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<big>ט</big>uʄonu si le abe [[:en:Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1:~:text=hourglass%2Dshaped%20drum|hourglass ʄe dzedzeme]] ene tso Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika, si woate ŋu azã abe nuƒoƒo ƒomevi aɖe ene to ɖoɖowɔwɔ ɖe eƒe gbeɖiɖi kple ɣeyiɣi ƒe didime ŋu be woasrɔ̃ amegbetɔ ƒe nuƒoƒo ƒe [[:en:Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1:~:text=to%20mimic%20the-,tone,-and%20prosody%20of|gbeɖiɖi]] kple [[:en:Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1:~:text=to%20mimic%20the-,tone,-and%20prosody%20of|eƒe nyonyome]] me. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1</ref> [[:en:Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1:~:text=It%20has%20two-,drumheads,-connected%20by%20leather|ʋuta]] evee le esi esiwo wotsɔ lãgbalẽ siwo wotsɔ ka blaa enu te ɖe wonɔewo ŋue. Zi geɖe la, woʄonԑ esime wolée ɖe axatome. ʋuaʄola ate ŋu atrɔ ʋua ʄe [[:en:Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1:~:text=can%20change%20the-,pitch,-of%20the%20drum|gbeɖiɖime]] to ka siwo le ʋua ŋu to abɔ ɖeɖe le eŋu vie alo emamia ɖe eŋu vie me.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-2</ref>
Tso ƒe akpe alafa wuienyiliawo me la, ʋuʄoʄolawo zã gbeɖiɖiwo tsɔ kakaa gbedasiwo, abe kɔnuwɔwɔwo kple sededewo, si wu afɔɖeɖe ,4-5(6.4-8.0 kilometa)ʄe didime.<ref name=":5">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-Gershon-1</ref>
ʋuʄola siwo bi ɖe ʋua ʄoʄo me la ʄoa ʋugbea ʄe gbeɖiɖiawo katã. ʋuʄonu geɖewo ɖina abe amegbetɔ ʄe halɔlɔ̃ ɖe veme ene ku ɖe ale si woʄoa woe ene ŋu.
Woakpɔ hourglass eʄ ddzedzeme tɔgbi le Asia hã, gake womezã wo tsɔ srɔ̃a dzeɖoɖo o, togbɔ be wozaã [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=conversation%2C%20although%20the-,idakka,-is%20used%20to|idakka]] tsɔ srɔ̃ hadzidzi ʄe gbeɖiɖi hã. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum</ref>
Yorubatɔwo ʄe dùndún si nyea ʋuteaɖeanyi ʄomevi atɔ̃ kple Asante ʄe atumpan kple fontomfrom ye ɖe dzesi ŋutɔ. Woɖoa gbedeasi ɖa tso mile blaeve ʄe didime nu (kilometa blaetɔ̃-vɔ-eve), afisi ʋuʄola bubuwo tsɔa wo ɖona, eye wokakaa nyatakakawo kabakaba.
== טuʄonuwo ʄe ŋkɔwo le gbegbɔgblɔ kple nuto nu ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Language
!Name
|-
|[[:en:Akan_language|Akan languages]] (Fante, Twi, Baoule)
|Dondo, Odondo
|-
|[[:en:Bambara_language|Bambara]], [[:en:Bozo_languages|Bozo]], [[:en:Dioula_language|Dyula]]
|Tamanin
|-
|[[:en:Dagbani_language|Dagbani]], [[:en:Gurunsi_languages|Gurunsi]], [[:en:Moore_language|Moore]]
|Lunna, Donno
|-
|[[:en:Efik_language|Efik]]
|Obodom
|-
|[[:en:Fulfulde_language|Fulani]]
|Mbaggu, Baggel
|-
|[[:en:Hausa_language|Hausa]]
|Kalangu, Dan Kar'bi
|-
|[[:en:Songhai_language|Songhai]]
|Doodo
|-
|[[:en:Serer_language|Serer]],<ref name="Pangool pp 48–49">{{in lang|fr}} [[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], "La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 48–49, {{ISBN|2723610551}}</ref><ref name="Khass">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html|url-status=dead|title=Instruments du Sénégal (in) kassoumay.com|archive-date=2012-07-05|access-date=2021-04-19}}</ref> [[:en:Wolof_language|Wolof]],<ref name="Khass" /> [[:en:Mandinka_language|Mandinka]]<ref name="Khass" />
|Tama, Tamma<ref name="Khass" />
|-
|[[:en:Yoruba_language|Yoruba]]
|Dùndún, Gángan<ref name="Durojaye">{{cite journal|last1=Durojaye|first1=Cecilia|display-authors=etal|title=When Music Speaks: An Acoustic Study of the Speech Surrogacy of the Nigerian Dùndún Talking Drum|journal=Frontiers in Communication|date=2021-07-27|volume=6|page=132|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.652690|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|}
== Xotutu ==
טuʄonu siwo le abe hourglass ʄe dzedzeme ene nye haoʄnu xoxotɔwo dometɔ aɖewo si ɣetoɖoʄe Afrika [[:en:Griot|griots]] zãna<ref name="Khass" />eye woate ŋu asɔ woʄe ŋutinya ɖe [[:en:Bono_people|Bonotɔwo]], [[:en:Yoruba_people|Yorobatɔwo]], [[:en:Ghana_Empire|Ghana Fiaɖuʄea]]<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talking_drum&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talking_drum&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref> kple [[:en:Hausa_people|Hausatɔwo]] tɔ ŋuti. Yorubatɔ siwo tso [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] anyiehe ɣetoɖoʄe gome kple [[:en:Benin|Benin]] kpakple [[:en:Dagomba_people|Dagomba]] tso Ghana ʄe dziehe siaa wɔ griot hadzidzi ʄomevi aɖesi de ŋgɔ ŋutɔ ale gbegbe eye wotui ɖe טuʄonu dzi<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talking_drum&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref>.
טuʄonu vovovo geɖewo trɔ, akpa gãtɔ ʄe wɔwɔme sɔ kple esi míeyɔ va yi. Nɔnɔme geɖe siwo menye hourglass ʄe dzedzeme o la dzego kabakba eye wotsɔ ŋkɔ tɔxԑwo abe Dunan kple [[Fontomfrom]]<ref name=":0" /> na wo. Egbegbe la, <big>ɣ</big>etoɖoʄe Afrika ʄe liʄowo dzi koe wowɔna nukpakpa siawo lena, ke [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=rule%20being%20northern-,Cameroon,-and%20western%20Chad|Cameroon]] kple [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=Cameroon%20and%20western-,Chad%2C,-as%20well%20as|Chad]] ʄe ɣetoɖoʄe kpakple nuto siwo me amewo sɔ gbɔ ɖo siwo nye ƒuƒoƒo siwo xɔ aƒe ɖe Afrika ʄe ɣetoɖoʄe liƒo dzi dukɔwo abe [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=such%20as%20the-,Kanuri,-%2C%20Djerma%2C|Kanuri]], [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=the%20Kanuri%2C-,Djerma,-%2C%20Fulani%2C%20and|Djerma,]] [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=%2C%20Djerma%2C-,Fulani,-%2C%20and%20Hausa.|Fulani]] kple Hausa.
== Serertɔwo ==
Le Senegal kple Gambiatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya nu la, '''tama''' (le [[:en:Serer_language|Serergbe]] me) nye haƒonu siwo wozãna le [[:en:Serer_people|Serertɔwo]] ƒe "''Woong''" kɔnyinyi me la dometɔ ɖeka ([[:en:Ndut_initiation_rite|"ɣeɖuɖu si Serer ŋutsuvi siwo wometso aʋa na haɖe o wɔna]]" alo etsɔme aʋatsotso, si wogayɔna be "Xaat" (le Serergbe me).<ref name="Pangool pp 48–49" />Tama טua sɔ kple [[:en:Serer_religion|Serer mawusubɔsubɔ]] gɔmesesewo (si do ŋgɔ na [[:en:Ghana_Empire|Ghana Fiaɖuƒea]]).<ref name="Pangool pp 48–49" />
Le ''Xaat'' ƒe kɔnyinyi nu la, tama ye nye haƒoƒo ŋutinuwo ƒe ha enelia. Serer ƒe טu siwo woƒona dometɔ aɖewoe nye: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; kple Tama.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum?veswitched=1&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref>
Ne rooster ɖe gbe la, Xaat la aɖi ɖe eme ahadɔ alɔ̃ va se ɖe aʋatsotsoɣi la, ne wodrɔ̃ ʋɔnui be ate ŋu aɖu ɣe ɖe Woong la nu, eye tam-tam ene ƒo xlãe. Perngel, Lamb, Qiin kple Tama.<ref>https://ee.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talking_drum&veaction=edit</ref>
— [[:en:Template:Quote|Henry Gravrand]] ye ŋlɔe
Le xotutu ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, tama (abe Serer [[:en:Junjung|junjung]] ene), la, Senegambia fiawo ƒe [[:en:Griot|griots]] ƒoe le wɔna tɔxɛwo me, abe le aʋawɔwɔwo me (wotsɔ yɔa aʋawɔnuwoe), esime fiawo di be yewoaƒo nu na yewo teviwo, kple le azã tɔxɛ aɖewo me le Serer dukɔa me – xɔsetaku yɔyɔ, abe vunyavunyawɔwɔ si dzɔ le [[Tahompa]] (ƒe alafa wuiasiekelia me nusi wɔ nuku ene nye amedzidzedze)<ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum?veswitched=1&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref><ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum?veswitched=1&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref> kple [[Naoudourouʋa]],<ref name=":1" /> afisi Serertɔ siwo dzi woɖu (to Moslem-[[:en:Marabout|marabouts]] siwo le Senegambia dzi), wu wo ɖokui tsɔ wu be Moslem-srafowo naɖu wo dzi alo azi wo dzi be woabɔbɔ wo ɖokui ɖe Islam te.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ne ewɔ ɖe [[Jom ƒe Serer ƒe gɔmeɖose dzi]] ko hafi woɖe mɔ ɖe ameɖokuiwuwu ŋu le [[:en:Serer_religion|Serer subɔsubɔ]] me (kpɔ [[:en:Serer_language|Serer subɔsubɔha]]).<ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum?veswitched=1&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref> Nya "Jom" gɔmee nye "bubu" le Serer gbe me.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum?veswitched=1&oldid=1348329437&action=edit</ref>
=== Yorubatɔwo [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talking_drum&action=edit§ion=4 trɔ asi le ŋu]] ===
=== Ayangalu [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talking_drum&action=edit§ion=5 trɔ asi le ŋu]] ===
Woxɔe se be Ayangalu ye nye Yoruba טuʄola gbãtɔ. Le eƒe ku megbe la, wotsɔe [[:en:Deified|wɔ mawue]], eye fifia wobui ɖe [[:en:Orisha|Orishas]] ƒe ha me. [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=followers%20of%20the-,Yoruba%20religion,-that%20he%20is|Yoruba subɔsubɔha]] yomedzelawo xɔe se be eyae nye טuʄolawo katã ƒe takpɔla, eye be le muse ƒe nɔnɔme me la, edoa ŋusẽ טuʄolawo be woaƒo טua nyuie. Nya "Ayan" gɔmee nye טuʄola le [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=drummer%20in%20the-,Yoruba%20language,-.%20This%20is%20why|Yorubagbe]] me. Esia tae Ayan nye ŋgɔdonya ne ʄomeŋkɔ aɖewo abe Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande kple bubuawo ene le Yorubatɔwo dome. Esia ɖea dzesi etsɔlawo abe domenyilawo na Ayangalu ʄe amlimanuwɔwɔwo.<ref name=":4" />
Le ƒe alafa blaevelia me la, טusi ƒoa nu va zu haƒoƒo xɔŋkɔwo ƒe akpa aɖe le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika. Wozãnɛ le [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=used%20in%20playing-,Mbalax,-music%20of%20Senegal|Mbalax]] hadzidzi me le Senegal kple le [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=Senegal%20and%20in-,Fuji,-and%20J%C3%B9j%C3%BA%20music|Fuji]] kpakple Jùjú hadzidzi me le Nigeria (afisi wonyae le be dùndún, mele be woatɔtɔe kple dundun bass טu si Mandé dukɔwo wɔ o).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum</ref>
Wozãa טuʄonua la le kɔnuwɔwɔwo, kple azã tɔxԑwo me kpakple wɔnawo abe srɔ̃ɖeƒewo, ameɖiƒewo, kple ame ŋutɔ ƒe wɔna ɣaɣla aɖewo hã me. Vevietɔ wu la, Afrika haƒohawo zãnɛ zi geɖe abe woƒe haƒonuwo ƒe akpa aɖe ene.
== Eʄoʄo ʄe aɖaŋu ==
Wotrɔa asi le טua ƒe ɖiɖime ŋu be wòasrɔ̃ nuƒoƒo ƒe gbeɖiɖi ƒe ɖoɖo. Wowɔa esia to asitɔtrɔ le tete si wodana ɖe טua tame ŋu: wotea טua ʄe ta siwo trɔ megbe do wonɔewo la ʄoa ʄu kple [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=by%20a%20common-,tension%20cord,-.%20The%20waist%20of|ka siwo wotsɔ tea טu]] lae. טuʄola la léa טua ʄe alime lɔʄo ɖe abɔ kple axaʄutiawo, ale be ne womimi eƒe ta sesĩe la, esia wɔnɛ be gbeɖiɖi si kɔ wu ne ele eƒe nɔnɔme si me wòɖe dzi ɖi le la; woate ŋu atrɔ gbeɖiɖia le ƒoƒo ɖeka me, si ana gbeɖiɖi si le ƒoƒom la nado. Eyata טua ate ŋu alé amegbetɔ ƒe nuƒoƒo ƒe sesẽme, gbeɖiɖi ƒe sesẽme, kple eƒe tsɔtsɔme, togbɔ be menye ablɔɖegbeɖiɖi alo xaxagbeɖiɖiwo ƒe nɔnɔmewo o hã.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum</ref>
Europatɔwo de dzesi טu siwo ƒoa nu abe kadodomɔnu ene le ƒe alafa wuienyilia ƒe afã gbãtɔ me. Woate ŋu aɖo gbedasi siwo me kɔ tso kɔƒe ɖeka me ayi bubu me kabakaba wu alesi ame si do sɔ tɔ ate ŋu atsɔe. Le ƒe alafa wuiasiekelia me la, Roger T. Clarke, si nye mawunyadɔgbedela, kpɔe be "dzesiawo tsi tre ɖi na gbeɖiɖi siwo le nyagbe siwo bɔ ƒe gbeɖiɖi siwo le nyagbe siwo wozãna le kɔnu nu eye wonye hakpanya si me kɔ ŋutɔ la me."<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum</ref>
Afrikagbe geɖewo nyea [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=African%20languages%20are-,tonal,-%3B%20that%20is%2C%20the|gbeɖiɖi]]; si fia be gbeɖiɖi ƒe sesẽme le vevie le gɔmesese si le nya aɖe koŋ ŋu nyanya me.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-21</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-22</ref> Le kpɔɖeŋu me, gbeɖiɖi vevi etɔ̃e le [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=22%5D%20The-,Yoruba%20language,-%2C%20for%20instance%2C%20has|Yorubagbe]] me, esiwo le bɔbɔe, esiwo le titina, kple esiwo kɔkɔ, siwo sɔ kple tonic sol-fa notes do, re, kple mi; emegbe wozãa gbeɖiɖi etɔ̃awo ƒe tɔtrɔ vovovowo tsɔ gblɔa gbedasi vovovowo. Gbeɖiɖi vevi etɔ̃ kple woƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖo ma ke ku ɖe alesi טua ƒoa nue le Yorubatɔwo ƒe hadzidzi kple dekɔnuwo me hã ŋu. Ke hã, Serergbea kple eƒe Senegambiagbe siwo do ƒome kplii la menye gbeɖiɖi ƒe gbe o, esia to vovo na Niger-Congo gbe bubuawo katã kloe.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-23</ref>
Kuxiae nye alesi woagblɔ gbedasi sesẽwo ablɔɖegbeɖiɖi alo xaxagbeɖiɖiwo zazã manɔmee gake woazã gbeɖiɖi ko. Eŋlisitɔ aɖe si ʋu yi Afrika, [[:en:Talking_drum#:~:text=emigrant%20to%20Africa%2C-,John%20F.%20Carrington,-%2C%20in%20his%201949|John F. Carrington]], ɖe alesi Afrika-טuʄolawo te ŋu gblɔa gbedasi sesẽwo le didiƒe ʋĩi me le eƒe agbalẽ si wòŋlɔ le ƒe 1949 me si nye The Talking Drums of Africa la me.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum#cite_note-23</ref> Esi טuʄola zãa gbeɖiɖi bɔbɔe siwo woyɔna be ŋutsu kple nyɔnu ƒe gbeɖiɖi kɔkɔwo tsɔ ɖoa dze to nyagbewo kple ɖiɖiɖemewo dzi, siwo ate ŋu azɔ mɔ ayi dzi wu mile 4–5. Dɔwɔwɔa ate ŋu axɔ ɣeyiɣi didi wu nyagbe si sɔ gbɔgblɔ na ame zi gbɔ zi enyi gake ewɔ dɔ nyuie le amedzidzedze alo kɔnu siwo ate ŋu adzɔ la gbɔgblɔ na kɔƒe siwo te ɖe wo ŋu me.<ref name=":5" /> Ekpɔe be wotsɔa nya kpui ɖe sia ɖe si woƒo ɖe טuawo dzi kpena ɖe nyagbe bubu aɖe ŋu, si mahiã le nuƒoƒo me o gake ana nya siwo ƒo xlãe na טuaʄoʄo ƒe dzesi vevitɔ.
== Kpɔɖeŋu ==
== Kpekpeɖeŋuxɔʄewo ==
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