoyonon Sina ''[[Taiping Huanyu Ji]]'' popoilo do koponoguan di koumau pointindapou id Borneo nopo nga Po Ni, i tinuhuan do haro mantad abad ko-9. Po Ni nopo nga kinituhuan do pointuong id disan [[Bawang Brunei]] om iyalo nopo nga ponondulu do Koponoguan Brunei.<ref name="Bala2005" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Watson Andaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC&pg=PA57 |title=A History of Malaysia |author2=Leonard Y. Andaya |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-312-38121-9 |page=57 |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> Soira do naalap o pogun Sina di [[Mongol Empire|Koponoguan Mongol]], oinsanan pogun mamasok id siriba nopo nga tinonggo di lundu-lundu Mongol Sina. Ontok toun 1292, [[Kublai Khan]] nopo nga kinituhuan do nangantod do pangarangau kumaa id kabaatan Borneo,<ref name="Runciman2011">{{cite book |author=Steven Runciman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4_O9GB4KBoC&pg=PA14 |title=The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-12899-5 |page=14}}</ref> pogulu iyalo minongoi [[Mongol invasion of Java|pangarangau id Java]] ontok toun 1293.<ref>{{cite web |author=Edward Gibbon |year=1788 |title=Fall In The East — The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire [Chapter 64] |url=https://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap64.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |quote=Hundred thousand Chinese imitated his example; and the whole empire, from [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Tonkin]] to the [[Great Wall of China|great wall]], submitted to the dominion of [[Kublai Khan|Cublai]]. His boundless ambition aspired to the conquest of [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Japan]]: his fleet was twice shipwrecked; and the lives of a hundred thousand Mongols and Chinese were sacrificed in the fruitless expedition. But the neighbouring kingdoms, Corea, [[Tonkin]], [[Cochinchina]], [[Pegu]], [[Bengal]], and [[Tibet]], were reduced in different degrees of tribute and obedience by the effort or terror of his arms. He explored the Indian Ocean with a fleet of a thousand ships: they sailed in sixty-eight days, most probably to Borneo, under the equinoctial line; and though they returned not without spoil or glory, the emperor was dissatisfied that the savage king had escaped from their hands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Henry Miers Elliot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-knEHQUmBFgC&pg=PA27 |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-108-05585-7 |page=27}}</ref> Maya do pangarangau diti, ogumu puru om moomomoli Sina do tuminatap om minonuridong do kinoyonon sondii id [[Bawang Kinabatangan]].<ref name="Runciman2011" /> Id abad ko-14, Brunei om Sulu nopo nga soboogian mantad Koponoguan Majapahit, nga ontok toun 1369, Sulu om koponoguan suai id Filipina nopo nga nakaanu minongunsub monongkiwal. Sulu koumau nopo nga minongarangau do Brunei i koumau po id siriba do [[Tributary state|kuasa Majapahit]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Brunei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYa6AAAAIAAJ&q=brunei+majapahit+province |title=Brunei Darussalam |publisher=Broadcasting and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office |year=2004}}</ref> om tinimungan Sulu diti nopo nga minongarangau lobi po id ponong koibutan kabaatan Borneo id Sabah.<ref>Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422.</ref> Sulu nopo nga naantahan nga Brunei nopo nga nokolulun o kuasa.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Norman Miksic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA501 |title=Ancient Southeast Asia |author2=Goh Geok Yian |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-27904-4 |page=501 |author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref> Ontok toun 1370, Brunei nopo nga minunsorong do sokodung kumaa [[Ming dynasty|Dinasti Ming]] Sina.<ref name="Chinese records">{{cite web |author1=Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho |author2=Hurng-yu Chen |date=July 2014 |title=Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case |url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509133532/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=9 May 2016 |work=[[National Chengchi University]] |publisher=NCCU Institutional Repository}}</ref><ref name="Vienne2015">{{cite book |author=Marie-Sybille de Vienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century |publisher=NUS Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-9971-69-818-8 |page=42}}</ref> [[Maharaja]] Karna mantad Borneo minongoi tombuli id [[Nanjing]] miampai do paganakan dau gisom do kinapatayan dau.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA152 |title=The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7914-2687-6 |page=152}}</ref> Iyalo nopo nga sinowolihan do tanak dau i Hsia-wang i minomorina do mangantod upa kumaa Sina ontok insan do tolu toun.<ref name="Chinese records" /><ref name="Vienne2015" /> Kalapas dii, [[Junk (ship)|tongobaluk Sina]] nopo nga rimmikot id koibutan Borneo nogititan do rampa-rampa, [[Bird nest|turu-turu dousul]], goding iyu, [[Camphor|kapur]], [[Rattan|tuai]] om [[Pearl|mutiara]].<ref name="Wise1846">{{cite book |author=Henry Wise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpBeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR10 |title=A Selection from Papers Relating to Borneo and the Proceedings at Sarāwak of James Brooke ... |publisher=publisher not identified |year=1846 |page=10}}</ref> Lobi ogumu moomomoli Sina do tuminatap id Kinabatangan, soira i noposurat id rekod Brunei om Sulu.<ref name="Chinese records" /><ref name="sabah edu">{{cite web |title=History of Sabah |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/itma135/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514040125/http://www.sabah.edu.my/itma135/history.htm |archive-date=14 May 2016 |access-date=14 May 2016 |publisher=Sabah Education Department}}</ref> Tadi tondu di [[Ong Sum Ping]] (Huang Senping), gabunur do kinoyonon Sina dii, nopo nga nansawa di [[Sultan Ahmad of Brunei]].<ref name="Chinese records" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Sultan-Sultan Brunei |trans-title=Sultans of Brunei |url=http://www.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128124306/http://www.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=Government of Brunei |language=ms}}</ref> Maya do piromutan diti, iso liwan miampai do 2,000 gulung luvang kayu, i kinituhuan do haro i 1,000 toun o umul, nopo nga noonuan id [[Agop Batu Tulug Caves|Luvang Agop Batu Tulug]] om id posorili rurumaon Kinabatangan.<ref name="coffins">{{cite web |author=Haslin Gaffor |date=10 April 2007 |title=Coffins dating back 1,000 years are found in the Kinabatangan Valley |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/10/coffins-dating-back-1000-years-are-found-in-the-kinabatangan-valley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022141115/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/10/coffins-dating-back-1000-years-are-found-in-the-kinabatangan-valley/ |archive-date=22 October 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |work=[[Bernama]] |publisher=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rozella Mahjhrin |date=30 September 2016 |title=Intriguing resting place |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/9939 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022140719/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/9939 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |work=[[New Sabah Times]] |publisher=}}</ref> Kinituhuan do koubasanan mongolu diti nopo nga ninitit di moomomoli mantad [[Mainland China|Sina]] om [[Indochina]] kumaa koibutan Borneo tu gulung luvang kayu di miagal nopo nga noonuan nogi id pogun-pogun dii.<ref name="coffins" /> Haro nogi kokito [[Chinese ceramics|poris Sina]] mantad do kapal i nolonod id [[Tip of Borneo|Tanjung Simpang Mengayau]] i kinituhuan mantad do toun 960 gisom 1127 masihi mantad Dinasti Song om [[Đông Sơn drum|Gong Vietnam Đông Sơn]] id Bukit Timbang Dayang id [[Banggi Island|Pulau Banggi]] i kiumul do 2,000 gisom 2,500 toun.<ref name="sabah info2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2015 |title=More shipwrecks lurk off Sabah |newspaper=Daily Express |url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101912 |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208132511/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101912 |archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Ooi2015">{{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcM0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Brunei: History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-65998-3 |pages=22–110 |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |via=Google Books}}</ref> Kosopuan do Sultanate Brunei om Sulu Ontok timpu kousinan di Sultan [[Bolkiah]] do Brunei pialatan toun 1485 om 1524, koponoguan sultanate nopo nga kinalabo gisom koibutan Borneo om [[Sulu Archipelago]], gisom po id ''[[Maynila (Koutonon do Sajara)|Kota Seludong]]'' (Manila do dinondo) miampai [[kosopuan]] dau do nokorikot gisom id [[Banjarmasin]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Graham Saunders |title=A history of Brunei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC&pg=PA40 |access-date=26 May 2013 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1698-2 |page=40| via= Google Books}}</ref> miampai manganu kosiwatan mantad pamaragangan ralan dapaon kalapas [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|kinalapan do Melaka di puru Portugis]].<ref name= "HoltLambton1977">{{cite book |author1=P. M. Holt |author2=Ann K. S. Lambton |author3=Bernard Lewis |title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA129 |date= 1977 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |page=129| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Watson Andaya |author2=Leonard Y. Andaya |title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |date= 2015 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88992-6 |page=159| via= Google Books}}</ref> Ogumu [[Bruneian Malay people|tulun Malayu Brunei]] do minalis kumaa Sabah ontok timpu diti, i nopo nga nokoimagon kalapas do sinalap o Brunei o kabaatan diti ontok abad ko-15.<ref name= "Brunei migration">{{cite news |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/golden-legacy/2011/10/24/search-brunei-malays-outside-brunei |title=In search of Brunei Malays outside Brunei |author= Rozan Yunos |newspaper=The Brunei Times |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514083428/http://www.bt.com.bn/golden-legacy/2011/10/24/search-brunei-malays-outside-brunei |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> Nga, maya do kobolingkaangan id suang, sangod poingisom, pangarangau id rahat om [[Western imperialism in Asia|kinoyonon do kuasa kotonobon]], Koponoguan Brunei nopo nga nokoimagon do rimmikot o kinolabaon. Tulun Eropah di kumoiso rimmikot id Brunei nopo nga puru Portugis, i minononggo do lundu ibu kota Brunei ontok dii nopo nga nipasorili do [[stone wall|dingding batu]].<ref name="HoltLambton1977"/> Puru Sepanyol nopo nga rimmikot kalapas dii, koumau no kalapas kinapatayan di [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ontok toun 1521, soira puru pangarangau dau nopo nga lumayag kumaa pulau Balambangan om Banggi id nimpunsin kabaatan Borneo; kalapas dii, ontok [[Castilian War]] toun 1578, puru Sepanyol i lumayag mantad [[New Spain]] om nanganu o Manila mantad Brunei, nopo nga monongkiwal do sangod kumaa Brunei miampai minonondulu do ibu kota diti pogulu do minonandak.<ref name="Group"/><ref name="Ooi2015"/><ref name= "Sidhu2009">{{cite book |author= Jatswan S. Sidhu |title=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bry0sOwstIMC&pg=PR53 |date= 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7078-9 |page=53| via= Google Books}}</ref> Kinoyonon Sulu nopo nga nakaanu do kinitindapuan mamasok ontok toun 1578, om minuridong do [[Sultanate of Sulu]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Trudy |last1=Ring |first2=Robert M. |last2= Salkin |first3=Sharon |last3=La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA160 |date= 1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |page=160| via= Google Books}}</ref> Soira [[Bruneian Civil War of 1660|sangod poingisom nokoimagon id Brunei]] pialatan do sultan [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin]] om [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]], Sultan Sulu nopo nga minoboros do kabaatan Borneo nopo nga doun dolo.<ref name="Sidhu2009"/><ref name="myph">{{cite web |url= [suspicious link removed] |title=Isu Pemilikan Wilayah Pantai Timur Sabah: Satu Penulusuran daripada Sumber Sejarah |trans-title=Issues of Ownership of Sabah's East Coast Region: A Study from Historical Sources |author=Eko Prayitno Joko |language=ms, en |publisher=[[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519044519/http://www.ums.edu.my/fksw/images/files/IsuPemilikanWilayahPantaiTimurSabahSatuPenelusurandaripadaSudutSumberSejarah.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2016 }}</ref> Puru Sulu nopo nga minongunsub do Sultan Muhyiddin koumau po do nabolos do patahakon o koibutan om kotonobon liau Borneo kumaa dolo sabaagi upa do sokodung dolo do minoposinggawa do sangod poingisom dii.<ref name= "Sidhu2009"/><ref name="Brunei history">{{cite book |author=Bachamiya Abdul Hussainmiya |title=Brunei: revival of 1906: a popular history |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7UuAQAAIAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Brunei Press |isbn=978-99917-32-15-2| via= Google Books}}</ref> Kinoyonon di nopo nga asis po do soira do patahakon miampai koponoguan, nga puru Sulu nopo nga poindait do kinoyonon dii nopo nga doun dolo, soira do Brunei nopo nga nokolulun om amu kapaas do manahan.<ref name="ssc">{{cite news |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims |title=Sabah and the Sulu claims |author=Rozan Yunos |newspaper=The Brunei Times |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617035533/http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims |archive-date=17 June 2014 }}</ref> Kalapas do sangod miampai Sepanyol, kinoyonon koibutan Borneo nopo nga kinalabo id siriba kosopuan do Sultanate Sulu.<ref name="Sidhu2009"/><ref name="Brunei history"/> Tulun [[Bajau people|Bajau]]-[[Tausūg people|Suluk]] om [[Illanun people]] i laku do [[Seafarers|rahat]] nopo nga rimmikot mantad Sulu Archipelago om tuminatap id disan kotonobon om koibutan Borneo,<ref>{{cite book |author=James Francis Warren |title= Iranun and Balangingi: globalization, maritime raiding and the birth of ethnicity |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w1_3-ff6u-gC&pg=PA409 |date= 2002 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-242-1 |page=409| via= Google Books}}</ref> ogumu mantad dolo nopo nga minoliod mantad kinonituhuan do [[Spanish East Indies|kolonialis Sepanyol]].<ref name="Indonesian demographic">{{cite book |title=Mencari Indonesia: demografi-politik pasca-Soeharto |trans-title=Finding Indonesia: post-Soeharto demographic politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLVTKSefAtIC&pg=PA123 |year=2007 |language=id | via= Google Books |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=978-979-799-083-1 |page=123}}</ref> Soira do sultanate thalassocratic Brunei om Sulu nopo nga mongonituhun disan kotonobon om koibutan Sabah, kinoyonon id suang nopo nga asis do mamasok mantad ko-dua koponoguan dii.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ranjit Singh |title=The Making of Sabah, 1865–1941: The Dynamics of Indigenous Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9xuAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |isbn=978-983-100-095-3| via= Google Books}}</ref> Kosopuan do [[Sultanate of Bulungan]] nopo nga okudi no id kinoyonon Tawau,<ref>{{cite book |author=R. Haller-Trost |title=The Contested Maritime and Territorial Boundaries of Malaysia: An International Law Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65VuAAAAMAAJ |date= 1998 |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=978-90-411-9652-1| via= Google Books}}</ref> i kinalabo id siriba do Sultanate Sulu pogulu do nakaanu kositindapuan sondii kalapas toun 1878 maya pialaatan piobrosan porinta British om Sepanyol.<ref>{{cite book |author=Burhan Djabier Magenda |title=East Kalimantan: The Decline of a Commercial Aristocracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9T74ges6DIC&pg=PT42 |year=2010 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-602-8397-21-6 |page=42| via= Google Books}}</ref> ===Mongibutan ii Britih id Borneo=== {{main|North Borneo Chartered Company|North Borneo|Madrid Protocol of 1885}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Concession of Sabah (Brunei) 1877.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Piobrosan konsesi di kumoiso nopo nga niusul di Sultan [[Abdul Momin]] mantad Brunei ontok 29 Momuhau 1877.<ref name="century"/> | image2 = Concession of Sabah (Sulu) 1878.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Piobrosan konsesi di ko-dua nopo nga niusul di Sultan [[Jamal ul-Azam]] mantad Sulu ontok 22 Milatok 1878.<ref name="ssc"/> | caption_align = center | header = Konsesi Sabah }} Ontok toun 1761, [[Alexander Dalrymple]], songulun upisir mantad British [[East India Company]], nopo nga minunsuid piobrosan miampai Sultan Sulu montok mangunsub dau do mangasil pos dagang id koibutan Borneo, sundung do diti nopo nga asis do nokoindapu.<ref>{{cite book |author= Howard T. Fry |title=Alexander Dalrymple (1737–1808) and the Expansion of British Trade |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=flfYsDjH_M4C&pg=PA72 |access-date=25 May 2013 |year=1970 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-2594-2 |page=68–| via= Google Books}}</ref> Kalapas do [[British occupation of Manila]] ontok toun 1763, puru British nopo nga minoposinggawa di Sultan [[Azim ud-Din I (Sulu)|Alimuddin]] mantad Sulu mantad puru Sepanyol om pinaharo dau do muli kumaa tahta dau;<ref name="Sulu Archipelago">{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/stream/ahz9503.0001.001.umich.edu#page/29/mode/1up/search/British |title=The Sulu Archipelago and its people |author= Sixto Y. Orosa |publisher=Yonkers on Hudson, N. Y., World Book Company, [[University of Michigan]]| via= Internet Archive |year=1931 |access-date=26 August 2016 |page=29}}</ref> diti nopo nga kinituhuan di tulun Sulu om ontok toun 1765, Dalrymple nopo nga nakaanu do [[Balambangan Island|Pulau Balambangan]] id disan kabaatan Borneo, kalapas do nakaanu Piobrosan Piromutan om Pamaragangan miampai Sultan Alimuddin sabaagi tanda do kotoluadan montok sokodung British.<ref name="Brunei history"/><ref name="Sulu Archipelago"/> Iso kilang okoro British nopo nga kinalabo ontok toun 1773 id pulau dii.<ref name= "Brunei history"/> Puru British nopo nga minononggo do pulau dii nopo nga kinoyonon di otopot montok mongonituhun ralan pamaragangan id Ponong Timur, i kabaas do popoalih pamaragangan mantad pelabuhan Sepanyol id [[Manila]] om pelabuhan Belanda id [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] lobi po miampai kinoyonon strategik dau id pialatan do [[Rahat Sina Selatan]] om [[Rahat Sulu]].<ref name="Brunei history"/> Nga puru British nopo nga minonandak o pulau dii duo toun kalapas dii soira [[Pangarangau Sulu]] nopo nga nokoimagon do monongkiwal.<ref name="sabah edu"/> Diti nopo nga minongunsub do British do minoliod id Brunei ontok toun 1774, om minopiiso do pangarangau dolo montok mogihum kinoyonon suai montok kilang dii.<ref name="Brunei history"/> Sundung do haro pangarangau ontok toun 1803 montok poposiliu do Balambangan sabaagi stesen militer,<ref name="sabah edu"/> puru British nopo nga asis do minuridong po kawagu pos dagang suai id kinoyonon dii gisom soira i [[Stamford Raffles]] [[Minonuridong do Singapura]] ontok toun 1819.<ref name="Brunei history"/> Ontok toun 1846, Sultan Brunei nopo nga minanahak do pulau [[Labuan]] id disan kotonobon Sabah kumaa Britain maya do [[Treaty of Labuan|Piobrosan Labuan]], om ontok toun 1848, Labuan nopo nga nosiliu do [[Koloni Mahkota British]].<ref name="sabah edu"/> Soira nokokito kinoyonon British id Labuan, konsul Amerika id Brunei, i Claude Lee Moses, nopo nga nakaanu kosiwatan do pajakan hopod toun ontok toun 1865 montok liau tana id koibutan Borneo. Moses nopo nga pinatahak o tana dii kumaa [[American Trading Company of Borneo]], i doun di [[Joseph William Torrey]], [[Thomas Bradley Harris]] om moomomoli mantad Sina.<ref name="sabah edu"/><ref name="Fitzgerald2016"/> Kompani dii nopo nga minoniliu do [[Kimanis]] (i nisinowolihan o ngaran sabaagi "Ellena") sabaagi kinoyonon pononong rurumaon. Pongunsuban kousinan mantad porinta US nopo nga asis do amu nokoimagon om rurumaon dii nopo nga tinandak kalapas dii. Pogulu iyalo minogidu, Torrey nopo nga nakaanu do papadagang oinsanan hak dau kumaa Konsul Austria id Hong Kong, [[Gustav Overbeck|Gustav von Overbeck]]. Overbeck nopo nga minongoi id Brunei, soira iyalo nakatubun di [[Temenggong]] montok popobagu do [[pajakan konsesi]].<ref name="Fitzgerald2016"/> Brunei nopo nga minomorina do manahak oinsanan kinoyonon id koibutan Borneo i id siriba kosopuan dau, miampai Sultan nopo nga nakaanu pambayaran monikid toun sogumu 12,000 [[dolar Sepanyol]], soira Temenggong nopo nga nakaanu sogumu 3,000.<ref name="Brunei history"/> Ontok toun 1872, Sultanate Sulu nopo nga minanahak kosiwatan do momoguno liau tana id Teluk Sandakan kumaa William Frederick Schuck, i koumau po sabaagi mamasok upisir konsular Jerman i tuminatap id pulau Sulu, [[Jolo]] mantad toun 1864. Korikoton do kapal sangod Jerman {{SMS|Nymphe|1863|6}} id Rahat Sulu ontok toun 1872 montok monginsisait [[Spanish–Moro conflict|sangod Sulu-Sepanyol]] nopo nga minaharo do sultanate do kinituhuan i Schuck nopo nga kapiromut miampai [[Government of Germany|porinta Jerman]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Leigh R. Wright |title=The Origins of British Borneo |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9SzxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 |date= 1988 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-213-6 |page=134| via= Google Books}}</ref> Sultanate nopo nga minanahak kosiwatan kumaa Schuck do monuridong pos dagang montok mongonituhun pamaragangan [[tuai]] id disan koibutan kotonobon, soira Schuck nopo nga kabaas do gumawo miampai olingas, amu kinitindapuan do nunu nopo pongantahan Sepanyol.<ref>{{cite book |author= James Francis Warren |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_UyVI5IxcjIC&pg=PA114 |year=1981 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-004-5 |pages=114–122| via= Google Books}}</ref> Iyalo nopo nga minopoilantur ginawo diti gisom tana diti nopo nga nipatahak nogi kumaa Overbeck, miampai Sultan nopo nga nakaanu pambayaran monikid toun $5,000, maya piobrosan i niosul ontok toun 1878.<ref name="Brunei history"/> Kalapas do siri pongolihan hak, Overbeck nopo nga minonolua do papadagang kinoyonon dii kumaa [[Koponoguan Jerman]], [[Austria-Hungary]] om [[Kingdom of Italy|Koponoguan Itali]] nga oinsanan dolo nopo nga minogingkur do boros dau.<ref name="Fitzgerald2016"/> Overbeck kalapas dii nopo nga miniadang miampai Dent kiobpinai mantad British ([[Alfred Dent]] om Edward Dent) montok sokodung kousinan do popoburu tana dii, miampai kompani Dent nopo nga minonongkiwal dau do oinsanan moomomoli nopo nga masi do kigoos do sokodung militer om diplomatik British.<ref name="Fitzgerald2016"/> Overbeck nopo nga minomorina do piadang diti, lobi po soira do haro piobrosan suai mantad Sultan Sulu, i soboogian mantad kinoyonon dau id Sulu Archipelago nopo nga kinitindapuan di Sepanyol.<ref name="Fitzgerald2016"/> Nga, Overbeck nopo nga minonandak ontok toun 1879 om hak piobrosan dau nopo nga nipatahak kumaa Alfred Dent, i minuridong do North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd ontok toun 1881 montok mongonituhun kinoyonon dii.<ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Alfred Fisher |title= South-East Asia: A Social, Economic and Political Geography |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dHsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA147 |access-date=26 May 2013 |year=1966 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page= 147 |id=GGKEY:NTL3Y9S0ACC| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=J. M. Gullick |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |year= 1967 |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages= 148–149| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Keat Gin Ooi |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor. R–Z. volume three |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA251 |access-date=26 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |page=251| via= Google Books}}</ref> Ontok toun kalapas dii, [[Kudat]] nopo nga nosiliu do ibu kota, nga tu sabaagi asis sangod pangarangau rahat, ibu kota nopo nga niali kumaa [[Sandakan]] ontok toun 1884.<ref name="Hutton2000"/> Montok mongontok kobolingkaangan suai, porinta United Kingdom, Sepanyol om Jerman nopo nga nio usul o [[Madrid Protocol of 1885]], i minonimporok do kedaulatan [[Raja Sepanyol]] id liau Sulu Archipelago sabaagi pambalasan do minonandak oinsanan pongunsuban Sepanyol id koibutan Borneo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf |title=British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1885) |author=British Government | work= lawnet.sabah.gov.my |publisher= Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers) |year= 1885 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195606/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Korikoton do kompani nopo nga minongoit do kinoburuan kumaa mogigion id koibutan Borneo, miampai kompani nopo nga mangunsub do mamasok mamasok do papadalan koubasanan gaya puru dolo, nga pinaharo do kooturan sangod monongkiwal [[misangod]], [[ethnic conflict|pisangadan tinaru]], [[pamaragangan tulun]], om pangarangau rahat.<ref name="Skutsch2013"/><ref name="bnbm"/> Borneo Koibutan kalapas dii nopo nga nosiliu do [[negeri naungan]] United Kingdom ontok toun 1888 sundung do haro pioboroson monongkiwal mantad toun 1894 gisom 1900 di [[Pogunuhupan Mat Salleh|Mat Salleh]] om [[Antanum]] ontok toun 1915.<ref name="sabah edu"/><ref name="bnbm"/> ===Sangod Pomogunan Ko-duo=== {{main|Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)|Japanese occupation of British Borneo|Battle of North Borneo}} [[File:Japanese civilians and soldiers, Tawao (AWM 121707).JPG|thumb|[[Japanese prisoners of war in World War II|Sipisina om soudor Jipun]] pogulu yolo pinalugud kumaa id Jesselton kalapas do minonandak kumaa [[Second Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] (AIF) id [[Tawau]] ontok 21 visual Milau 1945]] Tinimungan soudor Jipun nopo nga tuminindapou id Labuan ontok 3 Milatok 1942,<ref>{{cite book| author=Gordon L. Rottman|title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA206|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31395-0|page=206}}</ref> ontok timpu [[Second World War|Sangod Pomogunan Ko-duo]], om kalapas dii nopo nga minongarangau oinsanan koibutan Borneo.<ref name="sabah edu"/> Mantad toun 1942 gisom 1945, tinimungan Jipun nopo nga minonituhun Borneo Koibutan, miampai kogumuan soboogian pulau suai, sabaagi soboogian mantad [[Empire of Japan|Koponoguan Jipun]]. Puru British nopo nga minononggo do kinorikoton Jipun id kinoyonon diti nopo nga tu haro kousinan politik om kinalabo tana, lobi ko mantad kousinan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Takashi Shiraishi |title=The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mfCzrbOn80C&pg=PA54 |date= 1993 |publisher=SEAP Publications |isbn=978-0-87727-402-5 |page=54| via= Google Books}}</ref> Puru British om mamasok mamasok di tuminatap id dii nopo nga pinilit do mumboyo om monahan do kowoyo-woyoon di tongo-araat mantad Jipun.<ref name="Three Came Home">{{cite AV media |people=[[Claudette Colbert]], [[Patric Knowles]] |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=W5dNa0O18wQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/W5dNa0O18wQ| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status= live|title=Three Came Home (Full Movie) |publisher=20th Century Fox |date=20 February 1950|medium=video |time=00:12:55}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kinonituhuan diti nopo nga minongunsub do ogumu tulun mantad kakadaian disan rahat do minalis kumaa id suang puru, tu minoliod mantad Jipun om mogihum taakanon.<ref name="Lim2008">{{cite book |author= Regina Lim |title=Federal-state Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM4HifRARgYC&pg=PA36 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-812-2 |pages=36–84| via= Google Books}}</ref> Tulun [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malayu]] nopo nga kinituhuan do lobi opian di Jipun, sundung do haro nogi mantad dolo i nokokinonggo do araat, soira tinimungan suai miagal do tulun Sina om tinaru mamasok nopo nga nioaraat miampai lobi opian.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The 'Slapping Monster' and Other Stories: Recollections of the Japanese Occupation (1941–1945) of Borneo through Autobiographies, Biographies, Memoirs, and Other Ego-documents |author=Keat Gin Ooi |journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History |year=2006 |volume=7 |issue=3 |doi=10.1353/cch.2007.0009|s2cid=162251646 }}</ref> Tulun Sina nopo nga koumau no monongkiwal do kinonituhuan Jipun, lobi po soira haro [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sangod Sina-Jipun Ko-duo]] id liau pogun Sina.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=20072301 |title=Anti-Japanese Activities in North Borneo before World War Two, 1937–1941 |author=Danny Wong Tze Ken |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |date= February 2001 |pages=93–105|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000042 |s2cid=162477885 }}</ref> Tulun Sina mamasok nopo nga minuridong do piadang monongkiwal, i ointutunan sabaagi Kinabalu Guerillas, i nimburuan di [[Albert Kwok]], miampai sokodung oinggat mantad mogisuusuai tinaru id koibutan Borneo miagal do tulun [[Dusun people|Dusun]], Murut, Suluk om Illanun. Piadang diti nopo nga nisokodung nogi di [[Mustapha Harun]].<ref name="Gin2010">{{cite book |author=Keat Gin Ooi |title=The A to Z of Malaysia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVViEJmN99kC&pg=PA214 |year= 2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4616-7199-2 |page= 214| via= Google Books}}</ref> Kwok miampai ogumu suai i nioadang nopo nga niohukum mati kalapas do Jipun nokoimagon do minopiiso o piadang diti id [[Jesselton Revolt]].<ref name= "Lim2008"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Keat Gin Ooi |title=The Japanese Occupation of Borneo, 1941–45 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg_HBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |date= 2010 |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-96309-4 |page=164| via= Google Books}}</ref> Sabaagi soboogian mantad [[Borneo campaign|kempen Borneo]] montok nanganu kawagu o liau tana dii, [[Allies of World War II|tinimungan Bersekutu]] nopo nga minonolob do tongo-bom kumaa kogumuan kakadaian agayo id siriba kosopuan Jipun, miampai nokoinsasapak o Sandakan gisom nosiliu do tana. Tinimungan Jipun nopo nga minonuridong do kinoyonon nipisina sangod di araat kopio i ointutunan sabaagi [[Sandakan camp|Kem Sandakan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Y.|title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes In World War II|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-72089-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWClDwAAQBAJ|access-date=24 January 2025|page=13}}</ref> Kogumuan do sipisina sangod (POW) nopo nga soudor British om Australia i nokoindapu kalapas do [[Malayan campaign|kinalapan do Melaya]] om [[Fall of Singapore|Singapura]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jane Bickersteth |author2=Amanda Hinton |title=Malaysia & Singapore Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5cuAQAAIAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |isbn=978-0-8442-4909-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/pow/general_info/ |title=General information about Australian prisoners of the Japanese |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516160045/https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/pow/general_info/ |archive-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> Sipisina nopo nga nokosolowot do kowoyo-woyoon di amu otopot sabaagi tulun, om id pialatan do pamboman tinimungan Bersekutu di amu piniiso, Jipun nopo nga minonolua dolo do mamanau pamanahon gisom id [[Ranau District|Ranau]], kinituong soginayo {{Convert|260|km|mi}}, id suang do kinoyonon i ointutunan sabaagi [[Sandakan Death March|Pamanahon Kinapatayan Sandakan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/stolenyears/ww2/japan/sandakan/ |title=World War II > Japan > Sandakan |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514085305/https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/stolenyears/ww2/japan/sandakan/ |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> Ginumu sipisina nopo nga nokurangi gisom 2,345, soira ogumu mantad dolo nopo nga napatai id ralan maya do [[friendly fire]] toi ko' maya do Jipun sondii. Onom no mantad do ratusan soudor Australia i nakaanu do nakaguli gisom do naawi o sangod dii.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/behindwire/story_marches.html |title=The Marches |work=Government of Australia |publisher=Australia's War 1939–1945 |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315232746/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/behindwire/story_marches.html |archive-date=15 March 2017 }}</ref> Suai ko dii, mantad oinsanan 17,488 tulun laku [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]] i nioit di Jipun ontok timpu kinonituhuan dii, 1,500 no i nakaanu do nakaguli lobi po tu nokoindapu do nansampit, kowoyo-woyoon laku di asis om pangarangau di araat.<ref name="Lim2008"/> Ontok Mansak 1945, tinimungan Australia nopo nga minonuridong do [[Operation Agas]] montok mongobi do habar id kinoyonon dii om monuridong do sangod gerila monongkiwal Jipun.<ref name= "AWM">{{cite journal |last1=Gin |first1= Ooi Keat |title=Prelude to Invasion: Covert Operations Before the Re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944–45 |journal=[[Journal of the Australian War Memorial]] |date= October 2002 |issue=37 |url= https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/borneo.asp#84 |access-date=2 November 2014 |issn=1327-0141}}</ref> [[Second Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Forces]] nopo nga nokoimagon do [[Battle of North Borneo|Sangod Borneo Koibutan]] ontok 10 Mahas 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prelude to invasion: covert operations before the re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944-45 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/journal/j37/borneo |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[Australian War Memorial]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Lynette Ramsay Silver |title=Blood Brothers: Sabah and Australia, 1942–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2ajYgEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Opus Publications |isbn=978-983-3987-39-9| via= Google Books}}</ref> Soudor Jipun i asis po nopo nga minonandak ontok 2 Manom 1945, kalapas do [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|pamboman atom id Hiroshima om Nagasaki]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Military History of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-511-48134-5 |edition=3rd |page=191}}</ref> ===Koloni Mahkota British=== {{main|Crown Colony of North Borneo}} Kalapas do minonandak o Jipun, Borneo Koibutan nopo nga nionituhun di [[British Military Administration (Borneo)|Pentadbiran Tentera British]] om ontok 15 Mite 1946 nosiliu do [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|Koloni Mahkota British]].<ref name="sabah edu"/><ref name="cc">{{cite news |url= http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/95540217 |title=British North Borneo Becomes Crown Colony |page=1 |work=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |publisher=[[Trove]] |date=18 July 1946 |access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> [[Crown Colony of Labuan|Koloni Mahkota Labuan]] nopo nga nianu do sumuang id koloni wagu diti. Ontok karamayan dii, koduo-duo pongulon [[Union Jack]] om [[Flag of the Republic of China|Bondira Republik Sina]] nopo nga nipa-kakada mantad rurumaon Jesselton Survey Hall i koumau po kitoru sangod.<ref name="cc"/> Tulun Sina nopo nga nisowoli di Philip Lee, songulun puru piadang monongkiwal Jipun i ontok do kolimpupuson nopo nga monokodung do pongolihan kuasa kumaa koloni Mahkota dii.<ref name="cc"/> Iyalo nopo nga minoboros: "Paharoon no do raa dolo diti sabaagi dandi do nunu i masi dati do dadi—rakyat di lobi opian kumaa [[George VI|Majestic Baginda]]."<ref name="cc"/> Tu haro kinunsuman di agayo kopio id Sandakan ontok timpu sangod, Jesselton nopo nga nipili montok monowoli do ibu kota soira do Mahkota British poindait do mamarintah Borneo Koibutan gisom toun 1963. Porinta koloni Mahkota nopo nga minuridong do mogisuusuai jabatan montok mongobi do kosinggawaan mogigion dolo om montok popoburu kawagu ekonomi Borneo Koibutan kalapas do sangod dii.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elibrary.pps-unipasby.ac.id/files/disk1/1/jtppsunipasby--ismailali-4-1-sosiohum-t.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607141206/http://elibrary.pps-unipasby.ac.id/files/disk1/1/jtppsunipasby--ismailali-4-1-sosiohum-t.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2015 |author=Ismail Ali |title=The Role and Contribution of the British Administration and the Capitalist in the North Borneo Fishing Industry, 1945–63 |publisher=Pascasarjana Unipa Surabaya |access-date=22 April 2015 }}</ref> Soira [[Susuyan do Filipina (1946–1965)|Filipina nakaanu mamasok ontok toun 1946]], turu mantad [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Penyu]] i id siriba kosopuan British (kaampai no [[Mapun, Tawi-Tawi|Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi]] om [[Mangsee Islands]]) id disan koibutan Borneo nopo nga nipatahak kumaa Filipina soira nioboros do porinta koloni Amerika om British.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KhpAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5187%2C4623468 |title=Treaty over Turtle Islands |author=Charles P. Williamson |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=30 July 1929 |access-date=17 May 2016| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Peter C. Richards |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19471206&id=Sf5UAAAAIBAJ&pg=4610,725646&hl=en |title=New Flag Over Pacific Paradise |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=6 December 1947 |access-date=22 October 2015| via= Google Books}}</ref> ===Malaysia=== {{main|Malaysia Agreement|20-point agreement|Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation}} [[File:Sabah during the formation of Malaysia (16 September 1963).jpg|thumb|left|[[Fuad Stephens|Donald Stephens]] (ponong gibang) momboros do kinonuridongan Persekutuan Malaysia id [[Merdeka Square, Kota Kinabalu|Padang Merdeka]], Jesselton ontok 16 Manom 1963. Miampai dau nopo nga [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|Kumoduo Perdana Menteri Malaysia]] ontok dii, [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]] (ponong wanan) om [[Mustapha Harun]] (ko-duo mantad wanan).]] Ontok 31 Magus 1963, Borneo Koibutan [[Sabah Day|nakaanu porinta sondii]].<ref name="tna1">{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10991834|title=The National Archives DO 187/31 (Declarations of independence by Sarawak, Sabah and Singapore)|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|year=1963|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="tna2">{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C760803 |title=The National Archives DO 169/254 (Constitutional issues in respect of North Borneo and Sarawak on joining the federation) |publisher=The National Archives |date=1961–1963 |access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Philip Mathews |title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |date=28 February 2014 |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |isbn=978-967-10617-4-9 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Frans Welman |title=Borneo Trilogy Volume 1: Sabah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glG-WBH8hkQC&pg=PA159 |access-date=28 May 2013 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=978-616-245-078-5 |page=159|date=9 March 2017 }}</ref> [[Cobbold Commission|Komisyen Cobbold]] nopo nga kinalabo ontok toun 1962, montok moningkayap do mamasok Sabah om Sarawak nopo nga monokodung do piobrosan persekutuan wagu i ointutunan sabaagi Malaysia, om nokoindapu do piobrosan di nopo nga nisokodung do kogumuan mamasok.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C12304501 |title=Sarawak: Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold Commission) |publisher=The National Archives |date=1962 |access-date=16 May 2016| via= discovery.national archives.gov.uk}}</ref> Kogumuan lundu tinaru mamasok id Sabah, miagal do [[Mustapha Harun]] i monowoli mamasok Muslim, [[Fuad Stephens|Donald Stephens]] i monowoli mamasok amu-Muslim, om Khoo Siak Chew i monowoli tulun Sina, nopo nga monokodung do piobrosan dii.<ref name="Gin2010"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Edwin Lee |title= The Towkays of Sabah: Chinese Leadership and Indigenous Challenge in the Last Phase of British Rule |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W4QKAQAAIAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Singapore University Press| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=P. J. Granville-Edge |title=The Sabahan: the life & death of Tun Fuad Stephens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Family of the late Tun Fuad Stephens|isbn=978-983-40114-0-6 }}</ref> Kalapas do piobrosan i nokohulit id suang [[Malaysia Agreement|Piobrosan Malaysia]] om [[20-point agreement|Piobrosan 20 Perkara]], ontok 16 Manom 1963 Borneo Koibutan (sabaagi Sabah) nopo nga niiso miampai Malaya, Sarawak om Singapura, montok monuridong Malaysia i mamasok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm |title=Trust and Non-self governing territories |publisher= United Nations |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183847/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm |archive-date=3 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033119/http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> ====Gayang Malaysia==== Pogulu nianu o Malaysia gisom toun 1966, [[Indonesia]] nopo nga minoguno do kopolosian di amu osonong kumaa Malaya i nisokodung di British, i minononituhun do [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia]] soira do Malaysia nokoimagon.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bryan Perrett |title=British Military History For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6-ZD9l6bIC&pg=PA402 |date= 2007 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-06191-6 |page=402| via= Google Books}}</ref> Sangod diti nopo nga nokoimagon mantad nunu i kinituhuan di Presiden Indonesia [[Sukarno]] sabaagi pinalabang kosopuan British id kinoyonon diti om ginawo dau montok mongobi oinsanan Borneo id siriba do konsep [[Greater Indonesia|Indonesia Raya]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Center for Strategic Intelligence Research (U.S.) |title=A Muslim archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tm8tSwyTa7AC&pg=PA19 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-086920-4 |page= 19|year=2007 }}</ref> Id timpu dii nogi, [[Philippines|Filipina]], nokoimagon miampai Presiden [[Diosdado Macapagal]] ontok 22 Mahas 1962, nopo nga [[North Borneo dispute|minogunsub do Sabah]] maya mamasok mantad Sultanate Sulu.<ref name="PH claim"/><ref name="PH claim research"/> Macapagal nopo nga minononggo do Sabah sabaagi doun Sultanate Sulu, om minononggo do piobrosan Sabah, Sarawak om Brunei suang Federation of Malaysia sabaagi "pangarangau do mamilit kuasa Malaya kumaa pogun-pogun diti".<ref name="PH claim"/> Kalapas do Malaysia nokoimagon miampai osonong, Donald Stephens nopo nga nosiliu do Ketua Menteri Sabah di kumoiso. [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara#Sabah|Yang di-Pertua Negara]] (i nisinowolihan o ngaran sabaagi [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] ontok 1976) di kumoiso nopo nga i Mustapha Harun.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Great Britain. Colonial Office |author2= Malaysia |author3=Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations |title=Malaysia: agreement concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gs-AQAAIAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=H. M. Stationery Off.}}</ref> Lundu-lundu id Sabah nopo nga minogunsub do [[freedom of religion|kosinggawaan ugama]] dolo masi do nio-onituhun, oinsanan tana id kinoyonon dii masi do id siriba kuasa porinta pogun, om koubasanan tinaru mamasok masi do nio-onituhun di porinta persekutuan; miampai dandi do rakyat Sabah nopo nga manahak do kosinggawaan dolo kumaa porinta persekutuan Malaysia. Iso [[Keningau Oath Stone|Watu Sumpah]] nopo nga nio-usik di Donald Stephens ontok 31 Magus 1964 id [[Keningau]] sabaagi pongingatan do dandi om piobrosan montok toun-toun masi do rimbatson.<ref name="oath stone story"/> Sabah nopo nga minanindapou pomilihan pogun di kumoiso ontok toun 1967.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=2642463 |title=Patterns and Peculiarities of Voting in Sabah, 1967 |author1=R. S. Milne |author2=K. J. Ratnam |journal= Asian Survey| date=May 1969 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=373–381 |doi= 10.2307/2642463}}</ref> Ontok toun dii nogi, ngaran ibu kota pogun nopo nga nio-sinowolihan mantad "Jesselton" kumaa "[[Kota Kinabalu]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corporate.tourism.gov.my/mediacentre.asp?page=feature_malaysia&subpage=archive&news_id=57 |title=Sabah – Lest We Forget |publisher=Tourism Malaysia |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801182717/http://corporate.tourism.gov.my/mediacentre.asp?page=feature_malaysia&pagemode=search&news_id=57&subpage= |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}</ref> ====''Double Six Tragedy''==== Iso [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|kinatunggan kapal tulud]] ontok 6 Mahas 1976 nopo nga minamatay di Stephens miampai apat suai menteri kabinet pogun.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/04/05/past-air-crashes-that-involved-vips/ |title=Past air crashes that involved VIPs |author=Arfa Yunus |newspaper=[[The Rakyat Post]] |date=5 April 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724213500/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/04/05/past-air-crashes-that-involved-vips/ |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref> Ontok 14 Mahas 1976, porinta [[government of Sabah|pogun Sabah]] i nimburuan di Ketua Menteri wagu, [[Harris Salleh]] nopo nga niosul o piobrosan miampai [[Petronas]], kompani tana om gas doun porinta persekutuan, i manahak hak montok mangasil om mangunsub kousinan mantad petroleum i nio-indapu id rahat Sabah miampai pambalasan 5% kousinan monikid toun sabaagi [[royalties|royalti]] tumanud do Akta Kemajuan Petroleum 1974.<ref name="KincaidShah2007"/> Porinta pogun Sabah nopo nga minanahak [[Labuan]] kumaa porinta persekutuan Malaysia, om Labuan nopo nga nosiliu do [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Wilayah Persekutuan]] ontok 16 Ngiop 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dvs.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=01e32808-0a2b-4369-9747-2021f14012c9&groupId=16746 |title= Laws of Malaysia A585 Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1984 |work= dvs.gov.my | publisher= Department of Veterinary Services, Government of Malaysia |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050631/http://www.dvs.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=01e32808-0a2b-4369-9747-2021f14012c9&groupId=16746 |archive-date=29 April 2014 }}</ref> Ontok toun 2000, ibu kota pogun Kota Kinabalu nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi [[city status|bandaraya]], i poposiliu dau sabaagi [[List of cities in Malaysia|bandaraya ko-6 id Malaysia]] om bandaraya di kumoiso id pogun diti.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106515 |title= Remembering Jesselton's birth |newspaper= Daily Express |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514081304/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106515 |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> Pogulu do haro [[Ligitan and Sipadan dispute|kobolingkaangan tana]] pialatan Indonesia om Malaysia mantad toun 1969 kokomoi duo pulau [[Ligitan]] om [[Sipadan]] id Rahat Celebes, [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) nopo nga minanahak kooturan kolimpupuson montok manahak koduo-duo pulau dii kumaa Malaysia ontok toun 2002 tumanud do "kinonituhuan di nokoimagon".<ref name="Justice2003"/><ref name="court result"/> ====Lahad Datu 2013==== Ontok Mansak 2013, [[Lahad Datu (Wataso)|Wataso Lahad Datu]] id Sabah nopo nga [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff|kinitindapuan]] do tulun-tulun i tumanud di [[Jamalul Kiram III]], songulun i minononituhun sondii sabaagi [[List of sultans of Sulu|Sultan]] [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]. Sabaagi pambalasan, tinimungan militer Malaysia nopo nga nipasobog kumaa kinoyonon dii, i minongoit do 72 kinapatayan (56 puru sangod Sultanate, siam puru kosinggawaan Malaysia, om onom tulun mamasok). Kalapas do naawi o tinimungan sangod dii, [[Eastern Sabah Security Command]] (ESSCOM) nopo nga kinalabo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Najib |first1=Najiah |title=Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013 |url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/lahad-datu-invasion-painful-memory-2013-27579 |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=[[Astro Awani]] |date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203634/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/lahad-datu-invasion-painful-memory-2013-27579 |archive-date=9 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LD 2013">{{cite web |last1=Poling |first1=Gregory |last2=DePadua |first2=Phoebe |last3=Frentasia |first3=Jennifer |title=The Royal Army of Sulu Invades Malaysia |url= https://www.csis.org/analysis/royal-army-sulu-invades-malaysia |website= [[Center for Strategic & International Studies]] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101424/https://www.csis.org/analysis/royal-army-sulu-invades-malaysia |archive-date=8 March 2021 |date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PLD 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/25/after-six-years-police-commandos-shed-light-on-lahad-datu-incursion/1726688|title=After six years, police commandos shed light on Lahad Datu incursion|last=Bunyan|first=John|work=Malay Mail|date=25 February 2019|access-date=24 January 2025|quote=The Lahad Datu standoff reportedly saw a total of 68 deaths, including 56 from the Sulu sultanate, nine from the Malaysian authorities and six civilians.}}</ref> == Siasat ''(Politics)'' == === Porinta === {{see also|Government of Sabah|Cabinet of Sabah|Sabah State Legislative Assembly|Politics of Malaysia|Table of precedence of Sabah}} [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg|thumb|right|Bangunan Pentadbiran Negeri Sabah (wanantai), id likud nopo nga Wisma Innoprise (gibang)]] Sabah (miampai Sarawak) kigoos do autonomi di lobi akawas id suang pentadbiran, imigresen, om oisaman (judiciary) i popisuai do pogun diti mantad pogun-pogun id Semenanjung Malaysia. [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] nopo nga [[ulu pogun]] sundung tu tonggongon dau nopo nga lobi kumaa seremonial.<ref name="state government structure"/> Id siriba dau nopo nga [[Dewan Undangan Negeri Sabah|Dewan Undangan Negeri]] om kabinet negeri.<ref name="Group"/><ref name="state government structure"/> [[Chief Minister of Sabah|Boyoon Montiri]] nopo nga [[ulu porinta]] om nogi boyoon montok kabinet negeri.<ref name="state government structure"/> Porintah diti tumanud do [[Westminster system]] id nombo Boyoon Montiri nopo nga nio-onituhun tumanud do koinawaan dau do monondig do sokodung majoriti id dewan undangan negeri.<ref name="Group"/><ref name="knight"/> Soira kousinan mamasok nopo nga nio-onituhun do porinta negeri tu tadau pialaan mamasok nopo nga nio-tonggoron do porinta persekutuan. Ponguhudan kokomoi pialaan negeri nopo nga id siriba kuasa persekutuan.<ref name="Group"/> Dewan diti nopo nga miongon id Kota Kinabalu. Puru dewan undangan negeri nopo nga nio-pili mantad 73 kinoyonon pialaan (constituencies) i nio-onituhun do [[Election Commission of Malaysia|Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia]].<ref name="seats"/> Pialaan tagayo (general election) montok dewan undangan negeri nopo nga nio-imagon tikid limo toun. Sabah nogi nopo nga kigoos do 25 puru id [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parlimen Malaysia]]. Pogulu nokoimagon o Malaysia ontok toun 1963, porinta sementara North Borneo nopo nga kigoos do monuul do [[20-point agreement|Puranas 20 Titik]] kumaa porinta Malaya sabaagi syarat pogulu North Borneo mansawo do federasi. Kalapas dii, dewan undangan North Borneo nopo nga mansawo do Malaysia miampai syarat hak-hak North Borneo nopo nga nio-tomod. North Borneo nopo nga mansawo do Malaysia sabaagi pogun [[Autonomous entity|autonomi]] miampai undang-undang autonomi id suang imigresen om [[Aboriginal title|Native Customary Rights]] (NCR), om ngaran wilayah diti nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi "Sabah". Sundung tu do yalo, id siriba pentadbiran [[United Sabah National Organisation]] (USNO) i boyoon do Mustapha Harun, autonomi diti nopo nga nokoirak-irak tu koinawaan persekutuan. Haro nogi kowoyowoyon id pialatan tulun Sabah dot USNO om UMNO nopo nga kigoos do mansawo montok papasuang do [[Illegal immigrants in Malaysia|tulun nokoongkos]] mantad kabaatan [[Filipina]] om [[Indonesia]] montok sumiliu puru pialaan (voters).<ref name="Sadiq2008"/> Kowoyowoyon diti nopo nga nio-onituhun nogi ontok pentadbiran [[Sabah People's United Front]] (BERJAYA) i boyoon do Harris Salleh miampai 73,000 [[Refugees of the Philippines|pelarian Filipina]] nio-daftar.<ref name="berjaya refugees"/> Suai ko' dii, kointutunan pulau Labuan kumaa porinta persekutuan om kousinan petroleum i au pointulid nopo nga poposiliu do kowoyowoyon anti-persekutuan om pialatan nopo nga kigoos do monuul montok [[secession|kosuayan]] mantad federasi.<ref name="Lim2008"/> [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg|thumb|left|Bangunan Dewan Undangan Negeri Sabah id Kota Kinabalu]] Gisom [[Malaysian general election, 2008|pialaan tagayo 2008]], Sabah miampai Kelantan om Terengganu nopo nga tolu pogun id Malaysia i kigoos do nio-boyoon do [[Opposition (Malaysia)|parti pembangkang]]. Id siriba do [[Joseph Pairin Kitingan]], PBS nopo nga nokosiliu porinta negeri kalapas nakangaran do [[Sabah state election, 1985|pialaan negeri 1985]] gisom toun 1994. Ontok [[Sabah state election, 1994|pialaan negeri 1994]], sundung tu PBS nakangaran, haro pialatan puru PBS i mansawo do BN i poposiliu do BN sabaagi majoriti om nakasuang do porinta negeri.<ref name="boon kheng"/> Iso kowoyowoyon unik id siasat Sabah nopo nga polisi "rotation" (pogulian) boyoon montiri tikid duo toun i nio-onituhun do Mahathir Mohamad ontok 1994, montok monondig do tikid tinaru tagayo kigoos do timpu mamarinta pogun.<ref name="chin kin wah"/> Sundung tu dii, sistem diti nopo nga nio-tonggoron tu au oulud montok kapamansayan ralan tadau di anaru.<ref name="weiss"/> {{multiple image | align = right | direction = | width = | image1 = Penampang Sabah Musa-Aman-during-Kaamatan-2014-01.jpg | width1 = 100 | alt1 = Juhar Mahiruddin | caption1 = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]], [[Juhar Mahiruddin]] | link1 = Juhar Mahiruddin | image2 = Hajiji Noor.png | width2 = 128 | alt2 = Hajiji Noor | caption2 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Sabah|Boyoon Montiri]], [[Hajiji Noor]] | link2 = Hajiji Noor | total_width = }} Ontok [[Malaysian general election, 2018|pialaan tagayo 2018]], [[Shafie Apdal]] miampai [[Sabah Heritage Party]] (WARISAN) nopo nga mansawo do [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]] om [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]]. Ontok 12 Mikat 2018, koisaan WARISAN, DAP om PKR nopo nga nokoimagon sabaagi porinta majoriti.<ref name="shafie government"/> Id suang ramai [[Malaysia Day|Tadau Malaysia]] 2018, boyoon montiri Mahathir nopo nga monuul montok popoguli do status Sabah om Sarawak sabaagi mansawo di pointulid (equal partner) tumanud do Malaysia Agreement.<ref name="equal partner 1"/><ref name="equal partner 2"/> Ontok toun 2021, [[2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia|pindaan perlembagaan]] nopo nga nio-pasuan do Parlimen Malaysia montok popoingkat do kuasa Sabah om Sarawak.<ref name="2021 amendment"/> === Boogian Pentadbiran === {{main|Divisions of Malaysia|Districts of Malaysia|List of local governments in Malaysia|Local government in Sabah}} Sabah nopo nga kigoos do limo boogian pentadbiran (divisions), i nio-boogi kumaa 30 watak (districts). Montok tikid watak, porinta negeri nopo nga monituhun do ulu kampung (ketua kampung). Boogian pentadbiran diti nopo nga nio-pusoko mantad timpu British.<ref name="state papers"/> Ontok timpu British, songulun [[Resident (title)|Resident]] nopo nga nio-onituhun montok mamarinta tikid boogian om kigoos do istana sondii.<ref name="tregonning modern"/> Tonggongon Resident diti nopo nga nio-tonggoron om nio-olou do ulu watas (district officers) soira North Borneo mansawo do Malaysia. {{Sabah Labelled Map}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; width: 650px;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! !! [[Boogian Malaysia|Boogian]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Watas id Malaysia|Watas]] !Kecamatan!! Kinoyonon (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Mogihon (2010)<ref name="total population"/> |- ! rowspan="8" | 1 | rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | [[Boogian Pantai Barat]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Kota Kinabalu (Watas)|Kota Kinabalu]]|| rowspan="8" style="text-align:right;" | 7,588 || rowspan="8" style="text-align:right;" | 1,067,589 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Penampang (Watas)|Penampang]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Putatan (Watas)|Putatan]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Papar (Watas)|Papar]] |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Tuaran (Watas)|Tuaran]] | style="text-align:center;"| Tamparuli |- |style="text-align:center;"| Kiulu |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Kota Belud (Watas)|Kota Belud]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Ranau (Watas)|Ranau]] |- ! rowspan="9" | 2 | rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" | [[Interior Division|Boogian Pedalaman]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Beaufort (Watas)|Beaufort]]|| rowspan="9" style="text-align:right;" | 18,298 || rowspan="9" style="text-align:right;" | 424,534 |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[Kuala Penyu (Watas)|Kuala Penyu]] | style="text-align:center;"| Menumbok |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sipitang (Watas)|Sipitang]] | style="text-align:center;"| [[Long Pasia]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Tambunan (Watas)|Tambunan]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Keningau (Watas)|Keningau]] |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[Tenom (Watas)|Tenom]] | style="text-align:center;"| Kemabong |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[Nabawan (Watas)|Nabawan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Pagalungan |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Membakut (Watas)|Membakut]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Sook (Watas)|Sook]] |- ! rowspan="4" | 3 | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[Kudat (Watas)|Boogian Kudat]] || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Kudat (Watas)|Kudat]] | style="text-align:center;"| Banggi|| rowspan="4" style="text-align:right;" | 4,623 || rowspan="4" style="text-align:right;" | 192,457 |- | style="text-align:center;"| Matunggong |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Pitas (Watas)|Pitas]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Kota Marudu (Watas)|Kota Marudu]] |- ! rowspan="6" | 4 | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | [[Boogian Sandakan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Sandakan (Watas)|Sandakan]] || rowspan="6" style="text-align:right;" | 28,205 || rowspan="6" style="text-align:right;" | 702,207 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Beluran (Watas)|Beluran]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Telupid (Watas)|Telupid]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Tongod (Watas)|Tongod]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Kinabatangan (Watas)|Kinabatangan]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Paitan (Watas)|Paitan]] |- ! rowspan="5" | 5 | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | [[Boogian Tawau]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Tawau (Watas)|Tawau]] || rowspan="5" style="text-align:right;" | 14,905 || rowspan="5" style="text-align:right;" | 819,955 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Kalabakan (Watas)|Kalabakan]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Semporna (Watas)|Semporna]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Kunak (Watas)|Kunak]] |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[Lahad Datu (Watas)|Lahad Datu]] | style="text-align:center;"| Tungku |} == Sidtana' (''geography'') == [[File:Haiyan 2013-11-07 1345Z (alternate, borderless).png|thumb|Sabah nopo nga poingion id ponong kabaatan mantad jaluran [[typhoon|ribut taufan]], i poposiliu dau amu asis do norumbak maya raat do taufan i asis do rumikot id pogun sombol [[Philippines|Filipina]],<ref name="land below the wind">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4204225/Settled-by-the-sea-in-the-Land-Below-the-Wind.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4204225/Settled-by-the-sea-in-the-Land-Below-the-Wind.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Settled by the sea in the Land Below the Wind |author=Jonny Beardsall |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=15 May 2007 |access-date=1 June 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> miagal do [[Typhoon Haiyan]] ontok toun 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/11/10/sabah-fishermen-spared-super-typhoon-haiyans-wrath/ |title=Sabah fishermen spared Super Typhoon Haiyan's wrath |work=The Star |date=10 November 2013 |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>]] Ginanit liau tana Sabah nopo nga kinituong do {{convert|73904|km2|sqmi}}<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=dTZ0K2o4YXgrSDRtaEJyVmZ1R2h5dz09|title=Sabah @ a Glance|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320014734/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=dTZ0K2o4YXgrSDRtaEJyVmZ1R2h5dz09|url-status=dead}}</ref> i nilingkuman do Rahat Sina Kotonobon id ponong kotonobon, Rahat Sulu id koibutan kotonobon om Rahat Celebes id kabaatan kotonobon.<ref name="sbh"/> Sabah nopo nga kigoos sogunuman {{convert|1743|km|mi}} disan rahat, soira {{convert|295.5|km|mi}} nopo nga nokoumau no do [[Coastal erosion|norumbak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.did.sabah.gov.my/mobile/index.php?id=khyzaa7o&bhs=English |title=Coastal Engineering |publisher=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Sabah |access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> Tu disan rahat Sabah nopo nga sumuang id tolu rahat, pogun diti nakaanu do kounalaon rahat i oinggat kopio.<ref name="fishdept">{{cite web |url=http://www.fishdept.sabah.gov.my/?q=en/content/fisheries-profile |title=The Fisheries Industry in Sabah – A Short Profile |publisher=Department of Fisheries, Sabah |date=25 April 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523111958/http://www.fishdept.sabah.gov.my/?q=en%2Fcontent%2Ffisheries-profile |archive-date=23 May 2016 }}</ref> Ontok toun 1961, Sabah kaampai no sombol dau [[Sarawak]], i nionituhun id suang [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) maya kosobogian United Kingdom, nosiliu do puru piadang IMO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1961/CN.144.1961-Eng.pdf|title=Convention on the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization Done at Geneva on 6 March 1948 [Communication From the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]|publisher=United Nations|date=13 November 1961|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215055512/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1961/CN.144.1961-Eng.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> [[Exclusive economic zone|Zon ekonomi eksklusif]] (EEZ) dau nopo nga lobi agayo ponong Rahat Sina Kotonobon om Rahat Celebes lobi ko id Rahat Sulu.<ref name="geo">{{cite web |url=http://foreversabah.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Environmental-Law-and-Policy-in-Sabah-Vol.-4-Coasts-Islands-and-Seas.pdf |title=Environmental Law and Policy in Sabah: From Ridge to Reef – Volume 4: Coasts, Islands and Seas |publisher=Forever Sabah |year=2015 |access-date=23 May 2016 |page=27/113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523113239/http://foreversabah.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Environmental-Law-and-Policy-in-Sabah-Vol.-4-Coasts-Islands-and-Seas.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2016 }}</ref> Disan rahat pogun diti nopo nga nilingkuman do puru [[bakau]] om [[nipah]]. Puru bakau nopo nga kigoos sogunuman 331,325 hektar mantad tana pogun om poposiliu 57% mantad ginumu puru bakau id suang pogun diti.<ref name="geo"/> Koduo-duo kinoyonon disan rahat id kotonobon om kosilahon nopo nga lobi nipimpin di kotogisan tana sasad, soira id kinoyonon i nionituhun nopo nga tana sasad i nio-pulu miampai pugas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nobuo Mimura |title=Asia-Pacific Coasts and Their Management: States of Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgXnSZ300NAC&pg=PA224 |date= 2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-3625-5 |page=224}}</ref> Kinoyonon id koibutan [[Tip of Borneo|Tanjung Simpang Mengayau]] nopo nga kigoos do jenis [[pocket beach|kotogisan liau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsm.org.my/products/702001-100338-PDF.pdf |title=The geological heritage values and potential geotourism development of the beaches in Northern Sabah, Malaysia |author=Joanese Muda |work=Department of Minerals and Geosciences, Sarawak |publisher=Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia |date=November 2013 |access-date=22 May 2016 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522095649/http://www.gsm.org.my/products/702001-100338-PDF.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2016 }}</ref> Kinoyonon id disan kotonobon nopo nga kigoos do tana [[wetland|wonod]] waig oomis i agayo, miampai Semenanjung Klias kigoos do wonod waig rahat i oinggat<ref name="Mojiol2006">{{cite book |author=Andy Russel Immit Mojiol |title=Ecological Landuse Planning and Sustainable Management of Urban and Sub-urban Green Areas in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVi6okfiv_EC&pg=PA13 |year=2006 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |isbn=978-3-86727-081-6 |page=13}}</ref> om pusat wonod i ointutunan sabaagi [[Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre]] i nio-onituhun sabaagi [[Ramsar site]] ontok toun 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2290|title=Kota Kinabalu Wetland|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> Boogian kotonobon Sabah nopo nga lobi kinitindapuan do tongo-nulu, kaampai no tolu timpak i lobi akawas. Banjaran nulu di oponsol nopo nga [[Banjaran Crocker]] miampai tongo-nulu i kinituong kinakawasan mantad 1,000 meter gisom 4,000 meter. Sombol di Banjaran Crocker nopo nga [[Banjaran Trus Madi]] miampai [[Nulu Trus Madi]], i kigoos kinakawasan 2,642 meter.<ref>{{cite book |author1=George Argent |author2=Anthony Lamb |author3=Anthea Phillipps |title=The Rhododendrons of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DklAQAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Natural History Publications (Borneo) |isbn=978-983-812-111-8}}</ref> Timpak di lobi akawas kopio nopo nga [[Mount Kinabalu|Nulu Kinabalu]], i kigoos kinakawasan sogunuman 4,095 meter.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kyoji Sassa |author2=Paolo Canuti |author3=Yueping Yin |title=Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment: Vol.1: The International Programme on Landslides (IPL) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-04999-1 |page=149}}</ref> Nulu diti nopo nga [[List of Southeast Asian mountains|iso mantad timpak di lobi akawas]] id pialatan do [[Himalayas]] om [[New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=K. M. Wong |author2=Chew Lun Chan |title=Mount Kinabalu: Borneo's Magic Mountain: An Introduction to the Natural History of One of the World's Great Natural Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfbAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Natural History Publications |isbn=978-983-812-014-2}}</ref> Soira poingion amu osodu mantad Nulu Kinabalu nopo nga [[Mount Tambuyukon|Nulu Tambuyukon]], i kigoos kinakawasan 2,579 meter.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lawrence S. Hamilton |author2=James O. Juvik |author3=F.N. Scatena |title=Tropical Montane Cloud Forests |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pO_SBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |date= 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4612-2500-3 |page=194}}</ref> Tongo-nulu om tongo-pinit diti nopo nga niodalan do mogisuusuai liau bawang om id suang kogumuan kowoyo-woyoon nopo nga nilingkuman do puru talun di oinggat. Haro banjaran pinit i lobi osiba i sumuang id disan kotonobon, tana rata kabaatan, om boogian suang toi ko' lotud Sabah. Boogian lotud om kosilahon Sabah nopo nga lobi nipimpin di banjaran nulu i osiba om tana rata miampai tongo-pinit i amu piniiso. Id disan kosilahon poingion o Bawang Kinabatangan, i sabaagi bawang ko-duo di lobi anandau id Malaysia kalapas do [[Rajang River|Bawang Rajang]] id Sarawak miampai kinanandauan 560 kilometer.<ref>{{cite book |author=George Thomas Kurian |title=The Encyclopedia of the Third World: Guinea-Bissau to Peru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deayAAAAIAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-1120-9}}</ref> Bawang diti nopo nga nokoimagon mantad banjaran kotonobon om mamanau maya boogian lotud gisom id disan kosilahon sumuang id Rahat Sulu. [[Bawang id Sabah|Bawang-bawang]] oponsol suai nopo nga kaampai no Bawang Kalabakan, [[Kolopis River|Bawang Kolopis]], Bawang Liwagu, Bawang Padas, Bawang Paitan, Bawang Segama om Bawang Sugut, miampai Bawang Babagon, Bawang Bengkoka, Bawang Kadamaian, Bawang Kalumpang, Bawang Kiulu, Bawang Mawao, Bawang Membakut, Bawang Mesapol, Bawang Nabawan, Bawang Papar, Bawang Pensiangan, Bawang Tamparuli om Bawang Wario.<ref name="Tietze2007">{{cite book |author=Uwe Tietze |title=Credit and Microfinance Needs in Inland Capture Fisheries Development and Conservation in Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihTrWUKDvLUC&pg=PA130 |year=2007 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-105756-8 |pages=130–131}}</ref> Tana Sabah nopo nga poingion id kinoyonon [[tropical geography|geografi tropika]] miampai [[tropical rainforest climate|klimat khatulistiwa]]. Pogun diti nokoimagon do duo timpu [[monsoon|monsun]] nopo nga monsun koibutan kosilahon om monsun kabaatan kotonobon. Monsun koibutan kosilahon nopo nga mamanau mantad wulan Milau gisom Gomot miampai duso di agayo, soira monsun kabaatan kotonobon nopo nga mantad Mikat gisom Manom miampai duso di lobi osiba.<ref name="Tietze2007"/> Haro nogi duo timpu pialatan monsun mantad Ngiop gisom Mikat om Manom gisom Gumas. Kinakawasan liau liau koruol nopo nga pialatan {{convert|27|C|F}} gisom {{convert|34|C|F}}, miampai ginumu duso mantad 1,800 milimeter gisom 4,000 milimeter.<ref name="Tietze2007"/> Kinoyonon disan rahat asis do nokoimagon do sangod duso di agayo tu pogun diti nopo nga poingion id kabaatan mantad jaluran [[typhoon|taufan]].<ref name="Tietze2007"/> Tu kinoyonon dau nopo nga osodu kopio mantad jaluran taufan, Sabah nopo nga nokoumau do sangod taufan di lobi raat ointutunan sabaagi [[1996 Pacific typhoon season|Ribut Tropika Greg]] ontok 25 Momuhau 1996.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Southern South China Sea |volume=113 |issue=D6 |pages=D06106 |author1=Zabani Md. Zuki |author2=Anthony R. Lupo |journal= Journal of Geophysical Research|year=2007 |bibcode=2008JGRD..113.6106Z |doi=10.1029/2007JD009218 |hdl=10355/2440 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Sangod dii nopo nga minamatay do lobi 100 tulun, miampai 200–300 tulun noliu, om 3,000–4,000 tulun nawaan do rurumaon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/106-die-in-storm-and-3-000-are-left-homeless-1.119125 |title=106 die in storm and 3,000 are left homeless |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=27 December 1996 |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522042431/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/106-die-in-storm-and-3-000-are-left-homeless-1.119125 |archive-date=22 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://weather.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/v1_n1/GREG.html |title=The Christmas Day Storm – Typhoon GREG |work=CNN and The Star |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences|School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma]] |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824120524/http://weather.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/v1_n1/GREG.html |archive-date=24 August 2005 }}</ref> Tu Sabah nogi nopo nga poingion id suang [[Sunda Plate|Plat Sunda]] miampai nipisituhun do Plat Australia om Plat Filipina, pogun diti nopo nga asis do nokoimagon do tanog soira pogun diti sondii nokoumau do tolu tanog di agayo mantad toun 1923, miampai [[2015 Sabah earthquake|tanog toun 2015]] sabaagi di lobi wagu om agayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/(X(1)S(i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv))/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=Shedding new light on recent Sabah earthquake |publisher=[[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521133305/http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/(X(1)S(i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv))/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |archive-date=21 May 2016 }}</ref> Banjaran Crocker miampai Nulu Kinabalu nopo nga nionituhun mantad timpu [[Miocene]] tanga kalapas nio-akawas do Sabah [[Orogeny]] maya nipisituhun.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi%20Fisik/Geografi%20Fisik%20Asia%20Tenggara.pdf |title=The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia |editor=Avijit Gupta |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Universitas PGRI, Palembang |year=2005 |access-date=23 May 2016 |pages=15, 17 |isbn=978-0-19-924802-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523121826/http://www.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi%20Fisik/Geografi%20Fisik%20Asia%20Tenggara.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2016 }}</ref> Haro nogi salji id hiti ontok toun 1975 om 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doesitsnowin.com/malaysia/ |title=Does It Snow In Malaysia? – Everything You Need To Know |publisher=Doesitsnowin.com |date= 31 May 2021|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Kinoyonon id Sabah"> File:South Peak Mount Kinabalu 1.jpg|Timpak Kabaatan, [[Mount Kinabalu|Nulu Kinabalu]] File:Manukan, Mamutik & Sulug - Happy Islands retouched.jpg|Pulau-pulau "Modinggu" i kaampai no [[Manukan Island|Manukan]], Mamutik om [[Sulug Island|Sulug]] File:Lahad-Datu Sabah Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg|Kopointalangan rahat id [[Lahad Datu District|Wataso Lahad Datu]] File:Sungai-Padas View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg|Liau Bawang Padas File:Kudat Sabah Tanjung Simpang Mengayau-12.jpg|Tanjung koibutan Borneo id [[Tip of Borneo|Tanjung Simpang Mengayau]] i sumuang id Rahat Sina Kotonobon om Rahat Sulu. File:Sabah CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg|[[Crocker Range|Banjaran Crocker]], banjaran nulu di oponsol id Sabah, boogian mantad Taman Negara Banjaran Crocker. </gallery> === Biodiversiti === {{see also|Fauna of Borneo|Deforestation in Borneo|List of nematodes in Sabah}} [[File:Blue-eared Kingfisher (Alcedo meninting).jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue-eared kingfisher|Tampasak]] id liau Bawang Kinabatangan, i sabaagi tinaru mamasok id pulau Borneo. Tampasak nopo nga sabaagi tikuon pogun Sabah om niosul id suang [[Coat of arms of Sabah|jata pogun]].]] Semenanjung Semporna id disan koibutan kosilahon Sabah nopo nga ointutunan sabaagi kinoyonon di oinggat kounalaon biodiversiti rahat id suang [[Coral Triangle]].<ref name="Asaad18"/> Talun id Sabah nopo nga kigoos do mogisuusuai tinaru susumuni om boros-boros. Kogumuan biodiversiti Sabah nopo nga poingion id kinoyonon [[forest reserve|simpanan talun]], i poposiliu liau tanga mantad ginumu liau tana sogunuman 7.34 riong hektar.<ref name="biodiversity"/> Simpanan talun diti nopo nga boogian mantad 20 riong hektar talun tropika khatulistiwa i nio-tandan id siriba "[[Heart of Borneo]]".<ref name="biodiversity"/> Talun-talun i nilingkuman do liau bawang Bawang Kinabatangan nopo nga tana rata duso di lobi agayo i nilingkuman do talun id Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/rivers/irbm/cases/kinabatangan_river_case_study/ |title=Case study on river management: Kinabatangan |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520142254/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/rivers/irbm/cases/kinabatangan_river_case_study/ |archive-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref> [[Crocker Range National Park|Taman Negara Banjaran Crocker]] nopo nga taman negara di lobi agayo id pogun diti, i kinituong kousinan 139,919 hektar. Kogumuan kinoyonon taman diti nopo nga nilingkuman do talun di oinggat om oponsol sabaagi kinoyonon panamangan waig miampai [[river source|ulu bawang]] i sumuang id lima bawang oponsol id disan kotonobon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahparks.org.my/the-parks/crocker-range-park |title=Introduction to Crocker Range Park |publisher=[[Sabah Parks]] |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524034536/http://www.sabahparks.org.my/the-parks/crocker-range-park |archive-date=24 May 2016 }}</ref> [[Kinabalu National Park|Taman Negara Kinabalu]] nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi [[World Heritage Site]] di UNESCO ontok toun 2000 tu kounalaon mogisuusuai susumuni miampai kowoyo-woyoon geologi, topografi om klimat di mamasok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1012 |title=Kinabalu Park |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2000 |access-date=24 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520123303/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1012 |archive-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref> Taman diti nopo nga kigoos do lobi 4,500 tinaru flora om fauna, kaampai no 326 boros-boros om sogunuman 100 tinaru mamalia miampai lobi 110 tinaru tusing tana.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/12/chilling-out-a-tropical-destination.html |title=Chilling out in a tropical destination |author=Tan Hee Hui |newspaper=[[The Jakarta Post]] |date=12 June 2011 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523124237/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/12/chilling-out-a-tropical-destination.html |archive-date=23 May 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Walking trail Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre.jpg|thumb|left|Mamanau maya [[Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre|Pusat Pongobi Kougum Orangutan Sepilok]]]] [[Tiga Island, Malaysia|Pulau Tiga]] nopo nga nionituhun mantad dous liau [[mud volcano|nulu pugas]] ontok toun 1897. Pulau diti mamasok no sabaagi boogian mantad [[Tiga Island National Park|Taman Negara Pulau Tiga]] miampai pulau [[Kalampunian Besar Island|Kalampunian Besar]] om [[Kalampunian Damit Island|Kalampunian Damit]] sabaagi kinoyonon kousinan tulud tumanud,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww2.sabah.gov.my/jpas/news/SITE/SITEppr16.pdf |title=Marine Park Management: Issues and Challenges |author=Maipol Spait |work=Sabah Parks |publisher=Sabah State Government |year=2001 |access-date=24 May 2016 |page=2/11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524041711/http://ww2.sabah.gov.my/jpas/news/SITE/SITEppr16.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2016 }}</ref> miampai kousinan [[mud bath|modsu pugas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahparks.org.my/index.php/the-parks/tunku-abdul-rahman-park/30-sabah-parks/pulau-tiga-park |title=Introduction to Pulau Tiga Park |publisher=Sabah Parks |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524042200/http://www.sabahparks.org.my/index.php/the-parks/tunku-abdul-rahman-park/30-sabah-parks/pulau-tiga-park |archive-date=24 May 2016 }}</ref> [[Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park|Taman Negara Tunku Abdul Rahman]] nopo nga tinimungan lima pulau i kaampai no [[Gaya Island|Gaya]], [[Manukan Island|Manukan]], Mamutik, Sapi om [[Sulug Island|Sulug]]. Pulau-pulau diti nio-tuhuan sabaagi nokoumau piniiso miampai Banjaran Crocker soira do liau waig rahat nokoakawas mantad timpu [[ice age|sangod ais]] di ko-uulit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahparks.org.my/the-parks/tunku-abdul-rahman-park |title=Introduction to Tunku Abdul Rahman Park |publisher=Sabah Parks |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524045814/http://www.sabahparks.org.my/the-parks/tunku-abdul-rahman-park |archive-date=24 May 2016 }}</ref> [[Tun Mustapha Marine Park|Taman Laut Tun Mustapha]] nopo nga taman laut di lobi agayo i poingion id koibutan Sabah. Taman diti kigoos do tolu pulau oponsol nopo nga [[Banggi Island|Banggi]], [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] om [[Malawali Island|Malawali]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110149 |title=Nation's biggest marine park |newspaper=Daily Express |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527094135/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110149 |archive-date=27 May 2016 }}</ref> Taman laut suai nopo nga [[Tun Sakaran Marine Park|Taman Laut Tun Sakaran]] i poingion id kabaatan kosilahon Sabah. Taman diti kigoos do pulau [[Bodgaya Island|Bodgaya]], [[Boheydulang Island|Boheydulang]], Sabangkat om Salakan miampai tana sasad [[cay]] Maiga, Mantabuan om Sibuan. Bodgaya nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi simpanan talun, soira Boheydulang sabaagi [[bird sanctuary|panamangan boros-boros]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Status of Coral Reef Communities on Two Carbonate Platforms (Tun Sakaran Marine Park, East Sabah, Malaysia) |author1=A. Montagne |author2=O. Naim |author3=C. Tourrand |author4=B. Pierson |author5=D. Menier |journal=Journal of Ecosystems |volume=2013 |pages=1–15 |date=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/358183|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00879576/file/358183.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Tawau Hills National Park|Taman Negara Pinit Tawau]] nopo nga kinalabo sabaagi kinoyonon panamangan waig mamasok. Taman diti kigoos do kowoyo-woyoon geografi nulu pugas i ruggak kaampai no [[hot spring|waig lopor]] om tongo-wasai di oinggat. Poingion sombol di Pulau Penyu Filipina nopo nga [[Turtle Islands National Park (Malaysia)|Taman Negara Pulau-Pulau Penyu]], i kigoos do tolu pulau nopo nga Selingaan, Bakkungan Kechil om Gulisaan i ointutunan sabaagi kinoyonon do pounituhun [[green turtle|penyu otomou]] om [[hawksbill sea turtle|penyu sisik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmpm.nre.gov.my/why-we-should-protect-turtle.html?&lang=en |title=(Educational) Why We Should Protect Turtle |publisher=Department of Marine Park, Malaysia |date=26 June 2012 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234725/http://www.dmpm.nre.gov.my/why-we-should-protect-turtle.html?&lang=en }}</ref> Kinoyonon suai di oponsol montok boros-boros id Sabah nopo nga kaampai no [[Maliau Basin|Liau Maliau]], [[Danum Valley|Liau Danum]], [[Tabin]], Imbak Canyon om [[Sepilok]]. Kinoyonon diti nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi taman negara, simpanan boros-boros, simpanan talun dous, toi ko' simpanan talun panamangan. Id soliwan disan rahat Sabah, poingion o pialatan pulau i oinggat do [[coral reefs|karang]] miagal do Ligitan, Sipadan, Selingaan, Tiga om [[Layang-Layang Island|Pulau Layang-Layang]]. Pulau-pulau oponsol suai nopo nga kaampai no [[Jambongan Island|Pulau Jambongan]], [[Timbun Mata Island|Pulau Timbun Mata]], Pulau Bum Bum om Pulau [[Sebatik Island|Sebatik]] i nio-baagi. Porinta pogun Sabah nopo nga minonoluk do pialatan kooturan montok manamong talun om boros-boros mamasok i orumbak id siriba Animals Ordinance 1962,<ref name="animals 1962"/> Forest Enactment 1968<ref name="forest 1968"/> om [[Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997]].<ref name="wildlife enactment"/> Id siriba Enakmen Konservasi Boros-Boros, isai-isai i mamanau mongasu id suang tana panamangan nopo nga kigoos do hukuman kofolutan lima toun om danda [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]50,000.<ref name="wildlife enactment"/> Porinta pogun nogi nopo nga kigoos do dandi montok popoimagon do pangasuon tumanud timpu sabaagi boogian mantad kousinan panamangan montok mongilag do kinatagakan boros-boros mamasok soira masi do nio-onituhun o koubasanan pangasuon tinaru mamasok.<ref name="seasonal hunting"/> ==== Kobolingkaangan Konservasi ==== [[File:District-Tawau Sabah Logging-Trucks-01.jpg|thumb|right|Lori i mangunsub do mampat kayu id Tawau. Kalabai kayu nopo nga minanahak do lobi 50% mantad kousinan pogun.<ref name="logging">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=20000701&id=cRwrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4032,4382687&hl=en |title=Official: Forests in Sabah depleting fast due to logging |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=1 July 2000 |access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>]] Mantad timpu kalapas Sangod Pogun Ko-duo i nio-indapu do kayu tumanud kousinan mantad [[Developed country|pogun-pogun industri]], talun-talun id Sabah nopo nga nokoumau do norumbak maya kalabai kayu di amu nio-onituhun om kosinowolihan tana talun Sabah kumaa koburuon [[palm oil|tana parai]].<ref name="env issues"/> Mantad toun 1970, boogian kitalunan nopo nga minanahak do lobi 50% mantad kousinan pogun, soira id suang ponolukan ontok 1997 popointalang do pogun diti nopo nga dous no naawi oinsanan [[Old-growth forest|talun dous]] id soliwan kinoyonon panamangan.<ref name="logging"/> Porinta pogun nopo nga kigoos do dandi montok masi do nio-onituhun o biodiversiti pogun soira masi do popointalang do kousinan pogun masi do moidu.<ref name="forestry rights"/> Soira id timpu dii nogi, porinta nopo nga nokoimagon do kobolingkaangan di agayo montok mongituhun do kanto-kanto dii mialatan do haro kooturan montok mongilag dau.<ref name="forestry laws"/> Kousinan montok koburuon om kogunoon oponsol nogi nopo nga nosiliu do kobolingkaangan soira manamong do koinawaan mamasok.<ref name="threats"/> Kousinan mongonituhun tana nopo nga minanahak do liau waig bawang, kolam, om wonod i nokoumau do raat maya [[Toxic heavy metal|pangasung logam raat]]. Iso laporan koinawaan ontok 1994 popointalang do haro logam raat id Bawang Damit/Tuaran i lobi ko kanto waig di osonong montok gunoon. Waig id Bawang Liwagu nogi nopo nga nio-onituhun do haro logam raat i nio-tuhuan mantad do [[Mamut Mine|Liau Mamut]].<ref name="env"/> [[Wildfire|Talun i nosulung]] nogi nopo nga nosiliu do kobolingkaangan di lobi wagu tu timpu marau om tapui i nio-usik do mamasok toi ko' tulun i amu kigoos do tonggungan miagal di nokoimagon ontok [[2016 Malaysian haze|talun nosulung toun 2016]], soira noriong hektar simpanan talun id [[Binsuluk Forest Reserve|Binsuluk]] id disan kotonobon Sabah nopo nga natagak.<ref name="forest fire"/> [[File:Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg|thumb|Kopointalangan mantad sawat montok [[Mamut Mine|Liau Mamut]] miampai waig i noko-pulu id suang liau dii. Waig diti nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi di oulun do gunoon tu kigoos do pangasung [[Toxic heavy metal|logam raat]] di akawas.]] Kalabai ikan maya [[blast fishing|tongo-bom]] i amu nio-onituhun nopo nga minonirumbak do kogumuan karang om minanirumbak do asil kousinan rahat id pogun diti.<ref name="fish bombing 1"/><ref name="fish bombing 2"/> Suai ko' ii, kalabai tana sasad om pugas bawang i amu nio-onituhun id bawang Padas, Papar om Tuaran nopo nga nosiliu do kobolingkaangan di lobi wagu miampai pangasuon boros-boros om asil rahat i amu nio-onituhun.<ref name="env"/> Tu norumbak o talun di agayo miampai pangasuon boros-boros om asil rahat, [[Sumatran rhinoceros|badak Sumbu Sumatera]] nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi di natagak no ontok toun 2015.<ref name="rhino extinction"/> Pialatan tinaru suai i orumbak o kanto masi nopo nga kaampai no [[banteng|tembadau]],<ref name="banteng"/> [[Bornean bearded pig|bakas]],<ref name="wpd"/> [[clouded leopard|tugau]], [[dugong]], [[Borneo elephant|gajah]], [[false gharial|buaya]], penyu otomou, penyu sisik, [[Bornean orangutan|kawas]], [[sunda pangolin|tanggalong]],<ref name="pangolin"/> [[proboscis monkey|kara bakas]], [[Borneo river shark|hiu bawang]],<ref name="sharks and stingray"/> [[pari]], [[payau]], hiu om [[boruang]].<ref name="wpd"/><ref name="protected species"/> Sundung tu mamasok nogi nopo nga mampat id suang pangasuon, mamanau yolo mongasu tumanud do [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|korohian ginawo]] om koubasanan mamasok, om id suang kanto di osiba, i poposiliu pisuayan mialatan do pangasu mamasok om pangasu i amu nio-onituhun.<ref name="indigenous hunting"/> Koubasanan mamasok i ointutunan kopio, miagal do "maganu totuo" toi ko' "montok kosukopan", "tuwa di powigian", "managal" toi ko' "tagal" om "meminting", nopo nga minonulung montok manamong kounalaon mamasok om mongilag do kinatagakan dau.<ref name="myth and wisdom"/> == Koubasanan ''(Culture)'' == {{see also|Culture of Malaysia}} [[File:Kota Kinabalu Sabah NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg|thumb|right|Gedung cawangan [[Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara]] id Kota Kinabalu]] Koubasanan id Sabah nopo nga mogisuusuai tumanud koinawaan tinaru mamasok di mogisuusuai.<ref name="indigenous culture"/> Id disan rahat, koubasanan Sabah nopo nga kigoos do nio-onituhun do Melayu Brunei om Bajau Disan Kotonobon, soira id disan kosilahon nopo nga nio-onituhun do Bajau Disan Kosilahon, Bugis, om Suluk miampai ugama Islam sabaagi boogian oponsol id suang koposion diyolo.<ref name="culture relationship"/><ref name="coffin"/> Ugama Kristian nopo nga poposiliu boogian oponsol kumaa koubasanan tinaru mamasok id boogian suang koposion tikid tadau miagal do tinaru Kadazan-Dusun, Lundayeh, Murut om Rungus, suai ko' koubasanan diyolo i mamasok miagal do Animisme om Paganisme.<ref name="culture relationship"/> Sundung tu miagal dii, koubasanan tinaru mamasok nopo nga orumbak o kanto masi tu haro kosinowolihan koubasanan (asimilasi) mantad Semenanjung kumaa id pogun diti. "[[Malayisation|Penulukan Melayu]]" i lobi "controversial" nopo nga nokoimagon id pogun diti mantad di tinimungan politik mantad Malaya minonuluk do Porinta Sabah.<ref name="politics"/> Mogigion Sabah nopo nga soginumu do 33 tinimungan momogun ii milumaag id suang lobi 50 boros om 80 kawos tinaru. Kadazandusun nopo nga tinimungan tinaru di taagayo id Sabah ii mongoyuan (momontuk) gisom do 30 piatus mantad do ginumu mogigion do poimponu. Tadau Kaamatan nopo nga taandakon ontok 30 om 31 Mikat tikid toun montok mamantang do Sunduan Wagas (Bambarayon) om monongkotoluod kumaa kinorohingan montok totus dii. [[Bajau|Sama]] nogi nga ointutunan sabaagi do "''Koboi Timur''" om Murut nopo nga tulun sokid om tonggorib ontok di gulu po sabaagi do tinimungan tinaru koduo om kotolu tagayo id Sabah. Ranzat suai nga kiwaa nogi sabaagi ranzat sandad miagal ko [[Bisaya]], [[Malayu Brunei|Tabung (Borunai)]], [[Bugis]], [[Kedayan|Kadayan]], Lotud, Lundayeh, Rungus, Suluk, Minokok, Bonggi, Ida'an om suusuai po. Suai ko ii, tulun Sina nogi nga kohompit nogi id suang tinimungan gulu montok di mogigion okon sandad. Haro nogi pialatan kampung koubasanan i popointalang do koubasanan tinaru mamasok Sabah miagal do Borneo Cultural Village,<ref name="borneo village"/> [[Mari Mari Cultural Village]],<ref name="mari mari"/> om [[Monsopiad Heritage Village]],<ref name="monsopiad"/> soira nokoimagon o kosolimbahan koubasanan id dii. [[Sabah Museum|Muzium Sabah]] kigoos do pialatan tinimungan kito-kiton arkeologi, kousinan loyang om seramik i poposiliu koinawaan koubasanan Sabah, [[natural history|sajara koinawaan]], sajara indapu om kousinan Islam miampai dous [[ethnobotanical garden|kabun etnobotani]] om pusat sains om teknologi.<ref name="museum"/> Muzium suai nopo nga kaampai no Muzium [[Agop Batu Tulug Caves|Agop Batu Tulug]], Rumah [[Agnes Newton Keith|Agnes Keith]] (''[[Agnes Keith House|Newlands]]''), Muzium Komuniti Pogunon, Muzium Warisan Sandakan, Muzium Teck Guan Cocoa om Muzium 3D Wonders.<ref name="other museums"/><ref name="cocoa"/><ref name="3d wonders"/> Haro nogi pialatan gedung sajara British, Jerman om Jipun i masi nio-onituhun miagal do [[Atkinson Clock Tower|Jam Atkinson]], [[Batu Tinagat Lighthouse|Lampu Rumah Batu Tinagat]], [[Jesselton Hotel]], rumbak [[Kinarut Mansion]], gedung [[Sabah Tourism Board]], Jam Tawau miampai pialatan tugu sajara. Kinoyonon kousinan tulud suai i oinggat nopo nga kaampai no Rumah Terbalik om Borneo Ant House.<ref name="upside down"/><ref name="ant house"/> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Rumah koubasanan id Sabah"> File:Salarom Sabah Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg|Liau rurumaon wagu i masi nio-onituhun File:Tambulian KotaBelud Sabah Traditional-houses-02.jpg|Rumah tinaru [[Bajau people|Bajau]] File:Bisaya House.JPG|Rumah tinaru [[Bisaya (Borneo)|Bisaya]] File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg|Rumah tinaru [[Bruneian Malay people|Melayu Brunei]] File:Kanibongan Sabah Longhouse-01.jpg|Rumah tanaru (longhouse) tinaru [[Dusun people|Dusun]] File:Iranun House.JPG|Rumah tinaru [[Illanun people|Iranun]] File:Lotud House.JPG|Rumah tinaru [[Lotud]] </gallery> === Kousinan om koinawaan kito-kiton === [[File:KgKuaiKandazon Sabah Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kosolimbahan sayau ''[[Sumazau]]'' tinaru Kadazan Papar id [[Monsopiad Heritage Village]]]] Asil kousinan gakod om koubasanan nopo nga boogian mantad kousinan tulud id Sabah. Suai ko' ii, program Sabah Crafts Exotica nopo nga nokoimagon tikid toun mantad toun 2011 id muzium-muzium mamasok di osiba.<ref name="exotica 1"/><ref name="exotica 2"/> Tumanud pialatan dandi mantad porinta pogun montok popoimagon do mongindapu mamasok montok asil koubasanan, haro sogunuman 526 mongindapu ontok toun 2012 i nokoakawas kumaa 1,483 ontok toun 2013 om 1,702 ontok toun 2014 miampai ginumu indapu mantad RM31 riong kumaa RM56 riong.<ref name="craft sales"/> [[File:Tambunan Sabah Roundabout-with Sompoton.jpg|thumb|right|Liau "roundabout" id Tambunan miampai kito-kiton [[Sompoton]], kito-kiton muzik di oponsol id Sabah]] Tikid tinaru mamasok id Sabah nopo nga ointutunan miampai kito-kiton muzik koubasanan diyolo,<ref name="musical instruments"/> tinaru id disan rahat miagal do Bajau, Melayu Brunei, Bugis, Iranun, Kedayan om Suluk ointutunan miampai [[gendang]], [[rebana|kompang]] om [[kulintangan]];<ref name="ethnic instruments"/> soira tinaru id suang (interior) miagal do Dusun ointutunan miampai [[bungkau]], [[sompoton]] om turali, Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh miampai bas diyolo, Kadazan miampai tongkungon, Murut miampai tagunggak, om tungku tinaru Rungus miampai sundatang, tontog om turuding;<ref name="rungus music 1"/><ref name="rungus music 2"/> [[suling]] nopo nga kito-kiton i asis nio-onituhun do oinsanan tinaru id suang miagal do Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, Rungus om Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh.<ref name="suling"/> Tikid tinaru nogi nopo nga ointutunan miampai sayau koubasanan; Kadazan-Dusun ointutunan miampai sayau ''[[Sumazau]]'', Murut miampai sayau ''Magunatip'',<ref name="magunatip"/> Rungus miampai sayau ''Mongigol Sumundai'',<ref name="rungus music 2"/> Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh miampai sayau ''Alai Busak Baku'', Melayu Brunei miampai sayau ''Adai-Adai'',<ref name="adai-adai"/> Bajau Disan Kotonobon miampai sayau ''Limbai'' om ''Kuda Pasu'', Bajau Disan Kosilahon om Suluk miampai sayau ''[[Pangalay]]'' (ointutunan nogi sabaagi ''Daling-Daling'' toi ko' ''Mengalai''), Bisaya miampai sayau ''Liliput'' om Melayu Cocos miampai sayau ''Dansa'' om ''Nona Mansaya'' miampai kogumuan sayau suai mantad sub-tinaru suai.<ref name="dances"/><ref name="cultures intro"/> Suai ko' ii, pogun Sabah nogi nopo nga ointutunan miampai indapu [[Malaysian batik|batik]] sundung tu indapu dii masi osiba ko' indapu id pogun-pogun id disan kosilahon Semenanjung Malaysia.<ref name="batik 1"/> Batik pogun diti nopo nga masi nio-indapu montok sumuang id suang indapu antarabangsa.<ref name="batik 2"/> === Taakanon === {{main|Sabahan cuisine}} [[File:Swordfish hinava.jpg|thumb|left|Liau [[hinava]] ikan todak i nio-tandan miampai [[Pullman loaf|roti sandwich]]]] Taakanon di ointutunan id Sabah nopo nga kaampai no Beaufort mee,<ref name="beaufort mee"/><ref name="noodles"/> bosou,<ref name="bosou"/> [[hinava]],<ref name="hinava"/> ngiu chap, pinasakan,<ref name="pinasakan"/> [[satay]] Sipitang,<ref name="satay 1"/><ref name="satay 2"/> Tuaran mee,<ref name="noodles"/><ref name="tuaran mee"/> tuhau,<ref name="tuhau"/> nio-kaampai no tuwa bambangan (''[[mangifera pajang]]'') miampai kogumuan suai.<ref name="15 dishes"/> Suai ko' ii, Sabah nogi nopo nga kigoos do pialatan taakanon osiba (snacks) miagal do [[amplang]], [[cincin]], [[lidah]], roti kahwin, [[pinjaram]] om [[tart]] Sandakan.<ref name="snacks"/> Taakanon manis (dessert) nopo nga kaampai no [[lamban]], nuba tingaa, [[punjung]], sinamu om puding niyu Tuaran.<ref name="borneo travel"/> Tikid tinaru kigoos do kowoyo-woyoon taakanon diyolo sondii miampai kowoyo-woyoon mongansak, popoitalang om mamakai taakanon dii. Pialatan syarikat mantad Sabah i popoimagon do asil susu om waig pogun nopo nga miagal do [[Desa Cattle]], [[Tenom coffee|Kopi Tenom]] om [[Sabah Tea|Teh Sabah]].<ref name="tea attraction"/> Tinaru mamasok nogi nopo nga kigoos do pialatan waig di oulun (alcoholic) miagal do bahar, kinomol, [[lihing]], montoku, sagantang, sikat om tuak;<ref name="crocker range voices"/> miampai pogun diti sondii poposiliu kanto ko-tolu di akawas id suang kounalaon waig di oulun id Malaysia kalapas Kuala Lumpur om Sarawak.<ref name="alcohol consumption"/> Gedung [[English Tea House and Restaurant]] id Sandakan nopo nga kinoyonon suai i popoimagon do koubasanan teh British. Gedung om restoran antarabangsa suai miagal do taakanon Barat, taakanon Timur Tengah, taakanon Brunei, taakanon Indonesia, taakanon Filipina, taakanon Jipun, taakanon Korea, taakanon Rusia, taakanon Taiwan, taakanon Thai om taakanon Vietnam nogi nopo nga nokoimagon id hiti. Koinawaan ginumu tulud tulud i mamanau montok tumanud taakanon (culinary tourism) nopo nga minonaak do kousinan mamasok kokomoi oponsol dau taakanon mamasok kumaa kousinan tulud pogun.<ref name="culinary tourism"/> === Kopointalangan id media === [[File:BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg|thumb|right|Susuai nopo nga boogian mantad kito-kiton British North Borneo Official Gazette (''[[British North Borneo Herald]]'') ontok 16 Ngiop 1902]] Kogumuan kito-kiton kokomoi wilayah diti nopo nga nio-onituhun id suang rekod ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'' (mantad 1820) om ''[[British North Borneo Herald]]'' (mantad 1883). [[Joseph Hatton]] nopo nga minonituhun do buuk di osopung kopio miampai uhu ''North Borneo – Explorations and Adventures in the Equator'' (1886) tumanud do not exploration mantad tanak dau Frank Hatton; i tanak dau nopo nga nokoidu ginawo id bawang Segama, Sabah.<ref name="hatton"/> Ada Pryer nogi nopo nga minonituhun do buuk kokomoi koposion dau id North Borneo miampai uhu ''A Decade in Borneo'' (1894).<ref name="ada pryer"/> Film di osopung kopio kokomoi North Borneo nopo nga mantad tolu film Amerika mantad [[Martin and Osa Johnson]] miampai uhu ''Jungle Adventures'' (1921), ''Jungle Depths of Borneo'' (1937) om ''Borneo'' (1937).<ref name="johnsons"/> [[Wendy Law Suart]], minonituhun do buuk ''The Lingering Eye – Recollections of North Borneo'' tumanud koposion dau id hiti.<ref name="suart"/> [[File:ThreeCameHome-poster2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[Three Came Home]]'', film Hollywood ontok 1950 tumanud do memoir [[Agnes Newton Keith]] kokomoi koposion dau id Sandakan ontok Pisangod Pomogunan II<ref name="Three Came Home"/>]] K.G. Tregonning nopo nga minonituhun do buuk ''North Borneo'' (1960).<ref name="tregonning"/> Haro nogi pialatan film Amerika i nio-tandun id pogun diti, miagal do ''[[Three Came Home]]'' (1950), film Hollywood tumanud do buuk Agnes Newton Keith kokomoi Pisangod Pomogunan II id Sandakan.<ref name="Three Came Home"/> Keith nogi nopo nga minonituhun do tolu buuk suai: ''Land Below the Wind'', ''White Man Returns'' om ''Beloved Exiles''. Film Jipun ''[[Sandakan No. 8]]'' (1974) nopo nga nio-uhudan do [[Kei Kumai]] i popotutun do susuyan ''[[Karayuki-san]]'' id Sandakan.<ref name="sandakan 8"/> Id suang novel Amerika ''[[The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension|Buckaroo Banzai]]'' (1984), kigoos do "relat city of caves" id Sabah sabaagi kinoyonon Hanoi Xan.<ref name="buckaroo"/> Film ''[[Bat*21]]'' (1988) kokomoi Pisangod Vietnam nopo nga nio-tandun id pialatan kinoyonon id Kota Kinabalu miagal do [[Menggatal]], [[Telipok]], Kayu Madang om Lapasan.<ref name="bat 21"/> Australian author Lynette Ramsay Silver nogi nopo nga minonituhun do buuk ''Sandakan – A Conspiracy of Silence'' (1998). Ontok toun 2017, Mary Christina Lewin (Tina Rimmer) nopo nga nio-angan do kito-kiton 'Sabah Cultural Icon' sabaagi tulun di kumu-iso do nakaanu do award dii tu kousinan dau sabaagi tulun pongia' om "artist".<ref name="rimmer"/> Tumanud do koinawaan film Malaysia ontok 1970-an miampai Sabah Film Production, haro pialatan film mamasok i nio-tandun miagal do ''Keluarga Si Comat'' (1975) om ''Hapuslah Air Matamu'' (1976).<ref name="sabah film"/> Abu Bakar Ellah (Ampal) nopo nga nokosiliu do artist komedi di oponsol miampai film dau ''Orang Kita''.<ref name="ampal"/> Id masa diti, drama om dokumentari mamasok nopo nga nio-posolimbahan id [[TVi (Malaysia)|TVi]], [[TV1 (Malaysia)|TV1]] toi ko' [[TV2 (Malaysia)|TV2]], soira muzik mamasok nopo nga id radio Bayu FM, [[Kupi-Kupi FM]], Sabah FM om Sabah vFM. Sabah nogi nopo nga nio-posolimbahan id suang reality show ''[[Survivor: Borneo]]'' om ''[[Eco-Challenge]] Borneo'' ontok toun 2000.<ref name="survivor"/> === Tadau karayahan om tadau koundorongon === {{main|Public holidays in Sabah|Public holidays in Malaysia}} [[File:State Unduk Ngadau Kaamatan crowning.jpg|thumb|right|Ontok timpu ramai [[Kaamatan]], haro pialatan pialaan kito-kiton miagal do ''[[Unduk Ngadau]]'' om ''Mr. Kaamatan'' i nokoimagon tikid toun id [[KDCA Compound]] montok manamong do susuyan [[Huminodun]].<ref name="unduk ngadau"/><ref name="mr kaamatan"/>]] Tulud Sabah nopo nga manamong do pialatan tadau koundorongon om karayahan tikid toun.<ref name="holidays"/> Suai ko' Tadau Kabasaan (Independence Day) om Tadau Malaysia, Sabah nogi nopo nga mamaramai do [[Sabah Day|Tadau Sabah]] ontok 31 Magus.<ref name="sabah day 1"/><ref name="sabah day 2"/> Tikid tinaru mamaramai do tadau karayahan diyolo sondii miampai koubasanan "rumah terbuka" i poposiliu pisuayan mialatan do ugama om tinaru.<ref name="bridge"/> Sabah nopo nga kumu-iso pogun id Malaysia i poposiliu do ramai [[Kaamatan]] sabaagi tadau koundorongon porintah.<ref name="kolig"/> Sabah om Sarawak nogi nopo nga duo pogun id Malaysia i poposiliu do [[Good Friday]] sabaagi tadau koundorongon.<ref name="bridge"/><ref name="good friday"/> Kogumuan karayahan suai nopo nga kaampai no Bon Odori, Sabah Jazz, Borneo Bird Festival, Borneo Bug Fest, om Sabah International Folklore Festival.<ref name="festivals"/> === Sukan === [[File:Kota-Kinabalu Sabah Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg|thumb|left|Liau [[Borneo International Marathon]] ontok 2015]] North Borneo nopo nga kigoos do tim diyolo sondii montok mampat id suang [[North Borneo at the 1956 Summer Olympics|Pisangod Olimpik 1956]],<ref name="olympics"/> [[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|Pisangod Komanwel 1958]] om 1962,<ref name="commonwealth"/> soira nokotimpuun mamakai ngaran Malaysia kalapas toun 1963.<ref name="asian games"/> Montok popoingkat do koinawaan sukan, Lembaga Sukan Sabah nopo nga nokoimagon ontok toun 1972.<ref name="sports council"/> Sabah nopo nga nokosiliu do tuan rumah montok [[SUKMA Games|SUKMA]] ontok toun 2002 om nokosiliu do juara montok Para SUKMA 2022.<ref name="para sukma"/> Pogun diti nogi nopo nga kigoos do mampat id suang Borneo Games om sukan antarabangsa miagal do SEA Games om Olimpik. Mantad toun 2003, Sukan Sabah (SAGA) nopo nga nokoimagon tikid duo toun montok monguhot do bakat wagu mamasok.<ref name="saga"/> Haro nogi pialatan sukan antarabangsa id hiti miagal do [[Borneo International Marathon]] om [[Mount Kinabalu International Climbathon]]. Suai ko' sukan oponsol, Sabah nogi nopo nga kigoos do hopod om iso sukan koubasanan.<ref name="traditional sports"/> [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah LikasStadium-07.jpg|thumb|right|Stadium Likas, i poposiliu "home stadium" montok [[Sabah F.C. (Malaysia)|Sabah F.C.]]]] Haro 12 kompleks sukan id suang pogun diti miampai tolu stadium oponsol.<ref name="complexes"/> Stadium Likas nopo nga stadium oponsol montok persatuan buul sipak [[Sabah F.C. (Malaysia)|Sabah F.C.]], tumanud Stadium Penampang om Stadium Tawau. Sabah F.C. (i pogulu nopo nga nio-onituhun sabaagi Sabah FA) nopo nga nokoimagon ontok toun 1963 om nakaanu do pialatan kito-kiton juara miagal do [[Malaysia FA Cup]] (1995), [[Malaysia Premier League]] (1996, 2019), om [[President Cup Malaysia]] (1999).<ref name="sarawak brunei"/><ref name="borneo cup"/> Ontok toun 2019, kousinan sukan Sabah om Sarawak nopo nga kigoos do mansawo montok mopoimagon do East Malaysia Sports Commission montok popoingkat do koinawaan sukan id borneo.<ref name="commission"/> Miampai koinawaan kointutunan "e-sports" id pialatan tanak wagu, porinta Sabah nogi nopo nga manasoro montok popoingkat do sukan diti sabaagi boogian mantad kousinan tulud pogun.<ref name="esports"/> == Kobodian (''economy)'' == [[File:Kundasang - Desa Cattle Dairy Farm, Sabah, Malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Desa Dairy Farm]] id Sabah, nokoimbulut sabaagi [[New Zealand]] tokoro gama dot miagal o kokitanan id kinoyonon dilo<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=2004|title=Sabah's own little New Zealand|last=Chin|first=Mary|work=Daily Express|date=23 April 2016|access-date=30 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502163144/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=2004|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/12/652427/little-new-zealand-hit|title='Little New Zealand' a hit|last=Miwil|first=Olivia|work=New Straits Times|date=27 December 2020|access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>]] {{Pie chart | caption=Kibarabaan KDNK (GDP) Sabah tumanud Sektor (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gkp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|title=GDP By State (2010–2016)|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=6 September 2017|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804081413/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|archive-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> | label1 = Pomogunaan/Koruhangan | value1 = 40.8 | color1 = #000080 | label2 = Pamaluan & Panggungaan | value2 = 29.6 | color2 = #008080 | label3 = Pomogunan/Agrikultur | value3 = 19.1 | color3 = #008000 | label4 = Pongindupuon/Uun-uun | value4 = 7.5 | color4 = #800080 | label5 = Ponondurungon | value5 = 2.6 | color5 = #808000 }} Ikonomi Sabah nopo nga lobi pointonedu id [[Primary sector of the economy|sektor primari]] miagal do pomogunan (agrikultur), pangkagayauan (perhutanan) om [[Petroleum industry|petroleum]].<ref name="sbh"/><ref name="eco">{{cite web |url=http://www.sedia.com.my/SDC_Blueprint/Blueprint_Eng/4.IncreaseValueCaptureofSabah'sResourcesinDownstreamManufacturingActivities.pdf |title=(Chapter 4) Increase Value Capture of Sabah's Resources in Downstream Manufacturing Activities |publisher=[[Sabah Development Corridor]] |access-date=29 May 2016 |page=92 (52/4) and 100 (13/24) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529041303/http://www.sedia.com.my/SDC_Blueprint/Blueprint_Eng/4.IncreaseValueCaptureofSabah%27sResourcesinDownstreamManufacturingActivities.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Id timpu diti, [[Tertiary sector of the economy|sektor tersiari]] kitoruhang di agayo montok ikonomi pogun, lobi-lobi no id pondungangan (pelancongan) om koruhangan. Miampai kinumuan nopo biodiversiti, pogun diti popotahak do [[ecotourism]]. Sundung pia do id toun-toun diti nopo nga naantakan o pongindupuon pondungangan do [[Cross border attacks in Sabah|serangan om pongonduan tulun sabaagi sandera]] do puru militan mantad kabaatan Filipina, potilombus iti do pointonedu miampai nokoinsawat o kousinan (sekuriti) id kosilahon Sabah om Laut Sulu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesscircle.com.my/the-resurgence-of-sabahs-tourism-industry/ |title=The resurgence of Sabah's tourism industry |author=Carolyn Hong |publisher=Business Circle |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529145805/http://www.businesscircle.com.my/the-resurgence-of-sabahs-tourism-industry/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Sektor pondungangan popotahak 10% mantad kibarabaan [[Gross domestic product]] (GDP/KDNK) pogun om nitorotok do lobi po sumawat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/06/18/tourism-to-surpass-current-share-of-sabahs-gdp/ |title=Tourism to surpass current share of Sabah's GDP |author1=Ripin |author2=Raymond |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=18 June 2011 |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529151423/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/06/18/tourism-to-surpass-current-share-of-sabahs-gdp/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Majoriti tutumombului nopo nga mantad China (60.3%), tinilombus do [[South Korea]] (33.9%), Australia (16.3%) om [[Taiwan]] (8.3%).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110020 |title=Impressive rise in tourists to Sabah: Matta |newspaper=Daily Express |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529183907/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110020 |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Pondungangan nopo nga mongobi do tonggungan di oponsol id ikonomi pogun sabaagi sektor kotolu di agayo kopongasilan, miampai pogun diti nokosuat do 3,879,413 kinotutombului ontok toun 2018, kinoburuon soginumu 5.3% nung piatayon miampai 3,684,734 ontok 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/19/sabah-hits-record-breaking-tourism-numbers/1724459|title=Sabah hits record-breaking tourism numbers|author=Julia Chan|newspaper=The Malay Mail|date=19 February 2019|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326040643/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/19/sabah-hits-record-breaking-tourism-numbers/1724459|archive-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Mantad di toun 1950-an, [[Natural rubber|kaut]] (getah) om [[copra]] nopo nga nulu poingulu kopongasilan agrikultur id Borneo Utara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-borneo.com/infoborneo/sab-eco.shtml |title=Sabah's Economy in Brief |publisher=e-borneo |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529051720/http://www.e-borneo.com/infoborneo/sab-eco.shtml |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Industri kalingo (balak) nokoimagon ontok toun 1960-an gama dot sininggawa di akawas montok kakamot mata mantad pogun-pogun industri. Poingkuuro gia, kalingo nopo nga nalanan do petroleum ontok 1970-an soira nokoidu o minyak id kinoyonon disan rahat kabaatan Sabah.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jeffrey R. Professor Vincent |author2=Rozali Professor Mohamed Ali |title=Managing Natural Wealth: Environment and Development in Malaysia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEOqb5za-ykC&pg=PT56 |date= 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-52248-2 |page=56}}</ref> Id toun di miagal, [[cocoa bean|koko]] om [[palm oil]] (sawit) nogi nga nokoinggonop id sanulu dilo.<ref name="eco"/><ref>{{cite book |author=François Ruf |title=Cocoa Cycles: The Economics of Cocoa Supply |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUPk9DcmOQwC&pg=PA268 |year=1995 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-1-85573-215-5 |page=268}}</ref> Koporintaan pogun Sabah nakalantoi pinosawat tabung pogun mantad RM6 million ngid RM12 billion om tatal kousibaon (kemiskinan) nopo nga nakasiriba lobi no do satanga kumaa 33.1% ontok toun 1980.<ref name="Lim2008"/> Kinoburuon di osikap id sektor primari minamagayat ginawo [[Job hunting|mamandui karaja]] mantad pogun tumanir miagal do Indonesia om Filipina tu' tulun di gumaau karaja id pogun diti nopo nga au poinggonop.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Malaysia/Malaysia_MDG_2005.pdf |title=Malaysia – Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (Successes and Challenges) |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |year=2005 |access-date=29 May 2016 |page=11 |isbn=978-983-3055-03-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529020354/http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Malaysia/Malaysia_MDG_2005.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> KDNK pogun ontok dii nopo nga id dohuri do [[Selangor]] om [[Kuala Lumpur]], sabaagi pogun kotolu di kousinan (paling kaya) sundung pia sektor pamanalanan (perkilangan) nopo nga poingkodoriu po.<ref name="env"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/Background/BgSocioEco.htm |title=Socio-Economic Context |work=Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation |publisher=Sabah State Government |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529021407/http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/Background/BgSocioEco.htm |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Poingkuuro gia, ontok toun 2000, pogun diti nokoimagon sabaagi pogun di kousibaon kopio gama dot poinglongkot po id kakamot sandad sabaagi toud utama kopongasilan nung piatayon miampai pogun-pogun di popohasil mantad [[Secondary sector of the economy|sektor sekondari]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irbrp.com/static/documents/January/2009/27.Hasnah%20ali.pdf |title=Why Poor Regions Remain Poor? Evidence from Malaysia |author1=Hasnah Ali |author2=Sanep Ahmad |publisher=International Review of Business Research Papers |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=29 May 2016 |page=5/12 (344) |volume=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514075310/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93465 |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> Mantad dilo, [[Sabah Development Corridor]] (SDC) nopo nga nokoimagon ontok toun 2008 do Luguan Montiri [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] miampai pounsuangan soginumu RM105 billion solinaid 18 toun montok popinsawat KDNK pogun kumaa RM63.2 billion ontok toun 2025.<ref name="sdc">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukm.my/fep/perkem/pdf/perkem2015/PERKEM_2015_4B1.pdf |title=The Sabah Development Corridor (SDC) |author1=Dullah Mulok |author2=Kasim Mansur |author3=Mori Kogid |work=Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah |publisher=[[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] |year=2015 |access-date=29 May 2016 |issn=2231-962X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529053525/http://www.ukm.my/fep/perkem/pdf/perkem2015/PERKEM_2015_4B1.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Soginumu RM5.83 billion pinatantu do tikid toun montok kinoburuon infrastruktur miampai kinomonsoon 900,000 karaja.<ref name="sdc"/> Koporintaan persekutuan nitorotok do papataas kousibaon ogumu (miskin tegar) ontok dohuri [[Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan]] (9MP) miampai tatal kousibaon noriba mantad 23% ontok 2004 kumaa 12% ontok 2010 om 8.1% ontok 2012.<ref name="sdc"/> Mantad toun nokoimagon iti ontok 2008, KDNK pogun nokoinsawat kumaa 10.7% di lobi akawas nung piatayon miampai kinoburuon ikonomi nasional 4.8% om kinoburuon ikonomi pomogunan 2.7%. Tinilombus nopo do [[Global financial crisis in 2009|krisis kousinan pomogunan 2009]], KDNK Sabah nakasuat kinoburuon 4.8% nung piatayon miampai −1.5% montok satinggas nasional om −0.4% montok satinggas pomogunan.<ref name="sdc"/> [[File:Tambunan Sabah Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paddy field|Kabun parai]] id [[Tambunan District|Watas Tambunan]]]] Mantad toun 2010 kumaa 2011, pogun diti nakaantak kinoburuon di maba-baba gama do kinatantayon di moidu-idu id sektor minyak om gas. Tumanid do ponoliwanan (tinjauan) toun 2014, KDNK Sabah nakasuat kinoburuon 5.0% om potilombus nopo sabaagi mongobi di tagayo id sektor agrikultur miampai 18.1%, tinilombus do [[Sarawak]], Johor, [[Pahang]] om [[Perak]]. [[Income per capita|KDNK per kapita]] nopo nga poingkodoriu po miampai RM19,672, i kotolu di osiba no mantad po do [[Kelantan]] (RM11,815) om [[Kedah]] (RM17,321) mantad koinsanai 13 pogun.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=OFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09|title=GDP By State (2010–2014)|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|access-date=30 May 2016|page=2 and 5|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804072828/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FpdfPrev&id=OFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09|archive-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> Id toun di miagal, gatang ekspor pogun nopo nga RM45.3 billion miampai gatang impor RM36.5 billion. Kakamot misin om kakamot nimbulut nopo nga sabaagi kakamot di ogumu no napaat (impor) tinilombus do bahan bakar, pelincir mineral om suai-suai po. Solinaid dilo, Sabah lobi ogumu papahau (ekspor) petroleum mata om sawit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101309 |title=RM45bil Sabah exports since 2009 |newspaper=Daily Express |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529185535/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=101309 |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> Pogun diti id timpu diti nopo nga kiamat do turu lobi dapu (pelabuhan) miampai duo id [[Sepanggar]] om tikid iso id Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, [[Kunak]] om Lahad Datu i tinuruk om linumut do Lembaga Pelabuhan-Pelabuhan Sabah i nanganu do Suria Group.<ref name="sabah ports">{{cite web |url=http://www.suriagroup.com.my/spsb/ports/ |title=Ports |publisher=Suria Group |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718111340/http://www.suriagroup.com.my/spsb/ports/ |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> Sabaagi boogian mantad [[Eleventh Malaysia Plan]] (11MP), koporintaan persekutuan nokoindoros pinatantu do pountonagon RM800 million montok pampagayo pamanandayan kargo id Pelabuhan Kontena Teluk Sepanggar mantad 500,000 kumaa 1.25 million [[twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] tikid toun om nogi montok papasuang kapal di lobi agayo miagal do saiz [[Panamax]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/sabah-looks-logistics-growth |title=Sabah looks to logistics for growth |publisher=Oxford Business Group |date=25 March 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/03/sabah-looks-to-logistics-for-growth/ |title=Sabah looks to logistics for growth |author=Paulius Kuncinas |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=3 April 2016 |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530030603/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/03/sabah-looks-to-logistics-for-growth/ |archive-date=30 May 2016 }}</ref> Pountonagon koruhangan RM333.51 million nopo nga pinatahak id toun di miagal, sumiliu do RM1.13 billion poinsandat om projek diti nopo nga tumanid toun 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106857 |title=Sepanggar Port expansion work to start next year |newspaper=Daily Express |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704050523/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106857 |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bm/bu/newsbusiness.php?id=1259314 |title=Kerajaan Tingkatkan Pembiayaan Bagi Pembesaran Pelabuhan Kontena Teluk Sepanggar |trans-title=Government Raises Financing For Sepanggar Coast Container Port Expansion |language=ms |publisher=Bernama |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704045647/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bm/bu/newsbusiness.php?id=1259314 |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Industri pangkuraan (perikanan) nopo nga potilombus sabaagi boogian di oponsol id ikonomi primari Sabah miampai koruhangan kiranit do 200,000 tan metrik sada di gatang RM700 juta tikid toun om nogi popotahak 2.8% kumaa KDNK tikid toun pogun.<ref name="fishdept"/> Sektor [[aquaculture]] om piaraan sada rahat id sangkar nopo nga minopohasil 35,000 tan metrik akwakultur waig masin (payau) om [[fresh water|waig obing]] (tawar) om 360 tan metrik sada [[grouper|kerapu]], [[wrasse|mameng]], sada snapper (merah) om [[lobster|kurita]] (udang galah) di gatang lobi RM60 million om RM13 million. Sabah nogi nga sabaagi iso pogun popohasil [[seaweed|limut rahat]] (rumpai laut), miampai kogumuan kabun nopo nga id rahat posorili [[Semporna]].<ref name="fishdept"/> Sundung pia do baino diti industri limut rahat nawaalan gama do aantakan nopo pongonduan tulun sabaagi sandera di winonsoi do puru militan [[Abu Sayyaf]] mantad kabaatan Filipina.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111349 |title=Seaweed industry dying due to kidnappings |newspaper=Daily Express |date=16 July 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716110118/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111349 |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Sandakan Sabah Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg|thumb|left|Kalalajaon pangkuraan (perikanan) id dapu [[Sandakan]]]] Tumanud doti toun 2015, Sabah nopo nga popohasil 180,000 [[barrel of oil equivalent|tonggong (baldi) oil ekivalen]] tikid toun<ref>{{cite news |title=Exciting year for oil & gas industry |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=95890 |access-date=1 September 2019 |newspaper=Daily Express |date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506085958/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=95890 |archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> om id timpu diti monarima 5% royalti minyak (porsintaj kopongasilan minyak di binalayar do syarikat pamaluan kumaa moigun kowoowoyoon) mantad Petronas montok ponolimbungon (eksplorasi) minyak id waig kowoowoyoon Sabah tumanud Akta Kemajuan Petroleum 1974.<ref name="Lim2008"/><ref name="oxford review">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/sabah-year-review-2011 |title=Sabah: Year in Review |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2011 |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230335/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/sabah-year-review-2011 }}</ref> Majoriti nopo dot kakamot minyak om gas nga hiri id kabaatan Sabah Trough basin id disan rahat kabaatan.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |title=Borneo's Petroleum Plays |author=Sorkhabi Rasoul |magazine=GEO ExPro |year=2012 |access-date=20 November 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |quote=A simplified map showing the distribution of major sedimentary basins onshore and offshore Borneo. |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121030834/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays }}</ref> Sabah nogi nga pinatahak 10% kitoruhang id Petronas [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) id [[Bintulu]], Sarawak.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93465 |title=More oil, gas revenue for Sabah |newspaper=Daily Express |date=16 November 2014 |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514075310/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93465 |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> Karalangan (ketidaksamaan) kopongasilan om gatang koposion di akawas potilombus nopo sabaagi isu ikonomi di utama id Sabah.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shireen Mardziah Hashim |title=Income Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpf1_k8wELYC&pg=PA131 |year=1998 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-8858-6 |page=131}}</ref> Gatang koposion di akawas nopo nga sinandatan do Polisi Cabotage, sundung pia koruol nopo nga gama dot tatal pongindupuon di okoro, gatang nimbulut (pengangkutan) om kobontolan dapu montok mongurus pongindupuon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lpps.sabah.gov.my/?q=content/cabotage-policy-cannot-be-repealed-29-september-2015 |title=Cabotage Policy Cannot Be Repealed |work=The Borneo Post |publisher=Sabah Ports Authority |date=29 September 2015 |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530032631/http://www.lpps.sabah.gov.my/?q=content%2Fcabotage-policy-cannot-be-repealed-29-september-2015 |archive-date=30 May 2016 }}</ref> Koporintaan nopo nga pinatantu do monimban (menyemak) Polisi Cabotage sundung pia koruol nopo nga gama do sabap suai miampai Bank Pomogunan minoboros dot asil nopo dilo nga gama dot ralan kinarabaan (saluran pengedaran) di moni-moni, gatang pongurusan di akawas om nimbulut doun suang (darat) di au abontol.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/02/16/cabotage-policy-to-be-reviewed-to-bring-down-goods-costs-in-sabah-and-sarawak/ |title=Liow: Cabotage policy to be reviewed to bring down cost of goods in east Malaysia |author1=Muguntan Vanar |author2=Stephanie Lee |work=The Star |date=16 February 2017 |access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> Ontok dohuri nopo nga nionit dot popoidu (mengecualikan) polisi dilo mantad 1 Mahas 2017; miampai kapal mantad labas ralan nopo nga mamanau pointulid kumaa dapu-dapu id Kosilahon miampai au po kawu mamanau kumaa Semenanjung Malaysia sundung pia Polisi Cabotage montok "transshipment" kakamot id suang Sabah om Sarawak nogi Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan nopo nga poingkakak.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/pm-no-more-cabotage-for-sabah-sarawak-and-labuan-from-june |title=PM: No more cabotage for Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan from June |newspaper=The Malay Mail |date=7 May 2017 |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508045249/http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/pm-no-more-cabotage-for-sabah-sarawak-and-labuan-from-june |archive-date=8 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seatrade-maritime.com/news/asia/cabotage-law-between-east-and-west-malaysia-to-be-scrapped.html |title=Cabotage law between east and west Malaysia to be scrapped |author=Marcus Hand |publisher=Seatrade Maritime News |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510155211/http://www.seatrade-maritime.com/news/asia/cabotage-law-between-east-and-west-malaysia-to-be-scrapped.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 }}</ref> Luguan Montiri Najib nogi nga minonimpuun do papatanit kinopinsawatan kinoburuon id pialatan Sabah om [[Peninsular Malaysia|Semenanjung]] miampai popoburu om momonoi lobi ogumu infrastruktur id pogun diti,<ref name="promised">{{cite web |url=http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/282-main-tile/613575-my-vision-is-to-narrow-development-gap-between-sabah-and-pensinsula-najib.html |title=My Vision Is To Narrow Development Gap Between Sabah And Peninsula: Najib |work=Bernama |publisher=Malaysian Digest |date=28 May 2016 |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530034255/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/282-main-tile/613575-my-vision-is-to-narrow-development-gap-between-sabah-and-pensinsula-najib.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> i tinilombus id siriba koporintaan [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) soira koporintaan persekutuan wagu minoboros dot pogun diti nopo nga tumanid do Semenanjung miampai koporintaan persekutuan nopo nga potilombus id komitmen montok monulung popoburu pogun diti miagal di pinoboros do Kumadu Luguan Montiri [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malaysiandigest.com/news/745228-sabah-must-develop-together-with-the-peninsula-wan-azizah.html|title=Sabah Must Develop Together With The Peninsula – Wan Azizah|work=Bernama|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=1 July 2018|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709180713/http://malaysiandigest.com/news/745228-sabah-must-develop-together-with-the-peninsula-wan-azizah.html|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/386224/federal-government-continue-developing-sabah|title=Federal Government to continue developing Sabah|author1=Mohd Izham Unnip Abdullah|author2=Abdul Rahemang Taiming|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=1 July 2018|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Tumanid do rikoot di kawagu, tatal au gumaau karaja (pengangguran) id pogun diti nopo nga noriba mantad 5.1% (2014) kumaa 4.7% (2015), sundung pia tatal dilo nopo nga poingakawas po.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/05/12/sabah-unemployment-rate-down-director/ |title=Sabah unemployment rate down – Director |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530043453/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/05/12/sabah-unemployment-rate-down-director/ |archive-date=30 May 2016 }}</ref> [[Slum|Kinoyonon di arigid]] nopo nga au osongira id Malaysia nga gama dot [[Refugees of the Philippines|tatal pelarian di ogumu]] nokorikot mantad [[Moro conflict in the Philippines|konflik kabaatan Filipina]], Sabah nopo nga nokokita kininsawatan di kiranit (signifikan) id tatal dilo. Montok popoidu [[water pollution|pancat waig]] om popoburu [[hygiene|kobontolan kousinan]], koporintaan pogun Sabah nopo nga gumaau montok popoundaliu iyolo kumaa kinoyonon pomononoyan (perumahan) di lobi omi-omi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/16/sabah-aims-to-end-squatter-problem-state-govt-outlines-strategies-to-relocate-them/ |title=Sabah aims to end squatter problem |author=Muguntan Vanar |work=The Star |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> Sabaagi boogian mantad [[BIMP-EAGA]], Sabah nogi nga potilombus poposotol sabaagi titigaon (pintu masuk) utama montok pounsuangan (pelaburan) serantau. Pounsuangan mantad labas nopo nga lobi no id kinoyonon Taman Perindustrian Kota Kinabalu (KKIP).<ref name="oxford review"/> Sundung pia do pogun miagal do Jipun nopo nga lobi no poposotol kigoos kinoburuon om projek pounsuangan iyolo id suang pogun om id pulau-pulau mantad no do nopupusan Sangod Pomogunan Koduo.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/298463/japanese-economic-interests-in-sabah-after-the-second-world-war |title=Japanese Economic Interests in Sabah after the Second World War |author=Uqbah Iqbal |publisher=Grin |year=2015 |access-date=29 May 2016 |isbn=978-3-656-96933-4}}</ref> Tinilombus nopo do kinalantayan Amerika id pibaabatosan ikonomi [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPPA) ontok timpuunon toun 2017, Sabah nopo nga tinimpuun pinulau (beralih) pongindupuon iyolo kumaa pasar China om [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/02/03/sabah-turns-to-china-india/ |title=Sabah turns to China, India |author=Shalina R. |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=3 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204055004/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/02/03/sabah-turns-to-china-india/ |archive-date=4 February 2017 }}</ref> Montok poposikap lobi po kinoburuon ikonomi, Sabah nogi nga nitorotok montok piipiro pogun sabaagi tambalut pongindupuon utama kohompit no [[Germany]], Korea Kabaatan, Thailand om [[United Arab Emirates]] sabaagi kinoyonon ekspor montok kakamot [[food|taakanon]], Brunei, Indonesia, Taiwan, Amerika Syarikat om New Zealand sabaagi kinoyonon montok sawit om sektor [[logistics|logistik]], [[Russia]] sabaagi kinoyonon montok industri minyak om gas nogi Jipun om Vietnam sabaagi kinoyonon montok [[wood industry|industri mabel kalingo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/08/07/sabah-targets-several-countries-to-be-trade-partners/ |title=Sabah targets several countries to be trade partners |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808001236/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/08/07/sabah-targets-several-countries-to-be-trade-partners/ |archive-date=8 August 2019 }}</ref> == Infrastruktur == Infrastruktur nopo do tonggumu (awam) id Sabah nga poingkodoriu po gama do koyonon geografi sabaagi pogun koduo di kigayo id Malaysia.<ref name="Group"/><ref name="infrastructure">{{cite web |url=http://www.sedia.com.my/SDC_Blueprint/Blueprint_Eng/5.DevelopInfrastructureandPeopleasKeyEnablersforSabah'sGrowth.pdf |title=(Chapter 5) Progressive Growth is Within Reach – Develop Infrastructure and People as Key Enablers for Sabah's Growth |publisher=Sabah Development Corridor |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627132056/http://www.sedia.com.my/SDC_Blueprint/Blueprint_Eng/5.DevelopInfrastructureandPeopleasKeyEnablersforSabah%27sGrowth.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2016 }}</ref> Kinulonuton (Kementerian) Pomonsoi Infrastruktur Sabah (di pogulu nopo nga nointutunan sabaagi Kinulonuton Pihubungan om Karaja) nopo nga kitonggungan montok koinsanai pamanandayan om pomonsoi infrastruktur tonggumu id pogun diti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kpi.sabah.gov.my/Sejarah/SejarahPembangunan/tabid/81/Default.aspx |title=Sejarah Kementerian Pembangunan Infrastruktur Sabah |trans-title=History of the Ministry of Infrastructure Development Sabah |language=ms |publisher=Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629034424/http://www.kpi.sabah.gov.my/Sejarah/SejarahPembangunan/tabid/81/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> Montok poposiriba pialatan kinoburuon, koporintaan persekutuan nopo nga gumaau montok momonsoi lobi ogumu infrastruktur om popoburu infrastruktur di haro no.<ref name="promised"/> Ontok toun 2013, koporintaan pogun Sabah pinatantu do RM1.583 billion montok infrastruktur om kinoburuon kakamot tonggumu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-allocates-rm1.583b-to-develop-infrastructure-public-facilities-next-y |title=Sabah allocates RM1.583b to develop infrastructure, public facilities next year |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704144700/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-allocates-rm1.583b-to-develop-infrastructure-public-facilities-next-y |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> di nombo pinatahak nogi RM4.07 billion do koporintaan persekutuan id suang Bajet Malaysia 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/11/10/sabah-allocated-rm4-07-billion-2015-budget/ |title=Sabah allocated RM4.07 billion in 2015 Budget |work=Bernama |publisher=The Rakyat Post |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704150349/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/11/10/sabah-allocated-rm4-07-billion-2015-budget/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Mantad no do Rancangan Malaysia Kedelapan (8MP) gisom toun 2014, tatal soginumu RM11.115 billion noitantu montok mogikaakawo projek infrastruktur id pogun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ministry-rm11b-for-infrastructure-projects-in-sabah-since-8mp |title=Ministry: RM11b for infrastructure projects in Sabah since 8MP |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704152857/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ministry-rm11b-for-infrastructure-projects-in-sabah-since-8mp |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Id siriba [[Tenth Malaysia Plan|Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh]] (10MP), infrastruktur id labas kakadayan pinosotol miampai kininsawatan waig labas kakadayan, kousinan karanit (elektrik) om kinarabaan ralan raya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2004.pdf |title=Transforming Rural Areas to Uplift Wellbeing of Rural Communities (Strategy Paper 4) |publisher=11th Malaysia Plan, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department |access-date=16 July 2016 |page=3/15 (4–1) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715172201/http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2004.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref> Kointantuon infrastruktur di lobi tagayo nogi nga nipiatahak kumaa Sabah om Sarawak id siriba Bajet Malaysia 2020 kohompit no bajet montok popoburu pialatan (konektiviti) om momonoi infrastruktur digital montok internet di osikap id labas kakadayan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/10/11/basketful-of-goodies-for-sabah-and-sarawak-in-budget-2020/|title=Basketful of 'goodies' for Sabah and Sarawak in Budget 2020|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malaysian Reserve|date=11 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030051916/https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/10/11/basketful-of-goodies-for-sabah-and-sarawak-in-budget-2020/|archive-date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sea.mashable.com/tech/6777/malaysia-is-investing-heavily-into-its-tech-landscape|title=Malaysia is investing heavily into its tech landscape|author=Tarvin Gill|publisher=Mashable Southeast Asia|date=11 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030052207/https://sea.mashable.com/tech/6777/malaysia-is-investing-heavily-into-its-tech-landscape|archive-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> === Toud kousinan om waig === [[File:Kimanis Sabah Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg|thumb|upright|[[transmission tower|Sunsuyon elektrik]] "high voltage" di poinggonop somok do Stesen Kousinan Kimanis]] Pampagabaan elektrik id pogun diti nogi nga id [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Wilayah Persekutuan]] [[Labuan]] nopo nga ituruk om iumut do [[Sabah Electricity]] [[Private company limited by shares|Sdn. Bhd.]] (SESB). Elektrik Sabah kogumuan nopo nga nansul (jana) mantad stesen kousinan diesel, [[hydropower|kousinan waig]] om stesen kousinan [[combined cycle]]. Iso nopo stesen kousinan waig (hidroelektrik) utama nga [[Tenom Pangi Dam|Empangan Tenom Pangi]].<ref name="infrastructure"/> Stesen kousinan "combined cycle" di pinungaranan do Stesen Kousinan Kimanis nopo nga nopupusan ontok 2014, popotahak 300 [[Megawatt|MW]], miampai 285 MW kapasiti nominal.<ref name="kpp">{{cite web |url=http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/16_November_2012-@-Kimanis_Power_Plant.aspx |title=Kimanis Power Plant |publisher=Economic Transformation Programme |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719044106/http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/16_November_2012-@-Kimanis_Power_Plant.aspx |archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> Stesen diti nopo nga asil piniubasan (joint venture) id pialatan Petronas om NRG Consortium i kohompit nogi kakamot miagal do ralan gas [[Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline]] om terminal [[Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal]].<ref name="kpp"/> Haro nogi duo stesen kousinan "combined cycle" suai miampai kapasiti 380 MW i ituruk do [[Ranhill Holdings Berhad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2016/09/05/ranhill-tipped-for-another-ipp/ |title=Ranhill tipped for another IPP, a 300 MW power plant in Sabah |author=M. Shanmugam |work=The Star |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Ontok toun 2009, kinarabaan elektrik nopo nga id 67% mogigiyon pogun om nokoinsawat kumaa 80% ontok 2011.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Kinarabaan dilo nopo nga nokopononok (100%) ontok toun 2012 soira pinatahak o RM962.5 million mantad koporintaan persekutuan montok pampagayo kinarabaan id siriba Bajet Persekutuan 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/10/14/100-power-supply-coverage-in-sabah-by-2012-%E2%80%93-sesb-latest/ |title=100% power supply coverage in Sabah by 2012 – SESB |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629054729/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/10/14/100-power-supply-coverage-in-sabah-by-2012-%E2%80%93-sesb-latest/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Electrical grid|Grid elektrik]] nopo nga nabagi kumaa duo ii nopo nga Grid Disan Rahat Kabaatan (West Coast) om Grid Disan Rahat Kosilahon (East Coast) i nopiiso no mantad toun 2007.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Grid Disan Rahat Kabaatan popotahak elektrik kumaa Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat om Labuan miampai kapasiti 488.4 MW om sininggawa maksimum 396.5 MW.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Solinaid dilo, Grid Disan Rahat Kosilahon popotahak elektrik kumaa bandar-bandar utama miagal do Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna om Tawau miampai kapasiti 333.02 MW om sininggawa maksimum 203.3 MW.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Ontok toun 2018, koporintaan persekutuan mininsawat grid elektrik Sabah montok poposiriba pancat elektrik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/749045-gov-t-to-upgrade-electricity-grid-in-sabah.html|title=Gov't To Upgrade Electricity Grid In Sabah|work=Bernama|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=23 July 2018|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724163505/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/749045-gov-t-to-upgrade-electricity-grid-in-sabah.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarawak i tumanir nogi nga popotahak koruhangan kousinan elektrik kumaa Sabah ontok 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dayakdaily.com/sarawak-to-export-electricity-to-sabah-beginning-q2-2025/|title=Sarawak to export electricity to Sabah beginning Q2 2025|newspaper=Dayak Daily|date=18 November 2024|access-date=28 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123103101/https://dayakdaily.com/sarawak-to-export-electricity-to-sabah-beginning-q2-2025/|archive-date=23 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Electricity interconnection|Piniubasan kousinan]] id pialatan Sabah, wilayah Indonesia [[North Kalimantan|Kalimantan Utara]] om wilayah Filipina [[Palawan]] nogi montok koinsanai pulau-pulau [[Mindanao]] nopo nga id suang proses sabaagi boogian mantad [[BIMP-EAGA]] om piniubasan kousinan Borneo-Mindanao id siriba Grid Kousinan [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.detik.com/finance/energi/2308195/pln-akan-ekspor-listrik-dari-kalimantan-utara-ke-sabah-malaysia |title=PLN Akan Ekspor Listrik dari Kalimantan Utara Ke Sabah Malaysia |trans-title=PLN Will Export Electricity from North Kalimantan to Sabah Malaysia |language=id |publisher=[[DetikCom|Detik Finance]] |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201124/https://m.detik.com/finance/energi/2308195/pln-akan-ekspor-listrik-dari-kalimantan-utara-ke-sabah-malaysia |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esdm.go.id/index.php/post/view/pln-jalin-kerjasama-kelistrikan-dengan-sabah-electricity-sdn-bhd |title=PLN Jalin Kerjasama Kelistrikan dengan Sabah Electricity, Sdn. Bhd. |trans-title=PLN Develops Electricity Cooperation with Sabah Electricity, Sdn. Bhd. |language=id |publisher=Kementerian ESDM |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201021/http://www.esdm.go.id/index.php/post/view/pln-jalin-kerjasama-kelistrikan-dengan-sabah-electricity-sdn-bhd |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/12/borneo-mindanao-power-interconnection-pushed/|title=Borneo-Mindanao power interconnection pushed|author=Antonio Colina IV|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|date=12 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718110607/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/12/borneo-mindanao-power-interconnection-pushed/|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> miampai piniubasan kumaa Palawan nitorotok do timpuunon doti id timpu di somok.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/05/palawan-moving-closer-to-getting-power-from-sabah/ |title=Palawan moving closer to getting power from Sabah |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227195034/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/05/palawan-moving-closer-to-getting-power-from-sabah/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/02/26/power-link-between-palawan-sabah-eyed-527966 |title=Power link between Palawan, Sabah eyed |work=Sunstar |publisher=[[Sun.Star Manila]] |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227195308/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/02/26/power-link-between-palawan-sabah-eyed-527966 |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://palawan-news.com/power-linkage-pushed-between-palawan-sabah/ |title=Power linkage pushed between Palawan, Sabah |publisher=Rachel Ganancial  |date=19 August 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> Mantad toun 2007, haro nopo yitonggo-tonggo (percubaan) montok momonsoi [[Fossil-fuel power station|stesen kousinan haring]] (batu arang) id Lahad Datu i tinungagan do mogigiyon posorili om pertubuhan au koporintaan gama dot pancat (pencemaran) di owonsoi do stesen dilo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-power-sabah-idUSL3E7DH01Y20110217 |title=Malaysia scraps Sabah coal power plant project |author=Julie Goh |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629072457/https://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-power-sabah-idUSL3E7DH01Y20110217 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/10/17/sabah-coal-project/ |title=NGOs alarmed over reviving Sabah coal power plant |author=Ruben Sario |work=The Star |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629070454/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/10/17/sabah-coal-project/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> Mantad dilo Sabah tinimpuun do monolimbung ralan suai montok popohasil elektrik miampai momoguno [[renewable energy|kousinan di milo powaguhon]] miagal do [[solar energy|solar]], [[small hydro|hidro okoro]], [[biomass|biomassa]], [[geothermal energy|geoterma]] om mikro-alga nogi teknologi [[tidal power|rahat (pasang surut)]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/09/21/renewable-energy-powerful-coal-fired-power-plant/ |title=Renewable energy more powerful than a coal-fired power plant |author=Sandra Sokial |newspaper=The Rakyat Post |date=21 September 2014 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629065342/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/09/21/renewable-energy-powerful-coal-fired-power-plant/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/430 |title=Radin: Govt supports renewable energy in Sabah |author=Mohd Izham B. Hashim |publisher=New Sabah Times |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629073515/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/430 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Government of Japan|Koporintaan Jipun]] nogi nga popotahak sogo (bantuan) soginumu RM172,190.93 montok projek elektrik solar id pulau [[Larapan Island|Pulau Larapan]] id disan kosilahon Sabah ontok toun 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/100310.html |title=Grassroots Grant Assistance Project for Electrification of Community Centre by Solar Energy in Pulau Larapan, Sabah |publisher=Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu |date=10 March 2010 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811101231/http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/100310.html |archive-date=11 August 2016 }}</ref> Ontok toun 2016, ponolimbungon do GeothermEx Inc. mantad Amerika Syarikat om Jacobs New Zealand minokitan do haro o sistem geoterma di aktif posorili nulu Maria id Apas Kiri i omi-omi montok stesen geoterma di timpuunon id Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/08/steaming-up-some-extra-energy-malaysias-first-geothermal-power-plant-to-open-in-tawau/ |title=Malaysia's first geothermal power plant to open in Tawau |work=The Star |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Kinomonsoon montok stesen geoterma di timpuunon diti i nitorotok doti do nopupusan ontok 2017 nopo nga natingkod (diabaikan) do koporintaan di pogulu ontok tongnga toun 2016 miampai aiso nunu-nunu tanda kinoburuon potilombus.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/12/06/sabah-geothermal-power-plant-project-found-abandoned-dewan-rakyat-told/1700621 |title=Sabah geothermal power plant project found abandoned, Dewan Rakyat told |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021071110/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/12/06/sabah-geothermal-power-plant-project-found-abandoned-dewan-rakyat-told/1700621 |archive-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> Syarikat Korea Kabaatan [[GS Caltex]] nogi nga kitonggo montok momonsoi stesen [[bio-butanol]] di timpuunon id pomogunan id pogun diti.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113261 |title=Koreans eye Sabah to site world's first bio-butanol plant |newspaper=Daily Express |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014054503/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113261 |archive-date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Babagon Sabah Babagon-Dam-02.jpg|thumb|left|Empangan Babagon, kinoyonon mongopi waig di kigayo id pogun diti]] Kousinan waig papun (berpaip) id pogun diti ituruk do Jabatan Waig Pogun Sabah, iso agensi id siriba do Kinulonuton Pomonsoi Infrastruktur Sabah. Miampai haro 73 stesen pamandayan waig, soginumu 1.19 billion liter waig pampagabaan do monikid tadau montok maminggonop dot gunoon do mogigiyon Sabah.<ref name="water supply">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.gov.my/air/?q=content/background-history |title=Background / History |publisher=Sabah State Water Department |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701083423/http://www.sabah.gov.my/air/?q=content%2Fbackground-history |archive-date=1 July 2016 }}</ref> Kinarabaan kousinan waig id bandar-bandar utama nopo nga nokopononok (100%) solinaid dilo id labas kakadayan, kinarabaan nopo nga id pialatan 75% miampai kinarabaan paip tonggumu gisom 15,031 kilometer.<ref name="water supply"/> Haro nogi pipiro komuniti i momoguno sistem waig [[gravity of earth|graviti]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/139492/kota-belud-village-gets-new-gravity-water-system-/|title=Kota Belud village gets new gravity water system|work=Daily Express|date=17 August 2019|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730035918/https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/139492/kota-belud-village-gets-new-gravity-water-system-/|archive-date=30 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Iso nopo empangan utama montok kousinan waig id pogun diti nga Empangan Babagon i milo mongopi 21,000 million liter waig.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/03/27/second-dam-needed-for-sabah/ |title=Second dam needed for Sabah |work=The Star |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> Montok maminggonop sininggawa di kinsawat, iso empangan kawagu di pinungaranan do Empangan Kaiduan nipiatahakkau (cadang) nga haro o tunganag (bantahan) mantad mogigiyon kampung di poingion id kinoyonon dilo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104692 |title=Kaiduan Dam project on: Pairin |newspaper=Daily Express |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719073146/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104692 |archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> Sabah nopo nga haro sininggawa gas sandad soginumu {{convert|350|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on|order=flip}} monikid tadau ontok 2013, i kinsawat kumaa {{convert|523|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit|order=flip}} monikid tadau ontok 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2017.pdf |title=Sustainable Usage of Energy to Support Growth (Strategy Paper 17) |publisher=11th Malaysia Plan, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department |access-date=29 June 2016 |page=8/30 (17–6) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629080617/http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy%20Paper%2017.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> Gama do [[liquefied petroleum gas|gas petroleum cair]] (LPG) Malaysia nopo nga lobi mura asil mantad [[subsidy|sogo]] di niiduan do koporintaan persekutuan, nokito ontok 2015 do soginumu 20,000 tong (silinder) LPG id disan rahat kosilahon Sabah niselud do pendatang mantad Indonesia om selatan Filipina monikid tulan kumaa pogun diolo i minogowonsoi do rayat Sabah asugot do makaanu LPG di osukup.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104944 |title=Losing 20,000 LPG cylinders to Sebatik |newspaper=Daily Express |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630062451/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104944 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> Sabaagi ralan montok mongilag dilo, Kinulonuton Pihubungan Suang Pogun, Koperasi om Pongonuan (KPDNKK) nopo nga minogingkod po do koinsanai permit montok padagang silinder gas kumaa pogun tumanir miampai dasas (polisi) wagu i owonsoi montok ituruk kakarajaan au sah dilo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/1663 |title=All permits for LPG sale in Sebatik cancelled |author=Michael Teh |publisher=New Sabah Times |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630064321/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/1663 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109815 |title=New policy soon on LPG cylinders |newspaper=Daily Express |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063955/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109815 |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> === Telekomunikasi om panyiyaran === [[File:Lahad-Datu Sabah Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg|thumb|upright|Sunsuyon telekomunikasi id timpuunon Nulu Silam mongobi [[Darvel Bay]] Lahad Datu]] Telekomunikasi id Sabah om Sarawak nopo nga iumut do Jabatan Pos om Telekom gisom toun 1967,<ref name="telecom">{{cite web |url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf |title=Chapter 2: An Overview of the Telecommunications Industry in Malaysia |publisher=University of Malaya |access-date=2 July 2016 |page=2/21 (7) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702120800/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> om ituruk do syarikat British [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] pogulu koinsanai piurutan telekomunikasi id pogun diti naanu do syarikat mantad Semenanjung.<ref name="changing role">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19970517&id=6PxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5076,2413004 |title=Changing role of the Telecoms Department |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=17 May 1997 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Syarikat telekomunikasi British dilo nopo nga minomonsoi [[submarine communications cable|kabel suang laut]] i popiubas do Kota Kinabalu miampai Singapore om [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref name="changing role"/> Potilombus pampagayo syarikat mantad Semenanjung ontok 1 Januari 1968, Jabatan Pos om Telekom Sabah nopiiso miampai jabatan telekomunikasi Semenanjung montok momonsoi Jabatan Telekomunikasi Malaysia. Koinsanai operasi id siriba Jabatan Telekomunikasi Malaysia dilo potilombus nipihi kumaa Syarikat [[Telekom Malaysia]] Berhad (STM) i nokosiliu syarikat senarai awam ontok 1991 miampai koporintaan persekutuan kitoomo syer di lobi ogumu.<ref name="telecom"/> Haro nogi syarikat telekomunikasi suai i kikaraja id pogun diti sundung tu popotahak no kakamot talipun selular. Ontok toun 2006, pogun diti nopo nga haro kadar kinarabaan Direct Exchange Line (DEL) di lobi osiriba, miampai kinarabaan selular om dial-up internet nopo nga id 6.5 montok monikid 100 mogigiyon.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Kogumuan nopo mogigiyon mantad tinimungan kousinan osiriba lobi milih momoguno internet talipun nimbulai (bimbit) toi internet id opis nopo mantad ko mongurud internet id suang hamin gama do gatang di lobi akawas om karaja di lobi alambat.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Gisom koumposon toun 2014, haro no 934 titik panas (hotspot) telekomunikasi id Sabah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/07/31/salleh-has-work-cut-out-for-him/ |title=Sabah and Sarawak likely to get more for telecommunications and broadcasting |author=B.K. Sidhu |work=The Star |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702210709/http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/07/31/salleh-has-work-cut-out-for-him/ |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> Gama diti, koporintaan nopo nga gumaau montok popoinsawat kinarabaan om kabaalan pialatan internet nogi montok poposiriba pialatan Sabah om Semenanjung.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93807 |title=Positive steps to increase Internet penetration: Pang |newspaper=Daily Express |date=22 November 2014 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702205823/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=93807 |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> Mantad toun 2016, kinarabaan [[optical fibre|gentian optik]] [[Unifi (internet service provider)|Unifi]] tinimpuun pampagayo kumaa bandar-bandar suai mantad ko bandar utama,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post-sabah/20160329/282565902274773|title=TM to expand UniFi coverage in Sabah|author=Chok Sim Yee|work=The Borneo Post|via=[[PressReader]]|date=29 March 2016|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> miampai [[Celcom]] om [[Maxis Communications|Maxis]] ontok toun potilombus miampai sikap gisom 100 [[Mbit/s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/09/09/fast-and-stable-internet-connection-maxis-unveils-fibre-coverage-with-unlimited-data-and-calls-for-s/|title=Fast and stable Internet connection|author=Stephanie Lee|work=The Star|date=9 September 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220113911/https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/09/09/fast-and-stable-internet-connection-maxis-unveils-fibre-coverage-with-unlimited-data-and-calls-for-s/|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysianwireless.com/2017/09/celcom-fibre-sabah/|title=Celcom Fibre service now available in Sabah, up to 100Mbps|work=MalaysianWireless |publisher=Malaysian Wireless|date=22 September 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220113213/https://www.malaysianwireless.com/2017/09/celcom-fibre-sabah/|archive-date=20 February 2018 |author1=Kugan }}</ref> Ontok 2019, [[Digi Telecommunications|Digi]] minolancar jalur lebar gentian hamin id Sabah miampai sikap gisom 1 [[Gbit/s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soyacincau.com/2019/09/06/digi-home-fibre-broadband-sabah-launch/|title=Digi launches Home Fibre Broadband in Sabah, up to 1Gbps|author=Alexander Wong|publisher=SoyaCincau|date=6 September 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030054744/https://www.soyacincau.com/2019/09/06/digi-home-fibre-broadband-sabah-launch/|archive-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> Telekomunikasi nimbulai id Sabah kogumuan nopo nga momoguno [[5G]] om [[4G]] miampai internet pogun ninsawat do koporintaan persekutuan Malaysia maya inisiatif ''Pelan Jalinan Digital Negara'' (JENDELA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksti.sabah.gov.my/en/news-cutting/1331|title=DUN Sabah : Pelaksanaan rangkaian 5G di Sabah dijalankan secara berfasa|trans-title=Sabah DUN: Implementation of 5G network in Sabah to be carried out in phases|language=ms|work=Sabah Media|via=Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Sabah|date=29 November 2022|access-date=28 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027231224/https://ksti.sabah.gov.my/en/news-cutting/1331|archive-date=27 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.komunikasi.gov.my/en/public/news/21641-sabah-expected-to-enjoy-5g-next-year-state-assembly-told|title=Sabah Expected To Enjoy 5G Next Year, State Assembly Told|work=Malay Mail|via=Ministry Of Communications, Malaysia|date=23 March 2025|access-date=28 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027231823/https://www.komunikasi.gov.my/en/public/news/21641-sabah-expected-to-enjoy-5g-next-year-state-assembly-told|archive-date=27 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Ontok toun 2025, [[U Mobile]] pampagayo rangkaian 5G diolo id [[Kota Kinabalu]] maya ULTRA5G kohompit do kapagandakan Sabah Day om Tadau Kabansaan Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.u.com.my/en/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/u-mobile-powers-national-day-and-sabah-day-celebrations-with-its|title=U Mobile Powers National Day and Sabah Day Celebrations With Its ULTRA5G Experience|work=U Mobile|date=29 August 2025|access-date=28 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027233924/https://www.u.com.my/en/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/u-mobile-powers-national-day-and-sabah-day-celebrations-with-its|archive-date=27 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Trafik internet pogun di pogulu nopo nga ituruk maya hab id ibu pogun Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, miampai ralan kabel suang laut i popiubas Semenanjung miampai Kota Kinabalu. Sistem dilo nopo nga nionit dot akawas gatang om au cekap gama dot gatang pamasaan [[bandwidth (computing)|lebar jalur]] miampai pialatan di lobi nulu.<ref name="Group"/> Ontok toun 2000, haro nopo pamanandayan montok momonsoi hab internet Sabah sandad nga pamanandayan dilo au nosokodung gama do gatang di akawas om kadar pamanansaan di osiriba id pogun diti. Ralan suai nopo nga kohompit momoguno [[gateway (telecommunications)|gerbang]] internet Brunei id suang timpu di osiriba pogulu ko momonsoi gerbang internet Sabah sandad.<ref name="Group"/> Ontok toun 2016, koporintaan persekutuan tinimpuun do momonsoi gerbang internet di timpuunon montok Malaysia Kosilahon miampai minononok 60 [[terabyte]] kabel suang laut i noponsoi do syarikat suang pogun pinungaranan do Xiddig Cellular Communications Sdn. Bhd. miampai gatang RM850 million maya [[Private finance initiative|Inisiatif Kousinan Swasta]] (PFI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dpm-launches-east-malaysia-international-internet-gateway-project |title=DPM launches East Malaysia International Internet Gateway project |work=Bernama |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=23 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816193841/http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dpm-launches-east-malaysia-international-internet-gateway-project |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> Id siriba projek Bajet Malaysia 2015 Projek Sistem Kabel 1Malaysia (SKR1M), kabel suang laut wagu montok internet sikap akawas noponsoi mantad Kota Kinabalu kumaa [[Pahang]] id Semenanjung i nopupusan ontok 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104819 |title=Undersea stations to turn Sabah into telecom hub |newspaper=Daily Express |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709041323/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104819 |archive-date=9 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/23/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service-2/|title=TM Sabah to install additional 30,000 'home passes' for Unifi service|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=23 June 2017|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022162504/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/23/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service-2/|archive-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> Sistem kabel suang laut 1Malaysia popiubas ibu pogun miampai [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Bintulu]] om [[Kuching]] id Sarawak miampai [[Mersing]] id Johor miampai kininsawatan kapasiti lebar jalur gisom 12 [[terabyte per second]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/08/15/faster-cheaper-internet-access-soon/ |title=Faster, cheaper Internet access in the pipeline |author=Ruben Sario |work=The Star |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> Iso kawagu kabel suang laut, Projek Kabel BIMP-EAGA Submarine and Terrestrial (BEST) nopo nga benunsoi diti mantad Kota Kinabalu kumaa Tawau montok popiubas Sabah miampai Brunei, Kalimantan om Mindanao i nopupusan ontok 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Economy&title=bimp-eaga-cable-project-to-improve-internet-in-armm&id=113280 |title=BIMP-EAGA cable project to improve Internet in ARMM |author=Carmencita A. Carillo |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043923/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Economy&title=bimp-eaga-cable-project-to-improve-internet-in-armm&id=113280 }}</ref> Ontok timpuunon toun 2016, iso [[Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum Piubasan]] (MoU) nisinian id pialatan koporintaan pogun om syarikat rangkaian paling tagayo China, [[Huawei]] montok momonsoi Sabah sabaagi hab [[information and communications technology|teknologi maklumat om komunikasi]] (ICT) maya pamanansaan kabaalan ICT Huawei.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/03/07/sabah-set-to-be-regional-ict-hub-with-telco-deal/ |title=Sabah set to be regional ICT hub with telco deal |work=The Star |date=7 March 2016 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702222153/http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/03/07/sabah-set-to-be-regional-ict-hub-with-telco-deal/ |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> Lobi ogumu titik panas Wi-Fi sikap akawas di poingulun (percuma) pamanandayan owonsoi id Sabah, lobi-lobi po id suang ibu pogun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/05/145630/mcmc-proposes-free-wifi-kota-kinabalu |title=MCMC proposes free WiFi for Kota Kinabalu |work=Bernama |publisher=New Straits Times |date=14 May 2016 |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702224440/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/05/145630/mcmc-proposes-free-wifi-kota-kinabalu |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg|thumb|right|Bangunan Kompleks Bersepadu Kinulonuton Komunikasi om Multimedia id [[Donggongon]] - opis utama RTM Sabah]] Sabah minolancar ponguhatan radio diolo ontok 9 November 1955, i nokosiliu boogian mantad Radio Malaysia soira nokopiubas Malaysia ontok 1963 om potilombus boogian mantad di lobi tagayo [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM) ontok 1969, soira operasi radio om television pogun nopiiso.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtmsabah.gov.my/sejarah.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119072720/http://rtmsabah.gov.my/sejarah.htm|title=rtmkk|website=rtmsabah.gov.my|archive-date=19 January 2009}}</ref> Ontok 28 Disember 1971, RTM minolancar stesen TV koduo di nikanau montok Sabah, di nointutunan sabaagi [[Rangkaian Ketiga]]. Nga asil kinomonsoon stesen satelit tana somok do [[Kuantan]], Pahang om [[Kinarut]] montok pialatan om panyiyaran television maya [[Intelsat|satelit Indian Ocean Intelsat III]] nogi kinoponimpuunan TV1 ontok 30 Ogos 1975 om TV2 ontok 31 Ogos 1983 id pogun diti, iyia nopo nga nopingkod panyiyaran ontok tongnga toun 1985. RTM haro apat cawangan id pogun diti - opis utama id ibu pogun Kota Kinabalu om tolu opis suai id Keningau, Sandakan om Tawau. Opis utama popohasil habar om panyiyaran montok saluran television RTM om ituruk duo saluran radio pogun, ii nopo nga Sabah FM om Sabah V FM, solinaid dilo tolu opis suai ituruk radio daerah miagal do Keningau FM, Sandakan FM om Tawau FM. Saluran radio suai id pogun diti kohompit no KK FM i ituruk do [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]],<ref>{{cite web |url=[suspicious link removed] |title=KKFM 91.1 MHz (Pengenalan) |trans-title=KKFM 91.1 MHz (Introduction) |language=ms |publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sabah |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231050/http://www.ums.edu.my/kkfm/index.php/pengenalan |archive-date=2 July 2016 }}</ref> om Bayu FM i haro no maya [[Astro (Malaysian satellite television)|Astro]], panyiyaran television satelit utama Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astro.com.my/whats-on/channel/bayu-fm/32 |title=Bayu FM |publisher=Astro |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711175023/http://www.astro.com.my/whats-on/channel/bayu-fm/32 }}</ref> Pipiro stesen radio kousinan (bebas) wagu nopo nga nokolancar diti id pogun, ii nopo nga [[Kupi-Kupi FM]] ontok 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kupikupifm.my/official-launch-of-kupikupi-fm-96-3/|title=Official Launch of Kupikupi FM 96.3|publisher=[[Kupi-Kupi FM]]|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702232604/http://kupikupifm.my/official-launch-of-kupikupi-fm-96-3/|archive-date=2 July 2016|date=28 January 2016}}</ref> [[KK12FM]] om [[VOKFM]] ontok 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kk12fm.com/|title=KK12FM|publisher=[[KK12FM]]|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vokfmsabah.com/|title=VOKFM|publisher=[[VOKFM]]|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111611/http://www.vokfmsabah.com/}}</ref> Stesen radio suai mantad Semenanjung nogi nga minomonsoi opis diolo id pogun diti montok maminggonop pasar di nimbulai. DJ Sabah kogumuan nopo nga nionit om sinding-sinding pogun sandad nopo nga pamanansaan montok maminggonop nakanau om slang mogigiyon Sabah. Panyiyaran television id pogun diti nabagi kumaa [[terrestrial television|terestrial]] om television satelit. Gama do Malaysia maminggonop montok [[digital television transition|pininsawat television digital]], koinsanai [[analog television|isyarat analog]] nopo nga pingkodon somok diti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/01/08/digital-television-broadcasting-now-a-trend-necessity-expert/ |title=Digital television broadcasting now a trend, necessity – Expert |work=Bernama |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704160201/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/01/08/digital-television-broadcasting-now-a-trend-necessity-expert/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Haro duo tinimungan popotahak television [[free-to-air]] miagal do [[MYTV Broadcasting]] (terestrial digital) om [[Astro NJOI]] (satelit). Solinaid dilo, [[IPTV]] haro maya [[Unifi TV]] maya pamasaan internet gentian optik Unifi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/22/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service/ |title=TM Sabah to install additional 30,000 'home passes' for UniFi service |work=Bernama |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912033902/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/22/tm-sabah-to-install-additional-30000-home-passes-for-unifi-service/ |archive-date=12 September 2018 }}</ref> Surat habar di timpuunon noponsoi id pogun diti nopo nga Sabah Times (di nopowagu sabaagi [[New Sabah Times]]), i benunsoi do i Fuad Stephens, i nokosiliu Boyoon Montiri Sabah di timpuunon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/profile |title=History of "Sabah Times" |publisher=New Sabah Times |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529064451/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/profile }}</ref> Surat habar utama suai kohompit no [[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]] di kousinan,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/about.cfm |title=About Us |newspaper=Daily Express |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> [[Overseas Chinese Daily News]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocdn.com.my/ |script-title=zh:「华侨日报」 | language = zh-hans |publisher=Overseas Chinese Daily News |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> [[The Borneo Post]] mantad Sarawak,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/news/sabah/ |title=Sabah News Section |newspaper=The Borneo Post |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> [[Sin Chew Daily]] mantad Semenanjung<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/ |title=Home |language=zh |publisher=Sin Chew Daily |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> om [[Borneo Bulletin]] mantad Brunei.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://borneobulletin.com.bn/ |title=The Independent Newspaper in Brunei Darussalam, Sabah and Sarawak |publisher=Borneo Bulletin |access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> === Sasakayon === [[File:Kota Kinabalu Highway, Sabah.jpg|thumb|left|[[Controlled-access highway|Ralan raya walu lulu]] id ibu pogun Kota Kinabalu, boogian mantad [[Pan-Borneo Highway]]]] Sabah nopo nga haro soginumu {{convert|21934|km}} rangkaian ralan ontok 2016, i kohompit no {{convert|11355|km}} ralan [[sealed road|berasfalt]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/06/11355km-of-21934km-sabah-roads-sealed/ |title=11,355km of 21,934km Sabah roads sealed |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=6 April 2016 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710052653/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/06/11355km-of-21934km-sabah-roads-sealed/ |archive-date=10 July 2016 }}</ref> Pogulu kinobontukan Malaysia, pogun diti miampai Sarawak nopo nga haro no sistem ralan di maton (rudimentary).<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashoka Mody |title=Infrastructure Strategies in East Asia: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVNQi3UZKgC&pg=PA35 |year=1997 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-4027-1 |page=35}}</ref> Kogumuan [[trunk road|ralan utama]] nopo nga benunsoi mantad toun 1970-an gisom 1980-an id siriba sogo [[World Bank]]. Ontok 2005, 61% kinarabaan ralan id pogun diti kakar po sabaagi ralan [[gravel road|mungmung]] (kerikil) om au berasfalt, i kohompit no {{convert|1428|km}} [[Malaysian Federal Roads system|ralan persekutuan]] om {{convert|14249|km}} [[Malaysian State Roads system|ralan pogun]], i nopo nga {{convert|6094|km}} berasfalt solinaid di {{convert|9583|km}} kakar po sabaagi ralan mungmung om ralan tana.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Iti minogowonsoi do pialatan di agayo id pialatan ralan pogun diti miampai ralan id Semenanjung, i nopo nga 38.9% no berasfalt solinaid 89.4% id Semenanjung. Gama diti, SDC nipiundaliu (dilaksanakan) montok pampagayo kinarabaan ralan id Sabah kawagu miampai kinomonsoon [[Pan-Borneo Highway]]. Mantad RMK-9, mogisuusuai projek ralan nipiundaliu id siriba SDC om kiikiro RM50 million niguna montok mongiduan ralan utama Sabah mantad RMK-8.<ref name="infrastructure"/> Gatang di akawas montok mongiduan ralan do kinsasom nopo nga minogowonsoi do koporintaan pogun Sabah gumaau ralan suai montok popiubas koinsanai daerah utama maya ralan tulu (terowong) nulu i milo nogi maminggonop timpu om tusin minyak gama do pialatan nosiriba nogi montok mongilag mantad tana rumbak (tanah runtuh).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=89684 |title=Road tunnel construction plan |newspaper=Daily Express |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715170304/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=89684 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tunnelsonline.info/news/sabah-considers-tunnels-to-bypass-landslides-220514-4275012 |title=Sabah considers tunnels to bypass landslides |publisher=Tunnels Online |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715170943/http://www.tunnelsonline.info/news/sabah-considers-tunnels-to-bypass-landslides-220514-4275012 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref> Ontok timpuunon toun 2016, projek pampagayo Lebuhraya Pan-Borneo nilancar montok pampagayo saiz ralan mantad [[single carriageway|iso lulu]] kumaa apat lulu, solinaid lebuhraya kakadayan ninsawat mantad apat lulu kumaa walu lulu miampai kinomonsoon ralan wagu i popiubas pogun diti miampai Sarawak, Brunei om [[Trans Kalimantan Highway]] id Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=412 |title=Highway completion to make Borneo a huge mart |newspaper=Daily Express |date=5 September 2010 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054100/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=412 |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141808/pan-borneo-highway-link-thousand-opportunities |title=Pan Borneo Highway – link of a thousand opportunities |work=Bernama |publisher=New Straits Times |date=27 April 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716052630/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141808/pan-borneo-highway-link-thousand-opportunities |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref> Projek dilo nabagi kumaa duo pakej: pakej timpuunon nopo nga kinarabaan Disan Rahat Kasabahan (West Coast) i opupusan ontok 2021, solinaid pakej koduo id Disan Rahat Kosilahon (East Coast) opupusan ontok 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141161/najib-arrives-sabah-launch-sabah-pan-borneo-highway-project |title=Najib arrives in Sabah to launch Sabah Pan-Borneo Highway project |author=Kristy Inus |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054353/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/141161/najib-arrives-sabah-launch-sabah-pan-borneo-highway-project |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/29/pan-borneo-sabah-highway-by-2022/ |title=Pan Borneo Sabah Highway by 2022 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=29 May 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716054847/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/05/29/pan-borneo-sabah-highway-by-2022/ |archive-date=16 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="pan borneo">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/04/12/first-step-to-big-change-construction-of-sabahs-side-of-rm29bil-highway-project-to-roll-out/ |title=First step to big change |author=Mazwan Nik Anis |work=The Star |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> Koinsanai ralan pogun nopo nga ituruk id siriba Jabatan Karaja Raya (JKR) pogun,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Sabah Public Works Department |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> solinaid ralan persekutuan ituruk do JKR kabansaan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Public Works Department |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Pengalat-Besar Sabah Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg|thumb|right|Kurita tapuy [[Sabah State Railway]] monguhat tulu (terowong) [[Western Sabah Railway Line|Western Line]] id Pengalat Besar, [[Daerah Papar]]]] [[File:Boats and ferries in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.jpg|thumb|right|Lundu om feri id marina Kota Kinabalu]] Sabah momoguno ralan [[dual carriageway|duo lulu]] miampai atulan [[left- and right-hand traffic|monguhat ralan gibang]].<ref name="pan borneo"/><ref name="Thiessen2012">{{cite book |author=Tamara Thiessen |title=Borneo: Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |pages=18–219}}</ref> Koinsanai bandar utama id Sabah popotahak kakamot sasakayon awam miagal do bas, teksi om van miampai nogi khidmat [[Grab (company)|Grab]]. [[KK Sentral]] nopo nga ituruk khidmat [[bas]] ekspres mantad bandar kumaa [[Beaufort, Malaysia|Beaufort]], [[Sipitang]], [[Menumbok]], [[Lawas]] om [[Brunei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/28/launch-of-a-new-landmark-for-kota-kinabalu/|title=Launch of a new landmark for Kota Kinabalu|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=28 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729084727/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/07/28/launch-of-a-new-landmark-for-kota-kinabalu/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sabahnewstoday.com/kk-sentral-kini-mula-beroperasi/|title=KK Sentral kini mula beroperasi|trans-title=KK Sentral is now operational|author=Mohd Adam Arinin|language=ms|publisher=Sabah News Today|date=22 July 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729082701/https://www.sabahnewstoday.com/kk-sentral-kini-mula-beroperasi/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> [[BRT Kota Kinabalu]] diti nopo nga benunsoi diti montok popotahak sistem [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) id [[Kota Kinabalu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104693 |title=RM1b Bus Rapid Transport system ready 2020: CM |newspaper=Daily Express |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728051626/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104693 |archive-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109053 |title=BRT KK to have 25km of dedicated bus lanes |newspaper=Daily Express |date=23 April 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728051935/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109053 |archive-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref> Sasakayon kurita tapuy (kereta api) maya [[Western Sabah Railway Line|Western Line]] i ituruk do [[Sabah State Railway]] popotahak khidmat monikid tadau montok mamanau (commuter), tulun mamalantoi (travellers), nogi montok pampagabaan kakamot dagangan (cargo). Iso syarikat suai i nountun do Sutera Harbour di nointutunan sabaagi North Borneo Railway nopo nga ituruk pelancongan hobi montok pelancong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suteraharbour.com/north-borneo-railway |title=North Borneo Railway |publisher=Sutera Harbour |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718104110/http://www.suteraharbour.com/north-borneo-railway |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> Stesen kurita tapuy om terminal nopo nga poingion id [[Tanjung Aru railway station|Tanjung Aru]], au osodu mantad poyoguhan bilontok (lapangan terbang) kakadayan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm |title=The North Borneo Railway Project |author=Rob Dickinson |publisher=The International Steam Pages |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328052920/http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/borneo.htm |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> Stesen utama suai kohompit no id [[Papar railway station (Malaysia)|Papar]], [[Beaufort railway station, Sabah|Beaufort]] om [[Tenom railway station|Tenom]]. Projek [[Aeropod]] diti nopo nga montok stesen utama id Tanjung Aru i popowagu stesen dilo om popotahak sogo montok [[light rail|light rail transit]] (LRT) ontok timpu dumontol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=102904 |title=Provision for LRT in Aeropod project |newspaper=Daily Express |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718101620/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=102904 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> Ontok timpuunon toun 2016, koporintaan pogun binumoli [[diesel multiple unit]] (DMU) wagu miampai gatang RM8 million montok mongolon kurita tapuy totuo i niguna id pialatan Beaufort om Tenom solinaid lulu ralan kurita tapuy mantad Halogilat om Tenom ninsawat do koporintaan persekutuan miampai gatang RM99.5 million miampai korikatan tolu kawagu DMU i naanu ontok timpuunon toun 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111226 |title=New DMU train by January |newspaper=Daily Express |date=10 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718105210/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111226 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]] (KKIA) nopo nga gerbang utama kumaa Sabah.<ref name="KKIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports/KKIA|title=Kota Kinabalu International Airport|publisher=[[Ministry of Transport (Malaysia)|Ministry of Transport, Malaysia]]|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522063304/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports/KKIA|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Ontok 2005, koporintaan persekutuan Malaysia minogiduan karaja-karaja pampagayo om popowagu kumaa terminal utama (Terminal 1) nogi pampagayo lulu bilontok (runway) miampai kinomonsoon tinimpuun ontok 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1039|title=KKIA the perfect gateway to M'sia from east|author1=James Sarda|author2=Maria Chin|newspaper=Daily Express|date=10 November 2012|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522064031/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1039|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Sabaagi asil pampagayo dilo, lapangan terbang dilo milo maminggonop bilontok mogigiyon di agayo miagal do [[Boeing 747]].<ref name="KKIA"/> Iti nogi nga nokosiliu lapangan terbang koduo di paling asibuk id [[Malaysia]], potilombus [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] (KLIA) id Semenanjung Malaysia.<ref name="KKIA"/> Ontok 2018, [[Malaysia Airlines]] minogowonsoi ponolun (test flight) montok bilontok kabaalan pialatan nulu wagu diolo [[Airbus A350]] kumaa lapangan terbang dilo mantad Kuala Lumpur sabaagi ponolon kumaa bilontok di lobi agayo [[Airbus A380]] gama dot iyia nopo nga lobi agayo montok pasar penerbangan Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas-airbus-a350-conducts-test-flight-to-kkia/|title= MAS Airbus A350 conducts test flight to KKIA|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=10 January 2018|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522065231/https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/01/10/mas-airbus-a350-conducts-test-flight-to-kkia/|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Lapangan terbang suai di lobi okoro id Sabah kohompit no [[Lapangan Terbang Kudat]], [[Lapangan Terbang Lahad Datu]], [[Lapangan Terbang Sandakan]] om [[Lapangan Terbang Tawau]]. [[Lapangan Terbang Layang-Layang]] id [[Terumbu Layang-Layang]] nopo nga kiguna sabaagi lapangan terbang tentera om tulun awam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports|title=Location of airports in Malaysia [Sabah]|publisher=Ministry of Transport, Malaysia|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605135252/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/airports/list-of-airports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amti.csis.org/chinas-airfield-construction-at-fiery-cross-reef-in-context-catch-up-or-coercion/|title=China's Airfield Construction at Fiery Coast Reef in Context: Catch-up or Coercion?|author1=Michael S. Chase|author2=Ben Purser|publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|date=29 July 2015|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522050323/https://amti.csis.org/chinas-airfield-construction-at-fiery-cross-reef-in-context-catch-up-or-coercion/|archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Haro tolu syarikat penerbangan i mamanau mantad Semenanjung Malaysia kumaa Sabah: Malaysia Airlines, [[AirAsia]], om [[Malindo Air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html |title=Airlines flying from Malaysia to Kota Kinabalu |publisher=Sky Scanner |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717024507/https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sabah Air]] nopo nga iso syarikat [[air charter|penerbangan sewa]] helikopter i nountun do koporintaan pogun Sabah, popotahak penerbangan montok pelancongan udara kumaa maminggonop di kiginawo nogi montok sasakayon kakarajaan pogun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahair.com.my/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=Sabah Air |access-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717030547/http://www.sabahair.com.my/about.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 }}</ref> [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah KKIA-01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]] (Terminal 1)]] Sabah nopo nga haro soginumu walu labuan (ports) i kikaraja id Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, Kunak om Lahad Datu.<ref name="sabah ports"/> Terminal Kontena Teluk Sepanggar nopo nga hab [[transshipment]] utama montok wilayah BIMP-EAGA. Iso kawagu labuan, Terminal Minyak Teluk Sepanggar nopo nga terminal utama montok asil petroleum di nopingiduan om kimia cair id Disan Rahat Kasabahan. Labuan Kota Kinabalu kakar sabaagi labuan kakamot dagangan am (general cargo). Solinaid koinsanai labuan id utara om kosilahon Sabah kiguna montok mongurud asil poingonit miampai minyak sawit miagal do baja, [[palm kernel|isang sawit]] nogi montok kakamot dagangan am.<ref name="sabah ports"/> Khidmat feri id Disan Rahat Kasabahan popotahak mamanau kumaa Labuan mantad Jesselton Point Waterfront om Terminal Feri [[Menumbok]] id [[Kuala Penyu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jesseltonpoint.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=4#labuan |title=Ferry Service to Labuan |publisher=Jesselton Point |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123401/http://jesseltonpoint.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=4#labuan |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/19/new-labuan-menumbok-ferry-operates-three-round-trips-daily/ |title=New Labuan-Menumbok ferry operates three round trips daily |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718115403/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/19/new-labuan-menumbok-ferry-operates-three-round-trips-daily/ |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> Id Disan Rahat Kosilahon, khidmat nopo nga niadu mantad Terminal Feri Tawau kumaa Nunukan om [[Tarakan, North Kalimantan|Tarakan]] id Kalimantan, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Travel/Ferry_Terminal.htm |title=Tawau Ferry Terminal |publisher=e-tawau |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718132557/http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Travel/Ferry_Terminal.htm |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> Haro nogi khidmat feri mantad Sandakan kumaa [[Zamboanga City]] om iso i wagu nipamanandayan mantad Kudat kumaa Buliluyan, [[Bataraza]] id [[Palawan]], Filipina, nga koduo-duo khidmat dilo nopingkod ontok timpu diti gama dot okoro kopoligagasan (security) mantad pihak Filipina gama dot timpuunon nopo nga haro soira asobrong do pirat (pirates) om kidnaping do tinimungan militan i poingion id Kepulauan Sulu id selatan Filipina.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110304 |title=No hurry on Kudat- Palawan ferry service |newspaper=Daily Express |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718140146/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110304 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110950 |title=Sabah's action justified: Teo |newspaper=Daily Express |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718141337/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=110950 |archive-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> Khidmat feri i nipamanandayan mantad Kudat kumaa Palawan nigiduan kawagu ontok 1 Februari 2017 potilombus kininsawatan kopoligagasan mantad pihak Filipina,<ref name="economy resumed"/> nga nitaanggoh kawagu gisom timpu diti kogumuan nopo nga gama dot koduo-duo pengusaha feri mantad Malaysia om Filipina asugot do maminggonop kakamot nogi permit i ituruk do koinsanai pihak kakuasaan kabansaan om pogun.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=123435 |title=Kudat-Palawan ferry unlikely to start soon |author=Nikko Fabian |newspaper=Daily Express |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314150037/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=123435 |archive-date=14 March 2018 }}</ref> === Kolunauon === {{see also|List of hospitals in Malaysia}} [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg|thumb|left|Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, iso mantad [[private hospital|longkod pongusapan sosondii]] (swasta) utama id Sabah]] Sabah nopo nga haro apat longkod pongusapan kakarajaan di agayo: [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu|Hospital Queen Elizabeth]], [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital II|Hospital Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Duchess of Kent Hospital|Hospital Duchess of Kent]] om Hospital Tawau, potilombus 13 kawagu hospital daerah kakarajaan,<ref group="note">Kokuaon nopo nga basi [[List of hospitals in Malaysia]].</ref> hospital tondu om katanak-tanak, hospital tusimal (mental), klinik kolunauon awam, om klinik id kampong-kampong. Piipiro longkod pongusapan om klinik kakarajaan, haro nogi piipiro hospital sosondii (swasta) miagal do: Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, [[KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital|Hospital Pakar KPJ Sabah]], Damai Specialist Centre (DSC), Rafflesia Specialist Centre (RSC) om Jesselton Medical Centre (JMC).<ref name="docs exodus">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=99109 |title=Exodus of govt docs |newspaper=Daily Express |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822055910/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=99109 |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Haro nogi kakamot pongusapan korulian di nointutunan sabaagi [[Solace Sabah]] id ibu pogun montok mongusap kobolingkangan poingonit miampai koponumangan (alcoholism) om [[addiction|koponumangan dadah]]. Ontok 2011, nisbah dokutur-pesakit id pogun nopo nga 1:2,480 – lobi osiba mantad sogo [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) i nopo nga 1 dokutur montok 600 pesakit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/07/23/data-on-shortage-of-doctors-a-wake-up-call-mp/ |title=Data on shortage of doctors a wake-up call – MP |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822123933/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/07/23/data-on-shortage-of-doctors-a-wake-up-call-mp/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Gama do karaja di agayo om okoro ginawo mantad mokiia' di wagu nogonop, Sabah nopo nga tinagak (shortage) dokutur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2010/07/08/sabah-sarawak-facing-doctor-shortage |title=Sabah, Sarawak facing doctor shortage |work=Bernama |publisher=The Brunei Times |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822141901/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2010/07/08/sabah-sarawak-facing-doctor-shortage |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Kogumuan dokutur i koumbal kikaraja id siriba hospital kakarajaan nopo nga minomili montok pinalihan (pindah) kumaa hospital sosondii gama do karaja di agayo miampai gaji di osiba id hospital kakarajaan, sundung po tu hospital sosondii nopo nga au osenang do monguhat diolo om haro nogi permohonan di au norimo.<ref name="docs exodus"/> Gama dilo, montok mongilag mantad potilombus kinatagakan dokutur, koporintaan persekutuan nopo nga minogowonsoi mogisuusuai ralan montok mongowonsoi lobi kogumuan dokutur miampai dana di agayo niadu montok sektor kolunauon monikid toun id bajet pogun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/4175/Government-provides-more-physicians-for-better-healthcare-of-Malaysians/ |title=Government provides more physicians for better healthcare of Malaysians |work=Bernama |publisher=[[New Sarawak Tribune]] |date=30 April 2013 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822144054/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/4175/Government-provides-more-physicians-for-better-healthcare-of-Malaysians/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> === Pondidikan === {{main|List of schools in Sabah|List of universities in Malaysia}} [[File:KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg|thumb|right|Bangunan canselori [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] (UMS)]] Koinsanai sikul tosiriba (primary) om takawas (secondary) nopo nga id siriba kuasaan om pononongkuatan Jabatan Pondidikan Pogun Sabah, id siriba tuluon [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Kementerian Pondidikan Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jpnsabah.moe.gov.my/ |title=Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Sabah (Sabah State Education Department) |publisher=Sabah State Education Department |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203172942/http://jpnsabah.moe.gov.my/ }}</ref> Sikul di totuo kopio id Sabah nopo nga: [[St. Michael's Secondary School|Sikul St. Michael Sandakan]] (1886), [[SM St. Michael, Penampang|Sikul St. Michael Penampang]] (1888), Sikul All Saints, Likas (1903) om Sikul St. Patrick Tawau (1917).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |title=Can you blame Sarawak and Sabah for feeling left out? |author=Edgar Ong |publisher=The Ant Daily |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615085243/http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |archive-date=15 June 2015 }}</ref> Tumanud statistik toun 2013, Sabah nopo nga haro soginumu 207 sikul takawas kakarajaan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_09/menengah/SabahM.pdf |title=Senarai Sekolah Menengah di Negeri Sabah (List of Secondary Schools in Sabah) |publisher=Educational Management Information System |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110144612/http://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_09/menengah/SabahM.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 }}</ref> limo [[international school|sikul sompogunan]] (kohompit no Charis International School,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.charis.edu.my/ |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Charis International School Borneo Tawau |access-date=17 August 2016|bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kinabalu International School,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kis.edu.my/ |title=Welcome to KIS |publisher=Kinabalu International School |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> Sayfol International School,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Main Page |journal=Scholarpedia |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=1 |publisher=Sayfol International School Sabah |bibcode=2006SchpJ...1....1I |last1=Izhikevich |first1=Eugene |year=2006 |doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> nogi Sikul Indonesia Kota Kinabalu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/kjs/index.html |title=Kota Kinabalu Indonesian School |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823043829/http://www.sikk.edu.my/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 }}</ref> om Sikul Jepun Kota Kinabalu).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.edu.my/kjs/index.html |title=Kinabalu Japanese School |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> om siam [[Chinese independent high school|sikul monasindii Cina]]. Sabah nopo nga haro soginumu mokiia' (pelajar) sandad i nokosikul id sikul-sikul Cina.<ref name="bcs">{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |title=55,975 bumiputera pupils in Chinese schools |work=Bernama |publisher=The Sun |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626080230/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |archive-date=26 June 2016 }}</ref> Koporintaan pogun Sabah nogi nga manahak tonomon kumaa pondidikan prasekolah id pogun. Iti nopo nga tinutan miampai sokodung mantad [[Sabah Foundation|Yayasan Sabah]] om [[Nestlé]] i minonokodung montok popomonsoo prasekolah id pogun diti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yayasansabahgroup.org.my/education.cfm |title=Education |publisher=[[Sabah Foundation|Yayasan Sabah]] |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817102842/http://www.yayasansabahgroup.org.my/education.cfm |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nestle.com.my/csv/CreatingSharedValueCaseStudies/AllCaseStudies/sabah_education |title=Nestlé Community Kindergarten (Malaysia) |publisher=[[Nestlé]] |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817103244/http://www.nestle.com.my/csv/CreatingSharedValueCaseStudies/AllCaseStudies/sabah_education |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> Sabah nopo nga haro duo universiti awam: [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] (UMS) om [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] (UiTM). [[Universiti Tun Abdul Razak]] (UNIRAZAK) nopo nga minonolun longkod wilayah diolo id Kota Kinabalu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/edu/UniversitiesPrivate/UNIRAZAK.htm |title=Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK) Sabah Regional Centre |publisher=e-tawau |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817105902/http://www.etawau.com/edu/UniversitiesPrivate/UNIRAZAK.htm |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> Mantad toun 2016, haro kiikiro 15 kolej sosondii (swasta), duo kolej universiti sosondii miampai kolej-kolej suai i wagu nonipomonsoo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etawau.com/edu/IndexCollegeSabah.htm |title=Colleges and Universities in Sabah |publisher=e-tawau |date=20 June 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817111131/http://www.etawau.com/edu/IndexCollegeSabah.htm |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> Ontok toun 1960, kadar litarasi koinsanai id Borneo Utara nopo nga 24% no.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Henry Silcock |title=The Political Economy of Independent Malaya: A Case-study in Development |url=https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000silc |url-access=registration |year=1963 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000silc/page/46 46] |id=GGKEY:LTF1ABP2J6P}}</ref> Pinatayaran di wagu no ontok 2011 nopo nga kadar litarasi diti ninsawat kumaa 79%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiafoundation.org/2012/09/05/in-remote-sabah-books-can-help-reduce-isolation/ |title=In Remote Sabah, Books Can Help Reduce Isolation |author1=Amir Shariff |author2=Wendy Rockett |work=The Asia Foundation |publisher=[[The Asia Foundation]] |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813082522/http://asiafoundation.org/2012/09/05/in-remote-sabah-books-can-help-reduce-isolation/ |archive-date=13 August 2016 }}</ref> Kogumuan mokiia' i opupusan sikul takawas nogi nga au nopotilombus balajar diolo soira nopupusan [[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]] (SPM) kogumuan nopo nga gama do kotinggadan tusin (financial burden) nogi gama okoro ginawo om au olinggos montok potilombus id institut pondidikan takawas lokal. Pinatayaran toun 2015 nopo nga 16,000 no mokiia' mantad lobi 20,000 mokiia' opupusan sikul takawas i minopotilombus balajar diolo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/08/28/most-sabah-spm-leavers-not-continuing-studies/ |title=Most Sabah SPM leavers not continuing studies |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816084140/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/08/28/most-sabah-spm-leavers-not-continuing-studies/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> [[File:Sandakan Sabah School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg|thumb|left|Mokiia' sikul takawas Sabah id [[School uniforms by country#Malaysia|unipom]] diolo]] Ontok timpuunon toun 2016, Sabah nopo nga haro soginumu 42,047 mongingia' (teachers) i mongia' id mogisuusuai prasekolah, sikul tosiriba om sikul takawas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=112062 |title=Teachers warned on verbal abuse |newspaper=Daily Express |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822051255/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=112062 |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Potilombus pialatan kuasaan mantad koporintaan persekutuan kumaa koporintaan pogun nogi montok popoburu pondidikan id pogun diti, haro target montok monguhat 90% mongingia' mantad tulun Sabah sondii.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/17/sabah-sarawak-granted-more-autonomy-in-administration/ |title=Sabah, Sarawak granted more autonomy in administration |author=Nancy Lai |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822052610/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/17/sabah-sarawak-granted-more-autonomy-in-administration/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> [[Sabah State Library|Perpustakaan Pogun Sabah]] nopo nga perpustakaan awam utama id pogun diti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssl.sabah.gov.my/ |title=Home Page |publisher=Sabah State Library |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209124353/http://ssl.sabah.gov.my/ }}</ref> Haro 11 sikul Indonesia (piipiro sikul Indonesia utama id ibu pogun) poingion hiti id Sabah kogumuan nopo nga montok katanak-tanak migran Indonesia i poingion id pogun diti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/kotakinabalu/id/arsip/lembar-informasi/Pages/DAFTAR-SEKOLAH-INDONESIA-DI-SABAH.aspx |title=Daftar Sekolah Indonesia di Sabah |trans-title=List of Indonesian Schools in Sabah |language=id |publisher=Konsulat Jenderal Republik Indonesia di Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063604/https://www.kemlu.go.id/kotakinabalu/id/arsip/lembar-informasi/Pages/DAFTAR-SEKOLAH-INDONESIA-DI-SABAH.aspx }}</ref> Mantad toun 2014, katanak-tanak migran Filipina nogi nga nipoposuang id Alternative Learning Centres (ALC) i nipomonsoo do [[Filipinos in Malaysia|sukarelawan Filipina id Sabah]] miampai kolaborasi mogisuusuai pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO) lokal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/press-releases/deped-expands-educ-access-filipino-children-sabah |title=DepEd expands educ access for Filipino children in Sabah |publisher=[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education, Philippines]] |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817090540/http://www.deped.gov.my/press-releases/deped-expands-educ-access-filipino-children-sabah |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> == Sukuon == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sabah| ]] ml0jgdbyy7dpsopuaqaqrtknz1yilma Sarawak 0 2722 24057 21118 2026-04-04T09:28:19Z Tum79 2290 link 24057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Sarawak | settlement_type = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Sarawak.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = Flag of Sarawak | image_shield = Coat of arms of Sarawak.svg | shield_size = 80px | shield_alt = Coat of arms of Sarawak | nickname = {{lang|ms|Bumi Kenyalang}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Profil Negeri Sarawak (Sarawak State profile) |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html |publisher=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Information Department) |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421063249/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html |archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref><br />{{small|Land of the [[Rhinoceros hornbill|Hornbills]]}} | timezone1 = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts of Sarawak |url=http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723154012/http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129 |archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref> | motto = {{lang|ms|Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti}}<br />{{small|United, Striving, Serving}} | anthem = ''[[Ibu Pertiwiku]]''<br />{{small|My Motherland}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarawak State Anthem |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174/ |publisher=Sarawak Government |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185320/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174 |archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref>{{center|[[File:Lagu Rasmi Sarawak - Ibu Pertiwiku.ogg]]}} | image_map = Sarawak in Malaysia.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Sarawak''' in {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''Malaysia'''}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{MYS}} | coordinates = {{coord|02.5|N|113.0|E|display=inline,title}} | established_title = [[Sultanate of Sarawak]] | established_date = 1599 | established_title2 = [[Raj of Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 24 September 1841 | established_title3 = [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|Japanese occupation]] | established_date3 = 16 December 1941 | seat_type = [[List of capitals in Malaysia|Capital]]<br />{{nobold|(and largest city)}} | seat = [[Kuching]] | parts_type = [[Divisions of Malaysia|Divisions]] | parts_style = coll | parts = | p1 = [[Betong Division|Betong]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary government]] under [[dominant-party system]] | leader_title = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] | leader_name = [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] | leader_title1 = [[Premier of Sarawak|Premier]] | leader_name1 = [[Abang Abdul Rahman Johari]] <br> ([[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]]–[[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]]) {{infobox|child=yes | label1 = Legislature | data1 = [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] | rowclass1 = | label2 = Federal representation | data2 = [[Parliament of Malaysia]] | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Dewan Rakyat|Dewan Rakyat seats]] | data3 = 31 of 222 (14.0%) | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Dewan Negara|Dewan Negara seats]] | data4 = 2 of 70 (2.9%) | rowclass4 = mergedrow }} | total_type = Total | area_footnotes = <ref name="statistics">{{cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=clJnWTlTbWFHdmUwbmtSTE1EQStFZz09 |title=Sarawak @ a Glance |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 124,450 | area_water_km2 = | elevation_max_ft = 7953 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Murud]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="Malaysia census 2020" /><ref name="Dayak Daily">{{cite news |last=Sim |first=Ashley |url=https://dayakdaily.com/malaysia-census-2020-reveals-sarawaks-population-totals-2-453-mln-kuching-district-accounts-for-609000/ |title=Malaysia Census 2020 reveals Sarawak's population totals 2.453 MLN, Kuching District accounts for 609,000 |date=18 August 2022 |newspaper=Dayak Daily |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> | population_total = {{increase}} 2,907,500 ([[Demographics of Malaysia#Population distribution by states and territories|5th]]) | population_as_of = 2020 | population_density_km2 = 23 | population_demonym = Sarawakian | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Malay language|Malay]]}} | demographics_type2 = Demographics {{nobold|(2020)}} | demographics2_title1 = [[Ethnic group]]<ref name="Sarawak Data">{{cite news |url=http://data.sarawak.gov.my/home/data/dataset/ |title=Facts and Figures 2022 |access-date=27 August 2021 }}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/06/16/sarawaks-population-rises-to-over-2-56-mln-in-2020/ Alt URL]</ref> | demographics2_info1 = {{Plainlist| {{tree list}} * 71.8% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] (including [[Dayak people|Dayak]]) ** 28.6% [[Iban people|Iban]] ** 22.5% [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]] ** 8.2% [[Bidayuh]] ** 5.1% [[Melanau]] ** 6.4% Other natives * 23.6% [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] * 0.2% [[Malaysian Indians|Indian]] * 0.3% [[Ethnic origins of people in Malaysia|Other ethnicities]] * 5.1% [[Non-citizens]] {{tree list/end}} }} | utc_offset1 = +8 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]] | postal_code = 93xxx<ref>{{cite web |title=Postal codes in Sarawak |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |website=cybo.com |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519202027/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to 98xxx<ref>{{cite web |title=Postal codes in Miri |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/ |website=cybo.com |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093216/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Malaysia|Calling code]] | area_code = 082 to 086<ref>{{cite web |title=Area codes in Sarawak |url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |website=cybo.com |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230029/https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:MY|MY-13]] | registration_plate = [[Malaysian vehicle license plates|QA to QT]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soon |first1=Teh Wei |title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |date=23 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |archive-date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Malaysian Digest |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{nobold|(nominal)}} | blank1_info_sec1 = 2022 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2023)}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{decrease}} 0.813<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Sarawak – Malaysia] |publisher=Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Radboud University]] |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><br /><span style="color:#0c0;">very high</span> · [[List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index|8th]] <!-- blank fields (section 2) -->| blank_name_sec2 = [[Left- and right-hand traffic|Driving side]] | blank_info_sec2 = Left | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Mains electricity by country|Electricity voltage]] | blank1_info_sec2 = 230 V, 50 Hz | website = {{Official website}} | image_map1 = {{hidden begin |title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}} | official_name = State of Sarawak<br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{nobold|{{native name|ms|Negeri Sarawak}}}}</div> }} '''Sarawak''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|w|ɒ|k}} {{Respell|sə|RAH|wok}}, {{IPA|ms|saˈrawaʔ|lang}}{{IPA|ms|saˈrawaʔ|lang}}{{IPA|ms|saˈrawaʔ|lang}}) nopo nga negeri<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=F. M. T. |date=15 January 2023 |title=Status of Sabah, Sarawak as regions not gazetted yet, says Abang Jo |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/01/15/status-of-sabah-sarawak-as-regions-not-gazetted-yet-says-abang-jo/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Free Malaysia Today (FMT) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=F. M. T. |date=15 January 2023 |title=Status of Sabah, Sarawak as regions not gazetted yet, says Abang Jo |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/01/15/status-of-sabah-sarawak-as-regions-not-gazetted-yet-says-abang-jo/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Free Malaysia Today (FMT) |language=en-US}}</ref> id pogun Malaysia. I nopo nga pogun di bobos agayo id 13 negeri miampai kinogoyoon maya di doos agal miampai id negeri Semenanjung [[Malaysia]]. Sarawak nopo diti nga pongwiliu id Malaysia id kosilahon id koibutan kotonobon [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]], om miwolit miampai pogun [[Sabah]] id Malaysia id koibutan kosilaon, Kalimantan (boogian [[Indonesia]] id Borneo) id kabaatan om Brunei id koibutan. Longkod pogun Kuching nopo nga kakadayan di bobos agayo id Sarawak, longkod ekonomi pogun, om kerusi karajaan pogun Sarawak. Kakadayan suai nopo id Sarawak nopo nga kosuangan no ngawi [[:en:Miri,_Malaysia|Miri]], [[:en:Sibu|Sibu]] om [[:en:Bintulu|Bintulu]]. Dasom banci Malaysia 2020, mogigion id Sarawak nopo nga 2.453 riong. Sarawak diti nopo nga kosuang id iklim Khatulistiwa maya puru kodorunan tropika om kiwaa kawo dupot om susumuni di ogomu. Suai ko iri, haro nogi piipiro sistom kuang di abantung om ointutunan id [[:en:Gunung_Mulu_National_Park|Taman Pogun Nulu Mulu]]. [[:en:Rajang_River|Bawang Rajang]] nopo nga bawang di bobos anaru id Malaysia; Pangangantob waig bakun nopo nga salah iso pangangantob di agayo id[[:en:Southeast_Asia|Asia Kabaatan Kosilahon]] i pongwiliu id salah iso tanak bawang i no tu' bawang Balui. Nulu [[:en:Mount_Murud|Murud]]<nowiki/>nopo diti nga titik di bobos akawas id pogun diti. Sarawak nopo diti nga iso pogun id Malaysia di kogumuan nopo mogigion nga kiugama do Kristian..<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2022 |title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom |work=UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Saat |first1=Norshahril |last2=Onn |first2=Lee Poh |date=7 July 2024 |title=Commentary: Sarawak offers Malaysia lessons in managing diversity |work=Channel NewsAsia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/malaysia-sarawak-religious-harmony-diversity-kk-mart-4457176 |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> [[Kategori:Borneo]] 274zargj22abadljojzf8estrkgqj0d Shila Amzah 0 2753 24050 23849 2026-04-03T15:28:29Z Toffee Dude 1532 24050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malaysian singer-songwriter}} {{For|Shila's 2013 self-titled studio album|Shila Amzah (album)}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Malay name|NurShahila|Amir Amzah}} {{Infobox person | name = Shila Amzah | honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Defender of the Realm|AMN]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat|website=istiadat.gov.my}}</ref> | image = Shila Amzah 2016.png | caption = Shila ontok 2016 | birth_name = Nurshahila binti Amir Amzah | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|8|13}} | birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia | occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|actress|businesswoman|record producer}} | nationality = | agent = {{hlist|Shila Amzah Entertainment|Shilala|GME|Greyscale}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Haris Idraki Elias|2018|2022|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|Muhammad Ubaidillah Mohd Zulkefli|2023}} }} | mother = Fauziah Sarman | father = Amir Amzah Salleh | children = Seth Uwais<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mail|first1=Malay|title=After 55 hours of labour, singer Shila Amzah delivers a Merdeka Day boy|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/55-hours-labour-singer-shila-032154304.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{Flat list| * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[mandopop]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[EMI]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shila Amzah|url = http://www.midemfestival.com/2014/en/shila-amzah/|website = www.midem.com|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>|[[Monkey Bone Records|Monkey Bone]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shila Amzah Kini Bergerak Sendiri Tanpa Monkey Bone|url = http://www.murai.com.my/berita/t empatan/article/articleid/356237/shila-amzah-kini-bergerak-sendiri-tanpa-monkey-bone|website = www.murai.com.my|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>|[[Shanghai Media Group|Shanghai]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shila Amzah Bakal Menetap Di Shanghai, Artis Pertama Malaysia Buat Persembahan Di Lincoln Center|url = http://beautifulnara.com/shila-amzah-bakal-menetap-di-shanghai-artis-pertama-malaysia-buat-persembahan-di-lincoln-center|website = www.beautifulnara.com|date = 4 March 2013|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>|Shila Amzah<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ganjaran Kesabaran Shila Amzah|url = http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Hiburan/20130526/hi_01/Ganjaran-kesabaran-Shila-Amzah|website = www.utusan.com.my|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano}} }} | yearsactive = 2000–dinondo }} I '''Shila Amzah''' nopo nga diti nosusu om nakagayo id Kuala Lumpur mantad paganakan i aktif salom muzik. Nokotimpuun mingoos i Shila salom muzik mantad 9 toun yau om pinoposolimbou no do mogikaakawo muzikal ontok dii. Nokosoliwan o album koiso dau kiuhu "Terima Kasih Guru" ontok 10 toun yau. Mantad kinaantakan dii, nakalantoi isido do titahak sabaagi Artis Kanak-kanak Paling Popular id Anugerah Bintang Popular Berita Harian. Maya kouhupan di Helen Yap i ointutunan sabaagi komposer muzik om ponorbit rakaman id Malaysia nokosoliwan o album pop studio i kumuduo disido ontok toun 2005 i kiuhu Sha-Hila. Nokoinlobi yau do ointutunan maya single dau di kiuhu Patah Seribu ontok toun 2011 i nokodimpot yau do titahak Lagu Pop Terbaik om Lagu Terbaik id Anugerah Industri Muzik ke-19 (AIM19). ==Sukuon== {{Reflist}} rmu1gu3i8abthjyjh5uzaqxul06r9gv 24051 24050 2026-04-03T15:29:11Z Toffee Dude 1532 24051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malaysian singer-songwriter}} {{For|Shila's 2013 self-titled studio album|Shila Amzah (album)}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Malay name|NurShahila|Amir Amzah}} {{Infobox person | name = Shila Amzah | honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Defender of the Realm|AMN]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat|website=istiadat.gov.my}}</ref> | image = Shila Amzah 2016.png | caption = Shila ontok 2016 | birth_name = Nurshahila binti Amir Amzah | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|8|13}} | birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia | occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|actress|businesswoman|record producer}} | nationality = | agent = {{hlist|Shila Amzah Entertainment|Shilala|GME|Greyscale}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Haris Idraki Elias|2018|2022|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|Muhammad Ubaidillah Mohd Zulkefli|2023}} }} | mother = Fauziah Sarman | father = Amir Amzah Salleh | children = Seth Uwais<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mail|first1=Malay|title=After 55 hours of labour, singer Shila Amzah delivers a Merdeka Day boy|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/55-hours-labour-singer-shila-032154304.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{Flat list| * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[mandopop]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[EMI]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shila Amzah|url = http://www.midemfestival.com/2014/en/shila-amzah/|website = www.midem.com|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>|[[Monkey Bone Records|Monkey Bone]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shila Amzah Kini Bergerak Sendiri Tanpa Monkey Bone|url = http://www.murai.com.my/berita/t empatan/article/articleid/356237/shila-amzah-kini-bergerak-sendiri-tanpa-monkey-bone|website = www.murai.com.my|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>|[[Shanghai Media Group|Shanghai]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shila Amzah Bakal Menetap Di Shanghai, Artis Pertama Malaysia Buat Persembahan Di Lincoln Center|url = http://beautifulnara.com/shila-amzah-bakal-menetap-di-shanghai-artis-pertama-malaysia-buat-persembahan-di-lincoln-center|website = www.beautifulnara.com|date = 4 March 2013|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>|Shila Amzah<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ganjaran Kesabaran Shila Amzah|url = http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Hiburan/20130526/hi_01/Ganjaran-kesabaran-Shila-Amzah|website = www.utusan.com.my|access-date = 2016-03-22}}</ref>}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano}} }} | yearsactive = 2000–dinondo }} '''Shila Amzah''' nopo nga diti nosusu om nakagayo id Kuala Lumpur mantad paganakan i aktif salom muzik. Nokotimpuun mingoos i Shila salom muzik mantad 9 toun yau om pinoposolimbou no do mogikaakawo muzikal ontok dii. Nokosoliwan o album koiso dau kiuhu "Terima Kasih Guru" ontok 10 toun yau. Mantad kinaantakan dii, nakalantoi isido do titahak sabaagi Artis Kanak-kanak Paling Popular id Anugerah Bintang Popular Berita Harian. Maya kouhupan di Helen Yap i ointutunan sabaagi komposer muzik om ponorbit rakaman id Malaysia nokosoliwan o album pop studio i kumuduo disido ontok toun 2005 i kiuhu Sha-Hila. Nokoinlobi yau do ointutunan maya single dau di kiuhu Patah Seribu ontok toun 2011 i nokodimpot yau do titahak Lagu Pop Terbaik om Lagu Terbaik id Anugerah Industri Muzik ke-19 (AIM19). ==Sukuon== {{Reflist}} 6ybnjsaatguicpkma6r1vea4g3i9jdm Junji Ito 0 7719 24055 22229 2026-04-04T08:47:20Z Tum79 2290 link 24055 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person | name = Junji Ito | image = Junji Ito - Lucca Comics & Games 2018 02.jpg | caption = Ito at [[Lucca Comics & Games]] 2018 | native_name = 伊藤 潤二 | native_name_lang = ja | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|7|31}} | birth_place = [[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]], [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]], Japan | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = [[Writer]], [[penciller]], [[inker]], [[manga artist]] | notable_works = ''[[Tomie]]''<br />''[[Uzumaki]]''<br />''[[Gyo]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Ayako Ishiguro|2006}} | children = 2 }} '''{{nihongo|'''Junji Ito'''|伊藤 潤二|Itō Junji|nosusu 31 Madas 1963|lead=yes}}''' nopo nga artis manga [[koumpuronok]] [[Jepun]]. Sala iso kalaja dau di oitutunan nopo nga kohimpit do ''[[Tomie]]'', iso siri kokomoi do songulun tondu pointimporon ii panangkasabab do noulau toinsainai ii asanganan dau; ''[[Uzumaki]]'', iso siri miampai tolu-volume kokomoi kakadayan ii nosindaat do timporulu; om ''[[Gyo]]'', tangon duo-volume hinombo sada nopo nga tamangon do iso kamu baktiria kitopurimanan ii roiton sabaagi "singud do kapatayon." Kalaja suai dau kohimpit do ''The Junji Ito Horror Comic Collection'', tinimungan do kogumuan suniba dau om ''[[Junji Ito's Cat Diary: Yon & Mu]]'', iso parodi sondii kokomoi dau om sawo dau poingion id iso walai miampai duo tungau. sinuratan di Ito nopo nga nokopomonsoi do tutumanud kultus,<ref name="Seward Jr. 2023">{{Cite web |last=Seward Jr. |first=Kenneth |date=20 January 2023 |title=Junji Ito Maniac: Japanese Tales of the Macabre Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/junji-ito-maniac-japanese-tales-of-the-macabre-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330162629/https://www.ign.com/articles/junji-ito-maniac-japanese-tales-of-the-macabre-review |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=11 February 2023 |title=Junji Ito Maniac: Disturbing, Unsettling, And A Little Bit Normal |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/02/junji-ito-maniac-disturbing-unsettling-and-a-little-bit-normal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330162628/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/02/junji-ito-maniac-disturbing-unsettling-and-a-little-bit-normal/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Kotaku Australia]]}}</ref> om noroitan ii Ito sabaagi artis mangga koumpuronok ikonik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speelman |first=Tom |date=25 July 2021 |title=Junji Ito thinks the world has gotten scarier, but not as scary as his manga |url=https://www.polygon.com/sdcc/22593006/junji-ito-sensor-manga-interview-comic-con-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330162635/https://www.polygon.com/sdcc/22593006/junji-ito-sensor-manga-interview-comic-con-2021 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=日本を代表するホラー漫画家・伊藤潤二氏 初のNFTコレクション「TOMIE by Junji Ito」が発表 |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000037.000029349.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330162629/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000037.000029349.html |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[PR Times]] |language=ja}}</ref> Manga dau nopo nga pinasarabak kumaa goduduo filem om siri anime tilivision, kohimpit [[Tomie film series|''Tomie'' film series]] om goduoduo ''[[Junji Ito Collection]]'' om siri antologi anime ''[[Junji Ito Maniac: Japanese Tales of the Macabre]]'' == Koposion om kalaja'on == Nosusu ii Junji Ito ontok 31 Madas 1963 id [[Sakashita]], nondo soboogian mantad [[Nakatsugawa, Gifu]].Tuminimpuun koiganaan dau id pomogunan do koumpuronok ontok umul di omulok po, miampai manga kumoiso dau ''Mummy Teacher'' mantad [[Kazuo Umezu]]; mambasa duo taka dau do [[Umezu|om Shinichi Koga id]] majalah, om yau nga tumanud do mambasa sinuratan ngai dii<ref name="spiral" /> Guminayo yau id kinoiyonon soliwan kakadayan, id iso kakadayan tokoro toning do Nagano.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chik |first=Kalai |date=September 17, 2019 |title=Interview: Horror Manga Mastermind Junji Ito |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2019-09-17/horror-manga-mastermind-junji-ito/.151216 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102050641/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2019-09-17/horror-manga-mastermind-junji-ito/.151216 |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |language=en}}</ref> Id walai di noiyon dau, podjuon nopo nga poingion id tompok do limbowong siriba tana ii ionon do [[Rhaphidophoridae|korut kricket]]; koinganaan diti kalapas di nakaatul id kalaja dau.<ref name="spiral">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}</ref> Tuminimpuun ii Ito do momolukis manga ontok umul 4 toun, minanganu inspirasi mantad kalaja ii nabasa dau id majalah. Tuminolombus yau do momolukis sabaagi hobi gisom do nokosiliu yau do juruteknik nipon ontok toun 1984, hinombo apangkal yau do po papaadang koduo-duo ahal idi.<ref name="spiral">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 "An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version)"]. ''Grape Japan''. June 10, 2019. Archived from [https://grapee.jp/en/116016 the original] on July 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ontok 1987, minapaatod yau do iso suniba kumaa ''[[Monthly Halloween]]<nowiki/>ii'' nakamanang do gaa kapantangan id ''Kazuo Umezu Prize'' (miampai ii Umzeu sondii sabaagi do momiimilantoi). Suniba diti pinalabus solinaid 13 toun om nonuan do siri sabaagi ''[[Tomie]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=The Horror of an Uncertain Future: An Interview with Revered Manga-ka Junji Ito |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194707/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=B&N Reads |language=en-US}}</ref> Minomolukis ii Itto do kuilt album ''[[Hōmura Uta]]'' montok tinimungan [[Mucc's]] (2002).<ref name="mucc">{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2020 |title=MUCC、"ムックの日(6/9)"に「娼婦」誕生20周年記念シングルを限定リリース |url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000183795 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815164832/https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000183795 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Barks |language=Japanese}}</ref> Minisokodung kaagu yau miampai band di ontok toun 2020 montok kulit single poimbida diolo ''Shōfu 2020''.<ref name="mucc" /> Minisokodung nogi ii Ito miampai di .Takashi Nagasaki om bagas diplomat Masaru Sato montok momonsoi ''Yūkoku no Rasputin'' (2010-2012), tumanud do koinganaan di Sato id Russia montok ''[[Big Comic]].''<ref name="Rasputin">{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2010 |title=伊藤潤二、佐藤優原作で鈴木宗男事件のドロドロ裏側描く |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/35151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802054351/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/35151 |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |website=Natalie |language=Japanese}}</ref> Direktor filem ii [[Guillermo del Toro]] minonuat id akaun Twitter poimbantug dau do ii Ito id Sandad nopo nga kolaborator montok pomoinan video ''[[Silent Hills]],'' hinombo goduduo di Del Toro om momonsoi pomoinan ii [[Hideo Kojima]] sabaagi direktor poinlobi. Mulong pia do ingkaa, sontoun kalapas do pinawara, projek diti amu pinotilombus di Del Toro, sanganu do IP dii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Every Death Stranding Cameo in the game and where to find them |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/death-stranding-cameos-faces-location-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927042135/https://www.gamesradar.com/death-stranding-cameos-faces-location-who/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Kalaps di i Ito om Del Toro minopoolos do kopiagalan diolo kumaa projek sumusuhut di Kojima, ''[[Death Stranding]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Every Death Stranding Cameo in the game and where to find them |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/death-stranding-cameos-faces-location-who/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927042135/https://www.gamesradar.com/death-stranding-cameos-faces-location-who/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=November 18, 2019 |language=en |newspaper=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref> === Gaa === * Kalaja di Ito [[Uzumaki]] nokosuang montok Gaa Eisner ontok 2003 om 2009.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sonstige. |first=Angierski, Kristen Sonstige. Barclay, Bridgitte Sonstige. Cortez, Marisol Sonstige. Davis, Chelsea Sonstige. Heumann, Joseph K. Sonstige. Keetley, Dawn Sonstige. Kniss, Ashley Sonstige. Murray, Robin L. Sonstige. Roberts, Brittany R. Sonstige. Sharp, Sharon Sonstige. Soles, Carter Sonstige. Stevenson, Keri Sonstige. Tidwell, Christy |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1263285920 |title=Fear and Nature : Ecohorror Studies in the Anthropocene |date=June 2, 2021 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-09043-6 |oclc=1263285920}}</ref> * Ontok 2019, nakaanu ii Ito Gaa Eisner ko iso dau montok kapasarabakan do ''[[Mary Shelley's Frankenstein]]'' montok "Kapasarabakan tosonong mantad Medium Suai."<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2019 |title=Eisner Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/2019-eisner-awards-complete-winners-list-1225835 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211183938/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/2019-eisner-awards-complete-winners-list-1225835 |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * Ontok 2021, nakaanu ii Ito do duo [[Gaa Eisner]] montok sinuratan dau ''[[Remina]]'' om ''Venus in the Blind Spot,'' nakaanu "Best U.S Edition of International Material - Asia" om "Best Writer/Artist."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topham |first=Michelle |date=2021-07-25 |title=Junji Ito wins 2 Eisner Awards for Remina and Venus in the Blind Spot manga for his second and third wins |url=https://leosigh.com/junji-ito-wins-2-eisner-awards-for-remina-and-venus-in-the-blind-spot-manga-for-his-second-and-third-wins/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106045555/https://leosigh.com/junji-ito-wins-2-eisner-awards-for-remina-and-venus-in-the-blind-spot-manga-for-his-second-and-third-wins/ |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Leo Sigh |language=en-US}}</ref> * Toun di sumusuhut, nakaanu ii Ito do iso kaagu [[Gaa Eisner]] montok kalaja dau ''Lovesickness'' nakaanu ''"''Best U.S. Edition of International Material - Asia" om [[Gaa Eisner]] di kumaapat<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=2022-07-23 |title=Junji Ito Wins Eisner Award for Lovesickness Manga |url=https://fast.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-07-23/junji-ito-wins-eisner-award-for-lovesickness-manga/.187932 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730223208/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-07-23/junji-ito-wins-eisner-award-for-lovesickness-manga/.187932 |archive-date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Anime News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ontok 2023, nakaanu ii Ito fo [[gaa Inkpot]] masaan do koubasanan [[San Diego Comic-Con]]. === Koposion sondii === Ontok toun 2016, nakasawo ii Ito di Ayako Ishiguro (石黒亜矢子), artis buuk gambal. Ontok 2024, haro duo tanak tondu diolo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nomura |first=Chie |date=January 9, 2012 |title=ホラー漫画家・伊藤潤二先生インタビュー / 人気作品『富江』『うずまき』を生んだ奇才 |trans-title=Horror cartoonist / Professor Junji Ito interview / popular work "Tomie" "Uzumaki" |url=https://rocketnews24.com/2012/01/09/170761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208053817/http://rocketnews24.com/2012/01/09/170761/ |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2019 |website=RocketNews24.com |language=ja}}</ref> == Inspirasi om tema == === Artis suai === Pomoruhang montok di [[Kazuo Umezu]] om [[Shigeru Mizuki]], Ii [[Hideshi Hino]], Shinichi Koga, [[Yasutaka Tsutsui]], [[Edogawa Ranpo]] om [[H. P Lovecraft]] nopo nga pamarahung poinlobi id sinuratan dau.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ito |first=Junji |title=Uzumaki: Spiral into Horror, Vol. 1 |date=October 16, 2007 |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |isbn=978-1-4215-1389-8 |edition=2nd |page=207 |language=en}}</ref> Minapatayad nogi ii Ito do ii Umezu minanahak do inspirasi mantad ponoritaan, om ii Hino minanahak do rahung id kabaalan dau papaasil kouyuuyuo id sinuratan dau. Nokoboros nogi yau do oimayaan yau do sinuratan di Guillermo del Toro.<ref name=":22">{{Citation|title=A Talk with Junji Ito {{!}} Creator Interview {{!}} VIZ|date=April 30, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|language=en|access-date=2022-06-02|archive-date=June 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|url-status=live}}</ref> Minongunsuub nogi ii Junji Ito do sinuratan di Noroi Michiru, miampai boros "Sogigisom do oimayaan oku do kabaalan di Noroi Michiru id popokito do korosian!"<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=11 February 2023 |title=Junji Ito Maniac: Disturbing, Unsettling, And A Little Bit Normal |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/02/junji-ito-maniac-disturbing-unsettling-and-a-little-bit-normal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330162628/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/02/junji-ito-maniac-disturbing-unsettling-and-a-little-bit-normal/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Kotaku Australia]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith2023">Smith, David (February 11, 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230330162628/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/02/junji-ito-maniac-disturbing-unsettling-and-a-little-bit-normal/ "Junji Ito Maniac: Disturbing, Unsettling, And A Little Bit Normal"]. ''[[Kotaku Australia]]''. Archived from [https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/02/junji-ito-maniac-disturbing-unsettling-and-a-little-bit-normal/ the original] on March 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Piromutan mantad sinuratan do Lovecraft om puralan do ''[[Uzumaki]]'' nokoindlan no pogulu diti, miagal nogi tema do [[kosmik korosian]]. Noboros nogi Ito ii [[H. R. Giger]], [[Salvador Dalí]], om ii suai sabaagi rahung kadau id sinuratan dau. === Timpu tangaanak === Narahung ii Ito do koumpuronok mantad tanak po, miampai manga ko iso dau nosuat kokomoi protagonist miampai mato id tanga do palad dau, manangod dau: iti nopo nga narahung ''Kappa No Sanpei'' sinurat di [[Shigeru Mizuki]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=The Horror of an Uncertain Future: An Interview with Revered Manga-ka Junji Ito |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194707/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=B&N Reads |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194707/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ "The Horror of an Uncertain Future: An Interview with Revered Manga-ka Junji Ito"]. ''B&N Reads''. June 17, 2019. Archived from [https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ the original] on June 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Narahung nogi ii Ito do filem koumpuronok ohotusan ko-20 (miagal ko ''[[Dracula]]'' om ''[[Frankenstein]]''), miagal nogi masaan do drama kokomoi tombiruo.<ref name="spiral">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 "An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version)"]. ''Grape Japan''. June 10, 2019. Archived from [https://grapee.jp/en/116016 the original] on July 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Nokoihum nogi yau rahung mantad mananangon Rakugo ii manangon kokomoi tangon tombiruo Kaiden, nokosuang ii id ''[[No Longer Human]]''.<ref>Ivanchenko, Tatiana. “Body Horror in Japanese Media: Manga.” University of Tyumen, 2020.</ref> Narahung o ''[[Tomei]]'' mantad kinapatayon do sala iso tambalut linimput pambalajalan dau. Nopurimanan di Ito do suai-suai do kusia di nointutunan dau sigog ii natagak mantad pomogunan, om insaru yau koondos do kohino kaagu ii kusai; mantad dii nokoimbulai idea dau montok songulun tondu ii napatai no dau nokohino kaagu miagal do aiso nunu-nunu nokoindalan.<ref name="spiral">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 "An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version)"]. ''Grape Japan''. June 10, 2019. Archived from [https://grapee.jp/en/116016 the original] on July 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Narahung ''[[Gyo]]'' mantad sangod do kandi mantad ''[[Jaws]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=78 Magazine |url=http://www.78magazine.com/issues/03-01/arts/junji.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310120928/http://www.78magazine.com/issues/03-01/arts/junji.shtml |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.78magazine.com}}</ref> ''The'' ''Hanging Balloons'' nopo nga tumanud do tipi masaan do tanak po.<ref name="spiral" /> Narahung o ''[[Long Dream|Long]]'' ''[[Long Dream|Dream]]'' mantad boros taka dau kokomoi ponoriukan kokomoi tipi di potilombus,<ref name="spiral" /> om ''Slug Girl'' nopo nga narahung mantad pingguraan dila di Ito id toguang do pogotulan ii kaagal-agal do dila rogon.<ref name=":23">{{Citation|title=A Talk with Junji Ito {{!}} Creator Interview {{!}} VIZ|date=April 30, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|language=en|access-date=2022-06-02|archive-date=June 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|url-status=live}}</ref> === Akademik === Balajal om minangai ii Ito do ponginabasan dau miampai degree id Tiknologi Nipon pogulu kuminalaja sabaagi juruteknik nipon solinaid tolu toun gisom do nokosiliu yau sabaagi [[mangaka]] timpu-poimpu.<ref name="spiral2">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">Ember, Diana-Nathalie, and Georgiana Lavinia Tar. “Junji Ito's Contemporary Visual Adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. A Comparative Study.” Lingua. Language and Culture, no. 2, 2021, pp. 247–259.</ref> Noilaan di Ito o gaab anatomikal id buuk montok susumikul koubatan, hinombo koumbal yau monoriuk kokomoi masol.<ref name="spiral" /> Noboros nogi dau do minanahak sikul di minanahak kaagu dau rahung maya kakamot gunoon do momolukis, lolobi po id pomogunaan do pen om poingkuro papalais pen miagal id papalais do nipon winonsoi-wonsoi.<ref name="spiral3">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Citation|title=A Talk with Junji Ito {{!}} Creator Interview {{!}} VIZ|date=April 30, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|language=en|access-date=2022-06-02|archive-date=June 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tema === Sinuratan di Ito nopo nga kohimpit do mogiikaakawo subgenre koumpuronok, poinlobi kokomoi subgenre [[tinan di koumpuronok]] om [[koumpuronok kosmik]]. Kogumuan do sinuratan dau nopo nga poinglongkod do poimponu id tema diti, miampai piipiro tema pionitan ''predator to prey,'' katagakan do kouyuuyuo koulunan, senario apokaliptik om obsesi nogi nga nokosiliu unsur id sinuratan dau.<ref name=":42">Thacker, Eugene. “Black Illumination: the Unhuman World of Junji Ito.” The Japan Times, 30 Jan. 2016.</ref><ref name=":33">Ember, Diana-Nathalie, and Georgiana Lavinia Tar. “Junji Ito's Contemporary Visual Adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. A Comparative Study.” Lingua. Language and Culture, no. 2, 2021, pp. 247–259.</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Sonstige. |first=Angierski, Kristen Sonstige. Barclay, Bridgitte Sonstige. Cortez, Marisol Sonstige. Davis, Chelsea Sonstige. Heumann, Joseph K. Sonstige. Keetley, Dawn Sonstige. Kniss, Ashley Sonstige. Murray, Robin L. Sonstige. Roberts, Brittany R. Sonstige. Sharp, Sharon Sonstige. Soles, Carter Sonstige. Stevenson, Keri Sonstige. Tidwell, Christy |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1263285920 |title=Fear and Nature : Ecohorror Studies in the Anthropocene |date=June 2, 2021 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-09043-6 |oclc=1263285920}}</ref> Popokito ii Ito do sorili pomogunan di agasab om amu milo aga'on; kono dau insaru kosiliu sabaagi kaantakan montok kowoyowoyoon indop di araat miampai aiso panangkasabab di otolinahas toi ko' noukum maya amu aadang kumaa kasalaan tokoro montok isoiso nuludan posorili ii amu oilaan om apangkal do mamarati.<ref name=":4">Thacker, Eugene. “Black Illumination: the Unhuman World of Junji Ito.” The Japan Times, 30 Jan. 2016.</ref> Minanganu yau do rahung mantad podosian dau sondii, kohimpit do kapatayon, piasngadan, songi-ongi om intangan do tulun.<ref name="spiral">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version) |url=https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Grape Japan |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210730195629/https://grapee.jp/en/116016 "An Interview With Master of Horror Manga Junji Ito (Full Length Version)"]. ''Grape Japan''. June 10, 2019. Archived from [https://grapee.jp/en/116016 the original] on July 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=The Horror of an Uncertain Future: An Interview with Revered Manga-ka Junji Ito |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194707/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=B&N Reads |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194707/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ "The Horror of an Uncertain Future: An Interview with Revered Manga-ka Junji Ito"]. ''B&N Reads''. June 17, 2019. Archived from [https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/the-horror-of-an-uncertain-future-an-interview-with-revered-manga-ka-junji-ito/ the original] on June 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Minimboros nogi ii Ito do momolikus yau manifestasi pomusarahan ii sumiliu realiti, ii pokitonon maya ''[[body horror]].<ref name=":25">{{Citation|title=A Talk with Junji Ito {{!}} Creator Interview {{!}} VIZ|date=April 30, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|language=en|access-date=2022-06-02|archive-date=June 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A|url-status=live}}</ref>'' == Kalaja == === Manga     === ==== Kalaja suai ==== * '''''The Art of Junji Ito: Twisted Visions''''' (異形 世界) ** Koleksi ko iso do sinuratan di Junji Ito kohimpit do lobi 130 gambal mantad manga dau di otutunan miampai sinuratan di apagau do okito. Koleksi diti kahangkum do ilustrasi Ito id oitom opurak om kiwotik, mantad kinolumison di korosi ''Tomie'' gisom do puralan aiso koulunan ''Uzumaki''. Kohimpit nogi ponorubungan ii poposotol do laang seni di Ito miampai tisuli dau montok monikid sinuratan dau. * '''''[[Black Paradox]]''''' (ブラックパラドクス) (6 boogian gisom 1 jilid) ** Apa tulun ii sipamatai tinan sondi nokopiruba maya liwang web matai sondii ''Black Paradox'': ii Maruso, songulun noos ii amu otumbayaan do timpu dumontol; songulun kusai ii Taburo ii noinggorit do kaagal-agal dau; Pii-tan, injiniol ii haro klon robot dau sondii; om ii Bracchi songulun tondu ii noinggorit do pilat id turos dau. ** Kohimpit duo tangon bonus: ''The Licking Woman'' and ''Mystery Pavilion'' * '''''A Diary of Embellished Patches''''' (潤色まだら日記) (Tinimungan tolu ''one-shots'') ** Tinimungan: ''Pond, Conversation,'' om ''DIY Instructions'' * '''''[[Dissolving Classroom]]''''' (溶解教室) (limo boogian miampai iso jilid) ** Miadi-adi ii napalid —Yuuma, songulun tanak wagu ii narahung do rogon, om ii Chizumi, tadi tondu ii taraat id sajara — panangkasabab do mogikaakawo kaantakan taraat om kaantakan ii podosian diti popotigowo mambasa maya kopomorindakan literal montok mogikaakawo toruol sosial mode. ** Kohimpit duo tangon bonus: ''The Return'' om ''Children of the Earth'' * '''''[[Fragments of Horror]]'' (a.k.a. ''The Shard of Evil'')''' (魔の断片) (collection of eight one-shots) ** Tinimungan: ''Futon, Haunted Wood Mansion, Tomio: Red Turtleneck, Lingering Farewell, Dissection Girl, Black Bird, Nanakuse Magami'' om ''Whispering Woman'' * '''''[[Gyo|Gyo: Ugomeku Bukimi]]'' (a.k.a. ''Fish: Ghastly Squirming'')''' (ギョ うごめく不気味) (19 boogian miampai duo jilid) ** Singud poinsoibau do kapatayon id sorili do pulou. Nunu ti? Sada kigakod ii osuusuai nokoimbulai id kaantakan di... nokotimpuun o kinosuangan di Tadashi om ii Kaori id koupuronok om singud toutong id rahat. ** Kohimpit duo tangon bonus: ''The Sad Tale of the Principal Post'' om ''The Enigma of Amigara Fault'' * '''''[[Junji Ito's Cat Diary: Yon & Mu]]''''' (伊藤潤二の猫日記 よん&むー) (hopod boogian miampai iso jilid) ** Junji Ito, sabaagi J-kun, kawawagu diti minomonsoi walai wagu om minogowit do taboi dau ii A-ko, mion miampai dau. Amu noilaan di ito do sawo dau dumontok di oikuman nopo nga haro manud-tanud di amu noilaan id tow—Yon, tungau paganakan di podosian cat, om Mu, tungau Norwegian gouton ii osokuyut. Mulong pia do lobi asanangan do tasu, noilaan di J-kun do nosonsog yau kosokuyutan diolo di suusuai om mantad di nokotimpuun o kapangkalan komedik dau montok manganu lisi mantad tambalut tungau wagu dau. * '''''The Liminal Zone''''' (幻怪地帯) (collection of four one-shots) ** Collects: ''Weeping Woman Way, Madonna, The Spirit Flow of Aokigahara,'' and ''Slumber'' * Liminal Zone Vol.2 (幻怪地帯Vol 1) - (tinimungan montok apat ''one -shot'' om noputan mantad jilid koiso) ** Tinimungan: ''Demon King of Dust, Village of Ether, The Strange Hikizuri Siblings'' - ''Uncle Ketanosuke'' om ''The Shells of Manjunuma'' * '''''Mimi's Tales of Terror'' (a.k.a. ''Mimi's Ghost Stories'')''' (ミミの怪談) (tinimungan do onom ''one-shots'', rahung mantad [[:ja:木原浩勝|Hirokatsu Kihara]] omIchiro Nakayama's ''Kaidan Shin Mimibukuro'' (怪談新耳袋)) ** Tinimungan: ''The Woman Next Door, Sound of Grass, Graveman, The Seashore, Alone with You'' (a.k.a. ''Just the Two of Us''), om ''The Scarlet Circle'' ** Kohimpit duo boogian toniba: ''On the Utility Pole'' and ''Sign In the Field '' ** Kohimpit iso tangon bonus: ''Monster Prop'' * '''''[[No Longer Human (Ito manga)|No Longer Human]]''''' (人間失格) (24 boogian miampai iso jilid) ** Kapasarabakan manga di Ito mantad [[Osamu Dazai]] [[No Longer Human|novel miampai ngaran di miagal]]. * '''''Rasputin the Patriot''''' (憂国のラスプーチン) (26 boogian onom jilid) ** Kapasarabakan di Ito mantad autobiografi bagas diplomat Sato Masaru, ''The Trap of the State.'' * '''''[[Remina]]'' (a.k.a. ''Hellstar Remina'')''' (地獄星レミナ) (onom boogian miampai iso jilid) ** Iso kaantakan do sains fiksyen/koumpuronok kokomoi iso binatang tagayo mangakan do planet mantad dimensi suai ii norubaan do songulun saintis om nasalaan do mongintutun sabaagi iso planet, Noonuan o gaa montok momungaran di sabaagi do ii nokokito, minomili profesor di do momungaran tumanud ngaran do tanak tondu dau di iso no ii Remina, nga soira do minoi ''Hellstar Remina'' tilombus id pomogunan, toinsanai pomogunan nokoulau om toinsanai tulun id kakadayan tuminumpuun do mogihum om mamatai di Remina, miampai pomusarahan do yau ii panangkasabab. ** Kohimpit tanon bonus: ''Billions Alone'' (a.k.a. ''Army of One'') * '''''[[Sensor (manga)|Sensor]]'' (a.k.a. ''Travelogue of the Succubus'')''' (センサー) (seven chapters over one volume) ** Songulun tondu siisio do mimpanau id Nulu Sengoku. Nokoimbulai o songulun kusai minimboros do laid no mangandad dau, om minangangat dau kumaa id iso kampung. Kampung dii nopo nga natakapan do sasa kasa nulu tapui ii kaagal-agal do tobuk, om toinsanai kibinabang amas. Ontok dongotuong soira do minopoindlanan do kooturan diolo mintong id tawang ii noponu do rombituon, sigog ii do kakamot tumulud amu otutunan naratu om norias id tawang—kinotimpuunon do teror di koindalan. * '''''[[Tomie]]''''' (富江) (20 boogian gisom iso jilid) ** Tomie Kawakami nopo nga songulun tondu pongimbayat miampai tobuk oitom di anaru om haro pilat id siriba do mato gibang dau. Kaanu yau do mongimbayat osomok do hombo-hombo nopo kusai om mongunsuub diolo do mamatai—mulong pia do ii noontok nopo nga insaru do ii Tomie sondii. Soira do songulun koginawaan dau mumbal do poposiliu dau sabaagi songonuan dau sondii no,songulun kaagu lobi orosian do monosop ginawo di nga id kolimpupuson noilaan diolo do impiro pia do patayon diolo yau nga kakal do amu kalabus pomogunan mantad di Tomie. ** Amu kohimpit do ''Control, Takeover'' or ( Souichi/Tomie tangon kogimpit one-shot) ''Souichi Possessed'' * '''''Venus in the Blind Spot''''' (盲点のビーナス) (tinimungan hopod ''one-shots'') ** Tinimungan: ''Billions Alone'' (a.k.a. ''Army of One), The Human Chair, An Unearthly Love'' (narahung mantad [[Edogawa Ranpo]] tangon miampai ngaran di miagal), ''Venus in the Blind Spot, The Licking Woman, Umezz Kazuo and Me, How Love Came to Professor Kirida'' (narahung mantad [[Robert Hichens (writer)|Robert Hichen's]] ''How Love Came to Professor Guildea''), ''The Enigma of Amigara Fault, The Sad Tale of the Principal Post,'' om ''Keepsake'' * '''''Voices in the Dark''''' (闇の声) (tinimungan turu ''one-shots'') ** Tinimungan: ''Blood-Slurping Darkness, The Ghost of Golden Time, Roar of Ages, Secret of the Haunted Mansion, Glyceride'' (a.k.a. ''Greased''), ''The Earthbound'', om ''Dead Man Calling'' * '''''New Voices in the Dark''''' ( 新・闇の声 潰談) (tinimungan turu ''one-shots'') ** Tinimungan: ''The Soichi Front, Soichi's Beloved Pet, In the Valley of Mirrors, Anything but a Ghost, Library of Illusions, Songs in the Dark,'' om ''Splatter Film'' * '''''[[Uzumaki]]'' (a.k.a. ''Spiral'')''' (うずまき) (19 boogian miampai iso jilid) ** Kurozu-cho, iso kakadayan tokoro ii nosorili do haun id disan Japan, ii noumpadanan. Tumanud di Shuichi Saito, tanak wagu di Kirie Goshima ii pakadaada, kakadayan di nopo nga okon ko noimbiruo do rusod toi ko' binatang nga noimbiruo do iso rinda: ''uzumaki'', purulu hipnotik ii mongimboruo. Koimbulai id mogisuusuai laang: kulit tungol, puun pakis, purulu waig, purulu tongus om id bontuk di lobi agayo: purulu id tinan do tulun, obsesi noulau tapa di Shuichi, rolou mantad koklea id suang do tolingo. Masaan do kotongkop o koulawon dii, mogigion Kurozu-cho nagayat do lobi aralom id purulu miagal dio aiso wayaan sumoliwan. ** Kohimpit tangon bonus: ''Galaxies'' ==== Poimbantug om koleksi ''One-Shots'' amu notimung ==== * ''Demon's Voice'' * ''Ghost Heights Management Association'' * ''Junji Ito's Snow White'' (narahung mantad ''[[Snow White]])'' * ''Layers of Fear'' * ''Mountain of Gods: Precipice of the Unknown'' * ''Mr. Inagawa's Ghost Story Treasure Box'' * ''Return of the Hanging Balloons'' * ''She is a Slow Walker'' (written for ''8 Tales of the ZQN,'' the ''[[I Am a Hero]]'' spin-off anthology) * ''Soichi Possessed'' * ''Souichi's Junji Ito Exhibition: Enchantment'' * ''The Summer Time Graduation Trip'' * ''Tomie: Takeover'' * ''Tomie: Control'' === Ilustrasi === * ''[[Magic: The Gathering]]'' ** ''Elesh Norn, Mother of Machines'' (''Phyrexia: All Will Be One'') ** ''Carrion Feeder'', ''Thoughtseize'', ''Doomsday'', ''Plaguecrafter'' (Secret Lair Drop: Special Guest Junji Ito) ** A special promotion for hand-signed ''Elesh Norn, Mother of Machines'' was held in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ここだけの超貴重なアイテムを手に入れよう！『ファイレクシア：完全なる統一』ミニポスター＆限定サインカードキャンペーン｜読み物｜マジック：ザ・ギャザリング 日本公式ウェブサイト |url=https://mtg-jp.com/reading/kochima/0036568/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302112554/https://mtg-jp.com/reading/kochima/0036568/ |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=マジック：ザ・ギャザリング 日本公式ウェブサイト |language=ja}}</ref> == Adaptasi == ''[[Tomie]]'' nopo nga nakasarabak kumaa siri filem, kotimpuunon do toun 1999. Piipiro sinuratan suai di Ito nopo nga insaru kasarabak montok filem, tilivision om pomoinan video: * '''''Tomie''''' ** ''[[Tomie (film)|Tomie]]'' (富江), 1998<ref>{{Citation|last=Oikawa|first=Ataru|title=Tomie|date=1998-10-06|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240119/|type=Crime, Drama, Horror|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112030407/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240119/|publisher=Art Port, Daiei Studios|access-date=2022-10-05|archive-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie: Another Face]]'' (a.k.a. ''Tomie: Fearsome Beauty'') (富江:アナザフェイス), 1999<ref>{{Citation|last=Inomata|first=Toshirô|title=Tomie: anaza feisu|date=1999-12-26|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0284565/|type=Horror, Romance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226113838/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0284565/|access-date=2022-10-05|archive-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie: Replay]]'' (富江:re-play), 2000<ref>{{Citation|last=Mitsuishi|first=Tomijiro|title=Tomie: Replay|date=2000-02-11|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0279474/|type=Horror|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729025348/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0279474/|access-date=2022-10-05|archive-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie: Re-birth]]'' (富江:re-birth), 2001<ref>{{Citation|last=Shimizu|first=Takashi|title=Tomie: Re-birth|date=2001-03-24|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348225/|type=Horror|access-date=2022-10-06|archive-date=October 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006033305/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348225/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie: Forbidden Fruit|Tomie: The Final Chapter – Forbidden Fruit]]'' (富江 最終章 ?禁断の果実), 2002<ref>{{Citation|last=Shimizu|first=Takashi|title=Tomie: Re-birth|date=2001-03-24|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348225/|type=Horror|access-date=2022-10-06|archive-date=October 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006033305/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348225/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie: Beginning]]'' (富江 BEGINNING), 2005<ref>{{Citation|last=Oikawa|first=Ataru|title=Tomie: Beginning|date=2005-04-09|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0474962/|type=Horror|publisher=Arcimboldo Y.K., Art Port|access-date=2022-10-06|archive-date=October 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006203417/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0474962/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie: Revenge]]'' (富江 REVENGE), 2005<ref>{{Citation|last=Oikawa|first=Ataru|title=Tomie: Revenge|date=2005-04-16|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0474963/|type=Horror|publisher=Arcimboldo Y.K., Art Port|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007031414/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0474963/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie vs Tomie]]'' (富江 vs 富江), 2007<ref>{{Citation|last=Kubo|first=Tomohiro|title=Tomie vs Tomie|date=2007-11-17|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1100022/|type=Horror|publisher=Arcimboldo Y.K., Art Port, Asahi Sonorama|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232910/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1100022/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** ''[[Tomie Unlimited]]'' (富江　アンリミテッド), 2011<ref>{{Citation|last=Iguchi|first=Noboru|title=Tomie: Anrimiteddo|date=2011-05-14|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1728217/|type=Horror|publisher=Toei Video Company, Travis Entertainment, Travis|access-date=2022-10-07|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007234856/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1728217/|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''The Fearsome Melody'' (戦慄の旋律), 1991<ref>{{Citation|title=DRAMADOS|date=2022-08-09|url=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DRAMADOS&oldid=90893693|work=Wikipedia|language=ja|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423023150/https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DRAMADOS&oldid=90893693|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad ''Used Record'') * ''[[Uzumaki (film)|Uzumaki]]'' (うずまき), 2000<ref>{{Citation|last=Higuchinsky|title=Uzumaki|date=2000-02-11|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0244870/|type=Drama, Fantasy, Horror|publisher=Omega Micott Inc., Shogakukan, Space Shower TV|access-date=2022-10-02|archive-date=October 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002232111/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0244870/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad [[Uzumaki|tangon di miagal ngaran]]) * ''Uzumaki - Television Mystery'' (うずまき 〜電視怪奇篇〜), 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon.co.jp: うずまき~電視怪奇篇~ WS 【ワンダースワン】 : Video Games |url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00014AU78 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902214337/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00014AU78 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.amazon.co.jp}}</ref> – (narahung mantad [[Uzumaki|tangon di miagal ngaran]]) * ''Uzumaki - Curse Simulation'' (うずまき 〜呪いシミュレーション〜), 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon.co.jp: うずまき~呪いシミュレーション~ WS 【ワンダースワン】 : Video Games |url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00015HRTG |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902214346/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00015HRTG |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.amazon.co.jp}}</ref> – (narahung mantad [[Uzumaki|tangon di miagal ngaran]]) * ''Gravetown'' (墓標の町), 2000<ref>{{Citation|title=墓碑镇 墓標の町|url=https://movie.douban.com/subject/4851907/|language=zh-CN|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=September 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172858/https://movie.douban.com/subject/4851907/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad suniba miampai ngaran di miagal) ** Aiso DVD/VHS nakalabus, aasil kalaja diti noitutunan do Broadcast Tilivision ii natagak * ''The Face Burglar'' (顔泥棒), 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kao Dorobou (The Face Burglar) - 2000 VHS or DVD {{!}} Request Details |url=https://otsukai.com/item/10621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173026/https://otsukai.com/item/10621 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Otsukai |language=en}}</ref> – (narahung mantad suniba miampai ngaran di miagal) * ''The Hanging Balloons'' (首吊り気球), 2000<ref>{{Citation|title=The Hanging Balloons (2000)|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-hanging-balloons/|language=en|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=September 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920182302/https://letterboxd.com/film/the-hanging-balloons/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad ''The Devil's Logic, The Long Hair in the Attic,'' om ''The Hanging Balloons'') * ''Long Dream'' (長い夢), 2000<ref>{{Citation|last=Higuchinsky|title=Nagai yume|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0390290/|type=Drama, Fantasy, Horror|publisher=KTV, Omega Micott Inc., TV Asahi|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005183608/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0390290/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad [[Nagai Yume|suniba miampai ngaran di miagal]]) * ''Partition'' (a.k.a. ''Oshikiri'') (押切), 2000<ref>{{Citation|last=Sato|first=Zenboku|title=Oshikiri|date=2000-08-12|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0389238/|type=Horror|publisher=BigMaster, Omega Micott Inc., TV Asahi|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507213122/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0389238/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (adapted from ''Intruder'') * ''[[Kakashi (film)|Scarecrow]]'' (案山子), 2001<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsuruta|first=Norio|title=Kakashi|date=2001-09-13|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296032/|type=Fantasy, Horror|publisher=Emperor Multimedia Group (EMG), Planet, Mi-PiC|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=September 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921103623/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296032/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad ngaran miampai ngaran di miagal) * ''Love Ghost'' (死びとの恋わずらい), 2001<ref>{{Citation|last=Shibuya|first=Kazuyuki|title=Shibito no koiwazurai|date=2001-03-24|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0450497/|type=Horror|publisher=Art Port, Matsushita Agency, Television Tokyo MediaNet|access-date=2022-09-23|archive-date=September 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923193352/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0450497/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (narahung mantad ''The Junji Ito Horror Comic Collection Volume 15: Lovesick Dead'') * ''Marronnier'' (マロニエ), 2004<ref>{{Citation|last=Kobayashi|first=Akira|title=Marronnier|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0443756/?ref_=watch_tpks_rvi_tt_t_5|type=Horror|access-date=2022-09-24|archive-date=September 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924180601/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0443756/?ref_=watch_tpks_rvi_tt_t_5|url-status=live}}</ref> – (kasarabakan tokuri mantad ''Marionette Mansion'' and ''A Doll's Hellish Burial'') * ''The Groaning Drain'' (うめく排水管), 2004 – (nasarabak mantad ''Groaning Drain Pipes'') * ''Tomio'' (富夫), 2011<ref>{{Citation|last=Ito|first=Junji|title=Tomio|date=2011-09-02|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2562110/|type=Horror|publisher=Arcimboldo Y.K., Fresh Hearts, Geneon Universal Entertainment|access-date=2022-09-24|archive-date=September 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924181737/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2562110/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (adapted from ''Tomio: Red Turtleneck'') * ''Gyo: Tokyo Fish Attack'', 2012<ref>{{Citation|last=Hirao|first=Takayuki|title=Gyo|date=2012-02-15|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1857718/|type=Animation, Horror|publisher=Aniplex, Shogakukan Publishing, The Klockworx|access-date=2022-09-26|archive-date=September 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926191714/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1857718/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (nasarabak mantad ''[[Gyo|Gyo: Ugomeku Bukimi]]'') * ''Tales of the Bizarre: 2015 Spring Special - The Earthbound (世にも奇妙な物語 スペシャル・春 - 地縛者),'' 2015<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jôhô|first1=Hidenori|title=Yo ni mo Kimyô na Monogatari Spring 2015|date=2015-04-11|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4603446/|type=Mystery|publisher=Fuji Television Network, Kyodo Television|access-date=2022-09-20|last2=Kinoshita|first2=Takao|last3=Kôno|first3=Keita|archive-date=September 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921080521/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4603446/|url-status=live}}</ref> – (nasarabak mantad ''The Earthbound'') * ''[[Junji Ito Collection]]'', 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fantasista |date=February 22, 2018 |title=The Horrifyingly Beautiful Junji Itō : Collection Exhibit at ACG_Labo - Manga Planet |url=https://mangaplanet.jp/junji-ito-collection-exhibit-at-acg_labo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111002451/https://mangaplanet.jp/junji-ito-collection-exhibit-at-acg_labo/ |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |access-date=February 20, 2019 |website=Manga Planet |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[https://broelbrak.itch.io/nextdoor NextDoor],'' 2021 – (adapted from ''The Woman Next Door'') * ''[[Junji Ito Maniac: Japanese Tales of the Macabre]],'' 2023<ref>{{Citation|title=Junji Ito Introduces Junji Ito Maniac: Japanese Tales of the Macabre {{!}} Netflix|date=June 8, 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNoLoMk-Bs4|language=en|access-date=2022-09-21|archive-date=September 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921230553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNoLoMk-Bs4|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Uzumaki'', 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=September 2, 2019 |title=Adult Swim Teams with Production I.G for Junji Ito Adaptation 'Uzumaki' |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/adult-swim-teams-with-production-i-g-for-junji-ito-adaptation-uzumaki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215115928/https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/adult-swim-teams-with-production-i-g-for-junji-ito-adaptation-uzumaki/ |archive-date=December 15, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |website=Animation Magazine}}</ref> * ''Bloodsucking Darkness'', TBD<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=30 March 2023 |title=Junji Ito's Horror Manga 'Bloodsucking Darkness' Getting Live-Action Adaptation (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/junji-ito-bloodsucking-darkness-live-action-film-1235568124/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330160258/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/junji-ito-bloodsucking-darkness-live-action-film-1235568124/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Squires |first=John |date=30 March 2023 |title=Junji Ito's "Bloodsucking Darkness" Getting a Live Action Feature Film from Fangoria Studios |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3756603/junji-itos-bloodsucking-darkness-getting-a-live-action-feature-film-from-fangoria-studios/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330160258/https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3756603/junji-itos-bloodsucking-darkness-getting-a-live-action-feature-film-from-fangoria-studios/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Melanson |first=Angel |date=30 March 2023 |title=Junji Ito And Fangoria Studios Present: Bloodsucking Darkness |url=https://www.fangoria.com/junji-ito-and-fangoria-studios-present-bloodsucking-darkness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330160300/https://www.fangoria.com/junji-ito-and-fangoria-studios-present-bloodsucking-darkness/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Fangoria]]}}</ref> == Sukuon == <references responsive="1"></references> == Link labus ==   * {{Anime News Network|people|6600}} * {{IMDb name|0411702}} * [http://junjiito.trilete.net/ English Fansite] * [https://mangaplanet.jp/junji-ito-collection-exhibit-at-acg_labo/ The Horrifyingly Beautiful ''Junji Itō : Collection'' Exhibit at ACG_Labo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111002451/https://mangaplanet.jp/junji-ito-collection-exhibit-at-acg_labo/|date=November 11, 2019}} === Ponorubungan === ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7qCN8qN31A&ab_channel=vizmedia A Talk with Junji Ito | Creator Interview | VIZ]'' ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9_4qO9auas&ab_channel=vizmedia Junji Ito tells us the secret of making stories TRULY scary | VIZ]'' ** [http://www.78magazine.com/issues/03-01/arts/junji.shtml ''Into the Spiral: A Conversation with Japanese Horror Maestro Junji Ito''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310120928/http://www.78magazine.com/issues/03-01/arts/junji.shtml|date=March 10, 2016}} ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpPIJC45RG8&ab_channel=vizmedia Junji Ito Interview | Adapting No Longer Human | VIZ]'' ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRGKVBQXogg&ab_channel=Crunchyroll Junji Ito Tours A Real Haunted House ( The Winchester Mystery House )]'' ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNsUIpTLJjc&ab_channel=vizmedia Conversation with Junji Ito | TCAF 2019 | VIZ]'' ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSqBlNSk8G4&ab_channel=vizmedia A Haunting Conversation with Junji Ito | Comic-Con@Home 2020 | VIZ]'' ** ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqHLk7ubb5Q&ab_channel=vizmedia Comic-Con@Home 2021 | Junji Ito Panel | VIZ]'' {{Junji Ito}} {{Authority control}} 8e6my4swq1ap6rhmo5v8o4tag9pncrn Christ the Lord Is Risen Today 0 8492 24049 24044 2026-04-03T13:31:53Z Rombituon 6 /* Sajara */ 24049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Christian hymn, Easter song by Charles Wesley}} {{distinguish|text="[[Christ the Lord Is Risen Again!]]"}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox musical composition | name = Christ the Lord Is Risen Today | type = [[Hymn]] | image = Jesus appears to his disciples after he has risen.jpg | alt = | caption = An 1873 depiction of a scene from the Bible, in which Jesus appears to his disciples after his resurrection | occasion = [[Tadau Paska]] | text = [[Charles Wesley]] | language = [[English language|English]] | written = {{Start date|1739}} | based_on = {{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=28|verse=1-10}} | meter = 7.7.7.7 with alleluias | melody = "Easter Hymn", or "Llanfair" by Robert Williams | composed = | published = }} "'''Christ the Lord Is Risen Today'''" nopo nga sinding kaparayahan Krisitian i mionit miampai [[Paska]]. Kogumuan nopo bangki sinding diti nga sinuat di [[Charles Wesley]], om pinalabus miampai uhu "Hymn for Easter Day" id suang buuk ''Hymns and Sacred Poems'' i sinuat di Charles om [[John Wesley]] ontok toun 1739. Nointutunan o sinding diti miampai ungkapan "[[Alleluia]]" i sindingon miampai [[melisma]] kalapas monikid bangki, i pinoruhang do monunuat di au nointutunan, maan kanto pisudongo miampai melodi sinding kaparayahan i insaru gunoon ii no, "Easter Hymn". Pointindohoi o sinding diti sabaagi sinding perarakan koubasanan ontok [[Paska|Tadau Paska]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2017 |title=Easter Processional on Christ the Lord Is Risen Today; Alleluia |url=https://www.cph.org/p-22951-easter-processional-on-christ-the-lord-is-risen-today-alleluia.aspx |access-date=13 January 2018 |publisher=Concordia Publishing House}}</ref> == Sajara == [[File:The_Foundery.jpg|thumb|Numaan sindingo ii di kumoinsan nogi ontok tadau Paska ontok toun 1740 id [[The Foundery]], London.]] [[Charles Wesley]], songulun mantd i minongimpuun do guraan [[Methodism|Methodist movement]], minonuat do sinding "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today" ontok 1739 om uhu mantad nopo daa dii nga "Hymn for Easter Day". Sinding kaparayahan kawawagu nopo diti nga numaan sindingo' kumoinsan nogi id suang kebaktian koiso id [[The Foundery]] Meeting House kalapas numaan di Wesley simbanai ii sumiliu chapel Methodist koiso.<ref name=z>{{cite book |title=Stories Behind the Traditions and Songs of Easter |first=Ace |last=Collins |year=2009 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0310542261 |chapter=Christ the Lord is Risen Today }}</ref> Kalapas dii, numaan disio polobuso ii id suang himnal ''Hymns and Sacred Poems'' ontok toun 1739, om ii nopo di timpuunon po nga kiwaa hopod om iso bangki miampai apat baris monikid iso.<ref name=hn>{{cite web|url=https://hymnary.org/text/christ_the_lord_is_risen_today_wesley |title=Christ the Lord is risen today |publisher=Hymnary.org |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wesley |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_hymns-and-sacred-poems-_wesley-john_1739_0 |title=Hymns and sacred poems. Published by John Wesley, .. and Charles Wesley. 1739 |date=1739 |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Sumusuhut, pinalabus o sinding diti id suang himnal ''A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People called Methodists'',<ref name=ct /> om ontok toun 1754, pinosuang ii id suang ''Harmonia Sacra'', iso himnal i noulud di [[Thomas Butts]].<ref name="Temperley">{{cite book |last1=Temperley |first1=Nicholas |last2=Banfield |first2=Stephen |title=Music and the Wesleys |year=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-07767-8 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAI1EZNzJAkC&pg=PA15 |access-date=6 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Butts">{{cite book |last1=Butts |first1=Thomas |title=Harmonia Sacra, or a Compilation of Psalm and Hymn Tunes |date=1754 |publisher=Flagg & gould |location=Andover |page=118 |edition=1816 |url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Harmonia-Sacra_(Butts%2C_Thomas) |chapter=Christ, the Lord, is ris'n today}}</ref> Numaan di [[Martin Madan]] edito o sinding diti montok posuangon id suang himnal ''Psalms and Hymns'' (1769) miampai minongidu bangki koturu, kawalu om kosiam. Nointutunan o sinding diti id suang [[Church of England]] kiikiro toun 1780. Tobpinai di Charles Welsey, i [[John Wesley]] au minoposuang do sinding diti id suang ''Wesleyan Hymn Book''do [[Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)|Wesleyan Methodist Church]],<ref name=hn /> montok mongilag kopomogunoon sinding kaparayahan poimbida montok timpu pointantu. Gisom toun 1831, soira pinalabus o ''Supplement to the Collection'' do songulun Methodist i au ointutunan, pinosuang nogi miampai pointatap o sinding "Christ the Lord is Risen Today" id suang himnal Gereja Methodist.<ref name=dict>{{cite web|url=https://hymnology.hymnsam.co.uk/c/christ-the-lord-is-risen-today?q=Christ%20the%20Lord%20is%20risen%20today |title=Christ the Lord is risen today |publisher=Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology |access-date=13 January 2018}} {{Subscription required|date=January 2018}}</ref> Pogulu pinalabus o sinding diti, popotindohoi o muzik gereja do gaya dinamik i miagal-agal do muzik om koponondigan mantad zaman Alkitab. "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today" nopo nga sinupu miampai gaya kasambaan di lobi otood om momosik sunduan, om popokito topurimanan peribadi kumaa Kinorohingan. Nosiliu o gaya diti do impohon toponsol kumaa koburuon muzik kristian gisom id era moden.<ref name=z /> Ii nopo timpuunon po, komposisi nopo do "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today" nga kiwaa hopod om iso bangki miampai apat baris monikid iso, om numaan di ingkuriai kumaa onom bangki.<ref name="HOH">{{cite web |url=https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/history-of-hymns-christ-the-lord-is-risen-today |title=History of Hymns "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today" |publisher=United Methodist Church |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071612/https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/history-of-hymns-christ-the-lord-is-risen-today |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ontok koimpuunon abad ko-19, numaan poruhango' ungkapan "[[Alleluia]]" id kolimpupuson monikid baris.<ref name="HOH" /> Koimbulai di o "Alleluia" soginumu duo noho[pod om apat id suang sinding diti. Au noilaan nunu sabab kopio kinopomoruhanagn dii nga kipomusarahan o momoomorindak do sinding do numaan poruhango ii mooi kosudong miampai "Easter Hymn" tune.<ref name=ct>{{cite web|first=Collin |last=Hansen |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2008/august/hymn-for-easter-day.html |title='Hymn for Easter Day' |work=Christianity Today |date=8 August 2008 |access-date=13 January 2018}}{{Subscription required|date=June 2018}}</ref> Nokopongunsub o sinding diti do kopoingkawasan kopomogunaan do Alleluia sabaagi ungkapan ointutunan ontok karamayan paska, loolobi montotk mamaramai kinotungagan di Jesus.<ref name=ct /> Boros nopo puru sajara Methodist, [[Bernard Lord Manning]] kokomoi diti: <blockquote>Ontok insan sodop id gereja tokoro dii, sundung do au oku koilo kopio kokomoi sambayang dau, nga aiso ko;igaganan (keraguan) kokomoi sinding dii. Oilaan ku do suminding yahai sinding Paska karya di Charles Wesley, "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today," miampai 24 o "Alleluias: om tinondig kopio dahai ii. Id pialatan do Nonkonformus i poingigit kopio do koubasanan, sindingin kasari o sinding diti ontok Tadau Paska miagal do Sambayang Paska (Easter [[Collect]]) id suang Gereja Poinhimagon ([[Church of England]]). Om okon ko' aiso sabab do 24 "Alleluia" dii: kopomogunaan nopo "Alleluia" ontok tadau Paska nosukod mantad liturgi di nakalaid no om pantangon ii. Sinding kaparayahan toko nopo nga liturgi toko, iso liturgi di osoning kopio. Maan tokou soriuko', pantango'. gunoo', poburuo' om oondos montok dii.<ref name=ct /></blockquote> "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today" nopo tumanud kogumuan mononoriuk sinding kaparayahan miagal do i [[William Studwell]], nga sabaagi sinding kaparayahan gereja toponsol om mobi do karamayan Paska.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World |first=William |last=Studwell |year=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0789000997 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nationalreligiou00stud/page/143 143] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalreligiou00stud/page/143 }}</ref> Nosiliu nogi o sinding diti do poomitanan id nombo tutumanud [[Roman Katolik]] om [[Anglikan]] nopo nga au momoguno hogot "Alleluia" poingompus timpu mogkodos nga gunoon kawagu ii id suang ibadat ontok Tadau Paska.<ref name=ct /> [[File:Charles Wesley.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Charles Wesley]] == Sukuon == {{Reflist|30em}} ==Pambasaan potilombus== * {{cite web| title=Hymn Texts and Tunes| work=Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Handbook| url=http://www.blc.edu/comm/gargy/gargy1/ELH.Hymn.info.JKL.html| access-date=18 July 2005}} which cites ''Handbook to The Lutheran Hymnal'' * {{cite web |title = ''Christ the Lord is risen today'' |work = Oremus Hymnal |url = http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/c/c101.html |access-date = 18 July 2005 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050910041820/http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/c/c101.html |archive-date = 10 September 2005 }} * {{cite web |title = ''Jesus Christ is risen today'' |work = Oremus Hymnal |url = http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/j/j038.html |access-date = 18 July 2005 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050619074306/http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/j/j038.html |archive-date = 19 June 2005 }} ==Noputan labus== *[http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/c/t/l/ctlrisen.htm Cyber Hymnal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016191738/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/c/t/l/ctlrisen.htm |date=16 October 2019 }} *Text, MIDI, and piano score from [http://hymnsite.com/lyrics/umh302.sht HymnSite.com] {{Hymns and songs for Easter}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Laman yang menggunakan Phonos]] 73icm34nxj16uocsjfoupdyo3wk5j14 Hary Gunarto 0 8494 24056 2026-04-04T09:17:04Z Tum79 2290 dicipta baru 24056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hary Gunarto''' tu pensyarah ngan profesor di Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University di [[Jepun]], asal dari [[Indonesia]], pernah belajar di [[Amerika Syarikat]], dan ada nulis kamus istilah komputer bahasa Indonesia - Malaysia - Inggris.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.google.co.jp/books/edition/Glossary_of_IT_and_Computer_Terms_Englis/AnKlEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=inauthor:%22Hary+Gunarto%22&printsec=frontcover|title=Glossary of IT and Computer Terms: English - Indonesian - Malay|date=February 2024|publisher=Google books|accessdate=4 April 2026}}</ref> ==Sukuon== {{Reflist}} ==Noputan Labus== * Gunarto's Glossary of Information Technology Terms, [https://www.gunarto.org/ti/ti.php www.gunarto.org] [[Kategori: Pensyarah]] dcv2ujuh4ysoh4bea42dql1k6vb7po6